7 de octubre de 1944. south america's lost canal. the saturday evening post (ruth sheldon)

7/29/2019 7 de Octubre de 1944. South America's Lost Canal. the Saturday Evening Post (Ruth Sheldon)

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The Casiquiare, called by Von Humboldt "the only example of a bifurcation forming in tb every interior of a continen t a natural connection between Iwo great rivers and tbeir basins.*' Map showing bow the rediscovered canal lieswilh impo rtant Pan-A nieriean sbipping rout

S o u t h A m e r i c a 's l o s t C a n a ll l y l l l T X H

p ] O H UN DR ED years ago, a canoe carrying aI Jesuit priest. Father Roman, was being paddledJ_L by Indians up the murky, brown Orinoco Riverin the wild jungle territory of Southern Venezuela.Rounding a bend, anastonished Father Roman sawcoming toward him a large canoe with strange whitemen in it. Strang ers coming downriver from the direc-tion ofBrazil were nothing less than a phenomenon.Father Roman knew that no one had gone upriverinto the lush wilderness for many months. Anyonecoming out would be known to him.Father Roman hailed the canoe in Spanish, To hiaamazement, they answered in Portuguese. FatherRoman incredulously heard one of the strangers intro-duce himself a s Francisco Xavier M orales, a Portugueseslave trader from a settlement on the Rio Negro inBrazil. When Father Roman informed the Portuguesethat they were on the Orinoco River inVenezuela,they were aa astonished as he. Intent upon their

lhe amazing story of a for-gotten waterway that links theAmazon and the Orinoco which, if developed, will opena land of fabulous wealth.

search for elusive Indians to sell in theAmazon'slucrative markets, they had penetrated deep into un-known territory, but had stl thought themselves onthe Brazilian waterways, forso everyone helieved there waa no connection hetween the vast AmazonRiver system of Brazil and the great VenezuelanOrinoco system. Yet here they were.Aa they talked. Father Roman vaguely rememhereda rumor heard years before that in1639 one Padre

MAPS BY' LOWENSTEIN-SMITH

Acuna insisted he had found a canal connecting Amazon and Orinoco. Everyone had simply thougit the fanciful tale of a mad priest whose brain hheen tur ned by too many years of se mistar vati o n disappointment in thia incredibly cruel and uncoquerable region.But these Portuguese slave traders were no miraof a malarial fever. They were eitlier lying or there wa water connection between the Orinoco and Amazon. Father Roman, determined to learn ttruth, accompanied them on their return toBraTwo weekB later he saw for himself the Caaiqui"Canal""the stream of two beginninga"the onphenomenon of its kind in the world, which linkfl great rivers of Venezuela and Brazil, the Orinoco atbe Amazon.About 465 miles from the Orinoco's source ibifurcation where a amall part of the river flows inthe Casiquiare " Canal." The canal, which is in reala river, isunique in that it ia the water connecthetween two separate river systems without heicaptured hy either of them, According to the famo


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Alexander HamUtor. Rice, its .ntegntyned to any n-atenal system m aequilibrium, where the forces of cap-work are resisted equaUy by other forces.r von Humboldt further described theffering "the only example of a bifurca-ing in the very interior of a continent aeen two great rivers and theiran sent his remarkable atory to the

n months later his discovery waarecounted for the first time in Europe before the

f the French Academy in Paria.ence waa later denied hy other ex-of the region, who obvioualy missed it in thef jungle waterways. It was a highly contro-subject until Alexander von Humboldt, thescientist and explorer, in 1800 irrefutablyed its reality. During the foUowing 143 years,l slid into obscurity and its waters were dis-

fewer than a dozen and a half exploringom Europe and North America.man traversed its savage wilderness in 1744.

siquiare twists and bends throughout its 220etimes narrowing, sometimes widening,

great palm grovea, then through dense forests,s of years, towering

ove its hanks, The water alternately foamslashes around massive leaden-colored granited then sluggishly resumes its placid journey.

ia seldom broken except by the roar of aling of bearded monkeys orches of a fiock of brilLantly colored

s in startled flight. Occasionally, the travelerthe mud hut of a sohtary Indian family,int he may note the ruin of a fine home,

r boom by a Frenchman who wasby a Brazilian. But throughout hi.s

y he ia awed by the impenetrable, mysteriousand loneliness of the region.

k the present world war to refocus attentionand to set na-

thinking of its importance and future. A yearon ocean lanea between North and South

ca, a group of United States Army engineersd the path of Father Roman's little canoe tone the feasibility of using tbis greatest but

nown of tbe world's inland waterways for thetation of war oil and rubber necessities.nclusions, plus the scant but authoritative

dge gleaned by the handful of scientists and ex-who have penetrated thctarea since 1744, open

conquest of this inland-ays system by modem navigation would meanning up for development and settlement of the

unexploited heart of South America, forhere is adequate transportation in a fertile anding area, progress and civilization soon follow.

