crirTh Tritc,r ture .-on:Rervancy Council

7 1-4..TTT S!'. PA] T. TTOPERTIT

-nor inno Lita -tati On

Aarc:.

This report_ is an ofFicial cloeument preparec

unuer contract 1,C.I.V-?Or t ho:nature Conservancy

Council and the t.a.tural Lhvironr.ent Peaearch

Council. It sh iLC rot 1H queterl.without

UerrUision from both the Institute of

Terrestrial FccaJoe-y me the 'citture Conservancy

Council.

INSTITUTEOF TERRESTRIALECOLOGY

(NATURALENVIRONMENTRESEARCH COUNCIL)

NCC/NERC CONTRACT F3/03/80

ITE PROJECT 466

Fourth InterimReport to Nature ConservancyCouncil

BIOLOGICALSURVEY OF BRITISH RAIL PROPERTY

CAROLINE SARGENT & J 0 MOUNTFORD

Monks Wood ExperimentalStationAbbots RiptonHuntingdonCambs March 1980

I.

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nm

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nm

an

SUKMARY

The background of the work is briefly reviewed and the current yearintroduced (Section 1).

The survey has been stratified. In the absence of suitable alternatives,a polythetic classification of BR land was based on geographic attributes.The resulting classes provided strata which were used to sample London

__Midland Region and on which analysis.for_all_Regions will be based. Some _ preliminary comparisons using information from Southern and Western Regions,shows that correlations exist between track and vegetation classes.

During the field season, 192 sites in the London Midland Region werevisited. Files were opened for 44 of these which were considered to be ofparticular biological interest. Bryophyte and soil invertebrateinvestigations were begun during 1979, and these investigations are discussedtogether with the records for vascular plants and other animals.Classification and analysis of London Midland Region vegetation data will bedone during 1981, in conjunction with information from all other Regions.

The work is briefly assessed, and areas where further attention isrequired are considered.

aa

Sa

a-

a-

-a

aS

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--

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a

CONTENTS

Page

SUISLARY

1_ INTRODUCTION

1.1 The scope of the survey 1

1.2 The current year 1

2 BRITISH RAIL STRATIFICATION 2

2.1 Introduction 2

2.2 Methods 2

2.2.1 Attributes2.2.2 Classification 5

2.3 Results 7

2.3.1 Track mileage 72.3.2 Classification 72.3.3 Track classes 92.3.4 Sampling proportions 20

2.4 Comparison of vegetation and track classifications 20

3 THE LONDON MIDLAND REGION 24

3.1 Information collection 24

3.1.1 Random site selection 243.1.2 The vegetation key 243.1.3 Sites of Biological Interest 27

3.2 Vascular plants 27

3.3 Bryophytes 35

3.4 Animal data 39

3.4.1 Introduction 393.4.2 Birds 393.4.3 Other vertebrates 433.4.4 Field observed invertebrates 433.4.5 Soil invertebrates 43

Page

4 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 Field work 49

4.2 Stratification and classification 49

4.3 1981 50 I.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 51 16 REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1 Random sites, 19792 Biological Interest survey sites, 19793 Biological Interest sites, 1978.4 Biological Interest sites, 1979

MAPS Stratification of BR landSites visited in the LMRLUR SoilsLMR GeologyLMR Topography

52 I.' 53

separately bound separately bound

In back pocketIn back pocketIn back pocketln back pocketIn back pocket

TABLES 2.1 BR land classification 62.2 Preferential attributes2.3 Sampling efficiency of the post-hoc 19

BR stratification2.4 S and WR track and vegetation classes 2 1

arrayed with respect to first axis RAordination scores

2.5 S and WR track and undisturbed vegetation 22classes arrayed with respect to firstaxis RA ordination scores

3.1 Division of sampling effort amongstoccurring in the LMR

- 3.2 Vascular plant species found on LMR1979

3.3 Bryophytes recorded from LMR during3.4 Bird species seen on BR land during

survey3.5 Other vertebrate species3.6 Species list of insects recorded in

during 1979 survey3.7 Species list of other invertebrates

on BR property during 1979 survey3.8 Soil invertebrates

strata. 25

during 29

1979 -36•1979 41

42the field 44

recorded 46

48

1

FIGURES 1 Vegetation Key 262 Animal recording proforma 40

1

1 INTRODUCTION

April 1979 to March 1980 has been the fourth year of a five and a half yearcontract between the NCC and ITE, aimed at describing the structure anddistribution of ecosystems occurring on British Rail land. The work wasinitiated_because recent.radical changes.in railway verge management and- •track usage have almost certainly involved profound alterations invegetation structure and composition, and, consequently, in the kinds ofhabitat provided. It is recognised that semi-natural, ungrazed and nowonly sporadically managed railway verges provide a useful refuge andmigration corridor for both plant and animal species; but there is littledocumentation for the kinds, numbers and distribution of species involved,and even less information about the effects of change.

1.1 The scope of the survey

\A detailed discussion of why and how the railway survey was begun is givenin the First Interim Report (Way & Sheail 1977), where a general descriptionof changing permanent way management practices will also be found.

After an exploratory field season (1976), the survey was designed to allow asingle year to examine each of the five British Rail Regions, with theexception that Southern and Western Regions, with lower track mileages,be combined. During 1977, Eastern Region was surveyed (Way, Sheail &Mountford 1978), whilst 1978 was spent looking at Southern and Western Regions(Sargent 4 Mountford 1979), and the field work described in this report wascarried out on the London Midland Region in 1979. It is planned to surveyScottish Region during 1980, and to combine.and analyse information from allRegions prior to preparing the final report during 1981.

1.2 The current year

Much of the desk work during the current year was concerned with the design,introduction and testing of a stratification system. The results arediscussed in Section 2.

Section 3 describes the survey of London Midland Region, whilst some generalconclusions are drawn and areas for future attention outlined in Section 4.

2

2 BRITISH RAIL STRATIFICATION

2.1 Introduction

In order to increase the precision of estimates derived from samples, it wasdecided to stratify the random sampling of British Rail land. Introduction

• of a stratified sampling system had initially been discarded becausesuitable and practicable divisions were not readily available. Ideally, a

-- stratification of.British.Rail land should reflect'local disturbance, — ---drainage, and pH patterns. These are the factors most closely linked withvegetation structure and distribution (Sargent & Mountford 1979), butinformation at the required scale to make this practicable does not exist.Amongst the alternatives considered was the division of the system intocomponent engineering structures, ie cuttings, embankments and flats. Thispossible stratification proved unsatisfactory because of the relative size(smallness) and heterogeneity of many of the features. Aspect of the vergesmight also have been used, although most cuttings and embankments havepaired opposing slopes within their structure, and show an orientation of= 1800 between formations, making the system too complex to providepracticable strata. .

Other ideas discussed were discarded for comparable reasons of accuracy,scale, relevance and practicability. Adjacent land use is sometimes, butnot always, influential, whilst varying track usage may elicit varying kindsof management; trees are likely to be cleared more rigorously where overheadelectrification occurs. Because of the engineered origin of the Verges,mapped soil, drift and geological characteristics are often too locallyinconsistent to be of use, whilst climate and topography provide valuablestrata only at a broad regional level. Although individually unsuitable,it was considered that a combination of such characters might define relevantand homogeneous strata.

Following Bunce, Morrel and Stel (1975), it was decided to make a polytheticclassification of selected climatic, edaphic and influential characteristics.Derived classed would be used as strata and would enable a stratifieddistribution of future random samples. Already completed sampling would beascribed to the stratification post-hoc.

2.2 Methods

The original method (Bunce, Morrel & Stel 1975) was designed to produce anational land classification based on a grid of 10 km sqaures. It wasnecessary to modify this procedure to accommodate the linear environment andother particular characteristics of British Rail. An outline of the derivedmethod was given in the previous interim report (Sargent & Mountford 1979)and will be mentioned only briefly here (2.2.2). The classificationattributes used, however, were not as originally proposed, and are thereforedescribed in more detail.

1

1

1

11

•, 1

2.2.1 Attributes

The selection of attributes involved considerable discussion and onlythose characters thought likely to have a recognisable effect onvegetation (and hence habitat) were chosen:

a. Track Type

The type of track influences vegetation.as management and otherforms of disturbance vary with railway usage. The followingattributes were drawn from regional maps made available by BritishRail.

SingleMultipleNarrow gaugeElectrified

b. Topography

Height above sea level was considered a useful character. Theinformation was drawn from The Atlas of Britain and NorthernIreland (Oxford University Press 1963), and was weighted towardslower altitudes where the majority of railway lines occur.

<25' above sea level<100' above sea level<200' above sea level<400' above sea level=>400' above sea level

c. Adjacent land use

The environment through which the railway passes is likely to havesome considerable influence and the following attributes, drawnfrom the 1:25 000 Ordnance Survey map, were recorded where theyabutted on to railway land.

5. Water (river, lake, etc)Coniferous woodlandDeciduous woodlandScrub, brushwoodRough pasture, heathMarshSalt marshDuneOrchardOrnamental/parkland

d. Climatic variables

Dr. R.G.H. Bunce (ITE Merlewood) kindly provided mapped informationabout the climatic variables found most sensitive in the LandClassification scheme. The attributes fall into the followingthree groups.

Mean daily temperature °C January 1941-1970:

<5.5<6.0

<6.5<7.0

.24. .7.5<8.0<9.0>E-9.0

•Mean number of days snow lying 1941-1970:

- 28.- <10-<20<30<40>=40

Average daily duration bright sunshine hours July 1941-1970:

<4.0<4.5<5.0<5.3<6.0>=6.0

e. Soil types

Dr. Avery of the Soil Survey of England and Wales, Rothamsted,provided valuable assistance by helping produce a simplified listof soil types. An outline of active British Rail lines was tracedonto the soil map of England and Wales, and unit soil attributes readdirectly. It proved more difficult to assess railway lines inScotland as information available for that country is not ofcomparable quality and it was necessary to make certain generali-sations. The soil types recognized were:

Raw sands (dune sands)Alluvial, humic-alluvial and associated alluvialbrown soils (with high or controlled water table)Earthy (lowland) peat soilsWell drained calcareous soils (rendzinas & browncalcareous earths)Calcareous soils, mainly clays, with impededdrainage (calcareous pelosols)Non-calcareous (at surface), non-peaty gley soilswith impeded drainage (stagnogley soils)Non-alluvial gley soils (sandy or loamy) with highor controlled water table (sandy, argillic andcambic gley soils)Non-calcareous (at surface) brown soils, mainlysandy or coarse loamy (brown sands and some brownearths)Non-calcareous (at surface) brown soils, mainlyloamy or clayey (brown earths, argillic andpaleo-argillic brown earths) brown podzolic soilsPodzols (lowland, variable water regime)(Upland) peaty gley soils (stagnohumic gley soils)(Upland) stagnopodzols, rankers, etc .Raw (upland) peat soils

(1)(2-8)

(9)(10-11, 14-17,38-39, 40)(45-46)

(51-59, 68-69)

(47-50)

(12, 13, 20,25, 26)

(18-19, 21-24,27-37, 60-64)

(41-43, 65)

(66, 67)

5

f. Drift

Drift was read directly from the 1:625 000 Geological Drift mapsof Great Britain. The following attributes were recorded.

