si4-5

Typewritten Text

612.015 CAN 4th ed.

852

Acidosis (Continued) carbonic acid excess, compernatory

mechanisms, 324 causes, 321-324 eHect on bones, 639

on potassium distribution, J19 on sodium distribution, 319 on urine caleium, 639

in diabetes mellitus. 322. 443 in diarrhea, 322 in pancreatic fistula, 322 in refUll insufficiency, 322 in respiratory disorclers, 323 metabolic, 321-323 pH of plasma, 321-324 respiration in, 321, 32.3 respiratory, 321, 323 sodium-hydrogen exehange in, 318,

3l'.l urinary acidity in, 318, 323. 324 urinary ammonia in, 319, 324, 325,

842 urinary potassium in, 318, 319, 848

Aconitase. 411 classification, 252 inhibitiou by fiuoroaectate, 411, 666

cis-Aeonitate in triearboxylic acid cycle. 411

inhibition of metabolism by trans­aeonitate, 666

h'am-Aeonitate as metabolic antagonist., 666

Aeonitate hydratase classification, 252. See also Acon.itase.

Aconitic acid, See AC(Jnilate. Acridine5, inhibition of DNA

synthesis, 528 inhibition of RNA synthesis, 531

Acrodrnia, 190 Acrolein test, 47 Acromegaly, 745 ACTH, 739. See also Adrenocortico­

Iropic hormoIW. Actin, 427, 789

F-acUn, 427, 789 G-actin, 427 stmeture, 81, 427

Actinomyein D, inhibition of parathyroid hormone, 163, 733

inhibition of RNA synthesis, 531, 554 Activated comple:t, 211 Activation energy, 209 Aetive site, 211-212 Aetive transport, amino acid~, 541

carbohydrates, 391, 395 Actomyosin, 428, 789

as ATP-a.se, 428 F-actomyosin, 428, 789 stn..Lcture, 81, 428

AC)'I-GoA dchydrogenases QcHon, 465 classification, 358 in fatty acid oxidation, 465 prosthetic grOllps, 358

Acyl-CoA synthetases, classification, 255

in activation of fatty aCids, 465 Acyl e:tchange,473 Acyl-lysine deacylil.se classificatioll,

248 Acyl phosphatase claSSification, 249

occnrrence, 249 Acyl thiazoles, energy of linkage,

377,378 Aeylations, 472 Adaptive enzymes, 762

Adenine catabolism, 518 in nucleic aCids, 106 incorporation into nncleic aeids, 518 pIC of amino group, 100 synthesis, 517, 518

Adellohypophyseal hormoncs. See Piluitary hoTmOIWJ.

Adenosine in purine catabolism, 518 structnre, 109

Adenosine deamina.:le, 248 in purine catabolism, 518

Adenosine diphosrhate (ADP), energy leve of linkages, 378, 379

in regulation of phosphorylations, 385

Adenosine kinase classification, 2J6 Adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate as

Qllosteric actLvator, 770. See also 3',5'·Aden'flate.

Adenosine nudeotides, occurrence, 5l'.l

Adenosinetriphosphatase(s) classification, 249 eHect of thyro~ne, 720 in muscle, 427, 428 in rigor mortis, 430 m~'osin and, 427 oceurrence, 249

Adeuosinetriphosphate (ATP) energy level of linkages, 377, 378 in glucose utilization, 395, 402, 404,

405 in he:mkinasc reaction, 395 in rigor mortis, 430 muscle contraction and, 426, 428 synthesis, 380, 382, 525

S-Adenosylhomoeysteine, 590 S-Adenosylmethionine

formation, 590 stmcture, 590 transmethylases, clas,<;mcation, 231 transmethylations, 590

Adenylate tAMP) eatabolism, 518 energy level of bonds, 378 illcorporation into nucleic aeids, 518 structme, Ill, ll6 synthesis, 517, 518

3',5'-Adenylate as allosterie activator, 170 in gl:-,cogen synthetase transforma­

tions, 398 in phosphorylase actiVQtion, 227,

400 3'-Adenylate deamiuase, 248 5'-Adenylate deaminase, 248 Adenylate kinase claSSification, 236 Adenylic acid (AMP). See Adeny/are. Adenylic ~'Ystcm of CQmpound~,

metabolism, 380, 5"24 structnres, 116

Adenylosuccinase clas,<;ification, 253 Adenylosuecinate, in pnrine intercou­

versions, 517 AdenyloSllccinate lyase classification,

253. See also Aden'fl08uccinase. Adipose tissue

composition, 36 in carbohydrate metaboli~m, 423 in lipid metabolism, 497 metabolism, 497

Adrenal aseorbic acid, effect of adrenoCQrtieotropin, 706, 740

Adrenal eholesterol, effect of adrenocortieotropin, 706, 740

INDEX

Adrenal corte:t, androgen fonnation, 684, 701

estrogen fonnation, 889, 691, 701 function in pantothenic add

defiCiency, 192 progesterone formation, 696, 701

Adrellal glands, carotenoids in, 146 Adrenal hormones, cortical, 701-713.

See also Adrerwcortical homwnes. mednllarv, 698-701. See also

Epin~hrine and Norepinephrine. Adrenal lipids, eHect of

adrenocorticotropin, 704, 740 Adrenal medulla honnones, 698-701.

See also Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

biosynthesis, 700 chemistry, 698 metabolie aetions, 701 secretion, 700

Adrenocortical function. insulin tolcrance and, 436

Adrenocortical hormones, 701- 713 adreuosterone, 705 alarm reaction and, 434, 706, 741 aldosterone, 702, 703, 705,706-711 androgens, 684, 701, 705 androstcnedioue, 705 anti-inRammatory acl[on, 704, 712 bioassay, 703 biolo~ical aetious, 709-713 biosynthesis, 704-700

acrenocorticotropin and, 706, 739 ascorbic acid in, 704, 740 cholesterol in, 704, 705 pantothenic acid in, 192

chemistry, 701-703 cortisol, 702, 705, 706--713 cortisone, 702, 705, 706-713 deficiency, 710-712 11-deoxycortieosteroids, 702, 703,

70S, 700-711 diabetes mellitus after, 44S eHect on adrenocorticotropin, 700,

740 on bloocl glueose, 437 on bOlles. 635, 639, 712, 735, 778 on carbohydrate metabolism,

437,711 on chloride excretion, 710. 826 on chloride metaboli~m, 710, 826 on electrolyte metabolism, 308, 309,

626, 710,825 on enzymes, 711, 712, 713 on eosinophih, 713, 805 on fat mobilization, 498, S06, 712 on gluconeogenesis, 434, 437,

711-712 on glucose utilization. 434, 437. 711 on ground substance. 635, 639, 712,

735, 778 on hexokinQse, 397, 437 on hemkinase reaction, 397, 437 on hypothalamus, 741 on immune reaetiorn, 713 on insnlin tolerance, 436 on ketogeneSiS, 506, 712 on lipid metabolism, 506, 712 on lipogenesis, 712 on liver glycogen, 445 on lymphocytes, 713, 805 on nitrogen bQlance. S64, 565,

712 on pigmentation, 781 on potassium eJlcretion, 308, 624,

626,710,827,848

INDEX

Adrenocortical hormones {Continue. eHect on potassium metQbolism, :

628, "flO, 825 on protein metabolism, 584, 56!:

712 on sodium excretion, 308, 624, I

7lO, 826, 848 on ~dillm metabolism, 308, :

626, 710, 825 on uric acid, 519,844 on unc acid exeretion, 519 on urine chlOride, 624, 709, 826 on urine sodium, 624, 709, 826,

847 on water balance, 308, 626, 710,

825 estrone, 689, 701, 705 elcretion, 707-709

in aSCQrbic acid ~ficiency, 158 functions of, 709-713 gluconeogenesis and, 423, 437,

711-712 ground substance and, 23, 178 in bocly Huid regulation, 309 in fat mobilization, 498, 506, 71.2 in urine, 707-709

in ascorbic acid ~.liciency, 158 insulin antagonism, 435, 437, 725 inmlin resistanee, 445 inrerconversion, 705, 708, 700 17·ketosteroids from, 686, 709 metabolic effects, 7U9-712 metabolism, 704-709 l1-oxygenated eorticosteroids, 702,

705, 706-713 progesterone, 696, 701, 705, 706 secretion regulation, 706 tests for, 703

Adrenocorticoids, from progesteron 697, 705, 706

tetrabfdro derivatives, 705, 708 Adrenocorticotropic honnone

actions, 739 and adrenal hormone synthesis.

