DENTAL MATERIALS High Tech Advances and New Materials

Stephen C. Bayne

Department of Operative Dentistry School of Dentistry University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450

http: // www.dent.unc.edu / portfolios / bayne / dental-materials /

A. Staying UP-TO-DATE B. Dental Materials TECHNOLOGIES > Advanced composites > Dentin bonding systems > Light-curing technologies > Sonic and ultrasonic cleaning devices > Lasers for cutting tooth structure > Advanced CAD/CAM > Procera crowns > Air-abrasion equipment > Amalgam / Hg recovery equipment > Computerized color analysis > Electronic caries detectors C. Office TECHNOLOGIES > Wearable computers > Wireless office networds

OVERVIEW

http://www.net32.com/

Pat Cassidy, D.D.S. Durham, NC

COMPOSITE REFINEMENTS

1950 1970 1960 2010 2000 1990 1980

Original Development

SELF-CURED

UV-CURED

VLC-CURED

MACROFILL Self-Cured

Composites

MIDIFILL Composites

MICROFILL Composites

MIDIFILL Composites

Midi-HYBRID Composites

Unbonded Composites

Acid-Etching and Enamel Bonding

Dentin-Bonded Composites

3c, 2c, 1c Dentin Bonding System

[QTH, PAC, Laser, LED]

Mini-HYBRID Composites

FLOWABLES

PACKABLES

CONTROLLED SHRINKAGE

NANO- COMPOSITE

1990 2000 2010 The next generation.

Dental amalgam

Dental composite

Glass Ionomer, A.R.T.

Bonding systems

Dental cements

Ceramic restorations

CAD/CAM technology

Esthetic procedures

Computers

- - - - - - -, (A.R.T.)

Mini- (Micro-) Hybrid, Nano

Flowable Hybrid,

Packable Hybrid,

CS Composites

- - - , RMGI Cements, A.R.T.

(Bonding systems)

RMGI, Composite cements

ALL-CERAMIC restorations

CAD/CAM technology

ESTHETIC Procedures

COMPUTERS

CURRENT COMPOSITES

HYBRIDS (or MIDI-HYBRIDS):

Filtek Z250 and Z100 (3M)

Prisma APH and TPH (Dentsply)

TPH Spectrum (Dentsply)

Herculite XRV and Prodigy (Kerr)

Ecusit Composite (DMG Hamburg)

Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar/Vivadent)

Renew (BISCO)

BisFil II and 2B (BISCO)

Synergy (Coltene-Whaledent)

Marathon (Denmat)

Clearfil AP-X (Morita)

MINI-HYBRIDS (MICRO-HYBRIDS):

Esthet-X (Dentsply)

Point 4 (Kerr)

Venus (Hereaus-Kulzer)

Vitalescence (Ultradent)

FLOWABLES: (later) PACKABLES: (later)

MICROFILLS:

Superlux (DMG Hamburg)

Heliomolar (Ivoclar/Vivadent)

MicroNew (BISCO)

Perfection (Denmat)

Filtek A110 = Silux Plus (3M)

Amelogen (Ultradent)

Virtuoso Sculptable (Denmat)

NANO-HYBRIDS:

Supreme (3M-ESPE)

Simile (Pentron)

COMPOSITE WEAR

5 Wear Types: CFA = food bolus wear

OCA = impact wear

FCA = sliding wear

PCA = sliding wear

TBA = abrasive wear

CFA Wear

OCA Wear

FCA Wear

PCA Wear

TBA Wear

Wilder AD, May KN, Bayne SC, Taylor DF, Leinfelder KF. 17-year clinical evaluation of UV-cured composite resins in posterior teeth. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 173, Abstr 2100.

100

200

300

1 2 5 10 20

TIME (years)

WE

AR

(C

FA

,

m)

R2 = 0.99

ENAMEL

“MACRO” FILLER

“MIDI” FILLER

“MINI” FILLER

“MICRO” FILLER

40 m 4 m 0.4 m 0.04 m

FOOD BOLUS Abrasive

HYBRID (MIDIFILL)

HYBRID (MINIFILL)

Rough Finished Fine Finished

AFM OF SURFACES

FILLER PRODUCTION

BULK FILLER PRODUCTION:

Melting or vitrification.