AlluviumLowland peatBlown sandBrick earthRiver and marine gravelHeadGlacial gravelBoulder clayPlateau gravelClay and flintsHill peatDrift free

g. Solid geology

Information was drawn from the 1:625 000 solid geological map ofGreat Britain. The geological strata mapped were variously combinedto produce the following shortened

Pre-CambrianIgneous extrusiveIgneous intrusiveMetamorphicSlates(Cambrian) Limestones etc

list:

:XT,R,A,S,BG,F,H,D,E,G,Ba

Vu

Ordovician and Silurian bl-b7

Carboniferous and Magnesian d2,e2.e4

Oolites,chalk andcornbrash. g5-g9, h5

Sandstones

Old Red (Devonian) cl-c3

New Red (Permian) e3,e5

Bunter,etc(Triassic) fl-f6

Greensand h3-h4, h2

Other beds (Eocene) i4-i7

Coal measures d4-d6

Clays etc

Lias gl-g4

Oxford, Kimmeridge glO&g14

London i3

Norwich 1

Other (Oligocene&Pliocene) i8-i12,k,kl, hl

2.2.2. Classification

The procedure was to divide the entire British Rail network into measured,and subsequently numbered, ten mile units. Attributes or characters wererecorded for each rural unit, and the unit classified, with resnect to itsscore, by'Indicator Species Analysis (Hill, Bunce & Shaw 1975). The ISAwas taken to five levels of division producing 32 classes. Classes havingfewer than 15.members were subsequently amalgamated with their closest relation(provided this could be done within the fifth division) to producegroups of more comparable size for statistical and analytical purposes.

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1141

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track'

2Multiple

tralk

4Electrified

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2.1

BRITISHRAILLANDCLASSIFICATION

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Indicatorspecies(attributes),levelsofdivision,andclassdefinition

7<

100'

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8<

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9<400'as1I

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=400'asl.1

11Coniferous

wdodland

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114

2830

3835

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6250

57 01

4212

2329

2220

2836

2931

238

6536

3485

8145

5068

6621

2177

326

4162

920

100

347

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2325

6236

3021

5040

4348

7048

6329

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6361

5784

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196

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2197

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8346

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6.7

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6743

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2223

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5765

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4047

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July

34<

4.5

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July

36<

5.5

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July

37<

6.0

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July

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=6.

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41Alluvial

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42Lowland

peat

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43Welldrained

calc.

44Poorly

drained

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45Stagnogleys

48Non-calc.brown

49Lowland

podzols

50Upland

peaty

gleys

57Igneous

intrusive

58Metamorphic

60Ord.and

Sil.

61Carb.and

Mag.

62Chalk

and

oolites

63Old

red

sandstone

65Bunter

67Other

sandstones

68C

oal

measures

71London

clay

73Other

clays

74Alluvium

78River

gravel

BOGlacialgravel

81Boulder

clay

84H

illpeat

sr,Driftfree

7

The derived classes provided strata. Previous years samples wereascribed, by location, to particular strata, and the selection of sitesin London Midland Region (Chapter 3) was based, proportionally, on thederived divisions.

2.3 Results

2.3.1 Track mileage

Of the 1127 ten-mile rail units recognised, 899 were considered rural(giving an approximate length of 9000 miles) and were scored for thepurposes of this investigation. From previous estimates of BritishRail acreage (Messenger 1968; Way & Sheail 1977), it can be calculated

. that land associated with rural lines (but not including the track)occupies some 146 000 acres (± 34 000), whilst urban holdings account -for 37 500 acres (t 14 000).*

2.3.2 Classification

The classification derived from ISA has been mapped (Map 1, cover pocket),and the dichotomies through which it was obtained are given.Amalgamation to produce statistically compatible terminal groups led toa total of 25 stratification classes (Table 2.1, Map 1). Preferentialattributes have been defined for the classes and are tabulated (Table2.2) with respect to the first axis of Reciprocal Averaging Ordination(Hill 1973). They suggest the importance of particular climatic andgeological characters in the classification and indicate relationshipsbetween geographically disparate classes.

The initial division of the ISA separated southern, midland and coastalrailway lines, from those occurring in the wetter, colder upland areasof the north and west. On the negative (southern) side of thedichotomy, mesozoic and more recent rocks including chalk and oolites,together with the absence of glacial drift, were important; palaeozoic,igneous and intrusive rocks were preferential on the positive side.Soil, altitude and climatic attributes separated in.an expected manner,about the basic north:south dichotomy; railway type and adjacent land.use characters were not particularly relevant at this level of division.

At the next stage, the selected attributes separated lines in theMidlands and East Anglia from those covering the greater part ofsouthern England; differentiation was also made between the highigneous and metamorphic areas of Scotland, England and Wales, and themilder more lowland parts of the north. Subsequent division continuedand defined these trends, with local rather than regional, attributesplaying an increasingly important role.

When field work is.completed and measured widths available for sitesin.all regions, it will become possible to give a more preciseestimate of acreage.

Li

8

Table 2.2. Preferential Attributes.

Attributes

Class 62 38 43 28 37 23 81 68 14 61 10 30 57 50 35

1 * *

3 * * * * *

6 * *

10 * * *

5 * * *

7 * * * *

9 * * * *

. 14 * * * *

13 * * * * *

8 * * *

12 * * * *

4 * * * * *

11 * * * *

20 * * * * * * * * *

17 * * * * * * *

18 * * * * .* * *

19 * * * * * *

15 * * * * * * *

16 * * * * * * *

24 * * * * * * * *

25 * * * * *.

21 * * * * * *

23 * * * * * * so

22 * * * * * *

Key to Attributes:

10 > = 400' asl14 Heath, rough pasture23 <7.00C January28 <10 days snow lie30 <30 days snow lie35 <5.0 hrs sun July37 <6.0 hrs sun July

• 38 > = 6.0 hrs sun July

43 Well drained calc. soils50 Upland peaty gleys57 Igneous intrusive61 Carb. and Mag.62 Chalk and oolites68 Coal measures81 Boulder clay

The classes are listed with respect to the first axis of ReciprocalAverage ordination. The attributes are ordinated by means.of an indexderived from their relative representativeness at the first division ofindicator species analysis.

2.3.3 Track classes

Class 1 South-Eastern Lowlands

Estimated acreage: 11 500 ± 800Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

hours bright sunshine, JulyWell drained calcareous soils<10 days snow lie<70C January

This is a compact, exclusively south-eastern class, clustered by acombination of climatic and edaphic attributes.

The majority of lines are administered by Southern Region and areelectrified. They occur on recent sand and clay deposits of theOligocene, Eocene and Cretaceous, on which neutral to mildly acidsoils have developed. The climate is sunny with cool winters andminimal snowfall. Some intermediates with Class 2 occur on loweroutcrops of chalk.

Class 2 Southern Chalk Uplands

Estimated acreage: 6500 ± 600Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

>=6.0 hours bright sunshine, JulyWell drained calcareous soils<10 days snow lie<70C January>=400' asl

This is mainly a central southern group, including Salisbury Plainand the high chalklands of the surrounding area.

The lines are Southern and Western Region and the majority are multipletracked but not electrified. They occur on clay with flints or on drift

. free areas where well drained calcareous soils have developed. Theclimate is similar to Class 1.

Class 3 London Basin and South Midland Hills

Estimated acreage: 5200 ± 920Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

>=6.0 hours bright sunshine, JulyWell drained calcareous soils<10 days snow lie<6.0 hours bright sunshine, July<7°C JanuaryBoulder clayHeath and rough pasture

For statistical reasons this class combines the originaP end groups3 and 4 (Table 2:1). It is not entirely'homogeneous, having some unitsc1ustered in the London clay basin and others distributed throughvalleys of the chalk and limestone Chilterns (Cretaceous), Cotswolds(Jurassic) and Mendips (Carboniferous). However, the units are linkedby climatic attributes and all occur on calcareous soils. Anextensive group of intermediates is found in the Chiltern valleys.

10

All four qouthern British Rail Regions are represented in this group,and the lines are electrified in some areas.

Class 4 South-Western

Estimated acreage: 6500 ± 600Preferential attributes: >=6.0 hours bright sunshine July

<10 days now.lie<6.0 hours bright sunshine<7.0°C _

-JanuarY—Boulder clayCoal measures>400' as].Igneous intrusive

This is another compact class including the majority of units inCornwall, Devon and Dyfed.

The lines are exclusively Western Region and are not electrified.Climatic attributes are important clustering vectors, and define areasonably sunny area with mild winters and little snow., The linesare characteristically associated with old red sandstone (which accountsfor the slightly anomalous inclusion of two units lying to the northof Hereford), and, to a lesser extent, with Carboniferous coal measuresand millstone grit. Igneous intrusive rocks are also indicative ofthis class. The majority of sites are drift free and the soil isalmost always a non-calcareous brown earth of some description.Topographic variations are large and are indicative of the secondarilydissected nature of the south-western pcneplain.

Class 5 Central Southern

Estimated acreage: 4500 ± 510Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

>=6.0 hours bright sunshine JulyWell drained calcareous soils<10 days snow lieHeath and rough pasture

This area is essentially continuous with the previous but lies furtherto the east and is characterised by a slightly sunnier climate withcolder winters.

The lines are mainly off the old red sandstone and coal measures, andare associated instead with younger Triassic and Jurassic deposits

. (including Eeuper marl and lower Lias). They are more consistentlyfound on drift covered areas and are especially characteristic ofriver and marine gravels.

Most lines in this class are multiple and are managed by Southern,Western and Eastern Regions.

Class 6 South Coastal

Estimated.acreage: 1000 ± 200Preferential attributes: >=6.0 hours bright sunshine July

<10 days snow lie<7.00C January

11

This is another combined class in which 2 small end groups (one onRomney Marsh, monotypic) have been put together for statisticalpurposes.

The combination seems sensible, since all units are coastal, occurbelow 25' asl, and are characterised by blown sand, dunes, salt marshand rild climates. Soils, where developed are alluvial, or, more rarely stagnogley.

Units occur in Southern, Western and Eastern Regions on a variety oftrack types.

Class 7 South Midlands

Estimated acreage: 11 400 ± 780Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

Well drained calcareous siols<6.0 hours bright sunshine JulyBoulder Clay>400' as].

This is a large class occupying a considerable area in central andeastern England, with lines administered by Eastern, Western and LondonMidland Regions.

Although still predominantly southern, the climate is less mild thanprevious groups. The topography is slightly elevated (200'-300' asl),and there is a strong geological association with chalk and Jurassiclimestones. The lower Lias and Oxford and Kimmeridge clays are alsowell represented. The soils developed are generally calcareous buthave varied structural and drainage patterns. Boulder clay is themost widespread drift, although gravels are locally important.

