8 pump primer explain how political parties in a democracy serve as key linkage institutions to...
TRANSCRIPT
8Pump Primer
Explain how political parties in a democracy serve as key linkage institutions to translate inputs from the public into outputs from the policymakers.
8Political Parties
8Biblical Integration
Christians should never allow their party loyalty to over-shadow their loyalty to Christ and His Great Commission. (Matt. 18:19-20; I Peter 2:13-17, Rom. 13:1)
Video: The Big Picture
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8Learning Objectives
Identify the functions that political parties perform in American democracy
Determine the significance of party identification in America today
8.1
8.2
8Learning Objectives
Describe how political parties are organized in the United States
Evaluate how well political parties generally do in carrying out their promises
8.3
8.4
8Learning Objectives
Differentiate the various party eras in American history
Assess both the impact of third parties on American politics and their limitations
8.5
8.6
8Learning Objectives
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of responsible party government
8.7
Video: The Basics
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Meaning of Party
Tasks of the Parties
Parties, Voters, and Policy: Downs Model
8.1
Tasks of the Parties
Linkage institutions Parties, elections, interest groups, media
Tasks that parties perform Pick candidates Run campaigns Give cues to voters Articulate policies Coordinate policies
8.1
Democratic, Republican Parties Dominate
U.S. Politics
8.1
Parties, Voters, and Policy: Downs Model
Rational choice theory Political scientist Anthony Downs’ model
Explain the relationship among citizens, parties, and policy Assume that actors are rational and make decisions to
sensibly pursue goals
Most voters are moderate Center of political spectrum
Parties seek voter loyalty Position themselves to left and right of center
8.1
FIGURE 8.1: Downs model: How rational parties position themselves near (but not at) the center of public opinion
8.1
Tea Party 8.1
In spite of the name, the Tea Party is not a political party, but a conservative organization most of its members tend to belong to the Republican Party.
Because most of these enthusiasts belong to the Party, Republicans must pay attention to Tea Party concerns.
8.1 How do parties maximize their appeal to voters?
a. Position themselves near political center
b. Lie about their opponents
c. Stake out clear positions to the left or right
d. Make party members sign loyalty oaths
8.1
8.1 How do parties maximize their appeal to voters?
a. Position themselves near political center
b. Lie about their opponents
c. Stake out clear positions to the left or right
d. Make party members sign loyalty oaths
8.1
The Meaning of Party
Political Party A “team of men [and women] seeking to
control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election”
8.2
The Meaning of Party
Parties can be thought of in three parts:
Party in the electorate • Individuals who perceive themselves as party
members; many voters have a party identification that guides and influences their votes
Party as an organization• Party activists keep the party running between
elections and make its rules Party in government
• Consists of elected officials who call themselves members
8.2
Party in the Electorate
Party membership is psychological
• Party identification
Citizens think they know what parties stand for
Choose parties based on similarity with personal preferences
More Americans identify as independents (especially younger citizens)
8.2
More than Romney vs Obama: Third-party candidates speak out on election night
8.2
FIGURE 8.2: Party identification in the United States, 1952–2012
8.2
Party In The Electorate 8.2
Ticket Splitting • voting with one party for one office and
another for other offices (is near an all-time high).
• Divided government has frequently been the result; often with Republican control of the White House and Democratic control of Congress (or vice-versa).
8.2 More Americans are identifying as Independents, especially:
a. People over 65
b. Minorities
c. Young people
d. Less-educated citizens
8.2
8.2 More Americans are identifying as Independents, especially:
a. People over 65
b. Minorities
c. Young people
d. Less-educated citizens
8.2
Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist
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8.2
Party Organization: From the Grass Roots to Washington Local Parties
50 State Party Systems
National Party Organizations
8.3
Local Parties
Once main party organization
Party machines Rewarded voters
Campaign funds and appointments New York and Chicago
Most corrupt
Patronage Jobs for voters and contributors Progressive reforms ended this system
8.3
Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley 8.3
Mayor Daley and his Cook County Democratic Party machine were highly skilled at patronage. Richard J. Daley ruled the city of Chicago from 1955 until his death in 1976.