Cooled to solid.

Ground and sifted.

Reground and sifted.

Key particle size is collected.

MACRO, MIDI, MINI

GAS PHASE PRECIPITATION:

Pyrolysis of reactants.

Gas phase formation.

Precipitation.

Cooling.

MICRO

SOL-GEL FORMATION:

Solution reaction.

Formation of tiny ceramic domains.

Domains may be single or clustered.

Gel dried and powdered.

MICRO, NEAR-NANO, NANO

DECEPTIVE NAMES Nanocomposites = constituents mixed at a nano-length scale.

100 10-1 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-2

1 m 1 cm 1 m 1 mm 1 nm 1 dm

0.01 1 m 0.1 10 100 0.001

Mega- Fill

Macro- Fill

Midi- Fill

Mini- Fill

Micro- Fill

Nano- Fill

1 Å

Atomic Dimensions Bacteria

METERS

Dentinal Tubule Width

Nanocomposites? Dental nanofillers?

HYBRID NANOMER NANOCLUSTER

NANOCOMPOSITES

3M ESPE Filtek Supreme, Technical Product Profile, October 2002

FILTEK SUPREME (3M-ESPE)

78.5 w/o filler loading

Nano-cluster size is 0.6-to-1.4 m

Called a micro- or nano-hybrid?

SIMILE (Pentron)

Relatively high filler loading

Silicate cage size is 5-20 nm

Called a micro- or nano-hybrid?

The “WAR” of the POWERED TOOTHBRUSHES

Colgate Actibrush

WaterPik Sensonic

Cybersonic Oral-B

3D Excel

Sonicare

Crest Spin Brush for Kids

Oralgenie

PTB’s are everywhere!

SEM surface of biopsied 10-year

old posterior composite.

BIOFILM EFFECTS

Dr. Bill Costerton, Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman

BIOFILM EFFECTS

pH, pO2

FLOWABLE COMPOSITES

Definition: lower viscosity dental composite, generally with lowered filler content.

First Generation Flowable: AeliteFlo (BISCO) High 43% by volume Crystalessence (Confi-Dental) Low 41% by volume FloRestore (Den-Mat) Medium 48% by volume Flow-It (Jeneric/Pentron) Low 53% by volume Revolution (Kerr) Medium 41% by volume Star Flow (Danville Eng.) Low 41% by volume True Look (Denpac / 5 Star) Medium 53% by volume Ultraseal XT+ (Ultradent) Very Low 37% by volume Versaflo (Centrix) High 43% by volume

Second Generation Flowables: Filtek Flow (3M) Wave (SDI) Tetric Flow (Ivoclar/Vivadent) Heliomolar Flow (Ivoclar/Vivadent) Point-4 Flowable (Kerr) AeliteFlo LV (BISCO) Esthet-X Flo (Dentsply) Luxa-Flow (DMG) PermaFlo (Ultradent) Meta-Flo (Sun Medical) Aria (Danville Engineering) Star Flow (Danville Engineering) Flow-It-ALC (Pentron) Revolution Formula 2 (Kerr) Virtuoso Flow (Denmat) UltraSeal XT+ (Ultradent) UniFil Flow (GC America)

Bayne SC, Thompson JY, Swift EJ Jr, Stamatiades P, Wilderson M. A characterization of first-generation flowable composites. J Am Dent Assoc 1998;129:567-577.

FLOW BUTTONS (area calculated in mm2)

Enamel

Dentin Flowable Composite

Composite

Second Generation Flowables

Flowable

(Company)

Flow

(mm2)