Class 8 Midlands

Estimated acreage: 11 400 S 810Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

Boulder clayCoal measures •Heath and rough pasture

This is another large group gradually replacing Class 7 northwards, butwith a rather more scattered distribution. Focal areas occur in uplandEast Anglia and on the Cheshire Plain, and there is an outlier to thewest of Carlisle.

The.climate is generally less sunny than in the previous class, andthere is a distinct trend towards non-calcareous Triassic rocks'(including especially Bunter sandstone and Keuper marl). However, someintermediate units with chalk are retained in East Anglia, wherecomparably, calcareous soils also occur. Elsewhere stagnogleys andnon-calcareous blown soils are more typical. •

The lines are mainly multiple and are -administered•by Eastern, Western.and the London .Midland Regions.'

There is considerable reason to suspect that this class would beimproved by subdivision.

12

1

1

Class 9 Central Eastern Lowlands

Estimated acreage: 4500 ± 510Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

Well drained calcareous soilsBoulder clay<6.0 hours sunshine July

<30 days snow lie

ThiS-is-1 compact Eastern Region class, typically occurring on the lowlying chalk of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, where drift and soils areextremely variable, and are best characterised, in the local context,by absence of peat.

Some Oxford and Kimmeridge clay occurs, and soils include rendzinas,gleys and non-calcareous brown and alluvial types. The climate iscontinental, sunny with cold winters, and the tracks are predominantlymultiple.

Class 10 Fenland and Broadland

Estimated acreage: 5400 ± 540Preferential attributes: Chalk, oolites and cornbrash

>=6.0 hours sunshine July<6.0 hours sunshine July •<7.0°C JanuaryBoulder clay

This is a very local Eastern Region class, covering the low lying fensand broadlands of East Anglia.

The solid geology is variable, including Oxford and Kimmeridge claysand corallian beds. Chalk is significant around the.margins of theareas and Norwich Crag is the main rock in the eastern part. Most ofthe rocks are overlain with peat or, locally, with alluvium, and thecharacteristic soil type is earthy lowland peat, although stagnogley,non-calcareous brown and alluvial soils also occur.

The climate is continental and the land almost exclusively below25' asl. The lines are administered by Eastern Region and are generallymultiple.

Class 11 Northern Coal Measures

Estimated acreage: 8300 t 690Preferential attributes: <10 days snow

<6.0 hours.sunshine JulyBoulder clayCoal measuresHeath and rough pasture

This is a widespread group occurring in industrial tancashire andYorkshire, with outliers as distantly placed as Edinburgh and Hereford.

The class is rather variable climatically, but tends towards a moderatetemperature and average sunshine hours. Most of the lines aremultiple, and there are representatives in all British Rail Regionsexcept Southern.

13

This is largely a coal measures group, although some Bunter and Keuperdeposits occur, and a few intermediates with the following class (12)are found on Carboniferous limestone. Drift characters are variedand include boulder clay, alluvium and gravels. The soils, however,arc more uniform, and are generally stagnogley or non-calcareous brownsoils of a loamy or clayee type.

Class 12 Northern Limestone and Sandstone

Estimated acreage: 6800 ± 620Preferential attributes: Well drained calcareous soils

<6.0 hours bright sunshine JulyBoulder clayCoal measuresCarboniferous and Magnesian

:This class has a comparable distribution with 11, but is generally off the coal measures, rather more low lying, and with a tendency towarda more extreme climate.

The class is most abundant between York and Grantham and extendsnorthwards along the east coast of Scotland. It is more local to thewest of the Pennines. The lines are largely multiple and are underthe administration of the Scottish, Eastern and London Midland Regions.

• This group is most commonly associated with Bunter sandstone, but alsooccurs frequently on Magnesian and Carboniferous limestone as well asPermian (new red) sandstone. A variety of drift is found with no .clear pattern except that alluvium is Most common. Soils, comparably,are often alluvial, but calcareous and non-calcareous types of varyingstructure have developed on the underlying strata.

Class 13 Western Coastal

Estimates acreage: 4700 t 520Treferential attributes: <10 days snow lie

<6.0 hours bright sunshine July<7.00C JanuaryBoulder clayHeath and rough pastureCarboniferous and Magnesian

This is a west coast class, with the majority of units occurring close. to the sea in Wales and Cumbria. Outliers, however, are found on theStour and Exe estuaries, likely removed from their more naturalaffinity (Class 6, Southern Coastal) by climatic considerations. Theclimate of this class is oceanic, mild with warm temperatures, butnot particularly sunny.

Three geological groups are fairly equally represented: Ordovician andSilurian rocks are characteristic of the Welsh group, whilstCarboniferous limestones occur along the Cumbrian coast. The majorityof other rocks are Triassic. The drift pattern shows a strong

. association with alluvium, but boulder clay and drift free areas arealso contributory. Non-calcareous brown soils are typical, but areasof alluvial and stagnogley soils also occur.

The lines are almost consistently below 25' asl, are single or multiple, 'and come under the administration of London Midland, Western and EasternRegions.

111

1

II

I.

1

14

Class 14 Lancashire Plain

Estimated acreage: 2400 ± 360Preferential attributes: <10 days snow lie

<6.0 hours bright sunshine July<7.0°C JanuaryBoulder clayCoal measures

A rather small group concentrated_on_the_coastal plain_from.the -Wirral ----_to Fylde, but with scattered outliers.

The major geological strata are from the Triassic and include Buntersandstone and Keuper marl. The drift is various, and about two thirdsof these lowland units are characterisied by peat or blown sand.Soils include stagnogley, alluvial and non-calcareous brown typeswith a lowland podzol being typical of Lancashire Moss members. Theclimate is cool (6.0°C January) and not particularly sunny.

This class is entirely administered by London Midland Region, and islargely composed of multiple track units.

Class 15 Pennines

Estimated acreage: 8300 690Preferential attributes: Boulder clay

Coal measuresHeath and rough pastureCarboniferous and Magnesian>400' asl<30 days snow lie Igneous intrusive

This is an upland group with the majority of Members occurring in thearea between Settle, Uttoxeter, Leeds and Wigan.

The lines are mainly on Carboniferous strata, including the millstonegrit of the Pennines and the coal measures of their foothills, however.Triassic rocks are not infrequent and the Magnesian is also represented-.Drift is predominantly boulder clay, and soils are charactoristfcalivupland, including raw peats, peaty gleys and stagnogleys. Some non-calcareous brown soils also occur.

The climate is cool with a fairly long snow lie and the lines arefrequently found above 400' and almost invariably above 200'.Administration is by Eastern and London Midland Regions, with ScottishRegion holding responsibility for a single, anomalously included, uniton the line between Glasgow and Edinburgh.

Class 16 Oceanic Carboniferous

Estimated acreage: 5900 ± 570Preferential attributes: <7.0°C January

Boulder clayHeath and rough pasture'Carboniferous and Magnesian>400' asl<30 days snow 'lieUpland peaty gleys<5 hours bright sunshine July

15

This group is widely dispersed and includes almost all the South Walesmining valleys, areas in the Marches and Derbyshire and parts of theSouthern Uplands of Scotland.

Its;members are restricted to Carboniferous rocks, generally coalmeasures, and are further grouped by possession of poorly &rainedacidic soils. Boulder clay is the most abundant drift.

The climate is wet, but sunshine hours and snow lie vary widely withaltitude. There are a considerable number of single track lines inthis group, and members fall into all British Rail administrativeRegions except Southern.

Class 17 Midland Hills

Estimated acreage: 5500 ± 540Preferential attributes: <6.0 hours bright sunshine.July

Boulder clayCoal measuresHeath and rough pastureCarboniferous and Magnesian>400' asl<30 days snow lieIgneous and intrusive .

This class is combined, for statistical reasons, from the originalend groups 19 and 20.

• Although the units are dispersed they hold in common moderate elevation.,and cool winters with medium snow lie and sunshine figures. They occurcharacteristically on Triassic rocks, although the Carboniferous,Jurassic and Magnesian are also well represented. The drift is usuallyboulder clay on which stagnogley or, more rarely, non-calcareous brownsoils, have developed, although where drift is absent rendzinas becomecharacteristic of the limestones.

The units, which are single and multiple tracked, are administered byLondon Midland, Eastern and Western Regions.-

Class 18 Hilly 1gorth Coastal Carboniferous

Estimated acreage: 4500 ± 510Preferential attributes: <7.0°C January

Boulder clayCoal measuresHeath and rough pastureCarboniferous and Magnesian>400' asl<30 days snow lie<5 hours bright sunshine July

This is a disperseigroup occurring in southern Scotland and northernEngland on coastal and hilly Carboniferous deposits. Units occur onlimestone, coal measures and millstone grit, and are particularlyassociated with intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks: Boulder clayis the prevalent drift, and in most areas stagnogleys, or acid mineralsoils with poor drainage.have developed. The climate is cool but notextreme.

Lines, which are generally multiple, are administered by Eastern,London Midland and Scottish Regions.

16

Class 19 Scottish lowlands

Estimated acreage: 9100 ± 980Preferential attributes: Boulder clay

Coal measuresHeath and rough pastureCarboniferous and Magnesian<30 days snow lie Igneous intrusive

This class holds much in common with the previous (18), but generallyoccurs on more low lying land, and hence occupies much of the centrallowlands and coastal areas of Scotland.

The most important geological strata in this group belong to theCarboniferous, but old red sandstone and Magnesian limestones arealso represented. The drift is predominantly boulder clay, althoughareas of allivium and gravel also occur, the soils developed on thesedeposits are stagnogleys, non-calcareous browns and alluvials.

The lines are administered by Scottish, London Midland and EasternRegions, and are largely multiple with some electrified units.

Class 20 North-Western Coastal

Estimated acreage: 2600 ± 380Preferential attributes: <10 days snow lie

<6 hours bright sunshine July17.0°C JanuaryBoulder clayCoal measuresCarboniferous and Magnesian>400' asl<30 days snowIgneous intrusiveUpland peaty gleys<5 hours bright sunshine July

This is a combined class (end groups 23 and 24) of coastal units inScotland, Wales and the Lake District. The units have a mild gulfstream climate, with increasing snow lie and decreasing bright sunshinenorthwards.

The geology is variable and includes the Silurian and Ordovician ofWales, together with Carboniferous and Triassic strata and old redsandstones. Igneous intrusions are not uncommon. Drift, where present,is alluvial, gravel or boulder clay, and this has superficiallydeveloped into stagnogley and non-calcareous brown soils.

The lines occur in Western,London Midland and Scottish Regions and includelarge stretches of single track.

Class 21 Highland Coastal

Estimated acreage: 4200 ± 510Preferential attributes: Boulder clay

Heath and rough pasture<30 days snow lieIgneous intrusiveUpland peaty gleys<5 hours bright sunshine July

17

This class is confined to the north of Scotland where dt occurs incoastal and lower lying areas.

Old red sandstones, metamorphic, and igneous intrusive rock are theimportant geological strata, and these are typically overlain by

boulder clay, over gravels or allivium.. Much of the soil ispodsolised, although gleys and organic (peaty) soils are alsocharacteristic.

The climate is generally cold with moderately long snow lie, although

the figure for sunshine hours varies considerably between east andwest coasts. The lines are all administered by Scottish Region, anda large proportion are single track.

