768 793 research

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OVERVIEW ON NURSING RESEARCH FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM AND IDENTIFYING THE PURPOSE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK HYPOTHESIS VARIABLES RESEARCH DESIGN SAMPLING TECHNIQUE COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA ANALYSIS OF DATA CONCLUSIONS, COMMUNICATION, AND UTILIZATION OF FINDINGSOVERVIEW ON NURSING RESEARCH

1. The head nurse plans to conduct a research on the use of a new method of pain assessment scale. Which of the following is the second step in the conceptualizing phase of the research process?

a. Formulating and delimiting the research problemb. Formulating the research hypothesisc. Design the theoretical and conceptual frameworkd. Review related literature2. Which of the following codes of research ethics requires informed consent in all cases governing human subjects?

a. ICN Code of Ethicsb. Nuremberg Codec. Helsinki Declarationd. Belmont Report3. Clients rights should be protected when doing research using human subjects. All of the following are included in the guidelines, except:a. Right to privacy

b. Right to self-determination

c. Right not to be harmed

d. Right to compensation4. Which of the following procedures ensures that the investigator has fully described to prospective subjects the nature of the study and the subject's rights?

a. Informed consentb. Debriefingc. Cover data collectiond. Full disclosure5. The beginning practicing nurse usually participates in research at which of the following stages?

a. Hypothesis formulationb. Treatment administrationc. Statistical designd. Findings dissemination6. The use of another persons ideas or wordings without giving appropriate credit results from inaccurate or incomplete attribution of materials to its sources. Which of the following is referred to when, another persons idea is inappropriate credited as ones own:

a. Assumptionb. Quotationc. Paraphrased. Plagiarism7. When we say empirical, the researcher should perceive in the same manner as all observers. Which research is not empirical?

a. Physical growthb. Paranormal activitiesc. Educational outcomesd. Color of the skin8. In attempting to determine feasibility of a study, which of the following statements about recruiting subjects is most accurate?

a. Having a small sample will not jeopardize the validity of study findings.b. Identifying a large potential subject base ensures that an adequate sample can be recruited.c. The more specific the characteristics of the desired sample, the more difficult it will be to recruit subjects.d. Time and money available do not need to be considered in proposals of sample size and composition.FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM AND IDENTIFYING THE PURPOSE

9. What is the ultimate goal that uplifts the significance of conducting research related to nursing?

a. Development of a theoretical basis for nursingb. Improves the image of nursingc. Improvement in patient cared. Increase the accountability of nurses10. The process approach to collecting, review, interpreting, critiquing, and evaluating research and other relevant literature for direct application to patient care is called:

a. critical thinkingb. evidence-based carec. evidence-based practiced. evidence-based medicine11. The nurse utilized evidence-based practice to plan the care for a patient. One feature of this approach would be:

a. Clinical practice is based upon nursing theoryb. Individual and organizational factors guide the integration of these new practicesc. It is purely nursing-focusedd. Evaluation is based on patient outcomes12. Before Nurse Beans starts his study, he analyzes how much time, money materials and people he needs to complete his research study. This analysis prior to beginning the study is called:

a. Reliabilityb. Researchabilityc. Feasibilityd. Validity13. In order to use research in practice, nurses must:

a. replicate studies in their own setting to make sure recommendation are contextually appropriateb. explore the strength of the evidence availablec. examine a research study and follow the researchers recommendationsd. read many studies in the same content area and follow the recommendations of the studies with similar findingsREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

14. The primary purpose of reviewing literature is to:

a. Generate broad background and understanding of information related to the research problem of interestb. Gather current knowledge of the problem interest

c. Select topics related to the problem of interest

d. Organize material related to the problem of interest

15. In published research literature, a primary source refers to:

a. an article written by the people who did the studyb. a report given by subjects who provided the datac. a clinical report on the effectiveness of primary cared. the first author in a multi-authored study16. The most important categories of information in literature review is the:

a. theoretical frameworkb. opinionsc. research findingsd. methodology17. What is the term that refers to the brief summary of the article placed at the beginning of the journal report?

a. Backgroundb. Abstractc. Introductiond. Preface18. How many years is it necessary to go back in the literature for an evidenced-based project?

a. One year is ideal

b. Three years is sufficientc. Five years is preferredd. Ten years is expected19. Readers of theoretical literature often experience confusion in the use of the terms conceptual model and theory. Which of the following statements reflect(s) general consensus about the use of these terms in nursing?

a. The scope of theories is limited in comparison with that of conceptual models.b. Conceptual models are broad and abstract and reflect a philosophical position.c. Theories present a view of a phenomenon that is specific enough to be used to guide research.d. All of the above.20. Which of the following indexes (indices) is the most helpful in locating sources for a nursing research proposal?