,

PBNT

,

OSP

,

PLP

,

Glass

,

Mylar

StarFlow (Danville) 208 16 a 31 5 22 3 40 7 44 3 55 5

Wave (SDI) 206 20 ac 22 4 17 6 31 3 37 1 31 3

FlowLine (Kulzer) 197 31 ac 24 2 19 1 39 4 43 3 48 4

Heliomolar Flow (Ivoclar) 191 13 ac 26 2 19 1 44 1 45 4 46 2

UniFil Flow (GC) 173 21 ac 24 1 15 2 33 3 47 4 47 3

Revolution F2 (Kerr) 159 17 ac 23 1 34 3 61 5 66 7 62 8

LuxaFlow (DMG) 156 6 ac 39 4 37 5 55 3 52 2 62 4

Tetric Flow (Ivoclar) 156 13 ac 38 1 23 4 45 3 56 3 62 3

Flow-It ALC (Pentron) 152 10 bc 38 1 35 5 52 4 50 4 60 4

MetaFil Flo (Sun Dental) 148 27 b 41 5 47 7 72 4 63 4 62 8

Filtek Flow (3M-ESPE) 144 10 b 54 3 53 10 73 3 83 5 85 5

Point 4 Flowable (Kerr) 140 2 b 51 2 35 3 58 4 53 0 67 4

FLOW versus WETTING = 25

= 45

PACKABLE RESTORATIVES available in November 2002

• SOLITAIRE and SOLITAIRE 2 (Hereaus-Kulzer) • A.L.E.R.T. CONDENSABLE (Jeneric-Pentron) • SUREFIL (LD Caulk) • GLACIER (Southern Dental Industries) • PYRAMID (BISCO) • PRODIGY CONDENSABLE (Kerr) • FILTEK P60 (3M) • SYNERGY COMPACT (Coltene / Whaledent) • HELIOMOLAR HB (Ivoclar-Vivadent)

• HI-DENSE CONDENSABLE GI (Shofu)

• FUJI IX PACKABLE (GC-America)

L.D. CAULK SUREFIL PACKABLE COMPOSITE

SureFil Clinical Wear (Leinfelder Indirect) = 18 ± 32 m at 2 yrs

Clinical Performance Categories (% alfa): BL 6m 1y 2y

Color stability = 100 98 96 87

Resistance to marginal discoloration = 100 100 95 100

Resistance to secondary caries = 100 100 98 100

Resistance to occlusal wear = 100 100 98 94

Marginal adaptation = 100 97 95 96

Surface texture = 100 100 98 94

Maintenance of proximal contact = 97 97 96 98

Functional occlusion = 93 98 95 100

Axial contour = 100 100 100 100

Resistance to postoperative sensitivity = 100 98 100 100

Restoration retention = 100 100 100 100

Resistance to restoration fracture = 100 98 93 96

TOTAL FAILURES (%) = 0% 3% 3% 4%

Wear (ADA Proposed Type B Unrestricted) 50 m at 18 months

0 25 50 75 100

0

2

3

4

5

CONVERSION (%)

SH

RIN

KA

GE

(%

)

1

65%

Conversion

15-25% =

Gellation

50% Filler

25% Bis-GMA

25% TEGDMA

POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE

Flow

Bond Stretching (External Contraction)

Porosity Formation (Internal Contraction)

NEW COMPOSITE GENERATION = Low-Shrinkage or Controlled-Shrinkage Composites

C C

O

Oxiranes

C

C C

O

Oxetanes

SHRINKING Monomers:

EXPANDING Monomers:

CH 2 CHCH 2 O

C=C

H

H CH 3

COO OCH 2 CHCH 2 C

CH 3

CH 3

OOC

C=C

H

H H 3 C OH OH

BIS-GMA

Spiro-ortho-carbonates

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

DOXADENT Condensable Direct Ceramic

http:// www.doxa.se/ eng/

Carved

Finished

DOXADENT Mechanical Properties

0

100

200

300

400

500

Doxa Z250 Tytin

CO

MP

RE

SS

IVE

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa)

1h

24h

1w

4w

Composite Amalgam

Experimental

BONDED COMPOSITE Challenges

50

1000

4000

3000

2000

BO

ND

ED

CO

MP

OS

ITE

(1m

m =

1000

m

)

[DENTIN] 1

Bacteria

[Bonding System]

[COMPOSITE]

[COMPOSITE]

Re-Designing Bonding Systems

ETCHANT

PRIMER

BONDING AGENT

US Companies

1 =

2 =

Japanese Companies

= 1

= 2

???