00,000-odd square miles of the Amazon ando basins tributary to this inland-waterway s

THE SATURDAY EVENING POSTsystem are a secret storehouse of treasures, of who.sefabulous possibUities only a few tantalizing glimpseshave been revealed. A postwar world avid for new re-serves of raw materials and fertile areas favorable forimmigration and development will undoubtedly gravi-tate to this rich storehouse, which hay lain fallow sinceita formation millions of years ago. Also, for the firsttime in hwtory, as the result of scientific advancesduring thia war, nations have at tlu-ir disposal theweapons to overcome nature's obstacles which guardthe rich region, one of the last secret worlds on uarth.

El Doradothe mythical lake island and city ofgoldwhich was the fatal lure for thousands of Span-ish explorera for so long in South Americawas sup-posed to be in the Orinoco-Amazon valley. The laatofficial Spanish expedition commissioned to find it em-barked in 1745, the year Father Roman's report on theCa.siquiare Canal reached Europe. Little did the Span-iards realize that Father Roman's discovery was thekey to a real El Dorado of the future.

Forgotten PuradmeT HE potentialities of the region stirred the world'simagination momentarily during the fantastic.frantic rubber boom of early 1900. when th Indianinhahitants were practically wiped out by ruthless ex-ploitation and .slavery in the mad rush to milk thewild-rubber trees. When the wild-rubber marketcrashed a few years later, following the introduction ofplantation rubber, tbe jungle reclaimed ita own.quickly and grt-enly covering the few tiny aeara manbad made. The world forgot about the Amazon andOrinoco area because it had never begun to know it.

Since then, a few encroachments have been made onthe viilley'.s fringes by the discovery of diamonds, goldand oil. A trickle of wild rubber, chicle for chewinggum, balata for insulating wires, fibers and Brazil nutahas emanated from its interior. But il.s chief treasuresremain unclassified and undetermined. Recent dijscov-eries indicate the existence of more oil reserves, goldmines, diamonds and bauxite deposits for aluminum.But the great untouched forest regions jind fertile landmake it a potential paradLse for tbe exploitation ofcountless varieties of valuable gums, ro.sina, medicinisand lumbers, and the development of tropical farmingand cattle raising on n grand scale. Also, it holds thekey to a hydro-electric low-cost-power developmentthat would surpass anything existing today, therebymaking intensive industrial development possible.The Army engineers limited their technical surveyof the waterway from Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, thelast point, 220 miles from the mouth of the Orinoco,which can be reached by ocean-going steamship navi-gation, to Manaus, Brazil, the last ocean-going steam-ship port, 978 miles from the mouth of the Amazon.The natural waterway between theau two cities in-cludes the Orinoco River up to and through the Casi-quiare Canal, then down the Rio Negro to the Ama-zon, a river distance of 1842 miles. The length of theinland-waterways system of the linked Orinoco andAmazon rivers, from mouth to mouth, is 3040 miles570 miles longer than the entire MisaLssippi River.

27The Army engineers concentrated upon the araproviding the natural barriera which have preventedthe region's development. The approximately 200,000square miles of territory included in the survey areaCiudnd Bolivar to Manauslie in Venezuela. Colombiaand Brazil, consisting of jungles, dense rain forestsand great level llanos, or tropical plains. This area istypical of almost all the great 2,000,000-square-mileOrinoco-Amiizon valley region, which is the largestarea on earth which can be treated as a unit andthroughout which the same general conditions pre-vail^the moat unchanged, unchanging great area onearth.The tropical climate has mean monthly tempera-tures ranging between seventy-four and eighty-eightdegrees, which is extraordinary for an area on theequator. At night it Lsgenerally so cool, even directlyunder tbe equator, that sleeping under a blanket isoften welcome. There is heavy rainfall of from seventyto one hundred and five inches a year, and high hu-midity.The entire survey area of 200,000 squinre miles ispeopled by approximately 6000, of whom the 5000civilized inhabitants are clustered in a tbin strip ofless than 1000 square miles along the waterway. Thereat of the area is inhabited only hy some 900 wild,roving savages, seen infrequently when they attackand kill some luckless small party traveling the water-way.Perhaps no place ebe in the world do people live insuch semistarvation. disease and obscurity as do thewretched unfortuniitea clinging to the hanks of the

