8 impediments of voluntariness.pptx

8/9/2019 8 impediments of voluntariness.pptx

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IMPEDIMENTS TOMORALITY


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IMPAIRMENTS TO HUMAN FREEDOM AREREALITIES

WITH WHICH ETHICS AND JURISPRUDENCEHAVE TO RECKON CONCERNING THE

MORALITY OF THE HUMAN ACT

IMPAIRMENTS OF REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE

IGNORANCEERROR

INATTENTION

IMPAIRMENTS TO FREE CONSENTPASSION

FEAR AND SOCIAL PRESSURESVIOLENCE

DISPOSITIONS AND HABITS


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IGNORANCE

Positive Ignorance

lack of knowledge thatis required of the

person Negative Ignorance

lack of knowledge for it has no importance tothe person

lack of knowledge w hich man should have of hismoral duties


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DEGREES OF POSITIVE IGNORANCE

Invincible Ignorance – that which cannot be overcomeby t he per son because:he does not realize his own st ate of ignoranceit is almost impossible for him to acquire proper

knowledge of the m atter

1 st P rinciple : “Invincible I gnorance m akes an actinvoluntary thus t he a gent is r esponsible f or t he sa id act.”

Example : T he s peed limit in China i s written in Chinese.


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IGNORANCE

Ignorance i !ac" o#"no$!e%ge

a&o'( a ()ing in a &eingca*a&!e o# "no$ing+Ignorance i %i,i%e% a

in,inci&!e an% ,inci&!e+

INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE

THAT IGNORANCE WHICH A MANIS NOT A-LE TO DISPEL

-Y SUCH REASONA-LE DILIGENCE

THIS COMPLETELY TAKES AWAYTHE VOLUNTARINESS OF THE

MALICE AND HENCE ITSRESPONSI-ILITY TOO+


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Vincible Ignorance – that which can be removed byordinary e fforts I f hardly any effort is u sed to d ispelignorance

2 nd Principle : “For as l ong a s all the n ecessary eff orthas bee n exerted, vincible i gnorance m ay lessen thedegree of culpability of the h uman act.”

Example : Y ou are driving in Manila, so you must know that there is color-coding.


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Affected Ignorance – occurs when a personpositively wants to be ignorant in orderto p lead innocent to a charge of guilt (withmalice)

3 rd Principle : “Affected or Pretended Ignorancedoes not excuse a p erson from hisbad actions; on the contrary it actually increasestheir m alice.”


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VINCIBLE IGNORANCE

IGNORANCE THAT CAN -E DISPELLED

THIS DOES NOT TAKE

AWAY CULPA-ILITY AS IT IS VOLUNTARY INCAUSE

OR IS PROVOKED -Y

CONSCIOUSNEGLIGENCE OR EVEN-AD WILL


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PRINCIPLES THAT APPLY TO IGNORANCE AND ITSRESPONSIBILITY

INVINCIBLE IGNORANCEPREVENTS THE HUMAN ACTFROM -EING VOLUNTARY IN REGARD

TO THAT WHICH IS NOT KNOWN

VINCIBLE IGNORANCEDOES NOT TAKE AWAY THE VOLUNTARINESS

DIMINISHES VOLUNTARINESS.AS LONG AS THE IGNORANCE IS NOT AFFECTED

SIMPLE NEGLIGENCE OR LAZINESSDOES NOT USUALLY IMPLY A FULL CONSENTTO ALL THE POSSI-LE EVIL CONSE/UENCES

WHICH MAY COME THEREFROM


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SUPINE IGNORANCEIN A SERIOUS MATTER

GENERALLY MAKES THE SIN GRAVE

AFFECTED IGNORANCE

DOES NOT DIMINISH GUILTBECAUSE THERE IS FULL CONSENT THERE ISFULL CONSENT

TO THE SINFUL EFFECTS WHICH RESULT FORMSUCH IGNORANCE

SIMPLE NEGLIGENCE OR LAZINESSDOES NOT USUALLY IMPLY A FULL CONSENTTO ALL THE POSSIBLE EVIL CONSEQUENCES

WHICH MAY COME THEREFROM


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EXAMPLES

A businessman heard talaw on taxes t hat was j ust approved. Heintentionally did not read about it so h edoes n ot have to follow the n ew laws. Is

the businessman responsible? YES

4. A team of government inspectors visited

a factory t o nd out if they com ply w ithlabor l aws. Upon arrival, they w eretreated to lunch by the ow ner. Theyreported that they d id not see an yviolations. Are t he inspectors resp onsible? YES