a. Hospital Literature Index (HLI)b. Nursing Studies Indexc. Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)d. International Nursing Index (INI)CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

21. Which of the following statements about frameworks in research is true?

a. Quantitative studies based on physiologic principles or scientific theory have no framework.b. Frameworks in nursing studies usually are clearly expressed in the literature review and used throughout the study.c. Frameworks are important in both qualitative and quantitative studies.d. The framework for qualitative studies is developed before data collection begins.22. A set of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world is a definition for:

a. A practice disciplineb. A conceptc. A paradigmd. A conceptual framework

HYPOTHESIS23. This hypothesis is otherwise known as Predictive hypothesis:

a. Non-directional hypothesisb. Directional hypothesisc. Simple hypothesisd. Complex hypothesis24. Which of the following is inaccurate with the concepts under hypothesis?

a. stated in a form that it can be accepted or rejectedb. testablec. states a relationship between variablesd. proven25. There are different types of hypothesis. When the hypothesis is stated in the affirmative form, it is termed as:

a. Directional hypothesisb. Dichotomous hypothesisc. Alternative hypothesisd. Null hypothesis26. Consider the following hypothesis: The Job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher than for those graduate nurses who have worked for more than 2 years. The type of hypothesis in this situation is classified as:a. Complex, Directional b. Simple, Directionalc. Complex, Researchd. Simple, Non-Directional27. The problem that a researcher would like to give emphasis Is there a relationship between timing of the administration of psychological support and feelings of wellbeing among terminally ill patients. The appropriate null hypothesis for this problem is:

a. Factors are not appropriate to determine any desired resultsb. Feelings of wellbeing of terminally ill patients who received psychological support is similar to the feelings of wellbeing of those terminally ill patients who did receive said psychological support.c. There is no relationship between the timing of the administration of psychological support and feelings of adequacy among terminally ill patientsd. There is no relationship between the timing of administration of psychological support and feelings of well-being among terminally ill patientsVARIABLES

28. Nurse Gangnam is a member of the Nursing Research Council of the hospital. His first assignment is to determine the level of patient satisfaction on the care they received from the hospital. He plans to include all adult patients admitted from April to May, with average length of stay of 3-4 days, first admission, and with no complications. Which of the following is an extraneous variable of the study?

a. Age of patientsb. Absence of complicationsc. Date of admissiond. Length of stay29. In a study entitled, Duration of sleep of cuddled infants is longer than those infants who are not cuddled by mothers, what is the dependent variable?

a. Duration of sleepb. Absence of cuddlingc. Infantsd. Cuddled infants30. In the statement, Frequent hand washing of health workers decreases the incidence of nosocomial infections among post-surgery patients, the dependent variable is

a. health workersb. post-surgery patientsc. incidence of nosocomial infectionsd. frequent hand washing31. For a study using one independent variable and one dependent variable, a good sample size would result if:

a. the study originally had 30 participants, and 15 dropped out.b. the study had 500 people at the start and 75 at the end a year later.c. the study had 100 people, and one half refused to participate.d. the study had 40 participants, and 3 dropped out.32. What is the independent variable in the study The Job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher than for those graduate nurses who have worked for more than 2 years?

a. Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate b. Job dissatisfactionc. Job turn over rated. Length of employment33. Which is your dependent variable?

a. Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate b. Job dissatisfactionc. Job turn over rated. Length of employment34. In the stated hypothesis, Is there a relationship between timing of the administration of psychological support and feelings of wellbeing among terminally ill patients, the dependent variable is:

a. Timeb. Timing of psychological supportc. Feelings of wellbeingd. Terminally ill patientsRESEARCH DESIGN

35. Quantitative research involves numerical data. Which of the following is based on quantitative research?

a. A study on the benefits of the nurses pre-operative instructions to the clients feelings of anxietyb. The effects of regular nurse visits to the clients bedside and the number of client calls to the nursec. A study on the effects of the white uniform of hospital personnel on pediatric clientsd. A study on the effects of touch on the clients feeling of isolation36. In both quantitative and qualitative research, the used of a frame of reference is required. Which of the following items serves as the purpose of a framework?