forgotten waterway. Their miserable existence Li madepossible only by the small subsidies of their respectivegovernments in maintaining federal officials and bor-der gfu-risona in the nineteen little towns dotting thewaterway.Chief causes of their misery are lack of food andsanitation. Yet the land responds with amazing alac-rity to the .slightest attempt at cultivation, and ap-plication of even the most rudimentary principles ofhygiene and sanitiition would result in astoundinghealth improvement, for the climate is potentiallyhealthful and prevalent diseases are ones easily con-trollable. Racked with malaria, weakened wilh dys-entery, hookworm and undernourishment, the peoplelack energy to expend on agriculture and .sanitation inorder to free themselves from the slavery of diseaseand sL-misl-arviition.Although the people are personally clean, modust

and continentvenereal diseases are a raritytheyhave no knowledge of the sanitary and health princi-ples developed during the last century. Sewage sys-tems, even outhouses, are practically unknown. It isreported that only two families in the entire area livein screened houses or sleep under mosquito bars. Onlyvery few whites use atabrine or quinine in malariatreatment.Tht' Army doctor accompanying the survey partyconcluded tbut thtre is no reason why the area couldnot be as healthy as Charleston. S.ivunnah, Mobile orNew Orleans, if proper sanitation rules were insti-tuttd, such ii.s oiling of (Conliniifil on Piifiv tO-H

A launch at anchor near tbe nioulb of ibe CoMiquiare Canal, in tbr Lipptr Kio Niyro. llu-hinterl and i an untouched storehouse of valuable raw mater ials, a VQBI area of fertilo land.

A Maquiritarrn Iiiiliiui. His people werey exploited in tbe early


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TtlE SATURDAY EVENING POST October 7,

* Campoign probleml vanish svrlhlh e first Mlhing puff of Ihis eah i l -araring blend oged White Builey,O ld Bell Virginia, Pcrique, o coiMyO r i e n l o l , o bit of Southern He rb .

WATCH THE B U B B L E S"S iht food cook.na froman> pi n ot lhe kitchenno

lhe nice thinifH abuui mybeuuiilul ooknfflil:.ii. You'll love ihc thicming Icipc>I [liciurei]jh-ivtlite JII cf my ccokinij (tlm, il't du*rahlccai)- to ttrp clean aad ipirklinf!. TTiEc.fA pliilic h:iadJu m ur e comlarublc liliing.A \fy la unean atir active Bilt. PopuUrlypntcd."For my ir book. - i O ^ N llit "Gljm-jur inGbu." lend poil-cird m Jine Dun-bur. DuDbjr CbttCorp . . BIO PayneAve., Dtinbar. \mfLJ^^^}t/i

FAN

SOUTH AMERICA'SLOST CANAL

fCoiiiinupd/roinPoge 27)moaquito-hreeding places; screening andmedical treatment for prevention andcure of malaria; introduction of inex-pensive, standard flyproof outhouses forprevention of the spread of dysenteryand hookworm.

There are no common houseie9 in theregion, which precludes the wide spreadof many diseases. Although ants arenumerous, they have no t heen found tohe disease carrier s. However, one of themost important health problems is thepresence of great hordes of tiny blackflies, known aspiumx in Brazil and jejenesin Venezuela. They are not diseasecarriers, but annoyances. It is practicallyimpossible for humans towork and livewhere they appear in great quantities.They penetrate the finest mosquit o netand attack without warning, th efirst n-dication of their bite being th e welling ofhlood from tiny punctures in the skin. Nomosquito hite itches as infuriatingly astheirs. However, United States researchduring th e war in th e field of insect re-pellents has developed effective methodswith which tocomhat these black pests.

