Geographic Information Systems and ScienceSECOND EDITIONPaul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind © 2005 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd

7. GIS Software

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Overview

Evolution of GIS softwareArchitecture of GIS softwareBuilding GIS software systemsTypes of softwareExample productsGIS software use

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GIS SoftwareThe geoprocessing engines of GISMajor functions

Collect, store, mange, query, analyze and present

Key termsProgram – collections of instructions to manipulate dataPackage – integrated collection of programsComponent – self-contained, reusable software building blocks

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Evolution of GIS SoftwareSub-routine libraries (60s/70s)

Libraries of small programs (sub-routines)Required advanced programming skills

Tool box with CLI (70s/80s)Basic package with Command Line InterfaceRequired advanced technical skills

Task-oriented system (90s/00s)Graphical User Interface (GUI)Customization capabilities to create specific-purpose applications

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Types of GIS Implementation

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Three-tier Architecture

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GS Software Architectures

DesktopClient-serverCentralized

Desktop/CitrixServer

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Desktop GIS

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Client-server GIS

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Centralized Desktop GIS

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Centralized Server GIS

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Desktop and Network GIS

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Desktop and Internet GIS

InternetLAN/WANNetwork

Windows/Unix/Linux

Windows/Unix/Linux

Server platform

ThickThin/thickServer size

BrowserWindowsClient platform

ThinThickClient Size

NetworkDesktopFeature

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Daratech Market Share 2003

Intergraph13%

Autodesk9%

Other16%

Leica7%

GE Energy8%IBM

9%

ESRI34%

MapInfo4%

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Desktop GISData exploitation

Data accessQuerySpatial AnalysisSimple editing

VisualizationMappingCustomization$1500

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Figure 7.11 GeoMedia

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Server GISCentralized GIS

Deploy multi-user desktopInternet GISEnterprise GIS Servers

Manage/deploy centrallyLow cost of ownershipGood for data exploitation

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Hand-heldField-based GIS

Lightweight hardwareExtension of desktopLimited capabilitiesData collectionMobile mapping$500

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Estimated GIS Users

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SummaryGIS software is developing fastConsistent GIS architectureMajor development areas

InternetHand-held

Increasingly standards-basedVery wide rangingRationalization of vendors