E + nP + B or nEP + B E + nPB EPB Self-Etching Primer

Self-Etching Adh

NEWER BONDING AGENTS 1-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (EPB) • AQBond (Sun Medical) or Touch-and-Bond (Parkell) • Adper Prompt or LP3 (3M-ESPE) • Solist (One-bottle-bond) (DMG Hamburg) • iBond (Hereaus-Kulzer) • Xeno III (Dentsply)

2-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (EP + B) • Clearfil SE Bond & LinerBond 2v (Kuraray) • Tyrian SPE (Bisco) • Optibond Solo SE Plus (Kerr) • Fluoro Bond (Shofu) • UniFil Bond (GC) • Mac Bond II (Tokuyama) • NanoBond (Pentron)

2-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (E + PB) • Prime&Bond NT (Dentsply) • Single-Bond (3M) • Optibond Solo and Solo Plus (Kerr) • One-Step (BISCO) • Excite (Ivoclar/Vivadent) • OSB Bonding System (ESPE)

• Syntac Single Component (Ivoclar) • Ecusit Primer/Mono (DMG Hamburg) • One Coat Bond (Coltene / Whaledent) • Bond-1 (Jeneric / Pentron) • Tenure Quik with Fluoride (Denmat) • Solid Bond (Hereaus-Kulzer) • Imperva Bond (Shofu) • EG Bond (Sun Chemical) • PQ1 (Ultradent) • Easy Bond (Parkell) • Paama 2 and Stae (SDI)

3-COMPONENT SYSTEMS (E + P + B) • Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M) • Permaquick (Ultradent) • Bond-It (Jeneric / Pentron) • All-Bond 2 (BISCO) • Tenure A/B/S (Denmat) • ProBond (Dentsply)

HOW

MUCH

SOLVENT?

Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus

3M Dental Products Division

(Ethanol and water solvent system)

3-STEP

Prime&Bond

Dentsply International

(Acetone solvent system)

2-STEP

Single Bond

3M Dental Products Division

(Ethanol and water solvent system)

2-STEP

1-STEP

Prompt L-Pop

3M ESPE Dental Products

(Ethanol and water solvent system)

Etching

3-Component Systems (E+P+B)

Priming Agent

Bonding Agent

HYBRID LAYER

Etching

Priming Agent

Bonding Agent

2-Component Systems (E+PB)

HYBRID LAYER

2-Component Systems (EP+B) Self-Etching Primer

Infiltrated Smear Layer = Special Hybrid Layer

Infiltrated Dentin = Normal HYBRID LAYER

Bonding System

HYBRID LAYER

1-Component Systems (EPB) Self-Etching Adhesive

Infiltrated Smear Layer = Special Hybrid Layer

Infiltrated Dentin = Normal HYBRID LAYER

Bonding System

HYBRID LAYER

CURING LIGHT TYPES

• Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) Lights > Continuous output -- normal intensity > Continuous output -- high intensity > Staged output (stepped, ramped, …)

• Plasma Arc Curing (PAC) Lights • Argon-Laser Curing (Laser) Lights

• Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lights

QTH PAC Laser LED

Curing Equipment

Factors

Procedural

Factors

Restoration

Factors

FACTORS AFFECTING CURE

• Bulb frosting or degradation • Light reflector degradation • Optical filter degradation • Fiber-optic bundle breakage • Light-guide fracture • Tip contamination by resin buildup • Line voltage inconsistencies • Sterilization problems • Infection control barriers

• Light tip direction • Access to restoration • DISTANCE from surface • Size of tip • Tip movement • TIME of exposure

• Restoration thickness • Cavity design • Filler - amount and size • Restoration shade • Monomer ratios

WAVELENGTH (nm)

UV Visible IR CQ

INT

EN

SIT

Y

UV band-pass filter

IR band-pass filter

INTRAPULPAL HEAT, GINGIVAL IRRITATION

180-800 mW/cm2

WAVELENGTH (nm)

Visible CQ

INT

EN

SIT

Y

LED LIGHTS Light Emitting Diodes

Advantages: Matched to CQ peak.

Reduced “I” needed.

Easy to clean.

Totally quiet; No fan.

Small; Handy.

No wires.