a. Identifies concepts and relationship between concepts

b. Incorporates theories into nursings body of knowledge

c. Provides logical structure of the research findings

d. Organizes the development of study and links the findings to nursings body of knowledge37. The nurse in the medicine ward wants to do a study about the effects of massage and meditation on stress and pain. The type of research that best suits this topic is:

a. Quantitative research

b. Qualitative research

c. Applied research

d. Basic research

38. The type of research design that does not manipulate independent variable is:

a. Quantitative design

b. Non-experimental designc. Quasi-experimental design

d. Experimental design

39. Which of the following statements best describes a phenomenological study?

a. Focuses on the meaning of experiences as those who experience itb. Involves collecting and analyzing data that aims to develop theories grounded in real-world observationsc. Involves an in-depth study of an individual or groupd. Involves the description and interpretation of cultural behavior40. An emergency room nurse is interested to learn more about transcultural nursing because he is assigned at the family suites where most patients come from different cultures and countries. Which of the following designs is appropriate for this study?

a. Case studyb. Grounded theoryc. Phenomenologyd. Ethnography41. If a study is referred to as meta-analysis, the best description of this type of study is that meta-analysis

a. are findings from multiple studies are combined to yield a data set which is analyzed as individual data. b. represents an application of statistical procedures to findings from each report.c. a technique for quantitatively combining and thus integrating the results of multiple studies on a given topic.d. treats the findings from one study as a single piece of data.42. This kind of research gathers data in detail about a individual or groups and presented in narrative form, which is

a. Experimentalb. Historicalc. Analyticald. Case study43. Nurse Luna reads about exploratory research. Which of the following is the purpose of doing this type of research?

a. Finds out the cause and effect relationship between variablesb. Identifies the variables in the studyc. Makes new knowledge useful and practical.d. Inductively develops a theory based on observations about processes involving selected people44. Alyssa knows that there are times when only manipulation of study variables is possible and the elements of control or randomization are not attendant. Which type of research is referred to this?

a. Non-experimental

b. True experimental

c. Quasi-experimentd. Pre-experimental

45. True experiments are required to have:

a. basic ideas.b. causality predicted.c. descriptive information.d. association between variables.46. Other studies are categorized according to the period. Which of the following refers to a study of variables in the present, which is linked to a variable that occurred in the past?

a. Retrospective designb. Longitudinal studyc. Prospective designd. Cross sectional study47. All of the following statements about Grounded Theory are true EXCEPT:

a. It is a quantitative research approachb. It arises from symbolic interactions in psychologyc. It is concerned with exploring social processes as they occur with human interactionsd. It seeks to explore and describe phenomena in naturalistic settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient clinics48. A nurse collecting data at one specific measurement point is engaged in which type of study?

a. Longitudinal studyb. Prospective studyc. Retrospective studyd. Cross-section study49. A researcher wants to discover why patients of a certain ethnic backgrounds are reluctant to ask for pain medication. Because there is little data in the literature on this topic, the researcher designs a study to explore relationships between cultural belief systems, the experience of pain, and the effective use of medication to relative pain. The researcher plans to use the findings to this study to formulate hypotheses for a future study. This study:

a. will lead to Level II datab. is a hypothesis-generating studyc. is a quasiexperimental studyd. has a directional hypothesis50. A nurse decided to study the problem of teenage pregnancy in her local community with the goal of preventing unwanted teenage pregnancy in the future. Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate for this study?

a. Case study methodb. Ethnographic methodc. Historical research methodd. Community-based participatory method51. A study that is undertaken to determine the subsequent development of individuals which a specified condition is called:

a. follow-up studyb. cohort studyc. longitudinal studyd. case control study52. A research that has as its main objective the accurate portray of the characteristics of people, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena occurs is called:

a. correlation researchb. research utilizationc. descriptive researchd. comparative research53. Which of the following is considered a cohort study?

a. antidoteb. prevalence studyc. case historyd. follow-up study54. What type of research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among variables?

a. Grounded theory researchb. Philosophical inquiryc. Correlational researchd. Descriptive research55. Which type of research inquiry investigates the issues of human complexity such as understanding the human expertise?

a. Logical positionb. Quantitative researchc. Naturalistic inquiryd. Positivism56. Which of the following studies is based on qualitative research?

a. A study examining clients reactions to stress after pneumonectomyb. A study measuring differences in blood pressure before, during and after a procedurec. A study examining oxygen levels after endotracheal suctioningd. A study measuring nutrition and weight loss gain in clients with cancer57. Groups to be compared in a descriptive comparative design are:

a. sequentially ordered.b. from a single sample.c. identified as experimental and control.

d. randomly assigned to treatments.58. A researcher wants to know environmental factors and individual behaviors or attributes interact to influence health risks and individual health behaviors. Which of the following analysis methods would be most appropriate?

a. The longitudinal Guttman Simplex Modelb. Latent transition analysisc. Multi-level analysisd. Any of the aboveSAMPLING TECHNIQUE

59. If the researcher selects participants based on own personal judgment about who will be most representative or informative is a type of sampling called

a. Snowballb. Incidentalc. Purposived. Probability60. Draw lots, lottery, table of random numbers or a sampling that ensures that each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen is called:

a. Simpleb. Systematicc. Stratifiedd. Cluster61. The researcher on a study finally decides to use judgmental sampling technique because this involves

a. Deciding to get 20 samples from the admitted patientsb. Assigning numbers for each of the patients place these in a fishbowl and draw 10 from it.c. Determinining the different nationality of patients frequently admitted and deciding to get representations or samples from each.

d. Plannning to include whoever is there during his study.