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ERROR

FALSE JUDGMENT OR CONVICTION

IT ARISES FROM DEFICIENTEDUCATION,

BAD COMPANY OR

MISLEADING INFORMATION

ONE IS NOT RESPONSIBLEFOR THE CONSEQUENCES

OF ERROR MADE IN GOODFAITH


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INATTENTIONREFERS TO MOMENTARY

DEPRIVATION OF INSIGHTIF ATTENTION IS COMLETELY LACKING,

THERE IS NO HUMAN ACTBUT ONE IS RESPONSIBLE TO THE EXTENT

THAT THE ACT IS VOLUNTARY IN CAUSE

PASSION OR CONCUPISCENCE

A MOVEMENT OF THESENSITIVE APPETITE WHICH IS

MOVED-Y THE GOOD OR EVILAPPREHENDED -Y THE

IMAGINATIONMOVEMENT OF THE SENSITIVE APPETITETHAT PRECEDES THE FREE DECISION OF THE WILL


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PASSION

Strong tendencies t owards t he p ossession ofsomething good or towards the avoi dance ofsomething evil . 11 chief passions:

lovehatred

joyhorror or dreaddesiresadnessdespairhopecouragefearanger

Passions are not become badwhen NOT controlled by reason.


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PASSIONS MAY EITHER BE GOOD, BAD,SPONTANEOUS, PREMEDITATEDDEPENDING ON CIRCUMSTANCES

Good- when ordered by the rationalwill help man in the p ractice ofvirtue or t he a ttainmentof morally good

Antecedent Passions- passions t hat are eli cited or a rise b efore it iscontrolled by the w ill

- spontaneous

BAD- when used by therational will to accomplishmorally evil actions

Consequent Passion -passionsthat are al ready passed through theintellect and controlled

by the w ill

-premeditated

Example : hatred uponseeing your father h urt

your mother .

Example: You keep on thinkingabout how your boyfriend hurtyou, so you plan something to

hurt him back.


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PRINCIPLES ON PASSION

Antecedent passion lessen s vol untariness, andtherefore lessens re sponsibility.

Consequent passion increases vol untariness,and therefore increases responsibility.


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Two (2) Types of Concupiscence

0+An(ece%en( Conc'*i cence1 ari e *on(aneo' !2 &e#ore ()e *re,io' 3'%g4en( or rea on an% &e#ore ()e $i!!con(ro! ()e *re,io' 3'%g4en( o# rea onan% &e#ore ()e $i!! con(ro! ()e* 2c)o!ogica! i('a(ion

-. Prece%e ()e ac( o# ()e $i!! an% i no($i!!#'!!2 (i4'!a(e% &2 ()e $i!!-. Le en ()e #ree%o4. an% )ence. ()e

re *on i&i!i(2 o# ()e agen( &eca' ean(ece%en( *a ion (en% (o &!in% ()e

3'%g4en( o# ()e in(e!!ec( an% &!oc" ()e#ree%o4 o# ()e $i!!

E5a4*!e 6 '%%en #ee!ing o# 3o2. )a(re%.

*i(2. grie#. anger. e(c+ a reac(ion (o


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DIVISIONS OF PASSIONS

CONCUPISCIBLE

PASSION THROUGH WHICH THE SOUL IS SIMPLY INCLINED TO SEEK WHAT IS SUITA-LEACCORDING TO THE SENSES.

AND TO FLY FROM WHAT IS HURTFUL+

IRASCIBLEWHERE-Y AN ANIMAL RESISTS THE ATTACKS OF

ANY AGENTSTHAT HINDER WHAT IS SUITA-LE AND INFLICT

HARM<AND THIS IS CALLED THE IRASCI-LE.

ITS O-JECT IS SOMETHING ARDUOUS.

-ECAUSE ITS TENDENCY IS TO OVERCOME ANDRISE A-OVE O-STACLES+


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FEAR

IS MENTAL TREPIDATIONDUE TO AN

IMPENDING E VILIT IS FEAR OF THE SENSES AN NOT

INTE!!E"T#A! FEAR$HI"H IS ONE OF THE %ASSIONS

INTE!!E"T#A! FEARFOR E&A'%!E THREAT OF TORT#REOES NOT (#STIF) ENIA! OF FAITH

THE E'OTION OF FEAR$HI"H "O'%!ETE!) AR*ENS THE

'IN OR %ARA!)+ES THE $I!!E&"#SES FRO' I'%#TA,I!IT)


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FEAR

a disturbance of the m indcause by t he t hought of athreatening evil.