706,739 assay, 739 chemistry, 739 effect of aclrenOc<lrtical hormODeS,

700,740 of epinephrine on, 700 on adrelUll, 706, 739 on adrenal ascorbic acid, 158 on adrenal honnones, 700, 739 on ascorbie acid, 706, 740 on blood glucose, 740 on carbohydrate melQbollllm, 43

739,740 on eosinophiis, 740 on fat mobilizalion, 498 on lipids, 740 on Iymphoeytes, 740 on melanocyte!, 740, 749 on nitrogen balance, 740 on phosphorylase, 227, 400

in alarm reactiOll, 680, 700,74L in phosphorylase activation, 400 seeretion, 740

eHect of adrenocortical hormone 700,740

eHect of hypothalamus, 740 Adrenocorticotropin, 739, See aDo

Adrel1OCOf1icvtropic hotmotze. Adrenogenital ~'Yll(lrome, 706 Adrenolytics., mechanism of action, 6'l Adrenosterone, 705

from adrenal c<lrte:r, 700

853 IHDlX

Awenocorlical hormones (Continued) effect on potassium metabolism, 308,

628, 710, 825 on protein metabolism, 564, 565.

712 on sodillm excretion, JOB, 624, 626,

710, S26, 848 on sodium rl\efabolism, 308, 300,

628, 710, 825 on uric acid, 519, 844 on uric acid excretion, 519 on urine chloride, 624, 709, S26 on urine sodium, 624, 700, 826,

847 on water balance, 308, 626, 710,

82' estrone, 689, 701, 705 excretion, 707_700

in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 functions of, 709-713 gluconeogenesi~ and, 423, 437,

711-712 ,ground substance lI-JId, 23, 778 in bod)' fluid regulation, 300 in fat m.obili.,;ation, 496, 506, 112 in urine, 707-709

ill a.scorbic acid deficiency, 158 insulin antagonism, 43,'),437. 725 insulin resi.slBnce, 445 interconvenion, 705, 705, 709 17-ketosteroid! from, 6Be, 709 metabolic effects, 709-712 metabolism, 704-700 II-oxygenated corticosteroids, 702,

705, 700-713 progesterone, 696, 701, 705, 700 s",cretion regulation, 700 tests for, 703

AdrenocorticOids, from progesterone, 697, 705, 700

tetra~ydr[) derivatives, 70S, 708 Adrenocorticotropic honnove

actions, 739 and adremtl hormone synthesis,

706,739 way, 739 chemistry, 739 effect of adrenocortical hormones,

706,740 of epinepbrine on, 700 011 adrenal, 700, 739 on adrenal lUcorbic acid, 158 on adrenal hormones, 700, 739 on :.ucorbic ecid, 700, 740 on blood glucose, 740 on carbohydrate metaboli.5m, 437

739, 740 on eOl;inochHs, 740 en fat mobilization, 498 en lipids, 740 on Iympbocytt:s, 740 OIl melanocytes, 740, 149 on nitrogen balance, 740 00 phosphorylase, 227, 400

in a1ann reaction, 680, 700, 741 in phospborylase uctivatioll, 400 secretion. 740

elect of adrenocortical honnonc5, 706,740

effect of hypothalamus, 74() Adreoocorticotropin, 739. See a.lso

Adrenoc<Jrticotropic hormone. Adrenogenital ~)'lIdrome, 70tI Adrenolytics, mechanimt of action, 871 Adrenosterone, 705

from adrenal cmtu. 705

Adsorption chromatography, 9B Agglntinins, 799 AgglntinogeIl.'l. 799 Aglycons, 13 Air, erpiled, Iodine in, A29 Alanine

from tryptophan, 596 metaboliolrn, 575 structure, 57

p-Alanine fontiation, 583 from asparta tf~, 192 in pantothenic acid, 190 in pyrimidine catabolism, 522 in sYJl\hf$i:; of camodne and anserine,

""" Alanine transaminase c!usification, 238

Alann reaction, 434, 700, 741 ACTH and, 680, 700, 741 epinephrine and, ti8O, 100, 741 hypothalam11$ in. 680. 700, 741 tryptophan pyrrolase in, 596

Albinism, 8OJ, 780 Albumin(s)

dllS$i£cation, :s2, 53 egg. composition, 59 (1'1 blood, 558, 806

amount. 5.'59, SOB decreased, 807 edema and, 807 factors influencing. BOfl

in u.rine, 84'i:l plasma, COmpo5(tion, 59 physical properties, 560 transport of bilirubin, 616

Albwninoim. See Scleroprotetna, Alcaptonuria, 600, 846 Alcohol(s). See abo Ethanel,

dehydrogenase, 148,358, 4(),') fatty liver and. 503, 505 oxidation of, 278 porphyria and, 614

Alcoholism, porphyria and, 620 Aldebyde(s), reduction of, 277 Aldebyde dehydrogenase d~i-

6cation, 358 Aldehyde oJddase clagsillcation, 35.'5 Aldola5es. cl~fication, 253

in giycolyliis, 403 Aldonic acids, 18 Aldoses

daSllilication, 6 definition, 6 ~dudng properti~, 10, 21 structure, 7

Aldo.sterone, 702, 703, 705, 706-711. See also Adrenocortical homwnu.

aotagoni.51s of, 675 i\l body fluid regulation, 309 secretion, angiotensin in, 707, 837

renin in, 707, 837 Alkali

admtnistraUon, alkalosis after, 324 effect on carbohydratc, 30

on iron a.bsorption, 640 rescrve, 313

Alkaline hematin, 133 Alkaline phosphatase, See also

Phosphatase(s). alWine. classification, 240 occurreuCE'., 240, 813

Alkaline tide, 840 Allcalosis, 321, 324, 32.'5

after al1:ali, 324 bicarbonate deJicit, 321, 325

Alka(osi~ (ContCnutJ) excess, 321, 324

biochemical chll1'Bcter:lst!cs, 321, 324,325

blood pH in, 321, 324, 325 carbonic ado deflclt, 321, 325

exce~s, 321, 324 compensatory mecha.n15ms, 324. 325 effect on potassium distribution, ,1HI

on sodium distribntion, 319 in potassium loss, 320, 627, 710 metabolic, 324 respirv.tion in, 321, 324. 32:i respiratory, 321, 325 sodium-hydrogen excbange in, 318,

324, 32.5 tetany in, 639 urinary acidity, 318, 324, 325

antmon:!a, 319,324.325,842 potassium, 31B, 319, 848

Alkyl tra.nsferases, classification, 234 Alkylhal1da5e, 250 Allantoin. from purine catabolism, 518

in urine, 844 Allergic ,tate, 540 Allocholane, 684 Allopregnane, 684 Allopurinol, 519 AIlClSteric eff~ts., 769 Alloxan, dillbet..s mellitus after, 444

diabetogenic action, prevention by !lUlfbydryl compounds, 444

Allylisopropylacetamide. in experi­menta} porphyria. 820

Alpha ollidation, 471 Altrose .itructure, 7 Aluminllm, effect on plll)lipbate

absorption, 164, 632 rachitogenic action, 164, 632

Alyeolar sit carbon dionde in, 283 oxYgen in, 28J water vaper in, 283

"Amethopterin" IS anti-folic acid, 006,673

g -!uuldase classificatiOn, 248 Amidases, c1a!l1'imcatioo, 24R Amide formation from fatty acids, 472 Amidinase~, c1anilication, 248 Amidine lyases, classi6cation, 253 Amine tfansacetytues, classificatlon,

2.:1. Amino acid(s)

abbreviated name..i, 00 acidic, 57 Activation, in proteLII synthesiS,

524, 553, 775 alipbatic, 51 amldases, 248 antmonia fonnation in kidney. 570 analog~, Activation, 554. aromatic, 51 as buJJcn, 71 as charged partid~, 68 oasic, 56, 57 blood glucose from, 433 bromine-water reaction, 93 carhohydrat<! from., 392, 42.3, 573 carboxyl group reaCtiON, 90 charged gcoups. 69, 70 chemistry, 56-57, 68-72. OO-9Q chromatography, 96 clu;ification, ~, 57 con6.guration,56 content irl proteins, 59 deamination, 566

854 INDO INDEX

Amino acid{s) (Continued) eHect of adrenocortical bormones,

564,712 decarboxylaseJ, inhibition of. 224 determination, 90-99 dipolar ions, 69 dissociation constants, 70 electrodialysi:o, 95 electrophoresis, 68 enzymatic determination, 99 essential, 546

biosynthesis, 548 in diet, $46, 655

Buorodinitrobenzene reaction, 63, 93 formol titration, 91 from glucose, 394, 548, 550 general metabolic reactions, 566 gillcogenic, 392, 423, 573 uconeOgeneSis' 392, 423, 573 utamine pathway, 569~eterocyclic, 57

Hopkins-Cole reaction, 93 in antibiQtics, 56 in diet, 654-657

imbalance, 547 in protein digestion, 261, 262, 265 in proteins, and biological value,