62. Which of the following statements about sampling is true?

a. Nonrandom or nonprobability sampling methods ensure representativeness of the sample.b. The selection of a sampling method is not affected by the design or purpose of the study.c. Random or probability sampling methods require more rigor and researcher control.d. Random or probability samples are easy to obtain and are less costly than nonrandom samples.COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA

63. Which of the following data-collection methods is most likely to obtain objective data?

a. Questionnairesb. Physiological measuresc. Observational methodsd. Interviewers64. Which of the following items refer to the sense of closure when data collection ceases to yield any new information?

a. Limitationb. Saturationc. Relevanced. Precision65. If the subjects who are in a specialized research setting tend to respond psychologically to the conditions of the study, this is known as

a. Horns effectb. Halo effectc. Hawthorne effectd. Bias66. Which criteria refer to the ability of the instrument to detect fine differences among the subjects being studied?

a. Reliabilityb. Objectivityc. Sensitivityd. Validity67. Which of the following questions would determine the construct validity of the instrument?

a. Does the instrument correlate highly with an external criterion?b. How representative are the questions on this test of the universe of questions on this topic?c. What is this instrument really measuring?d. Does the question asked looks as though it is measuring the appropriate construct?68. A researcher decides to use six people to help him collect data for a qualitative study. Which one of the following is potentially a threat to the internal validity of this study?

a. Instrumentationb. Selection effectsc. Historyd. Maturation69. If data collection is through interview, aside from its validity, what is the other most serious weakness of this method?

a. Objectivityb. Sensitivityc. Reliabilityd. Accuracy70. The nurss tests the instrument she will be using for data gathering whether it looks as though it is measuring appropriate constructs. Which of the following refers to this?

a. Criterion-related validityb. Content validityc. Face validityd. Construct Validity71. Which of the following questions would determine the construct validity of the instrument?

a. How representative are the questions on this test of the universe of questions on this topic?b. Does the instrument correlate highly with an external criterion?c. Does the question asked looks as though it is measuring the appropriate construct?d. What is this instrument really measuring?72. Kriszel, a new research staff of the Research and Development Department of a tertiary hospital, is tasked to conduct a research study about the increased incidence of nosocomial infection in the hospital. Which of the following is the best tool for data gathering?

a. Observationb. Use of laboratory data.c. Interview scheduled. Questionnaire73. You are examining several instruments to find the one most appropriate for your study. Which of the following findings should be of greatest concern?

a. The instrument was recently developed by the author of a published study that indicates that validity and reliability testing have not yet been conducted.b. The instrument measures some of the elements that you need to measure, but not all. There is documentation of good validity and reliability for the instrument.c. The instrument has been used in several studies, but the literature contains little or no documentation of the validity and reliability of the instrument.d. The instrument has been used in a number of studies that have not reported validity and reliability data. You find a recent article written by a credible researcher criticizing the validity and reliability of the instrument, providing statistical evidence of low reliability and evidence that the instrument is invalid for measuring the concept of interest.ANALYSIS OF DATA

74. Nurse Abi opts to use a self-report method in his research. Which of the following is inconsistent about this method?

a. Yields information that would be difficult to gather by another methodb. Most accurate and valid method of data gatheringc. Most direct means of gathering informationd. Versatile in terms of content coverage75. With the self-report method, Nurse Abi plans to use a Likert Scale to determine

a. compliance to expected standardsb. degree of acceptancec. degree of agreement and disagreementd. level of satisfaction76. The statement, Twenty percent (20%) of the respondents are male staff nurses validates previous research findings (Chiyo, et. al, 2009) therefore the nursing profession is largely a female dominated profession is an example of

a. interpretationb. conclusionc. analysisd. implication77. In the values: 87, 85, 88, 92, 90, what is the mean?

a. 88.2b. 88.4c. 87d. 9078. In the values: 80, 80, 82, 82, 82, 90, 90, 100, what is the mode?

a. 80b. 82

c. 85.75

d. 90

79. In the values: 80, 80, 10, 10, 25, 65, 100, 200, what is the median?

a. 10 and 25b. 22.5

c. 71.25d. 72.580. Which of the following is true about the chi-square statistic?