Class 22 Low Highlands

Estimated acreage: 2700 ± 460Preferential attributes: Boulder clay

Meath and rough pasture>400' asl<30 days snow lieIgneous intrusiveUpland peaty gleys

This class is restricted to the Highland area where it includes mostunits of moderate elevation.

Metamorphic and igneous rocks are ubiquitous, and the strata aregenerally overlain by boulder clay or hill peat. The soil ischaracteristically upland peaty gley, with rankers and stagnopodzolsoccurring more rarely.

The climate is cool and wet, and the snow lies for 50 daySin some units. The lines are single track and are administered byScottish Region

Class 23 Highland and Montane

Estimated acreage: 6200 ± 700Preferential attributes: Boulder clay

Coal measuresHeath and rough pastureCarboniferous and Magnesian>400' asl .<30 days snow lieIgneous intrusiveUpland peaty gleys<5 hours bright sunshine July

This class is combined, for statistical reasons, from end groups 27 and

28, which include the highest railwy lines in the North Pennines,

Southern Uplands and Scottish Highlands.

Carboniferous rocks occur in the more southerly cluster, where limestone,.millstone grit and coal measures are represented. Igneous rocks aretypical of the Southern Upland group, where Silurian and Orduvicion

strata also Occur. The Highland area•rocks are almost exclusivelyigneous and metamorphic. Boulder clay and hill peat are the predominantdrifts, with the latter being more characteristic of Highland lines.

1111111

1i i1

'

11111

1

18

Acid brown and organic soils, gleys, podzols and raw peat are allcharacteristic of these cold, wet upland areas.

There are single, multiple and electrified tracks in this class which has areas administered by all three northern Regions of British Rail.

Class 24 Welsh and South-Western Uplands

Estimated acreage: 2900 ± 440- Preferential attributes: <10 days snow lie

<6 hours bright sunshine July>7.0°C JanuaryBoulder clayHeath and rough pasture>400' asl<30 days snowIgneous intrusive<5 hours bright sunshine July

This class combines the Welsh and Cornish hill units (end groups 29and 30) into a logical south-western upland group. The climate ismild,although the Welsh hill sites have a long winter snow lie figure.

In Cornwall,the lines occur on old red sandstone and igneous intrusiverocks, whilst,in Wales the predominant geological strata are Ordovicianand Silurian. Drift, where prcsent is mainly boulder clay, althoughalluvium and glacial gravel also occur, and the soils are non-calcareousbrowns, stagnopodzols, peats and rankers.

The lines are single and multiple and are administered by London Midlandand Western Regions.

Class 23 Acidic Coastal

Estimated acreage: 2600 .1-410Preferential attributes: >=6.0 hours bright sunshine July

<10 days snow lieBoulder clayHeath and rough pasture<30 days snow lie Igneous intrusive<6 hours bright sunshine July

This class is an uneasy marriage of acid sites beside north-eastermforths and south-western coasts (end groups 31 and 32), having markedlydiffering climatic attributes. The soils, drift and topography,however are comparable.

The southern sites are on Pre-Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian andCarboniferous rocks, whilst the northern group are clustered on oldred sandstones. These acid ancient rocks are overlain by alluvium orboulder clay, on which podzols and non-calcareous brown soils havedeveloped.

The lines are administered by Scottish and London Midland Regions andare typically single track.

1

1

11

1

1

19

Table 2.3. Sampling proportionsof the post-hoc British Rail stratification.

Class Members Sample% in sample

1 71 30 422 40 19 483 32 12 384 40 18 455 28 14 506 6 2 337 70 36 518 70 39 569 28 23 8210 33 14 4211 51 15

12 42 16

13 29 16 5514 15 10 6715 51 26

16 36 13

17 35 17 4918 28 4

19 56 10

20 16 9

21 26

22 24

23 38 9

24 18 8 4425 16 2

The riglithand column shows the proportion of sites sampled in each ofthe classification strata. Incomplete rows have class members inScottish Region which is yet to be sampled.

20

2.3.4 Sampling proportions

Eastern, Southern and Western Region random samples, which were allascribed post-hoc to stratification classes have been tabulated withthe stratified London Midland Region survey to show the percentage ofunits sampled within each class (Table 2.3).

A minimum of 33% is found in the anomalous ((15 members afteramalgamation) South Coast Class, 6. Elsewhere the figure varies between

- 38%-and-82%T-with-a-mean-for-all-classes—(excluding-those-with representatives in Scottish Region) of 50%.

These figures apply only to the random survey and do not include sitesvisited in either the cutting/embankment or Biological Interest surveys.When all information is combined, the mean sampling percentage will bein excess of 70%.

2.4 Comparison of vegetation and track classifications

Quadrat information from the 60 random sites visited in Southern and WesternRegions during 1978 was classified using ISA. The results, with and withoutweighting for percentage cover, are given in the Third Interim report (Sargent& Mountford 1979). The vegetation classification derived without coverinformation was compared with the geographic classification of BR land(track classification) introduced to provide sampling strata. Vegetation andtrack classifications were arrayed according to their scores on respectivefirst axes of RA ordination (Table 2.4). A total of 573 quadrats clasifiedinto 14 vegetation types were distributed throughout the 14 track classeshaving members in Southern and Western Regions. An initial inspection of thetable (2.4) suggests that there is no clear association between track andvegetation classes.

Certain kinds of vegetation occur throughout BR land irrespective of locallyprevalent geographical and climatic conditions. Such vegetation is•disturbed and deflected by the dominant influences and effects of BRmanagement and usage; including periodic clearing and spraying and thedumping of ballast, cinder aridnitrogenous waste. From Southern and WesterrrRegions, for example, such vegetation falls into the following-classes:

1. Disturbed, well drained Arrhflttherun with bramble.5. Damp, nitrophilous Arrhe!;:-.7thorz,:nwith nettle and bramble.

. 7. Rank cinder and ballast vegetation.Ash scrub.Base poor scrub.

12. Rank open hawthorn scrub.

In Table 2.5 these classes have been removed from the array and clustering..of the remaining classes emphasised by dotted lines.

Similarities exist in the distribution of track and more stable or undisturbedvegetation classes. In particular, following the method of Bunce & Smith(1978) a linear relationship may be shown to exist between the classifications.Kendalls coefficient of rank correlation giveset:= .53*, whilst a regressionanalysis of mean vegetation score (y) against track classes (x) (consideredas constant) produces the equation y = .65 43.57, p = .72*. A linear equation may not be the most.appropriate way of expressing the relationshipbetween these classifications since the rank order of track and vegetationclasses is by mean RA score and may not reflect a direct linearity in theenvironment.

21

Table 2.4 Southern and Western Regions track and vegetation classes arrangedwith respect fo first axis RA ordination scores.

Class 1 2 3 5 7

Score 12 13 16 22

2 79 2 1

4 77 6

1 73 43 15 3 6 10

3 70 7

8 67 9 7

7 65 9 5 2 3

6 58 9 3

5 56 8 12 1 7 5

11 46 .2

10 38 17 3 5 3

13 37 9 7 1 1

14 35 1 8

12 31 20 14 4 4 3

9 27 11 16 2 25 26

151 87 15 50 52

TRACK

14 13 8 4

22 24 29 30 32

V

A

2 1

1

3

3 63

9 25

2 5

5 4

1 3

9

1

2 17

13

9

5

1

6 48 10 69

11 20 17 24 16

33 38 39 49 50

1 1 8

2 1 1 1

14

3 2 2 96

1 3

6 5 56

1

24

2 1 5 36

1 17

1 1

7 12 63

1 5

10

1 58

18

9

4 1 72

3 5 97

4 15. 7 25 34 573

22

Table 2.5. The assemblarestof vegetation found along:sections of the track of

the Southern and Western PeRions now severely influenced by railway

management(Vegetation types 1,5,7,9,10 and 12,vide Table 2.4,

reflect the dominant influences of management practices; they occur

equally throughout Britain).

TRACK

Class

12357141384112017 24 16

Score 121316222224293032333839 49 50

2 79 2121 1 1 8

4 77 6321 1 1

14

-

3 70 792513 6 5 56

8 67 97251

24V

T'6 58 9313

1 17A

0

N11 46 21 1

1 5

13 37

11

189 7

14 35 18

9

43 27 1 2 1 13 3 36 3 4 2 8 8 151

23

The greater diversity of vegetation classes occurring in track classes 1 and2 suggests that not all track classes are equally homogeneous, howeveranalyses of variance between all track classes and all track and vegetationclasses are significant.

When vegetation informtion from the entire BR network becomes available itseems possible that the use of track classification will he shown to providea reasonable method of prediction for at least some vegetation types. P

24

3 THE LONDON MIDLAND REGION

This chapter describes field work in the LMR during 1979. Certain modifi-cations to information collection are discussed and short sections writtenabout the groups of plants and animals inVestigated. LMR vegetation willbe classified and analysed following the methods tested on Southern andWestern Region data (Sargent & Mountford 1979) when information from allregions becomes available and can be pooled.

Maps showing the location of sites and the relation of LMR lines togeological and topographical features are given.

3.1 Information collection

Data collection in the LMR was greatly helped by cooperation of PermanentWay staff who entered into useful discussions and supplied excellent maps.

Field work began in April in the Chilterns and progressed northward duringthe season to culminate in Cumbria at the end of August. During thisperiod,120 random sites and 72 biological interest (BI) survey sites* werevisited. Within the random survey, 44 sites proved to be cuttings, 31embankments,and the remainder flats or mixed formations. Followingdiscussion (Sargent & Mountford 1979),the cutting/embankment survey had beendiscontinued to free resources to increase the density of random sampling.The high proportion of cuttings and embankments visited randomly supportsthe decision to curtail this area of work.

3.1.1 Random site selection

Unlike previous years, the random sites in LMR were stratified. Of.the 25 strata into which BR land has been divided (Chapter '2), 16have representatives in LMR. The distribution of samples was strictlyproportional to the number of track (ten mile) units in each stratum(Table 3.1) with the exception that it was decided to visit a minimumof 2 random sites stratum-1.

Location of the sites followed a 2 stage random number technique-inwhich first the 10 mile unit to be sampled, and then the site(s)(100 m) within that unit, were selected. In some cases, where the unitswere randomly chosen more-than once, this method-gave rise to.morerthan-one site being visited in a unit.

3.1.2 The vegetation key

In an attempt to relate sites visited within the BI survey to randomsites, a vegetation key was introduced.

The key (Fig. 1) was derived from the ISA of combined random datafrom Southern, Western and Eastern Regions. The ISA was run to 5levels and the resulting 32 classes used without modification.

Non-random sites which are expected to be of biological interest andwhich are visited because of prior information of some kind.

25

Table 3.1. Division of sampling effort amongst strata occurring inthe London Midland Region.

StratumRevised No.

StratumOld No.