654-057 availability of, 655

incorporation into protein, 551-558 individual metabolic patbways,

575-602 interconversions, 515 isoelectric point, 71 isotope dilution method, 95 ketogenic, 448, 574 Kjeldahl method, 94 metabolic interrelations, 575 microbiological deternlination, 99 Millon's rellCtion, 93 "natur.lL\," 56 neutral, 57 ninhydrin reaction, 92 nitroprusside reaction, 94 nitrow- acid reaetion (Van Slyke), 91 oxi~es, classification, 355 oxidation. energy yield, 574 oxidative dcamination, 566 Pauly reaetion, 94 phenol reagent (Folin), 93 precUlSOTS of nicotinic acid, 183, 596 qualitative tests for, 90-99 rotation. optical, 58 Sakaguchi reaction, 94 separation and detcrmination, 00--99 sequence in proteiILS, "code"

hypothesis, 554-557 significance, 58 solubility product method, 95 specific dynamic action, 333 stereocbemistry, 56 structures, 56, 57 sulfur-containing, 57 sulfur (alkali-labile) test, 94 titrntable groups, 68 titratiou curves, 71 transacylase class.ification, 232 transamination, 568 transdeamination, 569 "un-natural," 58 uptake by tissues, 541 urea fornlation, 570 urine ammonia from, 319. 570, 826,

xanthoproteic reaetion, 93 zwitterions, 69

D-Amino acid ori~e, 566

L-Amino acid oxidase, 500 Amino groupIl, detection and deter­

mination, 91-93 metabolic pool of, 542

Amino sugar(s), 6, 21 in polysaccharide5., 22 metabolism, 420 polymeTS, 22

Amino sugar acids, 21 Aminoaciduria, 843 Aminoacyl adenylates, in protein

synthesis, 554 Aminoacyl-sRNA s}'I1thetases,

classification, 255 Aminoacylases, 248 Aminoo.dipate, fornlation from lysine,

576 in lysine biosynthesis, 548

p-Aminohenzoate, 196, 197 antagonism by p-lUIlinosalicyla.te, 672

by sulfonamides, 659, 665 as B vitamin, 196 competition with sulfonamides, 197 folic acid and, 196, 197 from p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 277

Q-Aminobutyrate as neurohonnone, 751, 786 formation from glutamate, 582 functions in brain, 582 in methionine metabolism, 585 in threonine metabolism, 576 metabolism, 582

-y-Aminobutyrlltc transaminase classification, 235

Aminoethanc sulfmate, 585 p-Aminoblppurate clearance, 832~834

Aminoimidazolecaroowmide accumu­lation by sulfonamide-inhibited bacteria, 665

Aminoimidazolecarbo:tamide ribotidc in purine synthesis, 517

p-Amirioisobutyratc, iu pyrimidine catabolism, 522

a-Amino, p-ketoadipatc in glycine metabolism, 577, 608 in porphyrin synthesis, 008

t5-Aminolevulinatc detection, 140 excretion in porphyria, 614, 619 in glycine metabolism, 577, 008 in porpbyrin s}'I1thesis, 608 in vitamin B12 synthcsis, 200

6-Aminolevulinate synthetase, induetiou and inhibition, 611, 613, 614, 621

AminoOXYllCetate, 582 Aminopeptidase, in protein eud­

group analysis, 64 leucinc, 245

"Aminopterin" as anti-folic acid, 203 673

Aminopterin, inhibitor in pW"ine synthesis, 516, 673

structure, 674 p-Aminosalicylate as antagonist, 672 Aminotripeptidase, 245 Ammonia, in blood, 811, 812

in hepatic disease, 570 utilization in synthesis, 569

Ammonia fornlation, in kidney, 319, 570

from amino acids, 570 from glutamine, 570

Ammonia lya.se5., elassification, 253 Ammonium cbloride acidosis, 322, 842 Ammonium nitrate acidosis, 322, 842 Amniotic fluid, composition, 817

AmphetlUlline, 671 Amylase(s)

action on starch, 18, 259, 263 hepatic, function, 401 in blood, 813 in feces, 274 intracellular, 243, 401 pancreatic, 263 s.lL\ivary,259

a-, P-Amylases, classificatiou, 243 occurrence, 243

AmyLo-I,6-g1ucoliddase, 399 Amylo (1,4--+1,6) transglucosidase,397 Amylopeclins, 18, 19 Amylose(s), 18, 19

iodine reaction, 30 Amytal, as inhihitor of oxidative

chain, 364 Anabolism, 326 Analogs, inhibitory, of folic acid, 203

of substrates, 659 Anaphylaxis, 540 Androgellll

antagon.i.olm by estrOgeILS, 675 biologic.lL\ actions, 688 biosyntheSis, 684~686

gonadotropin and, 743 chemistry, 684 conjugation, 685, 68tl effect on blood amino acids, 8ll

on blood urea, 811 on bones, 635, 688, 735 on c.lL\cium metabolism, 635, 888,

735 on chloride metabolism, 688 on creatine metabolism, 688 on enzymcs, 688 on estrogen secretion, 688 on gonadotropin secretion, 688,

742 on growth, 688 on pigmentation, 781 on protein metabolism, 563, 565,

688 on sodium metabolism, 688 on urine citrate, 688, 845 on water balance, 688

estrogens from, 685, 686 cxcretion, 684-687 from adreual cortex, 684, 701, 705 from progesterone, 685, 697, 707, 709 in tissues, 684 in urine, 684-687 17-ketosteroids from, 685, 686 metabolic effeels, 687 metabolism, 684-686 oceurrenee, 684 secretion, effect of luteinizing

hormone, 743 Androstane, 690 Audrostanedione, 685, 686 Androstencdioue, 6&5, 705, 706 Androsterone, 684-887 Anemia

abnonnal hemoglobins, 126-128 macrocytic, in folic acid defieiency

20J in vitamin B12 deficiency, 20J

meg.lL\oblastic, iu ascorbic acid deficieney, 158

in folic acid deficicncy, 202-204 in scurvy, 198 in vitamin ~2 deficiency, 202-2CK

microcytic, in copper defieiency, EK4 Angiotensin, 837

and aldosterone secretion, 707,837 Anhydride hydrolases, 249

Animal protein factor, 198, OS Anion(s)

as acids, 312, 313 distribution, Gibbs-DOIUWl. e

304-306 in blood plasma, 300-302, 8S in extracellular .fluids, 3OO-3l in intracellular fluids, 300-3l:

Anion-cation balance, 312-325 also Actd-ba"e balance.

Anionic site, 212 Annealing, 115 Anomer, 9

p-alanine in, 583 histidine ln, 583 structW"e, 61

"Antabuse," 472 Antagonism, biologic&l or JneU

659-676 Anterior pituitary growth hormSoe""-__

Anterior pituitary harmoaes. ! under name, of ind1vtch mones.

diabetes mellitus after, 44.5 diabetogen.ic action, 437, 745 effect on blood glucose, 445

on carbohydrate metabollm on glucose utilization, 434,

74.5 on berokinase, 397, 437, 74f

fat mobilization, 498, 507 Anthranilate, formation, 596

in byptophan biosyntheli&, ~ Anthrone test, 28 Antibiotics

D-lUIlino acids in, 56 as antimetabolltes, 863 biotin deficiency after. 195 glYCO.'lide, 14 inhibition of pan.tbyroId .......

163, 733 of vitamiD D, 163

vitamin K de6c1eocy after, 113 Anticoa~.), 798., 802

bepariD ... 802 Antidiuretic actioo of apoferrttIn

of vasopressin, 749, W Antidiuretic bOrIDOlWl, action, 741

82.5 diabetes inripidwJ and, 740, u: effect on renal tubuJer, 749, 82 hypodl.lL\amic regulation, 747 in body fluid regulation, 300 seeretion, 747

Antifolates, inhibitOR in purlDe synthesi&, 516, 673

in thymidylate synthesis, 521, e Antihemophilia globulin, fl)()

Antihemophilic factor, BOO Antihistaminics, 672 AntiHpotropism, 500J Antimalarial naphtboq~as

inhibitors of oxidative chaJ[ Antimetabolites, 659

enzymie synthesiS of, 663 narur.lL\ly occuning, 663

Antimycin A, as inhibitor of o~dative chain, 364

Antioxidants, 44, 167, 168 tocopherols, 44, 167, 188 vitamin E, 44, 167, 168

Antiparullel-cbain pleated sheet, • Antipemicions anemia factor, 19!1

See abo VitamIn Bu. AntiplasmiILS, 8m

841

INDEX

Animal protein factor, 198,657 Anion\s)

as acidol, J12, 313 distribution, Gibbs-Donnan cffect,

304-300 in blooo plluma, 300-30'2, 625.812 in extracellular Buids. 300-302 in intracellular fluids, 300-303

Anion-cation balance, 312-325. See also Acid-base balance.