a. chi-square is used to measure the degree of association between two or more variablesb. chi-square measures whether two group means are differentc. chi-square is used when the sample is small and expected frequencies are less than 6 in each celld. chi-square is used to determine whether the frequency in each category is different from what would be expected by chance81. What is the minimum acceptable power in a study?

a. .05b. .50

c. .08d. .80

CONCLUSIONS, COMMUNICATION, AND UTILIZATION OF FINDINGS

82. The final step for the researcher includes:

a. making a nursing diagnosisb. planning and interventionc. disseminating the findingsd. defining the specific problems83. This technique refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what constitutes the truth

a. Delphi techniqueb. Triangulationc. Meta-analysisd. Experiment84. The primary reason that the conclusions or findings from nursing research studies should be disseminated is so:

a. the researcher can be given credit for crediting new knowledgeb. other disciplines will recognize nursing research effortsc. the research process used can become a matter of recordd. findings can be validated through additional research85. Which of the following are the four major parts most often included in a research report?

a. Introduction, methods, results, discussionb. Review of literature, methods, results, findingsc. Introduction, literature review, design, findingsd. Problem, framework, methods, discussion

ANSWERS AND CONCEPT ILLUMINATIONS1. ANSWER: D.

CONCEPT ILLUMINATION

After formulating and delimiting the research problem, the researcher conducts a review of related literature to determine the extent of what has been done on the study by previous researchers. The correct steps of the research process are

i. Formulating a research problemii. Identifying the purposeiii. Review of related literatureiv. Formulate hypothesisv. Research designvi. Samplingvii. Collection of dataviii. Organization of dataix. Analysis of datax. Communicationxi. Utilization of findings 2. ANSWER: C.


The Helsinki Declaration of 1964 issued guidelines on medical research. The same declaration is the first international attempt to set up ethical standards in research involving human research subjects.

3. ANSWER: D.


The American Nurses Associations Human Rights Guidelines for nurses in clinical and other research specified several important entities. Human subjects have the right to privacy, self-determination, and not to be harmed with the research purpose. Right to compensation is not part of the guidelines.

4. ANSWER: D.


Full disclosure is giving the subjects of the research information that they deserve to know prior to the conduct of the study.

5. ANSWER: B.


Beginning practicing nurse usually participates in research during treatment administration or does manipulation. It involves doing something to at least one group of subjects. The experimenter manipulates the independent variable by administering a treatment to some subjects and withholding it from others. The experimenter in other words, consciously varies the independent variable and observes the effect that the manipulation has on the dependent variable of interest.

6. ANSWER: D.


Plagiarism is a type of scientific misconduct with appropriation of another persons ideas, processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through confidential review of others research proposals and manuscripts.

7. ANSWER: B.


Empirical evidence is rooted in objective reality and that is gathered through the collection of data using ones senses; used as the basis for generating knowledge through the scientific approach. Among the options paranormal activities is not empirical.

8. ANSWER: C.


The more finely the researcher defines the characteristics of the potential subjects, the more people will need to be screened to get an appropriate number of subjects. Small and unrepresentative samples may significantly jeopardize study findings and ability to generalize to other groups of subjects. Factors other than potential subject pool may interfere with subject agreement to participate in the study. Time and money may limit accessibility of subjects for the study. A less rigorous design may need to be selected if sufficient numbers are not available.9. ANSWER: C.


The ultimate goal of conducting research is to improve patient care, which is achieved by enhancing the practice of nurses when they utilize research results in their practice.

10. ANSWER: B.


Evidence-based care is the process approach to collecting, reviewing, interpreting, critiquing, and evaluating research and other relevant literature for direct application to patient care. Evidence-based practice is about clinical competence in the individual care of patients, decision analysis, human value, use of information technology for best available clinical evidence from systematic research, and stewardship of resources. Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best care evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.

11. ANSWER: B.


The features of evidence-based practice include:

1. It is interdisciplinary.

2. The development of clinical practice is based on the evidence synthesis of the topic.

3. Clinical practice guidelines are important in repackaging the evidence for use by the point-of-care clinician.

4. Individual provider as well as organizational factors guide the integration and rate of evidence-based practice adoption of new practices.

5. Evaluation includes determining the effectiveness and efficiency of patient outcomes and economy of the services.12. ANSWER: C.


Conducting a study involves the use of money, materials, time, equipment, supplies, research assistants, consultants and subjects. Feasibility refers to the availability of time as well as the material and human resources needed to investigate a research problem or a question.