Track unitsMembers

SitesSampled

3 ( 3 1 2

( 4 5 37

9 27 148

10 34 1711

13 28 1212

4 8 413

15 14 714

16 11 615

17 34 1616

18 5 3

19 25 1217

20 2 218

21 1 219

22 6 4

20( 23 5 3

( 24 3 223

27 10 524

29 7 425

32 2 2

16

19 229 120

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27

the key was tested at a number of HI sites in the LMR where timepermitted. A transect was laid out at the approximate centre of eachsite, and quadrats were distributed along the transect as in therandom survey (Sargent & Mountford 1979). Incidence data from eachquadrat was fed through the key, and the vegetation class or classespresent scored for each site.

In the majority of cases, a sensible classification was obtained.However, the exercise was essentially an attempt to classify LMRvegetation in terms of plant associations occurring in S, E and WRegions. The degree to which it was successful indicates:

The continuity of certain vegetation types throughout the Englishand Welsh areas of BR.

That it should be perfectly possible to produce a useful generalkey to BR vegetation when information from all Regions becomesavailable. Until such time, further use of keys, beyond testing. the principle, will not be made.

3.1.3 Sites of Biological Interest

Of all the sites recorded, it was decided that 44 merited considerationfor their biological interest. Ten outstanding sites within the randomsurvey are included and the remainder are from the Biological InterestSurvey. Of these, 25 were visited at the suggestion of NCC officers,2 were found from information in Floras, and a further 7 were discoveredor visited speculatively following examination of local maps.

Files have been opened for the majority of these sites (Appendix 4),and indicate where particular forms of management or protection wouldbe appropriate. Files have also been completed for sites of particularinterest in Southern and Western Regions visited during 1979(Appendix 3).

3.2 Vascular plants

During 1979, 736 species of vascular plant were recorded, compared with 770-in Southern and Western Regions. The slightly lower species total reflectsthe generally impoverished flora further north. Eighty species were notedfor the first time in the survey, and these were mainly characteristic ofcoastal and upland areas, especially on Carboniferous limestone. A significantnumber of aliens were included for the first time, and the balance of thenew plants were those associated with habitats rather sparsely developed onBR, especially wetland and woodland.

There is a discernable increase in the abundance of calcifuge species in 1979as compared to 1978, and a more marked change compared to.the largelycalcareous Eastern Region. Among the commoner flowering plants, differencesbetween the years are not clear, but it is interesting to note the much greaterabundance of Crosurua cristacus in central Wales.

Carboniferous limestone supplied the richest sites of 1979 in terms of.generalflora and specific rarities. Graig Fawr (8180), Wye Dale (R203 and 8165) and -Gauber (R229 and 8173) were outstanding with Oraba incaKa, Sei.i.anthemunc. canum,

28

Hornungiapetraea,Pyrolar. rotundifoliaand Silenenutansalthough all thesites with exposures of this rock were above average. Typical species suchas Aspleniumviride,Carexlepidocarpa,Coelogiosaumviride,Cochleariaofficinalisssp alpina,Epipactisatrorubens,Galiumsterneri,Geraniumsanguineum,Gymocarpiumrobertianum,Hypericummontanum,Minuartiaverna,Primulafarinoca,Rubiaperegrina,Selaginellaselaginoides,Sesleriacaerulea,Sorhusrupicolaand Thal-z:ctrur.m. minuswere found more generallyandthe endemic whitebeam, Sorbuslancastriensishas a small population atMeathop (8172) in Cumbria. -

Other upland areas supported local species, Meconopaiscambricawas foundat two places high in the Welsh hills, and Pyrolaminorand Festucaviviparain Cumbria.

The lines of North Wales and Cumbria tend to follow the coast and severalsites-had fragments of salt-marsh, or more rarely sand-dune and cliff.Nearly one .fifthof the new species found in 1979 were maritime plants,butmost were the common and widespread taxa. Catapodiummarinumwas foundat two points on the Merioneth coast, Limoniumhumileoccurred by the lineover the E. Esk estuary in Cumbria, Equisetumvariegatumwhere the linecrosses the Anglesey dunes,and LathyrussylVestriswas regular on grassybanks all along the west coast.

Interesting aliens included Erinusalpinusand Rumexscutatuson limestonecuttings north of Clitheroe and a good population of Tetragonolobusmaritimusat Rushbeds Wood (8111) in Buckinghamshire. Arenariabalearicagrew on a wall in Southport, a further record of Bromusinermiswas madeat Pentre Aaron (R178), Tellimagrandiflorawas found at Singret (8138) nearWrexham and Melling (R227),in north Lancashire, and Yeatucalongifbliawasrecorded in several places in the southern part of the Region.

Amongst other interesting plants seen was Alliumscorodoprasumat 2 sites.in the Ellen valley east of Maryport,and a particular feature of the 1979data was the presence of 3 maritime species in localities well removedfrom the sea. Cochleariadanicagrew at Snowford Junction (B125) in.Warwickshire and at King's Langley (R123) in Hertfordshire. Cerastiumdiffusumwas widespread in the west Midlands growing on cinder by the cess,a habitat .where Carexarenariawas common in North.Wales, and occasionaLin..Lancashire and Cumbria. The dumping of sea-sand at Emscote Power Station(B121) added other maritime species in an inland locality, but,even withoutthis interference,BR provides artificial shingle-banks and sand-flatsthrough ballast and cinder throughout the Region.

NOtable records were made for some fairly common species outside their normalrange: liciatetraspermanear Portmadoc, Cerastiumarvensejust south ofCrewe and Calamagrostiscaneccenson the Wirral, and some new data weregathered on the typically railway species previously discussed (Sargent& Mountford 1979). Equisetumarvensewas apparently ubiquitous, and-Seneciosqualiduswas widespread. Chaenorhinumminusalso occurred throughout.theRegion,with an interesting record at nearly ICOO'asl (Lodge-Hall (8173)).Linariarepenswas common in west and central Wales and occurred at isolatedlocalities in Lancashire (Silverdale (8I71)) and Cumbria (Low Borrowbridge(R231)). Vulpiamyuroswas.abundant on cinder in North Wales where the Atlas.of the British Flora shows it to be local or rare, and it occurred occasionallyelsewhere in the Region.

lillat Le'liit;VIrEkiX541:ti`32Em:IZ:22;-=m ; XM

2 .ctpTatEfi

it

.c:2111.glin2.0.-2r4i71“0.-12P-2t-=4, arr.z.E2-5.-:%-i7E:J;11F211::',--F.ff, s::::;..-.c

P F. 2 3 • ',:i11, - ..*(4, t, ,:

cZ

Table 3.2. Vascular plant species found on London Midland Region during 1979.

Ci IA4.2 j

- =5. g gg2.2 E qge ge7:1L.3.t21,41-1.,k101 4:-.fl“ra- ra:=4-;•=ei:"=Fr^^e a t

tc;;1 2tt3.ft

emC a'ar .13 ,r,s'mu=

'Ztii5Eit qi isiitB54g i t-p., 521erkfliilk- zwl?:;:iiczle;t1c5eh

Eat.f.?, P=CiEVIS tEu2g 21- E r r- 7 X .7z.val, r="2.6665 0668500 02.2L'IC1:i EEC"2 .15111171MAE11111111111AriliT411)/11111:11=11111111111/14111121/2=VI

F5:;:AT'argin't4-.3"-Eetgit'F e lErrn.E=NPIEtnft5'41iDEL541!nnr

tt e 't i ID3

i..15)-4

AllillijitillitiWni5lifilllitliiilliVillijiIWIFtEiMrrillailliirlC_.

i.l..1.1-24,e,WEZ;28'20.23M,Xinpx;Imarovftakti

13(:; • --0 c_ - I _

4 ,

F1--;

_ „ 11, 1' r.

444f:di-Ail

0

30

Table 3.2. Vascular plant species found on London Midland Region during1979 (continued).

Acerplatano-LdesL.Acinosarvens::s(Lam.) Dandy •AgropyronjunceifOrmeA &•D. LoveAgropypo?:1,:q,?fl.3(pers.)Room. K Schult.AgrostisgiganteaRothAlliumscorodoprasumL.

-- Aóphila-arenar;ia- Cirift-AntirrhinummajusL.Aphanesarvensisss. L.Aphanesmicrocarpa(Boiss. & Reut.) Rothm.AguilegiavulgarisL.Arabidopsisthaliana(L.) Heynh.ArabiscaucasicaWilld..Arabishirsuta(L.) Scop.ArenariabatearicaL.Arenarias. lcptocladoi;(Reichenb.) Guss.Arenarias. serpyllicoliaL.Armeriam. maritima(Mill.) Wild.Asparaguso. officinalisL.Aspleniumviri'deBuds.Asternovi-belgiiL.Aster.tripoliumL.Athyriumfilix-femina(L.) Roth.AtriplexhostataL.AvenasativaL.Barbareaverna (Mill.) Aschers.BetulapendulaRoth. x B. pubescensEhrh.BidenstripartitaL.BrassicanapusL.BrassicaoTeracea L.Brassicarapa L.BromusinermisLeyss.BuddlejadavidiiFranch.Calamagrostiscaneacens(Weber) RothCalystegiasepiums.s. (L.) R.Br.Calystegiasilvatica(Kit.) Grisob.Carcx.inulaalliariifOliaWilld.CampanulalatifoliaL.CconpanulatracheliumL.CarexacutiformisEhrh.CarexarenariaL.CarexlepidocarpaTausch.CarexovalisGood.CarexpallescensL.CarexpendulaBuds.CarexpsuedocyperusL.CarexpullicarisL.Carexrostrata StokesCarpinusbetulusL.Catapodiummarinum(L.) C.E. Hubbard.Centranthusruber (L.) D.C.Cerastium•tomentosumL.Charcecyparislawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.ChrysanthemummaximumRamondCochleariadanicaL.

31

Table 3.2. (continued)

Cocnearia o. ai,pa (Bab.)HookCochleariao. officinalisL.Cocloglossumviridc(L.) Hartm.ConvallariamajrlicL.Corydalisclaviculata(L.) DC.Corydalislutea(L.) DC.

,CotoneastermicrophyllusWall.Crepispaludosa(L.) MoenchCrocosmiax crocosmiiflora(Lemoine)N.E.Br.DianthusbarbatusL.DoronicumpardalianchesL.Drabaincana L.Dryopteriscarthusiana(Vlller)H.P. FuchsEleocharisuniglumis (Link)Schult.Endymionhispanicus(Mill.)Chouard.Epilobiumbrunnescens(Cockayne)Raven & EngelhamEpipactis'atrorubens(Hoffm.)Schult.EquisetumvariegatumSchleich.ex Web. & MohrErinusalpinusL.Erophilaverna(L.) Chevall.EuphorbiacyparissiasL.Eupharbiaesulas.l.L.Euphrasiaboreal-1,r;Wettst.Euphrasiabrevipila Burnat & GremliEuphrasia nemoroma(Pers.)Wa111'.EuphrasiarostkovianaHayneFestucaZongifb1.1:aThuill.Festuca ovinaL. ssP tenuifolia(Sibth.)Peterm.Festucavivipara(L.) Sm.Fragariax ananassaDuchesneFumariaboraciJordGalanthusnivalis L.GaZ.copsist. bifida(Boenn.)Lej. & Court.Galeolosist. tetrahitL.Caliuni puirilummum ssp sterneri(Ehren.)Geraniumrotundifbil:umL.Gernaium sanqm-ZneumL.Glauxmaritim L.Gymnocarpiumrobertianum(Hoffm.)Newm.Halimioneportulacoides(L.) AellHelianthemumc. =run (L.) Baumg.Hemerocallisfolva (L.) L.liqracleuTmcntegazzianum Somm. & Lev.HieraciumssP L.HieraciumumbeilatumL.Sonkenifaveploides(L.) Ehrh.HordeumvutgareL.Hornungicpetraea(L.) Rchb.llydrocotylevulgarisL.HypericumcalycinumL.HypericummontanumL.Iris germcnicaL.Juncusgerardii_Lois,JuncusmaritimusLam.Kniphofia.spMoenchbahunner,anagyroidesMedic.LamiumhybriaumVill.