Oddly onougb, these black flies appearonly along white-water rivers and not onblack-water rivers. Thewaterway is amaze ofalternate white and black waterrivers, the difference in general being thatwhite-water rivers, which are murky.brown and sediment hearing, rise in th eopen llanos, whereas black-wnter riversrise inth e jungles and are a clear coffeecolor when running over whit sand andink black when viewed from above.

People in the area state that it ishealthier to live on black than whitewater, and this iagenerally true. Theblack water is acid, and its acidity is be-lieved to inhibit the breeding of mos-quitoes and insects and toreduce pollu-tion quickly.. Even alligators and thedeadly caribes, or cannibal fish, whichcan strip the flesh from aman's bones ina few seconda, avoid Che black waters."Thia Ls aheautiful country and noth-ing to eat," th e padre at San Carlos onceremarked. In the midst of potentialplenty, about one third of th e total foodrequirements is imported.'There is very little agriculture, and^ 'ild game is not plentiful anywhere. Afew South Americiin tigers, deer, rahhitaand squirrels are found, and tapirs, ant-eaters and wild hoars are seen infre-quently in th e south. Gorgeously plum-aged parrots, parakeets, macaws andother tropical birds arefound in greatnumbers, however. As for snakeswaterand land pythons, poisonous SouthAmerican cohras, bushnmsters and coralsare sometimes seen, but not often.The atandiird diet is a maddeninglymonotonous, vitamin-deficient repetitionof beans, moldy fahrinaa cereaJ flourmixed with water to make flat cakes,desiccated meat, the highly starchy yucaroot, and coffee. An occasional egg, hit offresh fruit or fresh fish or turtle ia anextraordinary treat. So starved have theinhabitants become at times thn t cases ofgeophagy, or earth eating, have beenreported.A conception that physical labor is de-grading has undoubtedly contributed tothe lack of agricultural activity. Thistradition, inherited from the time of theconquistadors, has itsinfluence, in thatif a man cannot find n job as clerk, boatoperator or government employee, beconaidLTs it beneath liia dignity toworktbe land. T he fewuninhibited by anysuch prejudice raise harely enough fortheir own needs.However, some Bpearheada of civiliza-tion in the orea toil tocombat food andsanitation evils. Aa has always heen th ecase in South America's history, thechurch wields these spearheadB.

Two Salesian Fathers nsaons, oneVenezuelan and one Brazilian, and oBaptist missionary's school and planta-tion in Brazil are striving to teach theinhabitanLs principles of sanitation andagricultural methods. These roligiougroups hBve proved the fertility andadaptability of th e soil hy raising cattle,growing a large number of vegetablessuch ascom, Lima andstring heans,tomatoes, melons andsugar cane, andcultivating orchards of banana, orange,lemon, papaya, mango and coconuttrees. No other tropical country in theworld is so magnificently watered, for noplace else doth e trade winds hlow per-pendicularly upon a continent acrossa vast oceun expanse, pushing their rain-heavy vapors into th e interior. This ac-counts for the great streams and watercourses, th e richness of soil and ingreatpart for the country's potential health-fuiness. So fertile is the soil that threegrape and three com crops yearly havebeen obtained.

The religious schools teach rudimen-tary education, handicraft and agri-culture. These, together with five Vene-zuelan government puhUc schools andone Colombian government school, arethe region's only educational faculties.The Salesian mission, founded in 1920at Sao Gahriel, Brazil, has the only watersupply safe for drinking without boilingin th e entire region. In 1932 a missionhospital was huilt, complet with surgicalinstruments, operating room and tables,sterilizers, dental drill, delivery room andpharmacy, but the equipment is idle anddust-covered, for there is no doctor, andnever has been one.The waterway is serviced hy a handfulof out board-mo tor-powered launches and

There's War Treasurein YourTrash Basket!

canoes carrying from one to five tons ofcargo each and traveling at an averagespeed of six miles an hour. Inboundcargoes of food, manufactured articlesand fuel oils are four times the quantityof th e small outbound cargoes of cruderubber baUs, balata and chicle' cakes.fibers, nuts and a few other forast prod-ucts.