Anionic site, 212 Annealing, 115 Anomer, 9

p~ll.lat\inc in, 583 histidine in, 583 structure, 61

"Antahuse," 472 Antagonism, biological or metabolic,

659-676 Anterior pituitary growth hormone.

Sec Sumatotropic horJno.ne. Anterior pituilAry honnODe~. See al.~o

under uam~ of individual hor­mones.

dillbeles mellitulJ after, 445 diabetogenic action, 437, 745 effect on blood glucose. 445

on carbohydrate metabolism, 437 on glucose utilization, 434, 437,

745 on he:lO~inBse, 397, 431, 746

fat mobilization, 498. 507 Anthranilate, fonnation. 500

ill tryptophlUl biosynthesis, 548 Anthrone test, 28 Antibiotics

v-amino acids in, 56 w; Illltim",tabolites. 6fD biotin deficieocy after. 195 glYCOllide, 14 inhibitillD of paralhyroid bonnone.

un, 733 of vitamin D. 163

yjfamip J( deBcieDcy after. 173 AnliroogWaa~.). 71l8. 802

heparin ... IlO2 Antiaiuretic action of apoferritin, 8ro

of vuopressin. 7-49. 825 Antidiuretic honnooe, action, 749.

B25 Jillbetes inSi.piduJ and. 749, 825 effect on renal tubules, 7-49, 825 hyfOt!WawJc regulation, 747 in body 8uid regulation, 309 secretion, 747

Antifolate5, inhibitors in purine synthesis, S16, 673

in thymidylate synthesis, 521, 673 Antihemophilia globulin. BOO Antihemophilic factor. 800 Antihistaminics, 672 Antilipotropism, 504 .o\ntimalarial naphthoquinones, 8S

inhibltOrs of oxidative cham, 364 .utimetabolites, 659

em:yrnic synthesis of, 663 naturally occurring, 663

Antimycin ..... lU inhibl.tor of oxidative chain, 364

Antioxidants, 44, 167. 168 tocopherols,44, 167, 168 vitBmin E, 44, 167, 168

Antiparallel-cbain pleated .sheet, 76 Antipemicious anemia factor, 1911.-204

See also V'tamln Bu. Antiplasmins, 800

Antispasmodics, mechanism of action, 009

Antitluonilin, 802 Antithromboplastin, 802 AutitL.yroid agents, 720-722 Antitrypsin

cottorueed oil, e.5J, 657 egg-white, 262 sOYDeat\, 262., 657

Apatite in bone, 636 Apoenzyme. deJlnition, 2.14 Apoferritin

antidiuretic action. 640 in iron metabolism, 640-642 vasudepres.'llJr acl::km, 640

Apolar bond in proteins, 80 Aqueous bumor glucose in, 432 Arllbillose, occWTence, 12

structure. 7 AllLchidonate

essential nature, 36, 462 metabolism. 463 structure, 3S

Arginase classification, 248 in ornithi.ne cycle, 5il manganese and, 645 occurrence, 248 regula.tion, 770

Arginine bacterial action on, 273 conversion to glutamate, 582 detection uf, 94 ezeretWn in cystinuria, 587 in creatine syuthes:b, 578 in omithine cycle. 571 metabolism. SBl putrescine from, 273_.57 synthesis from citru1Une, sa ~.cldification. 253 Argininosuccioate, in ornithine cycle.

571 Argtninosuccioate lyase class:ification,

253. See also ArginlnostJednase. Argioinosuccinate synthetase classilica­

_255 ArgininosuCCinwill, 571 Aromatic am,[oo adds, metaoolism, 597 Arsenate, in uncoupling phull}lhuryla­

tions, 384, 3B5 Anen:ic. in skin. 780

in urine. 849 Arsenicals, action rm sulfhydryl groups,

223 A.nenochollne, lipotropic action. 504 i\ryl hydroryla&e (microsomal) cla.ssi.ll.ca­

lion. 356 Arylsulflll8se classification, 240

{)Ccurrence, 240 Ascorhic acid, 152-159.

absorption, 155 actiVity, 153, 158 adrenal hormone ~yuthesis and, 704,

740 as artificial electrou-dol1Or, 362 assay, 154 biosynthesis, 154. 155 capillary resistance, 158 ch6IIlistry, 153 D- and L-forms, 153 deficiency. 156

adrenal cholesterol in, 158 adrenal function In, 158 lUlemia, 158 aromatic acids in wine, 1&:1. 000, 846

855

Ascorbic acid {Continued) ,I defiCiency, hlood ueorbic add, 1157 'i

"

bone defects, 157 connective tis$ue in, 157 defective tyrosine metabolism in, 156 Iii' dental defects, 157 ;1

detection, 157 ',I~folinic acid in urine, 198 b.emorrhages, 157 ! megaloblastic anemia, 198 !occWTence, 152, 156 II symptoms, 156 tests for, 1157 "I,urine ascorbic acid, 157 Iii

destruction, 153, 154 1,1distribution, 155 effect on capillaries, 156, 157, 158

I'on collagen, 156 on connective ti!M.IC, 156. 157 'II on ground substance. 156, 157, 778 II on liyaluronid-.we. 158 on tyrosinase, 781 'I'

excess, 158 II excretion, 156 ~ from glucose, 155, 421 functions, 156 in adrenal, 704, 740

effect of ACTH. 158 in blood, 155, 157

cells, 154, 157 platelets, 155, 157

in cerebrospiDal fluid., 81i 10 collagen synthMis, 582 in fetus, 155 in folic acid metaboliam, 156. 158, 197 in folinic a.dd synthesis, 197 in foods, 154 i.ll iron mobi.Uz.ll.tion, 156 ill milk. 154. 795 in ozi.datiOPll, 3ff1 in pluma., 155, 1~7

in proline metabonsm, 582 in tyrosine metabolism, 156. (IO()

in urine, 156. 157 in vitamin A dellciency, 158 intrac:lennal test, 158 metabolism, 155 occurrence, 154 osteoid formation and, 156. 157. 6.15 oxalic acid from, 156, B44 purported antagonism by glucoas­

corbic acid, 667 reducing activity. 153 roql)ircment, 159 ~ effect of thyroxine, i19

!la.turation t9St, 157 structure, 20, 153 teeth and, 156, 157, 'nO tests for, 154

Asparaginase, 248 Aspartase, 253 Aspartate

convenion to p-alanine, 191. 583 in ornithine cycle, 571 in pwine loterCl:)fiversions, 517, 518 in purine synthesis, 515 metabolism. 581 structure, 57

Allpartllte hlUUaIni_ clll.SS1£icaUOll, 235

Aspartic acid. Sec AspOrlate. Asymmetric caroon atoms., 6

in amino acids. 56 in carbohydrates. 6 (n phospholipids, 37

A.T. 10, 161

856

AtheroscJero'iis, lipoproteins and, 46, 490 relation to c1ellring factors, 492

ATP. See Ad2noainetriphoaphate(,s) ATP-citrate lyase classification, 253 Atractylate, inhibition of phospbol)' ­

lating oxidation, 384 Atropine. 009 Autonomic nerves and neurohonnones,

680, 751, 785-787 Autoxidation of fats, 34 "Average life" of labeled molecule, 542 Avidin

anti-biotin action, 195 in egg-white, 195 in oviduct, 195

effect of estrogens, 195 of progesterone, 195

Axial ratio, 78, 81 8-Azaguanine as antagonist, 674 Azaserine

antagonism of glutamine, 5]6, 517, 664 as metabolic antagonist, 664 fatty liver and, 505 inhibitor in purine synthesis,

516,517,664 Azauracil, as pyrimidine antagonist,

675 Azauridine, inhibitor in pyrimidine

synthesis, 521, 675 Azide

.ll.'l enzyme inhibitor, 224, 364 in uncoupling phosphorylation, 384 inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, 364

of hydroperoxidases, 365

BACTERIA

action in intestine, 270-273 on amino aeids, 271-273 on arginine, 273 lin bilirubin, 274, 617, 618 on carbobydrates, 271 on cholesterol, 275 on cysteine, 273 on cystine, 273 on histidine, 272 on lipids, 271 on lysine, 273 on proteins, 271 on tryptophan, 272 on tyrosine, 271

biotin smthesis, 194 cell wail carbohydrates. 22. 23, 25 folic acid synthes.i~ 196 folinic acid synthesis, 196 in (ece:;;, 274 inositol synthesis, 205 lipoprotein in, 45 nicotinamide synthesis, 184 pantothenic acid synthesis, 192 polysaccharides in, 2.2, 23, 25 pyridoxine synthesis, 188 riboflavin synthesi~ 180 thiamine synthesis, 175 vitamin BIZ synthesis, 200 vitamin Kin, 170

Bacteriophage, 535 Barbiturates, in porphyria, 614, 621 Barioed test, 28 Basal metaboliYll, 331-335

effect of drugs, 333 of epinephrine, 333, 701 of temperature, 332 of thyroxine, 332, 717

in caloric restriction, 651

Basal metabolism (Continued) in disease, 332, 333 in prcgnancy, 332 physiological variations, 332, 333 standards, 332 thyroid and, 332, 717

