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ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

KYOTO PROTOCOL

BY -ISHA TRIPATHI

MBA ARoll No. 28

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONUNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW


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A global legal instrument (internationalagreement) to protect the climate system andstabilize GHG emissions

Adopted in 1992, entered into force in 1994

Status of participation: 189 Parties

Contains 2 annexes:

Annex 1: countries with obligations to take measures to mitigate theeffects of climate change

Annex 2: countries with obligations to provide financing todeveloping countries for their obligations under UNFCCC


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The text of the Protocol to the UNFCCC was adoptedat the third session of theConference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997;

Open for signature from 16 March 1998 to 15 March 1999at United NationsHeadquarters

By that date the Protocol had received 84 signatures.

Those Parties that have not yet signed the Kyoto Protocol may accede to it at anytime.

The Protocol is subject toratification, acceptance, approval or accession byParties to the Convention.


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A global agreement that sets targets for reducing green-house gas emissions (GHG)

Adopted at third Conference of Parties (COP) to the

UNFCCC in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. Required ratification of > 55 countries representing >

55% of GHG emissions.

Entered into force on February 16th, 2005 after

ratification of the Russian Federation . At present 191 countries have ratified the agreement.


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1

1) Solar radiation

22) Reflected back to space

3

3) Absorbed by atmosphere

4 4) Infra-red radiations emittedfrom Earth

The effect is increasing temperatures

on Earth

5

5) Some of the IR passes

through the atmosphere

6

6) Some is absorbed and

re-emitted by greenhouse

gas molecules


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Six emissions: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs, SF6

Binding emission reduction targets for Annex Icountries of 5.2% below 1990 over 2008-2012

Non-Annex I countries have no binding targets butmust report on their actions

Annex I countries can achieve targets throughdomestic policies and three market mechanisms

Non-Annex I countries can participate through theClean Development Mechanism to facilitatesustainable development

Rules for implementation worked out at annual COPmeetings


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GREEN :- Countries signed and ratifiedYELLOW :- Signed ,ratification pendingRED :- Signed , Ratification declinedGREY :- No position


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Commitments to reduce GHG : establishingcommitments for the reduction of greenhouse gases thatare legally binding for Annex I countries.

Implementation :Annex I countries are required toprepare policies and measures for the reduction ofgreenhouse gases in their respective countries.

Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries byestablishing an adaptation fund for climate change.

Accounting, Reporting and Review in order to

ensure the integrity of the Protocol. Compliance:Establishing a Compliance Committee

to enforce compliance with the commitments underthe Protocol.


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ET - Emissions Trading :AAU (Assigned AmountUnits) are exchanged between Annex I countries

JI - Joint Implementation :Annex I investors receive

ERUs (Emission Reduction Units) by investing in aproject in another Annex I nation which reduces GHGemissions

CDM - Clean Development Mechanism

Annex I investors receive CERs (Certified EmissionReductions) by investing in a project in a non-Annex Ination which reduces GHG emissions


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Limitations of CO2 emissions in

developed countries (Annex I)

4 options for companies

1/Pay expensive

fines. 2/Carry out carbonreduction through

processesimprovement

3/Buyemissions

credits on the

CO2market

(ETS).

4/Carry out carbonreduction through

technology transfersin CDM or JI project


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The Kyoto agreement provides targets foremissions reductions 2008-2012.

US and Australia are only industrial

countries that have not ratified the agreement. Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) (trade

in carbon permits) is active.

COP continuing discussions of sequel to kyoto.


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India has the worlds second largest population andthe worlds sixth largest emitter of carbon dioxide.

It is estimated that India emits 908 millions tonnesof CO2 in 1998 and 4 % of the worlds total (2002)

The rate of growth of GHG emission in India is4.6% annually , compared to 2% world average .


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Continued .....

CO2 emissions accounts for53% of total GHG emissions

CH4 and N2O contributes39% and 8% respectively.

Main emitters :-Energy sector - 87%

CO2Cement industry 4%

Land conservation -9%


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Technology transfer to

improve process and energy

efficiency

Co-finance investments by

selling emission credits

Prepare for future

commitments (after 2012)

Achieve sustainable

development


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United States , the number one CO2 gas emitter hasnot joined the agreement .

In March of 2001 President George W. Bush steadfastlyrejected the Kyoto Protocol citing the fact that, TheKyoto treaty would severely damage the United Stateseconomy


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The emission reduction commitments set in the KyotoProtocol has been mixed.

There were significant differences in individualcountries performance , according to World Bank

For the Annex I - emissions in 2005 were 5% higherthan 1990 levels (reported in 2008 by world bank )

Their Kyoto target for 20082012 is for a 6%

reduction in emissions


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