No two exactly alike Some well-funded, some weak Permanent headquarters Provide technical services
Open or closed primaries Open – vote for either party Closed – registered with particular party
Straight-ticket voting
Single column or random list of candidates
50 State Party Systems 8.3
National Party Organizations
National convention Meets every four years Writes party platform Formal nomination of candidates
National committee Operates between conventions Led by national chairperson
8.3
8.3 What are the functions of the party’s national convention?
a. Write party platform
b. Nominate candidate for president
c. Meet every four years to revise rules
d. All of the above
8.3
8.3 What are the functions of the party’s national convention?
a. Write party platform
b. Nominate candidate for president
c. Meet every four years to revise rules
d. All of the above
8.3
Party in Government: Promises and Policy Party in power determines policy
Public policy – a choice that government makes in
response to a political issue. Determine who gets
what, where, when, and how
Coalitions support parties
Most presidents fail to implement campaign promises
But they do live up to some of them
Party platforms are blueprints
8.4
Video: John Stossel - Top 10 Politicians Promises Gone Wrong
8.4
Explore the Simulation: You Are a Voter
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media_1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=17
8.4
8.4 Which of the following is a campaign promise kept by President Reagan?
a. Increase social welfare spending
b. Increase defense spending
c. Increase the federal deficit
d. Increase funding for education
8.4
8.4 Which of the following is a campaign promise kept by President Reagan?
a. Increase social welfare spending
b. Increase defense spending
c. Increase the federal deficit
d. Increase funding for education
8.4
Explore Political Parties: Which Party Governs Better?
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_edwards_mpslgia_16/pex/pex8.html
8.4
Party Eras in American History
1796-1824: First Party System
1828-1856: Jackson and Democrats Versus the Whigs
1860-1928: Two Republican Eras
1932-1964: New Deal Coalition
1968-Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government
8.5
Party platforms, 2012 8.5
Party Eras One party has been the dominant
majority party for long periods of time Punctuated by critical elections
New issues appeared that divided the
electorate Party realignment (a rare event) Associated with a major crisis or trauma in the
nation’s history Civil War or the Great Depression
8.5Party Eras in American History
8.5
Clip: Politics Tutorial - The Evolution of Americas Major Political Parties
1796-1824: First Party System Madison warned against factions
Hamilton and the Federalist Party Capitalist support, Northeast Short-lived Ideas of loyal opposition and rotation of power
new
Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans Agrarian support, South Torn by factions
8.5
1828-1856: Jackson and Democrats Versus the Whigs General Andrew Jackson as leader
Democratic-Republicans -> Democratic Party New coalition in election of 1828 Westerners, Southerners, poor whites Broaden suffrage
Martin Van Buren Theory of loyal oppositionWhig Party
Northern industrialists and Southern planters
8.5
1860-1928: Two Republican Eras 1850s: Slavery dominated politics
Split both parties Republicans rose as anti-slavery party Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War
Second party realignment Lasted 60 years Democrats controlled the South
1896: Second Republican era Democrats and “free silver”
Throw out the gold standard so poor could pay with
“free silver”
8.5
1932-1964: New Deal Coalition Hoover loses to FDR
FDR promises New Deal New coalition formed
Elements of New Deal coalition Urban dwellers Labor unions Catholics and Jews The poor SouthernersAfrican Americans
8.5
Franklin Roosevelt reshaped the Democratic Party, bringing together a diverse array of groups that had long been marginalized in American political life. Many of the key features of the Democratic Party today, such as support from labor unions, can be traced to the FDR era.
8.5The Roosevelt realignment
FIGURE 8.3: Party coalitions today 8.5
Each party draws support from different social and economic groups, many of which have existed since the New Deal era.