""" bufFcr, .11.1, 320 cations as, 313 loss in diarrhea, 322 total, 313, .120

Base-pairing. 113 Batyl alcobol, 36 Bence-Jones proteins, structure, 563 Bcnedict test, 27, 28 Benzene, conjugation with cysteine, 280

oxidation of, 277 Benzidine reaction for carbohydrates, 29 Benzoate, conjugation with glucuronate,

276 with glycine, 388, 577

from benzyl aleohol, 276 Benzoic acid. See Benzoate. Benzoyl-adenylate, in synthesis of hip­

purate, 388 Benzoyl-CoA, formation, 388

in synthesis of hippurate 279, 388, 473, 577

Benzyl alcohol, benzoate from, 276 Ben-ben, 174, 177 Beryllium, effect on phosphate absorp­

tion, 164, 632 rachitogenic action, 164, 632

Betaine in transmethylase sy~tems, 231, 590 lipotropic action, 504 transmethylation ITom, 590

Betaine aldehyde, 589 Betaine homocysteine trano;methylase

classification, 231 Bial test, 29 Bicarbonate

buffer system, 314-316 chloride shift, 290, 315 content of plasma, in acidosis, 321-324

in alkalosis, 321, 324. 325 deficit, 321-323, 325 excess, 321, 324 in blood, 289-291

a.'l alkali reserve, 313 from kidney, 318

in digestive fluids, 322, 624 in extraeellnlar fluids, 301

effect of potassium loss,318-320, 627, 710

in plasma, milliequivalent value, 301 Biladienes, structures, 137 Bilane, structure, 137 Bilatrienes, structures, 137 Bile, 265-269

bicarbonate in, 322, 624 bile aeids in, 266-268 bile pigments in, 268 calcium, 638 chloride in, 322, 624 cholesterol in, 268 cllmposition, 265 electrolytes in, 322, 624 flow, bile acids and, 268 gallbladder, 266 iodine in, 629 liver, 265

electrolyte composition, 322, 624 magnesium in, 631 potassium in, 624 sodium in, 322, 624

INDEX

Bile (Continued) stimulation by secretin, 752 thyroxine in, 629, 716

Bile acids absorption, 267 bile flow stimulation, 268 biosynthesis, 267, 478 chemistry, 43, 47 cholesterol solubility, 268 conjugated, 43, 267 conjugation, mechanism, 480

with glycine, 266, 571 emulsifying action, 44, 268 entcrohepatic circulation, 267 fuuctions, 43, 268 hydrotropic action, 268 in bile, 266-268 in blood, 810

blood cholesterol and, 810 in fat digestion, 263, 268 in lipid ahsorption, 43, 268 in lipid digestion, 43, 268 in vitamin absorption, 268 iron absorption and, 640 metabolhm, 478 pancreatic lipase activation, 263, 268 steroid nature, 43 structure, 43, 4&)

test for, 47 tocopherol absorption and. 168 vitamin Kabsorption and, 172,173, 175

Bile pigments bacterial action on, 274, 617 detection and determination, 138, 139 from extra-erythroeytie sources, 618 in bile, 268 melabolism, 617 physical properties, 138 structures, 137

Bile salts, 266-268. Sce also Bile aclrD. BHemia,617 Biliary calculi, 268 Bilifll'lcins

excretion, 619 in porphyrin synthesis, 609, 619 metabolic origin, 609, 619 structure, 136

Bilinogens, 274, 617, 618 dl"tection, 139 eKCretion, 61B, 619 formation, 618 in feces, 274, 617, 61B structures, 137

Bilins, 617, 618 detection, 139 excretion, 618, 619 formation, 618 in feces, 274, 617, 618 structures, 137

Bilirubiu conjugation with glucuronate, 421, 616

with sulfate, 616 detcction and detennination, 138, 139 "dircct-reacting," 139,616

structure, 139, 616 formation, 615 glucuronldes in van den Bergh reaction,

138, 139, 616 in bile, 268, 629 in feces, 274, 617, 618 "indirect-reacting," 139, 616 intestinal bacterial action, 274, 617 metabolism, 617 physical properties, 138 state in plasma, 616 structure, 137

INDEX

Biliverdin formation, 615 in bile, 268 physical properties, 138 Structure, 137

Biocytin, 194 Bioenergetic 5ystems, 372 Bioenergetics, 369--389. See also

P'=POOre, high-<n«g!f. of amino acid oxidation, 574 of carbohydrate oxidation. 414 of fatty acid oxidation, 468 of glycolYSiS, 375, 408

BiolOgical antagonism, 659-876 Biological oxidaliOno;, 345-368

electron tramfer, 349 hydrogen trlUl5fer, 351 nature of reactions, 346 of carbohydrates, 393 of lipids, 465 significance, 346

Biological value of protejI!j, 65 Biotin, 193-196

antilipotropic action, 503 assay, 194 attaehment to Iymne, 595 hiosynthesis, 194 ,B-biotin, 193 chemistry, 193 deficiency, 195

after antibioties, 195 after avidin, 193, 195 after egg-white, 193, 195

excretiOll, 195 functions, 195 in blood, 815 in CO2 assimilation, 195, 413 in decarboxylation, 195 in ,B-decarboxylation, 177, 195, ~ in fatty acid synthesis 459 in feces, 195 ' in food~, 194 in milk, 194, 195 in propionate metaholi1lm, 472 in urine, 195 inactivation by avidin, 195 metabolism, 194 occurrence, 194 requirement, 196 storage, 195

Bitot's spots, 149 Biuret reaction, 94 Blood

acetoacetate, 810 acetone, 810 acid phosphatase, 814 albumin in, 558

amount, 559, 806 decreased, 807 edema and, 807 factors influencing, 806

alkaliue phosphatase, 813 effect of parathyroid honnone,

amino acids, amount, 811 effect of androgens, 811 effect of in~ulin, 811 effect of somatotropic hormone,

563, 745. 811 in liver diseasc, 812

ammonia, 81L 812 in hepatic di5ease, 570

amylase, 813 anticoagulants, 798, 802 arterial, carbon dioxide in. 284 21

291 ' oxygen ln, 283, 285--287

857 INDIX

Biliverdin formation, 615 in bile, 268 physical properti.eli, 138 structure, 137

Biocytin, 194 Bioenergetic systenu, 372 Bioencrgetics, 369-389. See aha

PMsphate, hlgh-erwrgy. of amino acid oxidation, 574 of carbollydrate oxidation, 414 of fatty acid oxidation, 468 of glycolysis, 375, 408

Biological antagonism. 659--676 Biological oxidations, 345-368

electron transfer, 349 hydrogen transfer, 351 nature of reaetions, 346 of carbohydrates, 393 of lipids, 465 signincanee, 346

Biological value of proteins, 654-657 Biotin, 193-196

autillpotropic action, 001 8.558y, 194 a.ttachment 10 lysine, 595 biosynthesis, 194 ,B-biotin. 193 chemistry, 193 defiCiency, 195

.after antibiotics, 195 after avidin, 193, 195 after egg-while, 193, H15

elcretion, 19."i functions, 195 in blood, 81."i in CO2 assimilation, 195, 413 ill decarboxylatJon, 195 in P-decarboxylatJon, 177, 195, 413 in fatty ;sdd l>-yntheSis, 45\} in feces. 195 in foods, 194 in milk, 194, 195 in propionate rlletalJuliml, 472 in urine, 195 inactivil.tion by avidin, 195 metabolism, 194 occurrence, 194 requirement, 196 storage, 195

Bitot's spots, 149 Biuret reuction, 94 Blood

acetoacetate, 810 acetone, 810 ac~d phosphllta:;C, 814 albumin in. 558

amount, 559, 806 decreased, 807 edema I/.nd, 807 .£actors influencing, 806

alkaline phosphatase, 813 effect of parathyroid honnone, 732

amino acids, amoufJl, 811 eJfect of androgens, 811 effect of insulin, 811 effect of somatotropic hormone,

563,745, 811 in liver disease, 812

ammonia, 811, 812 in hepatic disease, 570

Amylase, 813 anticoagnlants, 798, 802 arterial, el/lrbon dioxide in, 284. 267­

291 0x:'gen in. 283, 285-287

Blood (Contin~

a.'lcorbic acid, 155, 157 bile acidl, 610

and blood cholesterol, 810 calcium, 633-635, 637

after parathyroidectomy, 730 and parathyroid honnone secretion,

838. 733 diffusible, 633 eRect of estrogens. 695, 735

of parathyroid hormone, 633, 634,637, 730

of phosphatc, 635 of thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 of vitamin D. 163, 165, 634 on bone formation, 636 on magnesium, 631

in alkalosiS. 639 non-dilfusiblc, 633 plasma proteins and, 633

carhohydrlltes in, 431, BOO earbon dioride, 284, 287-291

and respiration, 284 content, 2.84., 'l87-291

a.~ hiearbonate, 288-291 in solntion, 289

partiAl preS51ue, 2~, 288, 302 celh, composition of, 803-805 changes, in folic acid dcflcicney, 203

in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 in pemidous anemia., 2<12-204. in pyridoxine deficieney, 189, 190 in riboflavin deficiency, 182 in vitamin Bu deficiency, 200

chloride, effeet of adrenocortical hormones, 624, 700, 826

eholesterol. 493, 809 after panereatectomy. 443, 494.