Elipar FREELIGHT 1

Batteries

LEDs

LED LIGHTS in the WORLD

LED CURING LIGHTS

VLC LED Name: Company: Price: LEDs: Elipar FreeLight 3M ESPE $ 999 19 NRG Dentsply/Caulk $ 949 7 Ultra Lume LED 1 Ultradent $ 899 ($699) Ultra Lume LED 2 Ultradent $1299 ($999) CoolBlue Dental Systems $1195 Nova Curing Techologies $1495 7 GC e-Light GC America $1495 Allegro Denmat - - - - - 1 Elipar FreeLight 2 3M ESPE $1495 1 LEDemetron Kerr - - - - - 1 Ultra-Lume LED 5 Ultradent - - - - - 5

OUTPUT LED power, LED #, Light Collection, Focusing

GIC

COMPOSITE

RM-GIC

GIC and

VLC Hydrophilic

monomer and polymer

CEMENTS

MM-GIC

GIC and

Metallic fillers

Cermet fillers

CORES

COMPOMER

VLC Composite and

F source

FILLING MATERIALS

RR-GIC

GIC and

Resin-Fillers

A.R.T. and

TEMPORARIES

GIOMER

VLC Composite and

Pre-reacted GIC powder

FILLING MATERIALS

HYDROGEL

Hydrophobic POLYMER

A.R.T. TECHNIQUE (Atraumatic Restorative Technique)

Fuji IX

Now being used as permanent restoration in pedodontics.

Developed as temporary restorations for 3rd world countries.

First tested in African countries.

Now used widely in Asian countries.

Current technique = P/L or precapsulated mixture.

Original technique = scoop, finger mix, finger insertion.

OVERVIEW

AMALGAM DIS-USE

Hg CONTROVERSY

IN-OFFICE ISSUES

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

F, Sealants, High-Cu Amalgam, Composites, Replacement Criteria

n=150 per100 patients

In United States n= 95 n=55

Hal Huggins

60 Minutes Program

Stone Phillips

Anti- Amalgamists

1980 2010 2000 1990

?

Precapsulated Dental Amalgams

ADA Hg Hygiene Statement

Chairside Filters Separators

Air, Water, Land, Food

US-EPA OSHA FDA NAS

1. Dental Amalgam

(a) Spent Amalgam Capsules

(b) “Non-Contact” Amalgam (left-over from mixing procedures)

(c) Chair-side Traps (“contact-amalgam” trapped by coarse filter)

(d) Vacuum Pump Filter (“contact-amalgam” trapped by medium filter)

(e) Separator or Recapture Device (added before vacuum with fine filter)

(f) Plumbing and Sink Traps

(g) Hg Spill Kits 2. X-ray Wastes

(a) Fixer (Ag recovery or recycling processes)

(b) Developer (controlled discharge into sanitary sewer)

(c) Cleaners (Cr-containing cleaners must be recycled)

(d) Lead foil (must be recycled)

(e) Lead Shields (e.g., aprons) (must be recycled) 3. Chemical Sterilant Wastes

(a) Chemiclave/Chemical-Sterilant (dilute 4:1 with water before draining) 4. Waste Waters 5. Fluorescent Lamps and Batteries (recycle only)

Best Management Practices [ Use alternatives / Keep products separate / Recycle everything ]

Hg-Spill

Amalgam Storage

HG HYGIENE PLUMBING

Amalgam Mixing

Sink Traps and Plumbing

Suction Mini-Trap

Chairside Filter

Separator

Vacuum Pump Filter or Trap

Vacuum Pump

THANK YOU

Lansing Evans, project manager for Nomad, Microvision's first commercial retinal scanning display product, models a prototype. The laser device projects information onto the retina.

http:// www.vrealities.com/ poma.html

Pen-enabled wearable computers.

(Ring-enabled; Eye-enabled)

Wearable Computers

FUTURE NETWORKING

Dental Office

Reception

Waiting Room Office Lab and

Work Room

Operatory 1 Operatory 2 Operatory 3

INTERNET

Dental Office

Computers

FUTURE NETWORKING

Dental Office

Reception

Waiting Room Office Lab and

Work Room

Operatory 1 Operatory 2 Operatory 3

INTERNET

Database

Networked Dental

Databases

THANK YOU

New Goals for VISIBLE LIGHT-CURING

• Fast • Stress-free • Consistency

= f { [CQ], I LIGHT, … } = f { slowed reaction rate } = f { curing domains, depth }

Restorative Dental Practice: Procedures/Day x = 5 Curing Cycles / Angle x = 2 Angles Per Procedure x = 3 VLC Seconds / Cycle x = 20 sec Days / Year x = 250 days TIME / Year = 150,000 sec = 42 hrs / year