32

Table 3.2 (continued)

Larixdeciduamill.LathyruslatifoliusL.LathyrusodoratusL.LathyrussylvestrisL.LemnaminorL.LepidiumruderaleL.Lironium-humile-mill.-LimoniumvulgareMill.Linariapurpurea(L.) Mill.LupinusarboreusSimsLuninus polyphyllusLindl.LycliumbarbarumL.bysimachiavulgarisL.Mahoniaaquifolium(Pursh.) NuttMeconopsiscambrica(L.) Vig.MelampyrumpratenseL.Mentharotundifolia(L.) Huds.MenthaspicataL.Minuartiaverna (L.) HiernWsopates orontium(L.) Raf.Montiasibirica(L.) HowellMyosotissecundaA. Murr.hVosotissylvatica Hoffm.MyriophyllumspicaturL.Narcissusx biflorusCurtisOenanthelachenaliiC.C. Gmel.OenothcraerythroseDalaBorbasOphioglossumv. vulgatumL.OrchismorioL.Parnassiapa/ustrisL.Petrosc1inA.7?sJgetum(L.) KochPhleumarenariumL.Phleumpranse s.s.L.Piceaabies (L.) Karst.Piccasitchonsis(Bong.) Carr.Piloscila cuArantiaca(L.) C.H. & F.W. Schultz ssp brunneocrocea(Pugs.I.).P.TL.PinguiculavulgarisL. Sell & C. West-

PinusnigraArnold,Plantagomaritina L.Piatantherc,chlorantha(Cust.) Rchb.Polygonatumx hybridumBrug.Polygonumaz;iculares.s.L.Polyvnum oolystachyumWall ex Meisn.PolygonumsaciltalinenceF. SchmidtPopulusalba L.Populusx canadensiaMoench var. serotina(Hertig) Rehd.PopulusgileadensisRouleauPotentillaanglicaLaichardingPotentillanorvegicaL.PrimulafdrinosaL.PrunuslaurocerasusL.Puccinelliamaritima(Huds.) ParlPyrolaminorL.Pyrolar. rotundifoliaL.PyruscormunisL.Quercus;:lexL.Rhododendronponticum L.

33

Table 3.2 (continued)

Rhus typhinaL.Rheumsp. L.RibessanguineumPursh.RobiniapsewloacaciaL.Rorippaislandica(Oeder) BorbasRubiaperegrinaL.RubusidaeusL.RubussaxatilisL.Rumexacetosellas.s.L.RumexscutatusL.Saginaa. apetalaArd.SaginamaritimaDonSalixcinereaL. sep oleifoliaMacreightSalixx laurinaSm.SalixpentandraL.SalixphylicifoliaL.Salixrepensssp argentea(Sm.) G. & A. Camus.Salix repensSalviavertThillataL.Saxifraga.xurbiumD.A. WebbSchoenopectus-tabernaemontani(C.C. Gmel.) Palla.•ScirpusmaritimusL.SedumforateranumSm.SedumreflexumL.SedumspuriumM.Bieb.Selaqinellaselaginoides(L.) LinkSeneciovulgarisL. forma ligulatus D.E. AllenSerratulatinctariaL.Sesleriacaerulea(L.) Ard.

intermed-LczSchur.SilenemaritiruWith.SilenenutansL. var smithianaMossSisymbriumorientaleL.SolanumtuberocumL.SolidagocanadensisL.Sorbusaria (L.) Crantz s.s.Sorbusintermedia(Ehrh.) Pers. s.s.SorbuslancastriensisE.F. Warb.Sorbusrupicola(Syme) Hedl.SpartinaanglicaC.E. HubbardSpartina x townsendiiH. & J. GrovesSpergulariamarina(L.) Grizeb.Spergularz:amedia (L.) C. PreslStellarianeglectaWeihe-Suaeda maritima(L.),Dum.SymphytungrandiflorumDC.Teesdalianudicaulis (L.) RtBr.Teilirragrandiflora(Pursh.) Dougl. ex Lindl.Tetragonolobusmaritimus(L.) RothThalictrumm. minusL.Tiliax vulgarisHayneTrifoliumscabrumL.Triglochin•maritimaL.TriticumaestivumL. •

1

•

34

Table 3.2 (continued)

Valerianellalocusta(L.) BetckeVicialathyroidesL.ViciasativaL. ssp nigra (L.) Ehrh.Viciasylvatica-L.ViolaC. caninaL.ViolaodorataL. var dunctorumJord.-Viola-p-ViolatricolorL. sspcurtisii (E. Forst.) Syne.

35

3.3 Bryophytes

A survey of the bryophyte flora of BR land was begun in 1979 for itsintrinsic interest and with the intention of reinforcing the vegetationclassification. All bryophytes occurring in quadrats were recorded and anadditional list made of those species seen within each site. Samples ofplants of uncertain identity were taken for subsequent verification, andvoucher specimens of all species recorded are kept at Monks Wood.

Of the 116 mosses (species and varieties) and 30 hepatics recorded (Table3.3), 5 species were particularly frequent: Brachythecium rutabulum,,WEifin:?osteniccnferum (Eurynchium), and Lophocoleabidentatawerecharacteristic of the rank grassland occurring on much of BR land, whilstFunari.ahygrometricaand Bryumargenteumwere often found on cinder,particularly along the herbicide sprayed cess. F. hygrometricaoccurredin all except 3 of the random sites in the LMR, and part of its success maybe due to phenology, since it is commonly fertile in the spring before mostspraying takes place. On narrow disturbed sites, especially in the southeast, the moss flora was more or less restricted to these 5 species. However,wider sites with a more maritime climate showed much greater diversity, andmore than 30 species were recorded at several large cuttings near the west • coast.

Rock cuttings provide a particularly interesting BR habitat, especiallywhere there is sufficient water. On limestone cuttings, species recorded.include: &I-igen:accacarea,Neckeracomplanata, LeiocoleaturbinataandGymnostomumaeruginosum,whilst,-on saristone, associations members included:Calypogeiapinta,Barbilophoziafloorkt:i,Dicranella heteromallaandOdontoschismadenudatum(one site only).

Sites adjacent or close to the sea shore supported very few bryophytes.Schistiditt7/rzrim occurred at one site on the Cumbrian coast (whereit is a new record for the particular 10 km square), but elsewhere

hygrometricaand one or two small species of Bryamwere the only mossesfound. The railway tends to remain in lowland areas, but two sites were ofsufficient altitude for Racomitriumto be recorded. R. faseiculareandP. heterootichum,occurred on siliceous boulders beside the line betweenBetwys-y-Coed and Blaenau Ffestiniog, whilst R. canescenswas. found.in..limestone grassland at Ribblehead,•in association with.characteristic•species.

Inspection of the list (Table 3.3) shows that comparatively few of eventhe most common epiphytic mosses were recorded, reflecting the generalabsence of mature woodland from BR, although scrub and developing woodlandare widespread. The majority of species found belong to grasslandcommunities, and it is expected that they will show sufficient discriminationto be of value during classification.

Several of the plants found are almost certainly new records for theirparticular area, and an annotated list is being sent to Dr. A.J.E. Smith,UCNW, Bangor, for information and confirmation.

36

Table 3.3 . Bryophytes recorded from LMR during 1979.

(a) Mosses. Nomenclature follows Smith (1978)

AmblystegiumserpensA. riparium

variumm4trichuinttnduLaturn.AulaconniumandrogynumBarbulaconvoluta

faLlaxB. recurvirostraB. reflexaA. unguiculataBrachytheciumalbicansB. glareosumB. plumosumB. rutabulumB. velutinumBreutellachrysocomaBryumalpinumB. argenteumB. argenteumvarargenteumB. bicolorB. caespiticiumB. pallensB. rubensCalliergoncuspidatumCampyT chrysophyllumC. stellatumCampylopueparadoxusCeratodonpurpureusCirriphylZumcrassinerviumC. pilifcrumCiirreacz:TdendroidesCratoneuroncoextitatumC. cormutatumvarcomrTutatumC. cormtatum var-falcaturnC. filicinumCryphaeaheteromallaCtenidiummolluscumDichodontiumpellucidumDi-ranellah.2.teromaL7aD. variaDicranumbonjeaniD. majusD. scopariumDrepanocladusaduncusD.reucluensD. uncinatusEurhynchiumpraelongumE. praelonglfmvar praelongumE. praelongumvar stokesiiE. striati4.7E. .ctiaptzii .FissidenaadianthoidesF. bryoidesF. taxifolius

37

FunariahygrometricaGrimmiapuivinataGymnostomumaeruginosumHomaliatriehomanoides

H. lutesconsHookerialucensHylocomiumsplendensHypnumcupresciformeH. eupressiformevarcupressiformeH. eupressiformevar LacunosumH. cupressiformevar resupinatumH. jutiandieumH. ramillatum

lindbergiiIsopterygiumelegansIsotheelummyosuroides

myurumLeptodietyumpyriformeLeucobryumglaucumMniumhornum14. marginatumM. stellareNeekeracomplanataPhilonotisfontanaPlagiomniumaffineP. cuspidatumP. rostratumP. undutatumPlagiotheciumdentieulatumP. latebricolaP. undul.atumPleuroziumschreberiPohliaaarneaP. wahlenbergiiP. nutansPolytriohumcommuneP. formosumP. juniperinumPottiabryoidenP. lanc.wiataPseudoscieropodiurpurumRaconl:tri!,,mcanescensR. faseieulareR. heterostiehumRhodobryumroseumRhynchosteaiumoonf,rtumRhytidl:adaphusloreusR. squarrosus

triquetrusSchistidiumapo::ar.7

martimumSeligeriaealeareaSphagn;AmfimbriatumS. palustre•-S. sif.:)n::tes.TariphyllumThuidinmT. tar-r.riscinum Tortulamural-isT. turalisTrichostoMmibrachydontium

38

(b) Hepatics

Farbilophoziafjoerkei (Web. & Mohr) LoeskeCaZypogeiafisaa (L.) RaddiCephaloziabicuspidata(L.) Dum.Cephal.oziellabyssacea(Roth.) Warnst.C. hampaana(Nees) SchiffnConocephalumconiclir:(L.) Dum.piplophyllumalhicans(L.)Dum.