506, 725, 727 amount, 493, 809 bile acids and. 8"10 effeet of thyroxine, 494, 507, 718 in diabete$ mellitus. 443, 494, 506,

727 in liver disease, 494. 810

cholesterol e.ter., amount, 493, 809 polyunsatw"ated fatt)' ac-id contenl,

483 citrate, 808, 809 coagulation, 799-802

ealcium .and, 631. 800-802 cephalin and, 37. 487, 8O(l

in hypoprothromhinemia, 173 in vitamin i:. deficiency, 173 inhibitors, 802 phospholJpids in, 487 plasma factoes, 799-802 platelet factors, 799-801

collection of. 79R eolloid rumotic pressure, 306, 198, 807 composition of, 797-EW'i copper, 64J creatine, 811, 812 creatinine, 811, 812

in kidney disea.'le. RH! enzyme., 813, 814 estrogem, 691-694

in pregnancy, 692-694 fat, amount, 493, 809 fatty aciw, 495, 809 fibnnogen, 799-803

abnormal, 808 amount, 808 faelof'3 inft\lencing, 808

formed elements, composition of, 803-805

Blood lContinued) fructO!ie. Boa functions of, 797 general characteristic.... 798 globulins, 558, 807

abnonnal, 807. 808 s.mount, 559, 806 factors inftuencing. 806-808 fractionation, 558, 806

glucosamine, 808, 809 glucole, 4Jl

after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 effect of adrenocortical hormones,

434, 4.'37, 711 of adrenocorticotropin. 740 of epinephririe. 434, 43-7. 701 of glncagon, 438, 728 of insulin, 433-437, 72."i of norepinephrine, 4J7. 701 of somatotropin, 4J5, 4.17, 145 of thyroxine, 438, 718 on brain ~lyeogeo, 783, 784 on epinephrine ~ecretion, 434, 700

glutathione, 811 gonadotropio,692-694,741-744 in pregnancy. 692-694, 742-744

groups, poly'iaecharides, 799 ~pecific snbstances, 2.2, 7W

hematocrit values, 79B, 799 hemoglobin content, 285 hydrogen coneentration and respira­

Hon, 284. See also Hydrogen ion concentrntion,

P-hydroxybu!(,rate, 810 lodine,6Z9, ,16

effect of thyrotropin, 737, 738 iron. 641 ketone bodie!, 467, 810 laetate. 429-430, 808

effeet of epinephrine, 437, 701 lactose, ~

lead, 812­lipase, 813 lipids, 469, 800

after meal, 400, tHO after nicotinic add, 186 after pancreatectomy, 443, 494, 495,

500, 725, 127 amuunt, 493, 8Ol:J factors influencing, 493-496. 810 in carbohydrate restriction, 469,

496, 810 ill diabetes mellitus, 44J, 494, 495,

506, 727 ill pregnanc)', 494, 495. 8Hl in starvation. 469, 496, 810

lllaglle~ium, 631 diffusibility, 631

mangane:;e, 645 nicotinamide in, 185 nonprotein nitrllgen, amount, bl0-812

components, 544, 810 elIt:ct of somatotropiC hormone.

563, 745 • <Jxygt:n, 283, 285--287

.and respiration, 283, 285 cOlltenl, 285-287 partial pressure, 2B3, 285

oxyhemuglobin, 285-287 pentoie, 809 phosphatase, aCid, 813­

alkaline, 813 phosphate, 633

effect of glueose, 440, 633, 728 utiliution, 440, 728

of insulin, 441. 633, 728

,

858

Blood (Continued) phosphate, effect

of parathyroid hormone, 634, 730, 731

of vitamin D. 165, 634 on blood calcium, 635 on bone formation. 636

phospholifid5 amount, 493, BOO effect 0 thyrorine, 495, 507, 718

plasma anions, 300-302 bicarbonate. content, 289, 320-325,

812 deficit, 321-323, 325 excess, 3.21, 324 in acidosis., 321-324 in alkaloiids, 321, 324, 325

buffer base. 313,320 buffer systems, 314-317

bicarbonate, 314-311 for carbonic acid, 288-291, 315 for fixed acids., 315 organic acid, 314 phosphate, 314 protein, 314

carbonic acid content, 289, 320-325

in acidosis, 321-324 in alkalosis, 3.21, 324, 325

carbonic acid deficit, 3.21, 323. 325 carbonic add exces<J, 321, 323. 324 catioJl5. 300-302 chloride. 301, 625, 812 collection of, 798 colloid osmotic pressure, 306, 798,

B07 CO2 capacity, 289, 320-325

in acidosis, 3.21-324 in alkalosis, 321, 324, 3.25

CO2 combining power, 289, 320-325

in acido.sis. 3.21-324 in alkalosis. 321, 324, 325

composition of, 805-815 electrolytes, 300-302, 625, 812 exchanges with interstitial fluid, 300 functions of, 805 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation,

320 hydrogen 312, 320-3.25

in acidosis, 321-324 in alkalosis, 321, 324, 325

lipids in, 489, 809 lipoproteins in, 45, 489 miUequtvalent value, 301 osmolarity, 299 potassium, 301, 307-310, 625, 812 proteins in, 558. 806 5Odium, 301, 302, 307--309. 625, 812 specific gravity, 798 volume, 294--297, 798 water content, 798

platelets, ascorbic acid, 155, 157 in blood coagulation, 799-rol

polysaccharides, BOB, 809 potassium. effect of adrenocortical

honnones, 308, 626, 710, 825 of glucose utilization, 441, 625,

728 of ~, 441, 625, 72$

proteins in, 558, 806 prothrombin, 800 pyruvate, 808, 809 reduced hemoglobin, 285-287 riboflavin, 180 serum. See also Blood.

collection of, 799

Blood (Continued) sodium, effect of adrenocortical

honnones, 308, 626, 710, 825 specific gravity, 798 sulfate, 628

ethereal, Wl7 inorgll.Dic, 627

sulfur, Wl8 neutral, 628

thyroJine, 629, 716 trantammases, 814 urea, amount, 811

effect of androgens, 811 of somatotropin, 563, 745, 811

factors influencing. 570, 811 in kidney disease, 570, 811 in liver disease, 811 in pregnancy, 811

uric acid., amount, 811, 812 factors influencing, 519, 812 in gout, 812 in kidney disease, 812 in leukemia, 812 in liver disease, 812 in pregnancy, 812

venous carbon dioxide in, 283, 286-291

oxygen in, 284-287 vitamins, 815. See also under names

of individual vitamins. volume, 296, 798

effect of adrenocortical honnones, 710

water content, 798 :zinc, 645

Blood-brain barner, 783 Bohr effect, 129, 287, 288 Bonds, hydrolyzable, energy levels, 376 Bones

composition, 635--637, 778 crystal, 636 di.seue, blood phosphates in, 813 effect of acidosis, 639

of adrenocortical honnOPllS, 635 of androgens, 635, 686. 735 of estrogens, 635, 695, 735 of parathyroid honnOlle, 634, 637,

730 of steatorrhea, 639 of thyroxine, 638, 719, 735

enzymes in, &15. 638, 778 formation, 63,5-637 glycogen and, 635, 636 glycoIysb and, 635, 636 growth, eJlect of vitamin D, 163, 164

in vitamin D defiCiency, 164 in vitamin A deficiency, 150 in vitamin D deBciency, 164 iodine in, 630 magnesium in, 631 matrix, 635 mineralization, 635-637

effect of vitamin D, 163 in vitamin D deficiency, 164, 165

minerals, 636 mobilization of calcium, 636-639 phosphatase in, 635, 636 proteins in, 635, 778 vitamin A and, 150, 151

Borohydride reduction, 64 "Bottleneck eHect," 769 B,om

N-acetylaspartate in, 581 cerebroside!; in, 40, 782 composition, 781-788. See also

Neroow riaaue. cystathionine in, 584

INDEX

Brain (Continued) glycolysis in mitochondria, 408 metabolism in, 783-788 oxygen uptake in thiamine

deficiency, 178 pbosphoinositides in. 38 requirement for pyrimidiDes, 522 urea synthesis in, 571-572