1 2

C=C

H CH 3

H COO-CH 2- CH-CH 2 -O-

CH 3

C

CH 3

C=C

H H 3 C

H -O-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -OOC

OH OH

PBIS-GMA

Di-Glycidyl methacrylate adduct of bisphenol-A = BIS-GMA

1st end of BIS-GMA = 100% 2nd end of BIS-GMA = 30%

Degree of Conversion = 65%

Curing Light

2. SHAPE-

OF-CURE

0 mm

1

2

3

4

3. DEPTH-OF-CURE

Z100

1. DEGREE-OF-

CONVERSION

65%

25%

45%

VLC CURING ANIMATION

t1 t10 t20 65% 65% 65%

20% 35% 45%

3% 20% 25%

Degree of Conversion

100%

65%

COMPOSITE

VLC SOURCE

Curing Equipment

Factors

Procedural

Factors

Restoration

Factors

FACTORS AFFECTING CURE

• Bulb frosting or degradation

• Light reflector degradation

• Optical filter degradation

• Fiber-optic bundle breakage

• Light-guide fracture

• Tip contamination by resin buildup

• Line voltage inconsistences

• Sterilization problems

• Infection control barriers

• Light tip direction

• Access to restoration

• DISTANCE from surface

• Size of tip

• Tip movement

• TIME of exposure

• Restoration thickness

• Cavity design

• Filler - amount and size

• Restoration shade

• Monomer ratios

I = “usable VISIBLE LIGHT” = f (curing equipment factors), = f (technique factors), and = f (restoration factors).

Polymerization Reaction = f (I1/2)

CURING LIGHT TYPES

• Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen (QTH) Lights > Continuous output -- normal intensity > Continuous output -- high intensity > Staged output (stepped, ramped, …)

• Plasma Arc Curing (PAC) Lights • Argon-Laser Curing (Laser) Lights

• Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Lights

QTH PAC Laser LED

CURING LIGHT OPERATION

• Power Supply

• Cycle Time (Circuit Board)

• Bulb / Reflector

• Filter

• Fan

• Fiber-Optic Train

WAVELENGTH (nm)

UV Visible IR CQ

INT

EN

SIT

Y

UV band-pass filter

IR band-pass filter

INTRAPULPAL HEAT, GINGIVAL IRRITATION

DEMETRON CURING LIGHT TIPS

Proximal Box Access

Standard Tips

INTENSITY =

Output / Area (mW / cm2) 8X increase from 11 mm to the 4 mm tip

WAVELENGTH (nm)

Visible CQ

INT

EN

SIT

Y

PAC LIGHTS

? ?

WAVELENGTH (nm)

Visible CQ

INT

EN

SIT

Y

LASER LIGHTS

LASER

180-350 mW/cm2

WAVELENGTH (nm)

Visible CQ

INT

EN

SIT

Y

LED LIGHTS Light Emitting Diodes

DMD Systems APOLLO e.light

Advantages: Matched to CQ peak.

Reduced “I” needed.

Easy to clean.

Totally quiet; No fan.

Small; Handy.

No wires.

Elipar FREELIGHT

Batteries

LEDs

LED LIGHTS in the WORLD

LED CURING LIGHTS

VLC LED Name: Company: Price: LEDs: Elipar Freelight 3M ESPE $ 999 19

NRG Dentsply/Caulk $ 949 7

Ultra Lume 1 LED Ultradent $ 899 ($699)

Ultra Lume 2 LED Ultradent $1299 ($999)

CoolBlue Dental Systems $1195

Nova Curing Techologies $1495 7

GC e-Light GC America $1495

OUTPUT LED power,

LED #,

Light Collection,

Focusing

Pilo R, Oelgiesser D, Cardash HS.

A survey of output intensity and potential for depth of cure among

light-curing units in clinical use. J Dent 1999;27:235-241.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35N

um

ber

of

Cu

rin

g U

nit

s

LIGHT INTENSITY (mW/cm2)

<100

100-200

200-300

300-400

400-500

>500

SURVEY OF VLC UNIT OUTPUTS

Check Fiber Optic Tips

Check Bulb

and Reflector

Clean Reflector

LATEST GENERATION OF QTH LIGHTS

• Quantitative and automatic radiometers.