Acts done with fe ar or in spiteof f ear fear accompanies anact which in itself voluntary

Acts done from or through fearor because of fear when aperson is t hreatened

You go t o n ight clubs with yourboss because you are afraid youmight lose your j ob if you do n ot.

Climbing a mountain


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PRINCIPLES: EFFECTS OF FEAR ON THEVOLUNTARINESS OF HUMAN ACTS

Acts done with fear a re voluntary (although they m ay n ot be p leasant)

Acts done from fear or through fear or“disturbance of the m ind,” in a certain senseis involuntary for t he a gent is ob liged to ch ooseto avoid the greater e vil. It lessens t hevoluntariness b ut it does n ot destroy i t.


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wo ypes of Fear :

Grave Fear – aroused by the p resence ofa danger that is regarded by most

people a s serious

Sl !"# Fear – aroused by danger that isnot serious and a grave danger that

is not very probable


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VIOLENCECOMPULSIVE INFLUENCE -ROUGHT TO -EAR

UPON ONEAGAINST HIS WILL -Y SOME E=TRINSIC

AGENT+

VIOLENCE IS CAUSED -Y SOME PHYSICAL ORPSYCHIC AGENTTHERE IS NO IMPUTA-ILITY.E=CEPT INSOFAR AS THE

INNER WILL MAY HAVECONSENTED

OR E=TERNAL RESISTANCEHAVE FALLEN SHORT

OF THE DEGREE NECESSARYAND POSSI-LE IN THE

CIRCUMSTANCE


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INTERNAL RESISTANCE IS ALWAYSNECESSARY

WHILE E=TERNAL RESISTANCE MAY NOT ALWAYS-E CALLED FOR

IT IS RE/UIRED ONLY TO THE E=TENTTHAT IT IS FORESEEN TO -E EFFICACIOUS

IN PREVENTING ACTION OR FORESTALLINGSCANDAL


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VIOLENCE

application of external force o n a person byanother f ree a gent for t he p urpose (Compulsion)of compelling h im to do something a gainst hiswill.

Principle :“Physical Actions r esulting fromviolence are involuntary b y themselves.”


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EXAMPLESA woman resists three r apists as much as s hecan, and is overpowered.

You resist, but not t o the f ull extent that you

can, then you are st ill responsible, but not fully .

Example:

Two su spicious l ooking people k nock on yourfront door.You refuse o op en it,butwhen they

insistyouopenthe d oor anyway, and they r ob

the h ouse.

You do not resist because i t

would be u selessanyway, then you are NOTresponsible.

Example:

While ri ding a jeepney, aperson points a g unto you and he t ells you tocollect al l the C ell phones o fthe ot her passengers.

A person is beaten up until heis f orced to l ieduring a police i nvestigation.


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HABITS

-a constant and easy way of doing t hings a cquiredby the r epetition of the sa me a ct

**What is important is the EFFORT of theperson to free h imself from the h abit**Culpability of acts f rom habit increases ordecreases depending upon the effort exerted


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HABIT

Can be a virtue or a vice. A vice does

Example : I spit on the oor ou t of habit.

A vice ca n lessen resp onsibility if one i s t rying tocorrect i t.

Example : I am trying t o correct my habit of

saying bad words.


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HA-ITS

FACILITY AND READINESS OFACTING IN A CERTAIN MANNERACQUIRED BY REPEATED

ACTS

DELIBERATELY ADMITTEDHABITS DO NOT LESSEN

VOLUNTARINESS

AND ACTIONS RESULTINGTHEREFROM

ARE VOLUNTARY ATLEAST IN THEIR CAUSE


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OPPOSED HA-ITSLESSEN VOLUNTARINESS

AND SOMETIMEPRECLUDE ITCOMPLETELY

THE REASON IS THAT

HA-IT WEAKENSINTELLECT AND WILLIN A THE CONCRETE

SITUATION IN A SIMILARWAY+

Sources:

• Chri !i"# E!hi$ %M&r"' Th(&'&)* i# !h( Li)h! &+ V"!i$"# II - R(./ Dr/ K"r' H/ P( $h0(, SVD

• Chri !i"# M&r"'i!* i# C!(12&r"r* S&$i(!* -E !(3"#S"'i3"*, Jr/


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CLASS ACTIVITY

1. Divide i nto g roups of 5

2. Think of one situationfoModiers ofHuman Act.

• It should show that the resp onsibility ofperson changes because ofthe m odier.

3. Describe e ach situation in the cl ass.

Example : A waiter in a restaurant did not issue a receipt to a customer.He d id t his because he was told n ot to do it, and h e feared l osing h is job.( Modier is fe

4. Each situation is w orth 5 points.


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8 impediments of voluntariness.pptx

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