- Possombronia•pusilia-G7)-pum7Frullaniatanarisci(L.) Dum.Gynnocoleainflata(Huds.) Dum.Lophocoleabidentata(L.)pum.L. cuspidata(Nees) Limpr.L. heterophylla(Scurad.) Dum.Lophoziaventricosa(Dicks.) Dum.Lunutariacruciata(L.) Dum.MarchantiapolymorphaL.Marsupellaemarginata(Ehrh.) Dum.Metzgeriaflaicata(L.) Dum.llardiascalaris(Scurad.) GreyOdontoschismaden,Adatum(Nees) Dum.Peltiaepiphylla(L.) CordaPLagicchilaasplenicides(L.) Dum.P. spinulosa(Dicks.) Dum.Ptilidiumciliare(L.) Nees.Ric3ardiapinguis(L.) GraySaccogynaviticuiosa(Mich.) Dum.Scapanianemorosa(L.) Dum.S. widulata (L.) Dum.

(Sm.) Mitt. .

39

3.4 Animal data

This section relies on data collected by Brendon Carleton, a third yearsandwich course student from Bath University, who was attached to thisproject during the summer months.

3.4.1 Introduction

Some improvements to information collection techniques were made. Inparticular, the animal recording proformas were modified to accommodatethe introduction of BTO habitat types (Figure 2). The groups recordedwere comparable to previous years (birds, other vertebrates andinvertebrates) and estimates of habitat quality were made.

Invertebrate records had previously been restricted to large invertebrateswhich were recognisable in the field. During 1979, however, a limitedinvestigation of soil invertebrates was begun. Data collected weredesigned to be statistically acceptable, enabling the student to gainexperience with analytical techniques as well as contributing usefullyto the general survey.

A method of extracting significant information from the bulk of anfmaldata (where resources prevent statistically satisfactory sampling) hasyet to be determined. Although viewed solely in the context ofqualitative support for vegetation and BR land classification, theinformation collected will undoubtedly prove of value.

3.4.2 Birds

Seventy-three species of bird (excluding domestic geese and fowl) wererecorded on BR land during the field season. A list of the species isgiven (Table 3.4) and is annotated to show frequency of sightings.Of the 9 species not previously recordea,only curlews and grey wagtailswere seen at more than one site, the curlews along the higher Penninelines and with the grey wagtails in wet central Wales.

The records were not entirely comparable with those of Southern,Eastern and Western Regions. In particular, there was a reduction in.thenumbers of garden birds, especially whitethroats, yellow hammer, wrensand garden warblers observed, whilst records of estuarine and sea birdsincreased. This latter is almost certainly due to the closeness with,whiCh railway lines hug the shore in north Wales, Cumbria and parts..ofLancashire.

Counts for birds associated with fresh water were also higher andparticularly interesting were'the records for sandmartins (nesting),spotted flycatchers, grey wagtails and a kingfisher between Newtownand Dovey Junction,where the line runs beside the rivers Dovey andTwymyn and has many tributary streams within its boundaries.

Swifts and swallows were exceedingly common feeding above railwaylines, and all disused platelayers huts examined supported at leasttwo nests of these species. Other railway nests, especially of scrub and developing woodland, characteristically belong to chaffinches,blackbirds, blue and great tits, willow warblers and robins, forwhich BR land also provides suitable feeding habitat.

1

ANIMAL RECORD REGN. DIVN. AREA SITE

COUNTY N.L.U.on

DATE

27/(7-7TIMEi000 •••---

-.5'•'--;

SITE NAME • RECORDER

TIPPING :

II -5;?

WEATHER p

•

LANDFORM

1 2 3 4 (5)6 7

;..1 )1:

0-4

twe,

CODE ORD. OTHER VERTS.

'e.),,,,..

contd. over

HABITAT APPRAISAL

MGT. DESCRIPTION

7 s6-4•

— • c)

(e._

j1/2-3

):, - 9-.,.' .r-c----'I- ( - Ly-t-,- t

SPECIES LIST OF ANIMALS RECORDED

ANIMAL FH FC R

Birds (small) If 3 :3'

Birds (large) 3 2- .I•

Mamm.(small) LE -3 LIL

Mamm.(large) 3 2- 3

Other verts,

3

Li- 1+ //Lepidoptera

-7-•

Other insects)i"- Q-

Other inverts.

ORD. INVERTS. ORD.

contd. over

ON BR

T ALS

BIRDS

contd. over

4-7TOTALS contd. over Contd. over ' contd.over

4 1

Table 3.4. Bird species seen on BR land during 1979 survey.

Frequency

Newel.% >1% >10% Record

ArdeacinereaAnas platyrhynchos'TadornatadornaAccipiternicusE21c0 tinnunculusLagopuslagopusscoticusPerdixperdixPhasianuscolchicusGailinutachloropusHaematopusostralegusVanellusvanalusNumeniusarquataLarusfuscusLams argentatusColumbaliviaColumbaoenasColumbapclumbvsStreptopeliaturturStreptopeliadecaoctoCuculuscanormsStrixalucoApus apusMoeda atthisPicusviridisDendrocoposmajorAlaudaarvensisRipariariparia

rusticaDelichonurbicaAnhus pratensisAnthustrivial/isIotaciilacineroa.gotacilla.albayarrelliiStrnus vulgarisGarru/usglandariusPica picaCorvusmonedulaCOP9USfrugilegusCorvusccronecoroneP±,unellamodularisTroglodytestroglodytes.LocustellanaevioAcrocephalusschoenobaenusSylvia borinSylviaatricapillaSylviacommunisPhylloscopustrochilusPhylloscopuscollybita.•PhyiloscboussibilatrixMuscicaDastriata

.0onantheoenanthe'52.2:2:eotarubetra

grey heronmallardshelducksparrowhawkkestrelred grousepartridgepheasantmoorhenoystercatcherlapwingcurlewlesser black-backed gullhering gulldomestic pigeonstock dovewood pigeonturtle dovecollared turtle dovecuckootawny owlswiftkingfishergreen woodpeckergreat spotted woodpeckerskylarksand martinswallowhouse martinmeadow pipittree pipitgrey wagtailpied wagtailstarlingjaymagpiejackdawrookcarrion crowdunnockwrengrasshopper warblersedge warblergarden warblerblackcapwhitethroatwillow warblerchiffchaffwood warblerspotted flycatcherwheatearwhinchat

Frequency

New<=1% >1% >10% Record

42

Erithacusrubecula robin

Turdusmerula blackbird

Turdusphilomelos songthrush

Turdusviscivorus mistlethrush

Paruspalustris marsh tit

Parusmontanus willow tit

Paruscaeruleus blue titParusater coal titParusmajor great titAegithaloScaudatus longtailed titSittaeuropaea nuthatchPasserdomesticus house sparrowPassermontanus tree sparrowFringillacoelebs chaffinchPyrrhuLapyrrhu/a bullfinchCarduelischloris greenfinchCardueliscarduelis goldfinchAcanthiscannabina linnetEmberizacalandra corn buntingEmberizaschoeniclus reed buntingEmberizacitrinella yellow hammer

Table 3.5. Other vertebrate species.

Oryctolaguscuniculus rabbitClethrionomysglareolus bank vole

Rana temporaria common frogApodemussylvaticus wood mouseBufbbufb common toadLacertavivipara common lizardVulpesvulpes foxSciuruscarolinensis grey squirrel

Sorexamaeus common shrewViperaberus adder

Agricolaterrestris water vole

Muntiacusreevesii muntjac

Piscessp

43

3.4.3 Other vertebrates

Species and frequency information are given (Table 3.5).

As in previous years rabbits were very commonly seen, using railwayverges as refuges wthilst foraging on adjacent agricultural land.Bank voles, wood mice and shrews were occasionally sighted, but,without recourse to trapping, their numbers are likely to beunderestimated. Other expected small mammals, including badger,hare, hedgehog, mole and rat, were not recorded on LMR.

Reptile and amphibian sightings were comparable with previous yearsrecords, and included several good-sized adders.

3.4.4 Field observed invertebrates

With the exception of butterflies, where species names are given(Table 3.6) it was not practicable to identify consistently other individuals beyond group level in the field.

Fifteen species of butterfly were sighted,of which the large and smallwhites and small tortoiseshell were the most common, whilst the smallskipper and speckled wood were seen only once. The red admiralhad not previously been recorded during the survey, but was present at4 sites during the summer.

All other field-identified invertebrates are shown in Table 3.7,and the most consistently recorded include the snails, Cepeanemoralisand C. hortensis;slugs, Arianater and A. hortensi:s;moths,Zygaenafilipendulaand Callimorphajacohaea;froghopper, Cercopisvulnerataand gnat, Culexpipiens.

3.4.5 Soil invertebrates

Measured soil samples were removed from the cess, verge and adjacentland at 20 random sites. The samples were placed in a Tollgrenapparatus (Murphy 1962) and the extracted invertebrates recordedIdentification was not normally beyond class level, but it wnsthought that numerical distribution was sufficiently interesting towarrant inclusion in this report.

All groups recorded are shown in Table 3.8 . It will be seen that,with the exception of the pauropod, all groups occurring in therailway cess were also found in the verges and in adjacent land.However, a large proportion of the groups occurring elsewhere were notrecorded from the cess. The numbers of groups and individualssite-1 were:

Cess :_4-9 groups site.); 16.9 individuals-site-1Verge : 7-9 groups site-1; 81.3 individuals site-1Adjacent land : 8-9 groups site-1; 61.8 individuals site-1

The cess is composed of porous cinder to a depth of several inches,enabling drainage of rain water and fluid waste (often nitrogenous)'expelled from trains.. It is kept weed-free-by regular spraying withherbicides and is.often contaminated with.oil, and to a lesser extent,litter.

. . -

44

Table 3.6 . Species list of insects recorded in the field during 1979 survey.