1968-Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government
The New Deal Coalition Weakened, “Solid [Democratic] South”Conservative Democrats unsatisfied with
the national party
Nixon’s Southern strategy Support for states’ rights, law and order,
strong military posture Win Southern Democrats
8.5
FIGURE 8.4: Realignment in the South 8.5
The swapping of party loyalty of Southern white voters from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party over the issue of civil rights has been crucial to the GOP gaining majority party status in Congress.
1968-Present: Southern Realignment and the Era of Divided Party Government
Republicans did not have Congress New pattern Divided government now normal
Dealignment Voters are gradually moving away from both parties Are parties becoming useless and ineffective?
8.5
8.5 Which events sparked party realignments?
a. Civil War
b. Great Depression
c. Nixon’s Southern strategy
d. A and B only
8.5
8.5 Which events sparked party realignments?
a. Civil War
b. Great Depression
c. Nixon’s Southern strategy
d. A and B only
8.5
Video: In Context
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8.5
Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics Three types of third parties
Cause parties Prohibition Party – outlawing alcoholic
beveragesOffshoots of major parties
1912 Progressive Party from Republican Party 1996 Green Party from Democratic Party
Vehicles for individual candidacies
Rarely win office but can affect elections
Why only two parties?
8.6
Third Party Presidential Candidates Can Affect Outcome
8.2
8.6A successful third party candidate
Third party candidates usually struggle to get noticed in the United States, as almost all major elected officials are affiliated with either Democrats or Republicans. But occasionally a third party candidate will become a serious contender, as Lincoln Chaffee did when he ran successfully for governor of Rhode Island in 2010.
Video: In the Real World
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8.6
Are Third Parties Important? New groups into the electorate, tipping the electoral
college vote “Safety valves” for popular discontent Social reforms on the political agenda New issues ignored by the major parties
8.6Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics
Winner-Take-All System “Major reason the United States only has two parties
represented in government Party that receives a plurality (more votes than anyone
else, even though it may be less than a majority) is
declared the winner System discourages small parties
Not enough votes to win
8.6Third Parties: Their Impact on American Politics
8.6 Why are there only two major parties in the U.S.?
a. Only two parties are constitutionally allowed
b. Two parties fulfill preferences of all voters
c. No interest in additional parties
d. Winner-take-all elections
8.6
8.6 Why are there only two major parties in the U.S.?
a. Only two parties are constitutionally allowed
b. Two parties fulfill preferences of all voters
c. No interest in additional parties
d. Winner-take-all elections
8.6
Understanding Political Parties
Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern?
American Political Parties and the Scope of Government
8.7
Democracy and Responsible Party Government: How Should We Govern?
Responsible party model Distinct governing programs Internal unity and commitment Major party must implement program
Carry out its program if elected Major party must accept responsibility
Party leadership weak in U.S. “Blue Dog Democrats”
Conservative Democrats – votes opposite of party
on social issues Is this good or bad?
8.7
TABLE 8.2: Partisan divisions on key roll call votes during George W. Bush’s presidency
8.7
American Politics and the Scope of Government
Party discipline Not as broad as in Europe
Health care example Parties not disciplined – lacks strength
Hard to cut spending Not disciplined enough to say “no” Get more for own constituents
8.7
Discussion Question
How did the modern two-party system develop in the United States?
What are party realignments and when have they occurred?
What role do parties play in American democracy?
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Video: So What?
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Video Citation:Democratic, Republican Parties Dominate U.S. Politics. YouTube.com. 20 Aug 2008. Web. 14 Jul 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kkV7vJdBzE
More than Romney vs Obama: Third-party candidates speak out on election night. YouTube.com. 6 Nov 2012. YouTube.com. 14 Jul 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0jQdksa01q8
Politics Tutorial - The Evolution of Americas Major Political Parties. YouTube.com. 12 Mar 2011. Web. 13 Jul 2013. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VH46Ogc3UN0
Third Party Presidential Candidates Can Affect Outcome. YouTube.com. 14 Aug 2008. Web. 25 Jul 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2dd2-OAgn8Q
Top 10 Politicians Promises Gone Wrong. YouTube.com. 18 Dec 2010. Web. 25 Jul 2014. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsUZkxyYJUk
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