These small craft painfully negotiatethe some ixty-five rapids of the water-way, and at one point near PuertoAyacucho, Venezuela, are forced toportage their cargo forty miles over aVenezuelan government road that wa scompleted in 1939.The waterway's rapids have alwaysbeen touted as frightening obstacles.The y have been given such formidablenames as Devil's Passage, and variousexplorers have exaggerated their dangers.The Army engineers found, however,that anaggregate of only fifty miles of

the entire waterway presents an y proh-lems tomodem, properly powered riverboats. Difficulties of craft now plyingthe rivers are due to their lowpowtr.To a boat with a speed of six miles anhour, a reef with a seven-mile-an-hourcurrent is impassable. United Statescommercial-boat-line operators today tow1000-ton hargea over rapids with cur-rents up to ten-miles-an-hour velocitywhich a few years ago were declared im-possible for safe navigation.The Army engineers determined thatto whoa ts and barges similar to thoseused on the Columbia River in the UnitedStates, a fast-flowing river with numer-ous diificuit rpida, can operate withoutdifficulty on the entire waterway, withthe exception of the forty-mile stretchon the Orinoco which is hy-passed hy theportage road.Four plans of operation were studiedby theArmy. With nowaterway im-provement, cargo transportation could

M e d i c a t e d " T h r o a t B a t h " forCoughsHoarsenessTh roo t - Tuk l e D u e to C o l d s

When you lei aVie l e s Cough Drop dis-s o l ve inyour mout h you can actuallyfeel it b a th e t h r o a t . . . g o in g tow o r kfast to r t l i eve t h roa t - t ick l e , hoar s ene s sand c o u g h in g due tg co lds . So effective. . .becaus e t bey con t a in t h roa t - s oo t h -in g i n g r e d i e n t s of f a m o u s V i c k sV a p o R u b . T a s t e g o o d too!

B R E A T H I N GC O M F O R T

CO[ I1 ' I I I I I I FI I noit letli Ottiti fn scconiliVBCKS INHALER

GiveYour Feet AnIce-Mint TreatGel Hippr, Cooling Reliof ForBurning CallouMi Put Spring In Your SlepDon't BroDTi about lired. buming fpct. Don'tmoan about cjillouacs. Gtt buny and f ive them aaIce-Mint triMit, Feel lhe comiort in^. aoo lbine oot-Dese ot Icp-Mint drivinif out fiery burning . . "' ' I ' il ' l i tiredncia. Rub Jte-Mint over thoic uglyhard old curn nnd eaDusca, os directed. 3co bowwhite, creom-iiko Ice-Unt he lps sof ten them up.Get foot happy today the Iec-Mlnt way. YourdruEBiBt has Ice-Mint.

T R Y P U R L I N S H A V E C R E A MLathar ow BnihlBm


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n i l - : SAILltlJAY KVENIING POST 105tbe present 2500 tonsto 13,800 simply by the piir-of five modern high-and aix barges at abeno waterway im-to 97,600 tons by improvingand operating eleven

total cost of $-1,128,700. The tbirdnvolves improv emen t of the portageof a number o rocks andand a small amount of dredging into per-use of tows of two barges pushede towboat. This would increaseto 189,600by operating twelve towboats andat an over-all cost ofand most ambit ious p lanan easily navigable chan-a minimum ten-foot depth atlow water throughout tbe en-by constructing locks and

and dredgingof the upper river channels, easingand constructing awaterway 's end inor, as an alternatedam at this point, remo\'ingof this plan for completeif the Sao Gabriel reef re-

was cbo.iwn rather tban tbe lockwould be $91,313,200. Tbisthe cost of forty towbuats0 barges, wbich could transporttons of annual cargo. In stalla-Gabriel lock and dam,to $120,798,200.

Sao Gabriel lock and dam wouldif use was made of theties of hydro-beavailable at eacbthree navigation dams plannedexpenditure of a maximumfor construction ofof morebe avail-River B onne-

of power. Cost of the.sethe world 'scost power pla nts . Asbauxite , tbeore, is mined in Britisb andand indications of de-vered in Venezuela,bein Venezuela at these