Branching enzymes, c1usification, 233 in glycogen synthesis., 397

Bretylium, 671 British anti-Lewisite (BAL), as inhibitor

of oxidative chain, 364 protection of sulfhydryl groups, 223

Bromobenzene detoxicatiou, 280 Bromouracil, mechanism of action, 675 5-Bromouracil, incorporation into

DNA,528 5-Bromouracil derivatives, antagonists

of thymine, 522 Brposted fonnulation, 69, 312 BuHer-base, 313, 320

of plasma, 313, 320 BuHer systems

bicarbonate, 314-316 for carbonic acid, 288-291, 315 for fixed aCids. 315 . hemoglobin, 288-291, 315

efFcct of oxygenation, 288--291, 315 oxygeuatcd, buHer capacity, 288 reduced buffer capacity, 288-291

in erythrocytes, 288-291, 314 in intracellular 8uid, 314 in plasma, 314--317 physiological, 314--317 plasma proteins, 314

BuHers, ff1, 314

CAD"'VDUNE, from lysiDe, 273 Calcification

in bcm.es. effect of vitamio D. 163­165,634

metastatic, in vitamin D eElS, Ul6 of tissues after parathyroid hol1DOll8,

732 Calcltonln, 638, 714, 736 Calcium

absorption. 632., 639 cHect of pan.tbyroid hormone, HE)

63.2, 730 effect of vitamin D, 163-165, 633,

634 in vitamin D deficiency, 165 in vitamin D exce8'i, 166 phytic acid and, 204

adrenal cortel: and, 639, 735 alkalosis and, 639 balance in vitamin D deficiency, 165 excretion, 638. 848 functions, 631 in bile, 638 in blood, 633

and piU'Qthyroid hormone secretion. 638.733

after parathyroidectomy, 730 coagulation. 798, 8Ot.l-ro2 effect of parathyroid hormone,

633, 634, 637, 730 of thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 on magnesium, 631

in vitamin D deficiency, 165, 634 in vil:llmin 0 ezcess., 100

in bone, 636 effect or vitamin D, 163 in vitamin D deficiency, 164, 165

INDEX

Calcium (Continued) in bone, in vitamin D el:Ce55,

labile deposit, 636, 637 stablc deposit, 636, 637

in cerebrospinal fiuid, 817 in e.rtracellular Buids 3OO-3( in feces, 638, 848 ' . in vitamin D deficieocy, 16 III foods, 639 in milk, 639. 795 in mwcle contraction, 428 in phosphorylase activation ~ in plasma, 300-302, 633 ' in teeth, 779 in urine, 638, 848. See also U

calcium after parathyroidectomy, 731 eHect of parathyroid hol'IIlOl

730 of thyrOxine, 638, 719 735

in vitamin D deficiency: 165 . in vitamin D el:Cess, 166 Intake and vitamin D deBciem: metabolism, 631-640

acidosis and, 639 and citrate metabolism, 637 androgcns and, 635, 68S, 73lii effcct of vitamin D, 163-HI5

634,638 • estrogens and, 635, 695, 735 parathyroid hormone in, 633,

637-«39, 730-733 thyrocalcitonin in, 638, 714 j thyroid and, 639, 719, 735 ' vitamin D in, 163-165, 633 f

638 ' mobili:zation, 636, 638

cffect of parathYroid honnone 635--638, 730, 733

of thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, of thyrOxine, 635, 638, 719,

neuromuscular irritability and, 6639

renal thrcshold, 638 requirement, 639

Caloric intake, 650, 65J adequate, 333, 651 as carbohydrate, 651, 652 as fat, 651, 652 as protein, 651 effects of, 651 food distribution, 651' requircmeut, 333

effect of activity, 334 vitamin requirement and, 651

Caloric valuc carbohydrates, 326 fats, 326 foods, 326 proteins, 326

CalOrie, definition, 326, 370 Calorimetry, 330

direct, 330 indirect, 330

Cancer chemotherapy, metabolJe antagOnism in, 673

Canine blacktongue, 183, 187 Capillaries

fluid cxchange across, 306 in ascorbic acid deficiency. 158 permeability, calcium and, 631

to electrolytes, 300 to organic compounds, 300 to proteins, 299, 306

Carameli:zation, 30 Carbamate kinase classification, 2J6 Carbamlno-CO~, in blood, 269, 291

859 INDEX

Clllciwn (Continued) in bone, in vitamin D excess, 166

labile deposit, 636,6.']7 stable deposit, 636,637

in cerebrospinal Buid, 817 in extracellnlar Bni.ds, J,(X}-302, 6J3 in feces, 638, 848

in vitamin 0 deJki"ncy, 165 in foods, 639 in milk, 6'39, 795 in 1DlL'iCle contraction, 428 in phosphorylase activation, 400 in plilmla, 300-302, 633 in teeth, 779 in urine, B38, 848. See also Urine

calcium after p8Iathyroidectomy, 730 cffect of parathyrOid honnone, 638,

730 of ,thyroxinc, 638, 719, 735

in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 in vitamin D excess, 166

intak-<: and vitll.ffiin D deficiency, 164 metabolism, 631--640

acidosis and, 639 and citrate metabolism, 637 androgens and, 635, 688, 735 effect of vitamin D, 163-165, 633,

634,638 estrogens and, 6.'35, ellS, 735 parathyroid homlOne in, 63.1, 634,

6J7-roG, 730-733 tbyrucal,citonin in, 638, 714, 738 thyroid and, 639, 719, 735 vitamin D in, 163 165, 633, 634,

638 mobilization, 636, 638

effect of parathyroid honnone, 635--638, 730, 733

of thyrocalcitonin, 636, 714, 7Jlj of thyroxine, 635, 636, 719, 735

neuromuscular irritability and. 62.3, 639

renal tn:rcshold, 63S requirement, 639

Caloric intake, 650, 651 adeqnate, 333, 651 ll.'i carbohydrate, 651, 652 as fat, 651, 652 as protein, 6.'jl eifects of, 651 food distribution, 651 requiremen t, 333

effect of activity, 334 vilamin requirement and, 651

Caloric value carbohydrates, 326 fats, 32e foods, 326 proteins, 326

Calorie, definition, 326, 370 Calorimetry, J30

direct, 3.10 indirect, 330

Cancer chemotherapy, metabolic antagOnism in, 673

Canine bLicktongue, 183, 187 Capillaries

Huid exchange across, 306 in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 permeability, calcium and, 631

to electrolyte~, 300 t(J organic compounds, 300 to proteins, 299, 300

Canlrneliuoon, 30 Carbamate kinase classification, 23fl Cubamillo-C02, in blood, 289, 291

Carbamino-C02 (Continued) in plasma, 2S9, 291

Carbamino compounds fonnatiOfl, eo in blood. 289, 291 reaction, 60

Carbamoyl-aspartate in pyrimidine syntheSis, 520

Carbamoyl-phosphate in ornithine cycle, 571

in pyrimidine syntheSis, 520 Carbamoyl trand"erases, cllUsification,

231 Carbazole reaction, 28 Carbobydra.ses

definition, 242­in digestion, 258 intestinal, 264 pancreatic, 263 salivary, 2.59

Carbohydrate(s} absorption. 270, 390 acetals, e, 13 amino acids from, 394, 548, 550 asymmctric carbon atoms, e biological significance, 4 caloric valuc, 326 chemistry, 4-3) clas<lification, 5 configuration, 6 cyclic structure, 9 definition, 4 dietary, 650, 652 caloric content, 651, 652

etlects of eXCeil5 on blood and tis­sue lipids, 502

dige~tion, 269, 390 gastric juice, 260 intestinal juice, 2f14 pancreatic juice, 26.3 saliva, 259 summary of, 269

cffect of alkali, 30 endogenonl..192 energy level. 375 energy prodnction, 405, 414 ethanol formation, 405 exogenous. 390 fat fmm, 393, 458

effect ot insulin, 727 fate in body, .392 fennentaHon. 30,395 from amino acids, 392, 423, 573 from proteins, 392, 423,573 functions, 4, 5 Haworth fonnulas, 10 hemiacetals, 9 in blood, 431, B08 in glycolipilh, 40-42 in milk, 795 interconversions. 406-408 intermediary metabolism, 394-447 lactate fonnation, 405 metabulism, 390-448

adrenocortical honnones and, 437 aerobic, 408-416

energetics, 414 high-energy ph()Sphate forma­

tion, 414 pyruvate oxidation, 409 tMcubo.xylic acid cycle, 41{)

after pancreatectomy, 443, 725, 726 after pancreatectomy-hypophy­

sectomy, 445 anaerobic, 395

hemse phosphatc$ in, 395-408 in mUJCle, 424, 790

Carbohydrate(s) (Continued) metabolism, anaerobic,

reversibility, 405 triose fonnatlon, 402

anterior pituitary hormone! and, 437

Carl cycle in, -\;25 effect of adrenocortical honnones,

437, 711 of insulin, 436, 126 of somatotropin, 437, 745

endocrine influellce!l;, 436 energy production, 408, 414 fat metabolism and, 447, 5()7, 002 glycolysls, 395 hexose phosphates in, 395-408 honnonal inlluences. 436 in adipose tissue, 423 in blain. 7&1, 784 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 726 in erythrocyte, 424 in kidney, 423 iDSllIin and, 436 lactate in, 405 muscle in, 424, 790 oxidative step, 403 pentQse in, 416 phosphorylation ln, 395, 402, 404,