Order Common Name Scientific Name

LEPIDOPTERA(Rhopalocera Large White

Small whiteGreen veined whiteOrange tipPeacockSmall tortoiseshellPearl bordered fritillaryMeadow brownGatekeeperSmall heathSpeckled woodSmall copperCommon blueSmall skipperRed Admiral

PierisbrassicaePierisrapaePierisnapiAnthochariscardaminesInachisioAglaisurticaeBoloriaeuphrozyneManiotajurtinaPyroniatithonusCoenonymphapamphilusParargeaegeriaLycaenaphlaeasPolyommatusicarusThymelicus.sylvestrisVanessaatatanta

(Heterocera)

COLEOPTERA

HIUNOPTERA

CinnabarSix spot burnetGrass moth

Staphylinid beetleClick beetleDung beetleBark beetleSoldier beetleWhirligig beetle7 spot ladybird2, 6 spot ladybird24 spot ladybirdWeevil

Ant spAnt, meadowAnt, woodBee spBee, honeyBee, bufftailedBee, redtailedSawfly gallWasp spWasp, parasiticWasp, oak apple gallWasp, oak artichoke gallWasp, oak marble gallWasp, robin pin cushion gallWasp, spangle gall

Callimorphajacobaeae.ZygaenafilipenduLaePyralidae

StaphylinidaeElateridaeScarabaeoideaScolytisspCantharidaeGyrinidaeCoccinellia7 punctata Coccinellidae

Curculionidae

Formicidae :_Lasiuc„spLasiusflavusFormicaspApidaeApismaliftraBombussp/PsithyrusspBombusspPontania spVespidaeChrysisspBiorhizapallidaAndricusfecundatorAndricusspDiplolepisrosaeNeuroterussp

ORTHOPTERA Grasshopper spp • AcrididaeBush cricket sp Tettigoniidae

45

DIPTERA inc. Sepsis flyBiting "gnat" midgeBlow flyCrane flyHorse flyHover flyMosquito .House fly

SepsidaeCeratopogonidaeCalliphoridaeTipulasp TipulidaeTabanidaeSyrphidaeCulicidaeNuscadomestica

HEMIPTERA

•ODONATA

THYSANOPTERA

EPHEYEROPTERA

NEUROPTERA

TRICHOPTERA

PLECOPTERA

COLLEMBOLA

Frog hopper sppFrog hopperPlant hopper spPond skater spWater boatmanAphid spCapsid bug

Dragonfly sppDamsel fly

ThripThunderfly

Mayfly

Lacewing (green)

Caddis fly

Stone fly

Springtail

CercopidaeCerocopisvulnerataJassidaeGerridaeCorixidaeAphidoideaGeocorisae

AnisopteraZygoptera inc. Agrionsp

Thripidae Thripidae

Ephemera

Chrysopidae

1

46

Table 3.7 . Species list of other invertebrates recorded on BR nroperty.during 1979 survey.

Class Common Name Scientific Name

ARACHNIDA

CHILOPODA

Spider sppWolf spider spp.Harvest spider spp 'Sycamore gall mite

Centipede sp

AraneidaLycosidaePhalangiidaeAcari

Lithobiidae

DIPLOPODA Millipede spMillipede, pill Glomerismarginata

CRUSTACEA Freshwater shrimp GammarusspWoodlice Isopods

OLIGOCHAETA Earth worm

GASTROPODA SlugSlugSnail, hairySnail, glassSnail, GardenSnailSnailSnail and slug spp

ArionaterArionhortensisHigromiahysptdraVitrinapellucidaHelixaspersaCepeanemoralisC. hortensisStylonunatophora

47

The verges and adjacent land are essentially continuous, but arcaffected by differing management practices. Verges are sporadicallycut, burnt or cleared, and may be spread with ballast, whilst adjacentland generally supports some kind of agricultural usage.1

Significant differences in soil fauna were expected.

Both diversity and species number are lower in the toxic cess thanelsewhere (p<0.005), reflecting an unfavourable environment. It islikely that components of the population are ephemeral, and thatrecolonisation from adjacent verges occurs followfng a spraying event.

The density of individuals is greater in the verges than in adjacentland (p<0.01), and may be related to the comparatively undisturbedconditions prevailing in most verge soils.

The results suggest that considerably more detailed work would beprofitable. In particular, the cess or cinder beds provide adistinctive habitat on which little work has been done, and whereinteresting species are likely to be found.

48

Table 3.8 Soil invertebrates.

Class, Order Cess(English name)

Verge, Adjacent (English name) .

Enchytraeid worm

Pauropod

Centipede

Sminthurid springtailPoduromorph springtailEntomobryomorph springtail

ProturanThrip

Larva

Ant

Wood louse

Tyroglypolid miteMesostigmatid miteCheyletid mite(Beetle mite(Armadillo mite

StylommatophoraEnchtyraeid wormEarthworm

MillipedeCentipedeSymphylanSminthurid springtailPoduromorph springtailEntomobryomorph springtailDipluranProturanThripCercopid larvaLarvaAdultLarvaLarvaAntHymenopteranAmphipodWood louseSpiderTyroglypolid miteMesostigmatid miteCheyletid miteBeetle miteArmadillo mite

Gastropoda Gugochaeta

PauropodaDiplopodaChilopodaSymphylaInsecta, Collembola

DipluraProtura•ThysanopteraHomopteraColeoptera

LepidopteraDipteraAymenoptera

Crustacea, AmphipodaIsopoda

Arachnida, AraneaeAcari

49

4 DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK

4.1 Field work

During the year, certain changes were made (Section 3). In particular, thedecision not to continue the cutting/embankment survey will have a considerableeffect on the outcome of the project. Although, and in part a direct result,rather fewer exceptional sites were visited during the objective part ofIhe survey, it was possible to make a much more intensive random investigation,providing a greater amount of compatible information, than in previous years.Additionally resources were freed to enable more sites of possibleBiological Interest to be visited. The cutting/embankment survey will notbe reinstated. During its first year, the Bryophyte survey proved interesting.Particularly well shoum was the environmental sensitivity of many of theseplants, and it proved generally possible to estimate the quality of a siteby the diversity of its bryophyte species list. A number of new locationsfor species were recorded, and it is expected that the information willcontribute usefully to vegetation classification.

The soil invertebrate survey was slightly less rewarding, largely becauseof the extreme difficulty encountered by the student in identifying theanimals collected to species or genus level. Nevertheless it is intendedto pursue this area of work and it is hoped that during 1980, the studentwill be some rather less ambitious work, identifying components of the poorlyknown fauna of the cinder cess.

Vascular plant recording and field observations of animals, habitat and.environment will continue in Scottish Region during 1980, as in previousyears.

4.2 Stratification and classification

Whilst the BR land classification is likely to provide a useful method ofimproving precision and'interpretation, it also introduces certain difficulties.In particular, as similarly derived classifications are being compared anyconclusions must be relative, either and both classifications beingequallydependant on the methods used to derive them. That correlations occur(Section 2) suggests that the method is strong, but the implication remains-that at least one set of data should be independently tested.

No yardstick for measuring the value of track classes exists, but as,thereis an extensive literature concerned with vegetation classification.,independent examination of the ISA vegetation classes would seem to provide ,the most profitable approach. Comparison with an established vegetationclassification would have the further obvious advantage of removing BRvegetation from the artificial isolation created by independent survey andanalysis. It would clearly establish those associations peculiar to the.railway environment.

It is most reasonable to attempt to compare railway information with theBraun-Blanquet system, and it is possible, by inspection, to ascribe ISAderived clusters to particular Braun-Blanquet taxa. However, the method.is imprecise. Divisions within the systems, despite the potential tomanipulate ISA by weighting and other devices, are only fortuitouslycompatible and, particularly where information is continuously variable,class limits seldom correspond.

50

To try, on the other hand, to sort the railway information manually followingthe European (Braun-Blanquet) method, is impracticable. The eventualrailway data set (approximately 1 250 species and 5 000 quadrats) willoccupy a matrix of = 6.25 x 106 components.

It has therefore been decided to develop a "mid-channel" approach.

ISA, which provides an extremely efficient sorting method, will be used toreduce the data set to a number of clusters of manageable size. Becauseonly comparatively few quadrats will occur in each cluster and because thespecies set for each cluster will be smaller than the total, the sum ofsizes of component matrices will be considerably less (= x .025) than thesize of the overall data matrix. The information will thus becomepracticable for Braun-Blanquet analysis. ISA clusters will beindependently worked, approximating the European technique, and misfitspooled for redistribution.

The method will have the particular advantage over standard Braun-Blanquettechnique of enabling an exceedingly large set of data to be analysed, andover ISA (or similar mathematical methods) of enabling the information tobe clustered with respect to already existing classifications.

Within this particular piece of work it will also enable independentexamination of the BR track stratification.

4.3 1981

Although much of 1981 will be concerned with the analysis of collected dataand the mapping of defined vegetation types and species (in conjunction withthe Experimental Cartography Unit), some time will remain available for fieldwork. It is intended to use this time to visit identified lengths of lineof conservation interest, to map and describe such areas in detail and torecord, where survey information exists, any changes that may have takenplace. It is estimated that there will be about thirty such sitesthroughout the country, ranging in length from a few hundred metres toseveral miles. It is hoped that these sites will become the subject of someparticular form of protection by BR and the NCC.

At the same time, it is apparent that the colonisation of extensive areasof BR land by scrub and woodland has become a matter of concern andinterest. With the cooperation of the LMR it is intended to establish someexperimental plots on the Corby-Kettering line to investigate rates andpatterns of scrub development under railway influence.

51

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to Mr Christopher Beagley of British Rail for his continuingassistance, and to members of the Permanent Way staff, London Midland Regionwho gave help and advice during the year.

Miss Sally Knight and Mr Bob Medler prepared the maps skillfully, and wewould particularly like to thank Mrs Valerie Burton for typing the report.

6 REFERENCES

52

BUNCE, R.G.H. & SMITH, R.S. 1978. An ecological survey of Cumbria.Working paper 4. Cumbria County Council and Lake District SpecialPlanning Board.

BUNCE, R.G.H., MORREL, S.K. & STEL, H.E. 1975. The application ofmultivariate analysis to regional survey. J. Environ.Mgt, 3(3),15-166.

HILL, M.O. 1973. Reciprocal averaging: an eigenvector method of ordination.J. EcoZ.,61, 237-69.

HILL, M.O., BUNCE, R.G.H. & SHAW, M.W. 1975. Indicator Species Analysis,a divisive polythetic method of classification, and its applicationto a survey of native pinewoods in Scotland. J. Ecol.,63, 597-613.

MESSENGER, K.G. 1968. A Railway Flora of Rutland. Proc.Bot. Soc. Br.Isl.,Z, 325-44.

MURPHY, P.W. 1962. Progress in soilzoology. Butterworths ScientificPublications, London.

SARGENT, CAROLINE & MOUNTFORD, J.0. 1979. Third Interim report to theNature Conservancy Council on the Biological Survey of British Railproperty. NCC/NERC Contract No F3/03/80 : ITE Project 466.

SMITH, A.J.E. 1978. The Moss Flora of Britainand Irel.and. CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge.

WAY, J.M. & SHEAIL, J. 1977. First Interim report to the Nature ConservancyCouncil on British Rail land - Biological Survey. NCC/NERC ContractNo F3/03/80 : ITE Project 466.

WAY, J.M., MOUNTFORD, J.O. & SHEAIL, J. 1978. Second Interim report tothe Nature Conservancy Council on British Rail land - BiologicalSurvey. NCC/NERC Contract No F3/03/80 : ITE Project 466.

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LONDON MIDLAND REGION:SOILS

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Sandy gley soils 45154

Stagnogley soils 55565760

Brown earths 616263

Gley podzols 65Stagnopodzols 66

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Stagnohurnic gley soils 70Raw peat soils 71

Major urban areas

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GEOLOGY

1 Pre Cambrium

5 - 11 Cambrium Ordovician

13- 15 Silurian

19 - 20 Old Red Sandstone (Devonian)

26 - 30 Carboniferous

31 -40 New Red Sandstone (Permian & Triassic)

41- 52 Jurassic

58- 60 Cretaceous

63 - 64 Tertiary

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