13. ANSWER: B.


It is important to determine all evidence available and the strength of the evidence before changing practice. Practice decisions should never be made based on one study alone. Nurses do not need to replicate studies before making practice decisions. 14. ANSWER: A.


The primary purpose why related literatures must be reviewed is for the researcher to know what is unknown and already known. This is to improve and update the research being made. The review of related literature generates broad background and understanding of information related to the research problem of interest.

15. ANSWER: A.


A primary source is a source that is written by the person who originated it or is responsible for generating the ideas published. In research literature, it is an article written by the people who actually did the study. In theoretical literature, it is a theory described by the person who developed the conceptual content or theory.

16. ANSWER: C.


The research findings are the most important category of information that the researcher should copy because this will give her valuable information as to what has been discovered in past studies about the same topic.

17. ANSWER: B.


Abstract contains concise description of the background of the study, research questions, research objectives, methods, findings, implications to nursing practice as well as keywords used in the study.

18. ANSWER: C.


Typically, it is preferable to review the most recent 5 years of literature. 19. ANSWER: C.


All of the above statements are correct regarding conceptual model and theory. Conceptual models are broad and very abstract. Many theories may be deductively derived from a conceptual model.Theories are narrower, limited in scope, and concrete enough to be useful in guiding research.

20. ANSWER: C.


The Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Index Medicus (IM) have the largest number of pertinent citations for nursing studies.

21. ANSWER: C.


Frameworks function differently in the two types of studies. Qualitative studies begin with a philosophical perspective and build theories from the data collected.Quantitative studies use frameworks to guide the developmental, methods, analytical, and interpretative components of the study.

22. ANSWER: C.


A paradigm is a way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses a set of philosophical assumptions and that guide ones approach to inquiry. In other words, it is a set of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world.

23. ANSWER: B.


Directional hypothesis is otherwise known as Predictive hypothesis because it predicts the exact relationship between variables. Such as if the independent variable increase, the dependent also increases of vice versa. It directly states the relationship unlike in a non-directional hypothesis, which only states the presence of the relationship but does not specify the exact relationship. A simple and a complex hypothesis are not related to the direction; instead, they are based on the number of variables being correlated.

24. ANSWER: D.


Hypothesis is not a proven statement, making it as something that can be either accepted or rejected. Hypothesis is testable and is defined as a statement that predicts the relationship between variables.

25. ANSWER: C.


Alternative hypothesis is stated in the affirmative form. A directional hypothesis is one that specifies that expected direction of the relationship between variables. There is no such term as dichotomous hypothesis. Null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual relationship between variables and that any such observed relationship is only a function of chance or sampling fluctuations.

26. ANSWER: A.


A complex, directional hypothesis is composed of 1 independent and 2 or more dependent or 2 ore more independent and 1 dependent variable. The relatioship between the variables were also directly stated. In the situation,

1. One independent less than 2 years or more than 2 years

2. Two dependent - Job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction level

3. Direction less than 2 years workers are more dissatisfied than those who worked more than 2 years.

27. ANSWER: D.


Null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual relationship between variables and that any such observed relationship is only a function of chance or sampling fluctuations. In the situation, the null hypothesis is There is no relationship between the timing of administration of psychological support and feelings of well-being among terminally ill patients28. ANSWER: A.


An extraneous variable is not the primary concern of the researcher but has an effect on the results of the study. Adult patients may be young, middle or late adult.

29. ANSWER: A.


Duration of sleep is the effect (dependent variable) of cuddling cause (independent variable).

30. ANSWER: C.


The dependent variable is the incidence of nosocomial infection, which is the outcome or effect of the independent variable, frequent hand washing.

31. ANSWER: D.


The acceptance rate of the sample is high in that less than 10% dropped out. The refusal rate is too high because half dropped out. The refusal rate is too high because more than 75% dropped out.

32. ANSWER: D.


Independent Length of employment (less than 2 years and more than 2 years)

Dependent - Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate

33. ANSWER: A.


Independent Length of employment (less than 2 years and more than 2 years)

Dependent - Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate

34. ANSWER: B.


Dependent feelings of wellbeing

Independent timing of administration of pyschological support

35. ANSWER: B.


Qualitative research emphasizes understanding the human experience and it is lived through the collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials. On the other hand, quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numeric information best exemplified by Option B. The other studies are all examples of qualitative research.

36. ANSWER: D.


Framework provides clear explanation about the correlation of variables. It organizes the development of study and links the findings to nursings body of knowledge. 37. ANSWER: C.


Applied research is research that concentrates on finding a solution to an immediate practical problem/phenomena. Basic research is not designed to solve immediate problem/ phenomena but rather to extend the base of knowledge.