Score forStep Up andTake Your CutPag loaRUNSjar, ajar 1bond, bound, abound , 2aster, Easter, eastern 2carter, cbarter . . . 1ber,bero ,heron,beroin ,heroine 4. . . 1

stripiAl, Htripped . . 4. 21TOTAL 18

Tbe four plnns of waterway develop-ment outlined by the Army engineerseould be put into operation successively,so tbat development would come grad-ually over n period of years. However, iftbe plan for complete navigation pluspower plants were put into effect imme-diately, requiring five ycHrs of conslruc-tion time, the areii would befully openedfor immigration nnd development withtbe incentive of unbampered transporta-tion and power facilities. The entirewatop.vay from the moulb of tbe Orinocoto the ocenn-going-steamship port ofManaus, d is tr ibuting center for theAmazonas hasin, would be an economicalternative to the ocean and-river rout-enow open to seagoing veRsels down theeast coast and up the Am,-izon to Manaus.If this gigantic inland-waterway sys-tem at last should be opened, it is im-possible to estimate what valuable con-t r ibutions to world commerce wnuldresult. D uring this war there has htcnsome dUcus.sion that if the navigation-hydroelectric project is carried out, thearea would provide welcome refuge forJews and other oppressed people, eagerfor a new world of opportunity'.It bas been suggested that th e completeOrinoco-Amazon project can be carriedou t by the formation of Venezuelan,Brazilian and Colombian governmentcorporations wbich could be given titleto the region's vast public hinds. The

corporations could finance the navigtition-and-power project and lhe eost would berepaid by royalties and fees obtainedfrom granting concessions and rights ufdevelopment of the area's great naturalresources.A similar plan is alre.-idy in effect inPeru, where a government corporationwas formed to build a .^22-mile road overthe Andes Mountns in to the PeruvianAmazon region to obt;iin rubber undmedicines /or the war. The cost of theroad is being repaid by royalties and feeson the concessions which are exploitingthe terr i tory .The Venezuelan, Brazilian and Co-lombian go vernm ents are ciirefully st udy-in g the Army engineers' technical report,preparatory to initiating tbe most feasibleplan of action. Brazil is already sendingexploration expeditions into the area.I ts remarkable industr ia l growth duringth e war has spurred BraziJ into arutrealization of its great, untouched hold-ings' possibilities.One of Venezuela's postwar aims Lsto encourage immigration to make upfor its population deficiency, and Vene-zuelans sec this new area us a reala t traction.Private enterprise 's in terest in Lhearea is already taking definite form, An-drew Jackson Higgins, whoee famousHiggins boats have proved their out-standing merit in the tropics and olse-wbere , has opened a Vt-nezuelnn officewith extremely able representation, forthe sole purpose of studying tbe waler-transportation problems involved and

the necessities of building spociaiizedequipment. F irs t of thu private indus-trial pioneers to visualize tbe futun.- ofthe waterway, he plans a private expedi-tion and study of tbe entire system andregion. Wlicn President Medina, ofVenezuf I.T, visited the United Sta tes inJanua ry of tb is year , he paid a specialvisit to Higgins ' p lant in New Orlu/mato see his facilities and dincuss Ihut ransporta t ion problem.Detailed exploration of tbe area's com-plete ly unknown parta is now mjidepossible by the amazing inventions anddiacoveries of the United Sta tes Armyand Navy in the line of tropical equip-m e n t and tbo solution of tropical prob-lems, all developed to facilitate junglewarfare, but wbose peacetime applica-tion will be invaluable . Now that tlie

technical burdles can be overcome, itseems almost inevitable thnt FatherRoman's lout canal will be rediscoveredby modem development.

AH C-COUNTEDON U'LT'WIN . r ' ' -THAREUNO TH'MOST SCRAP.''. ' 'HE IS rr

BU TT H ' G U V ' M I M TWA^J^5SCRAPA HRECKON A H ' L LCOOKUP SOME O'THET THEREI R O N - R I C HIRON.^'')CREAM OF NfVHEATSO ' 5 TO KINRUSTLE UPSOMEB E F O 'PRIVE

THE IR O NYOU NEED

IRONU'LABNER?TH' PRIVE'LLBE OVAHIN 5MINUTEST

5 MI N U TE"CREAM OF

/^AFTER THEM VITAMINSA N ' MINERALS INTHET,CREAM OF WHEATAH CP PIQ UP SOMENICE FRESHBUT TWIS'LL [?Off

YO' WONT H ' PR I ZE 1 'NUTMER BOWL O'U'L 1MAH"IRON RATIONS- DEE-LISHUSNOW YO' L CREAM OF WHEAT

' 'ET-UP-ANP-O0"BREAKFASTWITH THAT FAMOUSSMO-O-OOTH FLAVOR, '

7 de octubre de 1944. south america's lost canal. the saturday evening post (ruth sheldon)

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