• Better filters and narrow range filtering.

• Output sampling and control.

• Selective programming of output.

• Bulb life monitoring and checking.

Curing Factors = Equipment + Manipulation + Material

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

% T

ran

sm

issio

n

Z100 XRV Pt-4 EsthX fE sE fD sD

MATERIALS

VL Transmission in E and D

PACKABLE COMPOSITE Mechanical Properties

Ruddell DE, Thompson JY, Stamatiades PJ, Ward JC, Bayne SC, Shellard ER. Mechanical properties and wear behavior of condensable composites. J Dent Res 1999; 78 (Spec Issue):156, Abstr 407.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

ST

RE

NG

TH

(M

Pa)

CS DTS FS DPH

MECHANICAL PROPERTY

Solitaire

ALERT

SureFil

Prodigy C

Herculite

WEAR RESISTANCE for Packable Composites

0

5

10

15

20

MIC

RO

NS

/ Y

R

Leinfelder Wear Machine

Solitaire

ALERT

SureFil

Prodigy C

Herculite

GOOD

BAD

WEAR LEVELS for New Materials

100

200

300

1 2 3 5 10

TIME (years)

WE

AR

(C

FA

,

m) UV-Cured

Composites

VLC-Cured Composites

50 m / 18 Months ADA Type B = Unrestricted Use

75 m / Simulator ADA Type A = Restricted Use

1 2

C=C

H CH 3

H COO-CH 2- CH-CH 2 -O-

CH 3

C

CH 3

C=C

H H 3 C

H -O-CH 2 -CH-CH 2 -OOC

OH OH

PBIS-GMA

Di-Glycidyl methacrylate adduct of bisphenol-A = BIS-GMA

1st end of BIS-GMA = 100% 2nd end of BIS-GMA = 30%

Degree of Conversion = 65%

Curing Light

2. SHAPE-

OF-CURE

0 mm

1

2

3

4

3. DEPTH-OF-CURE

Z100

1. DEGREE-OF-

CONVERSION

65%

25%

45%

GIC CERMETS

(Metal- Modified)

RMGI (RM-GIC)

COMPOMERS

GIOMERS

COMPOSITE Original

Development

MACROFILL Self-Cured

Composites

MIDIFILL Composites

MICROFILL Composites

MIDIFILL Composites

Midi-HYBRID Composites

Mini-HYBRID Composites

FLOWABLES

PACKABLES

CONTROLLED SHRINKAGE

1950 1970 1960 2010 2000 1990 1980

SELF-CURED

VLC-CURED

SELF-CURED

UV-CURED

VLC-CURED

GLASS IONOMERS

COMPOSITES

DENTAL AMALGAM

Environmental Issues

3M-ESPE “Freelight” LED Curing Unit

BASE UNIT:

> Recharging Cradle

> Pen-shaped portable unit CURING OPERATION:

> 40,30,20,10s curing cycle options

> Exponentially increasing or

standard duty cycle options.

On/Off

40-30-20-10s

Exp / Std

HELD IN A PEN GRASP

FOR USE.

Two ringed arrays of 8 LEDs.

Two batteries.

GLASS IONOMERS

in Restorative Dentistry

The many faces of glass ionomers

MANUFACTURERS’ WEBSITES

BISCO http://www.bisco.com/ Caulk http://www.caulk.com/ Denmat http://www.dentalmaterial.com/ Dentsply http://www.dentsply.com/ DMG Hamburg http://www.dentalmaterial.com/ 3M http://products.3m.com/... ESPE http://www.espe.de/english/ GC-America http://www.gcamerica.com/ Ivoclar http://www.ivoclar.com/ Jeneric-Pentron http://www.jeneric.com/ Kuraray http://www.kuraray.co.jp/dental/ Kerr Dental http://www.kerrdental.com/ Kulzer http://www.kulzer.com/ Morita http://www.jmorita.com/ SDI http://www.sdi.com.au/ Shofu http://www.shofu.com/ Sun Medical http://www.sunmedical.co.jp/ Ultradent http://www.ultradent.com/

http:// www.iadr.com/ dmg/