Chapter 2

Life Science

Alive or Not Sec. 2-1 H.W. pg.44 Ques.1-4 & pg.58 8,9,10

What are some examples of living things?

-Humans

-Plants-bugs

□ What about these things?Rocks, bicycles, books

What are living things Called?

-They are called organisms, a living thing that posses the traits of life.

□ What is a trait?- A trait is a specific feature of

something. What are some human traits?

- Hair color, eye color, height

How to distinguish a living thing from a non living thing.

If something expresses one of traits of life it is considered to be alive. The traits of life are:

2) Response3) Movement4) Organization5) Reproduction6) Growth and development

Traits of Life

1) Response- organisms have the ability to react to their environments.

Ex: When an animal runs away from a loud noise. Or when a plant grows in the direction of sunlight. (external responses)

When you run your body temperature rises so your body sweats to cool you down. (internal response)

□ What is an environment and what is included in an organisms environment?

- An environment includes everything in its surroundings. It includes other organisms, water, weather, temperature, soil, sound and light.

Traits of Life (continued)

2) Movement- all organisms show some form of movement.

Humans and animals- run, walk, fly

Plants- they grow out in the direction of sunlight and water.

Bacteria and Algae- use things called flagella and pseudopods for movement.

Traits of Life (continued)

3) Organization- All living things are made up of parts that are organized.

- All organisms are made of cells, the smallest unit of living things.

- Some organisms only contain one cell. (bacteria) &- Some organisms contain many cells. (Plants and

animals)

Traits of Life (continued)

4) Reproduction- All living things reproduce, meaning they make more of their own kind.

Two types of reproduction: A) Sexual reproduction- Here two parents are

needed, a male and female, to create one of their own kind. (Animals)

B) Asexual reproduction- Here only one parent is needed to reproduce itself. (bacteria)

Traits of Life (continued)

5) Growth and development- All organisms express changes that take place over the course of their lives, this is known as development.

- An example would be how a frog is conceived and born.

- A frog begins as a single cell in a fertilized egg and then grows into a tadpole and eventually into a fully grown frog.

Needs of living things Energy- needed for all of the traits of life.

Without energy an organism could not survive. (Food and Sunlight)

Water- Every living thing needs a constant supply of water. Our body is 70% water and our cells use water to carry out specials tasks like breaking down food. Plants need water to make their own food.

Needs of living things Oxygen- Living organisms use oxygen in

order to release energy from food. We get Oxygen from the air what about fish, where does their Oxygen come from?

Minerals- Chemicals found in the water soil, and air and can not be made by living things, however living things need minerals to survive. (we get them from eating plants and animals, plants get them from the soil.)

Ex: Calcium and Potassium

Classifying LifeSection 2-2 H.W pg. 53 ques. 1-2 & pg.

58 ques. 1-7

In a grocery store all of the items that are sold are usually grouped together by similarities.

-Milk and cheese with dairy-Hamburgers and cold cuts with meats etc…..

-Why? Because it makes it easier for the consumer to find what they are looking for.

- We need to do this with living things as well and we call it classification, the grouping of objects or information based on common traits.

How organisms are classified.

Animals are classified into groups based on shared traits.

Ex: Some animals have bones and some don’t. (fish) Some animals live in water and on land (amphibians) Some animals have hair (mammals) and some have

feathers. (birds)

The Kingdoms of Life

All organisms are separated into six large groups called Kingdoms.

- A kingdom is a large group of organisms that share certain features.

- There are six kingdoms of life and within each kingdom is an even more specific classification scheme called a species.

- A species is a group of organisms that have the ability to mate with each other and produce offspring. (two organisms that are of different species or kingdoms cannot mate and produce offspring)

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

The six Kingdoms are:2) Archaebacteria3) Eubacteria4) Protists5) Fungi6) Plants7) Animals

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

Organisms are placed into a kingdoms based on these four features:

2) How many cells they are made up of.3) What there cells look like.4) Whether or not they can move from

place to place.5) How they get energy.

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

1)Bacteria- this word describes members of 2 kingdoms. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

-Archaebacteria- are single celled organisms that live in very extreme conditions like hot sulfer springs or salty oceans or lakes.

- They obtain energy by taking in chemicals from their surroundings. (sulfur, Co2)

- Eubacteria- Also single celled but they get energy by taking in food. Some use the sunlight to make food for energy.

- They could cause disease or be very helpful. (cheese, yogurt, beer).

- Ex: E.coli

Some pictures of bacteria.

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

2) Protista- This kingdom contains green and brown algae.

- They could be single celled or many celled like seaweed.

- They obtain energy by using the sunlight to make their own food. This is called photosynthesis.

- Some protists are animal like and could intake food from their environment.

- These animal like protists are usually single celled and could cause diseases like malaria.

Protist Pictures.

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

3) Fungi- The organisms in this kingdom are both plant like and animal like.

- They are plant like because they could live in the ground and not move, like mushrooms.

- They are like animals however, because they do not use the sun to make their own food. When a fungus grows it digests the material around it for energy.

Ex: bread mold or moldy fruit.

- Fungi could be single a celled or a many celled. And could also cause disease like athletes foot. (Tinea Pedis)

- They don’t move around but they fall onto objects.

Fungi Pictures.

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

4) Plants- These are many celled organisms that do not move around.

- They also make their own food by a processes called photosynthesis, where plants capture sunlight and use its energy make food.

- Trees, bushes, ferns, flowers, and grass are some examples of plants.

- Plants contain a very special pigment called chlorophyll, which makes photosynthesis possible by capturing the sunlight.

Plant Pictures.

The Kingdoms of Life (continued)

5) Animals- All organisms in this kingdom are many celled and they all move around.

- They obtain energy by eating food.

- There are over 1 million different species of animals in the world and some examples are:

- Humans - Birds- Snakes- Insects - Monkeys

VirusesSection 2-3 H.W. Pick a virus and write down its

name, and 5 other facts about it.

What is a Virus?- A virus is a particle that has things in

common with both living and non-living things.

- They have the ability to reproduce so they are like living things.

- They are like non-living things because they don’t grow or eat and they need to live inside a cell or a host to survive.

- And for this reason viruses are not included within the six kingdoms of life.

Virus life cycle

1) First a virus will attach and invade a cell.

2) Next, the virus uses the cell to make copies of itself.

3) Once the virus makes enough copies of itself it makes the cell it is occupying explode.

4) The new viruses then escape and are free to invade the surrounding it and start the process over again.

Viruses (continued) All viruses cause disease. And they can

infect any type of living organism. (from bacteria, to algae, to plant, to fungi, to animal)

Ex: H.I.V, Hepatitis □ We treat viruses with vaccines, which are

dead or weak viruses that are given by injection or by mouth. Ex: polio virus, mumps, measles.)

-These vaccines make our bodies produce substances that allow us to become resistant to the virus.

Virus pictures.

Test on Chapter 2 in one week!!