38. ANSWER: B.


Non-experimental research does not manipulate independent variable. Quantitative design has no control over independent variable. Quasi-experimental design manipulates independent variable but has no control group or randomization. Experimental design manipulates independent variable with control group and randomization.

39. ANSWER: A.


Phenomenological study involves understanding the meaning of experiences as those who experienced the phenomenon.

40. ANSWER: D.


Ethnography is focused on patterns of behavior of selected people within a culture.

41. ANSWER: C.


Though all the options are correct, the best definition is option D because it combines quantitatively the results and at the same time it integrates the results of the different studies as one finding.

42. ANSWER: D.


Case study focuses on in-depth investigations of single entity or small number of entities. It attempts to analyze and understand issues of importance to history, development or circumstances of the person or entity under study.

43. ANSWER: B.


Exploratory research is the first level of investigation and it deals with identifying the variables in the study.

44. ANSWER: C.


Quasi-experimental design manipulates independent variable but has no control group or randomization. Non-experimental research does not manipulate independent variable. Quantitative design has no control over independent variable. Experimental design manipulates independent variable with control group and randomization. There is no research design called pre-experimental.

45. ANSWER: B.


Causality is required between independent and dependent variables in experimental research.

46. ANSWER: A.


Retrospective studies are done in order to establish a correlation between present variables and the antecedent factors that have caused it.

47. ANSWER: A.


Grounded theory is a form of field research used in nursing that seeks to explore and describe social processes that present within human interactions. The aim of grounded theory is to provide explanation or beginning theory about how the social process works. Data are gathered in naturalistic locations called field settings. Participant observation and interviews are data collection methods with data recorded through handwritten notes and tape recordings.

48. ANSWER: D.


Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at one specific measurement point. Longitudinal studies involve data collected over time, in a particular research sample. Prospective studies actively follow subjects over the period of the study and do not rely on data previously collected. Retrospective studies involve reviewing existing data usually found in medical records or hospital charts.

49. ANSWER: B.


Not enough is known in this area at this time to formulate hypotheses, so the researcher will conduct this qualitative study and use the findings to generate hypotheses for future studies. Level II evidence is obtained from at least one well-designed randomized controlled trial. The situation is a qualitative study, not a quasiexperimental study and it has no hypothesis.50. ANSWER: D.


The community-based participatory method recognizes the importance of involving members of the population as active and equal participants to plan context-appropriate action. The case study method would be useful for understanding the peculiarities and commonalities of pregnant teenagers. The ethnographic method would not be the most efficient method for providing information related to prevention of the problem in the future. The historical method helps us understand the past.51. ANSWER: A.


Follow-up study is a study undertaken to determine the subsequent development of individuals with a specified condition. A cohort stuffy identifies two groups: one group that received the exposure of interest and one group that did not receive the exposure. A longitudinal study is designed to collect at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study. A case control study is a research method that involves identifying patients who have an outcome of interest and then identifying patients without the same outcome and looking back to see if they had the exposure of interest. 52. ANSWER: C.


Descriptive research studies have as their main objective the accurate portray of the characteristics of people, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena occur. Correlation research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without any active intervention of the part of the researcher. Research utilization is the use of some aspect of a research or scientific investigation in an application unrelated to the original research. Comparative research specifies the type of comparisons. 53. ANSWER: D.


Cohort studies include follow-up studies, incidence studies, longitudinal studies, and prospective studies. Case reports include antidote studies, case history studies, and case studies. Case-controlled studies include prevalence studies. 54. ANSWER: C.


Correlational research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among variables.

55. ANSWER: C.


Naturalistic inquiry or qualitative research investigates the issues of human complexity where the information collected in the course of a study is in narrative form, such as transcript of an unstructured interview.

56. ANSWER: A.


Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective narrative materials, using procedures in which there tends to be a minimum of researcher imposed control. An example would a study examining clients reactions to stress after pneumonectomy.

57. ANSWER: B.


Comparative descriptive studies compare naturally occurring groups such as men/women or ethnic groups from a single sample. Comparative descriptive studies compare naturally occurring groups such as men/women or ethnic groups. Experimental and control groups are part of quasi-experimental and experimental studies. Groups may be randomly assigned to treatments in quasi-experimental and experimental studies.58. ANSWER: C.


Multi-level analysis is used to determine how the interaction between aggregate level (environmental factors) and individual level factors affects health risks and health behaviors. The longitudinal Guttman Simplex Model proposes that patterns of ability will improve over time. Latent transition analysis is used to identify transitions between stages of recovery.59. ANSWER: C.


Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling wherein not all are given chance to be selected because the researcher selects participants based on own personal judgment about who will be most representative. Snowball sampling is by referral or network. Incidental is getting samples that are available at the time and place of data collection. Probability sampling is giving everyone a chance to be selected as a sample. Examples of probability sampling are simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster.

60. ANSWER: A.


Simple random sampling gives all the elements of the sample an equal chance to be selected. The population of samples is included and draw lots, lottery, fish bowl, or simple picking of numbers can be performed to select the respondents. Systematic sampling is selecting the Nth number such as every 10th respondent. Stratified sampling is based on strata or level. Cluster sampling is getting a sample based on geographical location.

61. ANSWER: C.


Judgmental sampling involves samples according to the knowledge of the investigator about the participants in the study. Option A is cluster sampling. Option B is simple random sampling by fish bowl method. Option D is accidental sampling.

62. ANSWER: C.


More researcher rigor and control are needed to generate and recruit these types of samples.

63. ANSWER: B.


Physiological measures involve the collection of physical data from subjects. These types of measures are generally more objective and accurate than many of the other data-collection methods. It is much more difficult for subjects to provide biased data on physiological measures intentionally or unintentionally than on self-report measures.

64. ANSWER: B.


Saturation is achieved when the investigator cannot extract new responses from the informants, but instead, gets the same responses repeatedly.

65. ANSWER: C.


Hawthorne effect is based on the study of Elton Mayo and company about the effect of an intervention done to improve the working conditions of the workers on their productivity. It resulted to an increased productivity but not due to the intervention but due to the psychological effects of being observed. They performed differently because they were under observation.

66. ANSWER: C.


Sensitivity is an attribute of the instrument that allows the respondents to distinguish differences of the options where to choose.

67. ANSWER: C.


Construct validity aims to validate what the instrument is really measuring. The more abstract the concept, the more difficult to measure the construct.

68. ANSWER: A.


A bias could be introduced if the six people involved in data collection are not consistent. Selection bias occurs if precautions are not used to gain a representative sample. History refers to events that occur outside the experimental setting. Maturation refers to developmental processes within the subjects over time.

69. ANSWER: D.


Accuracy and validity are the most serious weaknesses of the self-report data. This is due to the fact that the respondents sometimes do not want to tell the truth for fear of being rejected or in order to please the interviewer.

70. ANSWER: C.


Face validity measures whether the instrument appears to be measuring the appropriate construct. It is the easiest type of validity testing.

71. ANSWER: D.


Construct validity aims to validate what the instrument is really measuring. The more abstract the concept, the more difficult to measure the construct.

72. ANSWER: B.


Incidence of nosocomial infection is best collected through the use of biophysiologic measures, particularly in vitro measurements, hence laboratory data is essential.

73. ANSWER: D.


None of the options indicate the ideal instrument for your study. This option should be of greatest concern, however. There is clear evidence of poor validity and reliability. You would use this instrument at your own peril.

74. ANSWER: B.


Most accurate and valid method of data gathering. The most serious disadvantage of this method is accuracy and validity of information gathered.

75. ANSWER: C.CONCEPT ILLUMINATION

Likert scale is a 5-point summated scale used to determine the degree of agreement or disagreement of the respondents to a statement in a study.

76. ANSWER: A.


Interpretation includes the inferences of the researcher about the findings of the study.

77. ANSWER: B.

CONCEPT ILLUMINATIONThe mean is the average of the all the values obtained. The computation for the mean is just sum up the values and divides it by total number of values. The total is 442 divided by 5 = 88.4

78. ANSWER: B.

CONCEPT ILLUMINATIONThe mode is the frequently occuring number. In the given values, the frequently occuring number is 82.

79. ANSWER: D.

CONCEPT ILLUMINATIONThe median is the middle value among the list of values. First, the values must be arranged from lowest to highest, 10, 10, 25, 65, 80, 80, 100, 200. The middle numbers are 65 and 80. The mean of these numbers when added and divided by 2 is 72.5

80. ANSWER: D.


Chi-square is a nonparametric statistic used to determine whether the frequency in each category is different from what would be expected by chance.

81. ANSWER: D.


The minimum acceptable level of power is .80, or 80%, meaning that there is a 20% chance of Type II error.

82. ANSWER: C.


The researchers job is not complete until the results of the study are disseminated. The results of a research investigation are of little if they are not communicated to others.

83. ANSWER: B.


Triangulation makes use of different sources of information such as triangulation in design, researcher and instrument.84. ANSWER: D.


Conclusions or findings should be disseminated so that findings can be validated through additional research. Published studies can inspire new research ideas and can help in the development of the conceptualization and design of new research.

85. ANSWER: A.


The four major parts most often included in a research report are introduction, methods, results, and discussion.

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