'OS protein metabolism and, 447, 507,

602 relation to ketosis, 469 respiratory qnotient, 328 role of liver, 421 triose ph()Sphates in, 403

natural occurrellce," nomenclature,S optical isomerism, 6 potential tHlCIK}', 372 protein-sparing action, 5.50, 652 reducing properties, 10, 27 res:piratory quotient, 328 restriction, blood lipids: in, 469, 496,

610 fat metabolism in, B52

specific dynamic action, 333 sub~tituted and derived, metabolism,

'19 tests for, 26--30

alkali, 30 anthrone, 28 Barloed, 28 Benedict, 27, 28 benzidine, 29 Bial.29 carbazole, 28 chromatography, 26 copper reduction, 27 Fehling, 27 fennentation, 30 furfural-fonning, 28 gala.ctose oxidase, 30 gluco!;f! oxidase, 30 iodine, 29 Moliseh,26 mucic acid, 29 fl-naphthol, 28 nitric acid oxidation, 29 oreinol, 29 oSQzone, 29 phenylhydrazine, 29 phloroglucinol, 29 resorcinol, 28 SeUvanoff, 28 Tauber, 29 Tollem,29

utilization and bl<lod phosphate, 440,633

•

860

Carbohydrate(s) (Continued) water from, 293

I-Carbon unit. See abo Fmmau group8. and folinic acid, 201 and vitamin Bu. 201 metabolism, 588-594

Carbon dioxide assimilation, 413

in fatty acid synthesis. 458 in leucine metabolism, 580

buffering by hemoglobin, 288-291, 315

capacity of pla'mlll, 289, 320-325 in acidosis, 321-324 in alkalosis. 321, 324, 325

eombioing power, 289, 320-325 in IIddosi5, 321-324 in alkalosis. 321, 324, 325

content of plasma, 289, 320-325 in Ildrlosis. 321-324 in alkalos.b, 321, 324, 325

exchange in lungs, 283 exchange in tissues, 283, 289 fixation, hiotin in, 195 ill alveolal air, 2B3 in atmosphere, 283 in blood, 283, 287-291

a:; bicarbOllate, 288-291 as carbamino-C02, 289, 291 carbamino compounds, 289, 291 in solution, 289 increment in tissues, 289 loss in lun~, 291, 316

in erythrocytes, 290 in expired lIir, 283 in pla5ma, 288-291

milliequivalent value, 301 illOhydric transport of, 290, 315 partial pressurc in glveolar gir, 283

in atmosphere, 283 in blood, 283, 286, 288

and oxygen capacity, 287 in e.q>ired air, 283 in inspired air, 283

production, 283, 287, 302 reabsorption in kidney, 318 transfer, biotin in, 195 lran5port, 287-291

Carbon monoxide s.:; cnz}'me inhibitor, 224, J64 combining capacity, 140 inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, 364

Carbonate, in hone, f).16 Carbonate dchydratase classification,

252. See'also Catbortic anhydTa-1·e. Carbonic acid

buffer ~ystems for, 288-291, 315 in erythrocytes, 288-291, 315 in plasma, 288-291, 315

buffering b) hemoglobin. 288-291, 315

content of plasma in acidosis, 321­324

deficit, 321, 323, 325, 340, 344 excess. 321, 323, 324 in blood pla~ma. 289, 314, 320-325 in cxtracellular fluids, 301 in inlracellular ftuid5. 301 production in body, 313

CarboniC anhydrase classification, 252 in erythrocytes, 290, 804 in nervous tissue, 783 inhibitors of, 675 urine acidity ilTld, 317, 318

Carboxyl adenylates, encrgy level of linkage, 377

Carboxyl eden, energy level of linkAge..177, 318

Carboxyl groups, detennination of, 90 pK,70

Carboxyl phosphates, energy level of linkage, 377, 378

Carboxylll.5e in fennentatioo, 405 Carboxylesterase c1lUSificalion, 240 Carboxylic ester hydrolases,

classiJication, 240 Carboxypeptidase, 262

action, 262 classification, 245 in protein end-group analy~is, 64 nature, 2.l32 occurrence, 245 speCificity, 244

Carcinogenesis, relation to nuclcic acids, 533

Carcinoid, malignant. excretion of hydroxyindoleacetate, 594, 596

Cardiolipin, 39 Carnitine as acyl-carrier, 459, 465 CamOlliull.'lc, c\llll;Sification, 245 Carnosine

,8-alanine in, 583 histidine in, 583 structure, 61

Carotene in blood, 815 a-Cilfotene, 144 ,B-Cuotene, 144

structure, 44, 144 1-Carotene, 144 Carotenemia, 152 Cllrctenoids, 144

absorption, 146 bilc acidl in, 268

as provitamins A. 44, 144 biological activity, 143-14.5 chemistry, oW, 144 chlorophyll and, 146 classification ll.'l lipids, 33 destruction, 14.5 functions, 44, 147 identification, 145 in hlood, 146, 147, 151, 152,815

excess, 152 in fcces, 147 in foods, 145 in lipoproteins, 46 in mm, 146, 147 in tissues, 145-147 in urine, 14i metabolism, 147 occurrence, 44, 145 solubility, 145 structure, 144 tem lor, 145

Cartilage eompo~ition. 635, 77B enzymes in, 635, 638 glycogen in, 635, 636, 778

Casein compos.1tion, 59 digestion, 2el in milk, 793

Catabolism, 326 Cal9.lases

action, 365 catabolism, 614 chemistry, 135 clllll;Smcation as proteins, 54 inhibitors, 365 rate of turnover of iron in, 612

CatalYSiS, mechanism, 209 Catalysts function of, 209

vitamins B lLild, 174

INDEX

Catatorulin effect, 178 Catechol, inhibitor of clLtecholamme

methylation, 6il Catechol O-methyl transfersse, 699, 700 Catecholamines, antagonism of, 669

metabolism, 600--601, 700 Cathep~m

classification, 2.45 in protein catabolism, 558 occurrence, 245 role in metabolism. 247 specificity, 2.45

Catiorul as bases, 313 distribution, Gibbs·Donnan effect,

304-300 in blood plasma, 300-302 in extracellular fluids, 300-302 in intracellular fluids, 300--303

Cell, prototypc, 2 Cell membrane~, permcability to

electrolytes, 300 Cellulose, 5

dtetary and intestinal motility, 652 fermentation in ruminants, 390 functions, 5, 17 structure. 17. 19

Cementum, i79 Centrifugation, dcusity gradient, 115,

117 CepbaHn(s)

blood coagulation and, 37, 487, 800 catabolism, 486 chemistry, 37 da5.'lification, 33 ethanolamine, 37 fatty acids in, 37 in brain, 37, 782 in erythrocytes, 803 in platelets, 805 serine, 37 solubility, 37 structure, 38 synthesi~ 484

Cephalin-cholestcrol flocculation, 808 Ccramide(s), in sphingomyelin

synthesb, 485 structure, 40

CerllSine,40 Ccrehron, 4()

Ccrebronic acid, 40 Cerebrmides

chemistry, 40 c1asdfication. 33 galactose in. 13, 40 in Gaucher's disease, 40, 41 in nervous ti~roe, 40, 782. mctabolism, 488 occurrence, 40, 455 stnleture, 40

Ccrebrospinal fluid composition, 817 fonnation, 8]6 glucose, 432 magnesium, 631, 817 thiamine in, 176

Cerium, lattv livcr, 50S, .'lOfl Ceruloplasmin, 643

phYSical properties, 560 Cetyl alcohol, me~lhm, 483 Chastck paralyliis, 178 Chaulmoogric lIcid, structure, 35 Chelation, in enzyme action, 216 Chemotherapy of infection, metaholic

antagonism in, 672 Chenodeoxycholate, in bile, 267

synthesis, 479

INDI!X

Chitin, 22 Cbloramphenicol, as anlagonill

phenylalanine, 663 inhi.bition of protein synlh_

Chloride absorption, 624 -bicarbonate shift, 290. 315 distribution, 626

Gibbs-Dotullln effect and, 3 e~cretion, 624, 847 extracellular fluid, JOI, 626 in blood, 301, 625, 812

effect of adrenocortical bon 624, 700, 826

plasma, 301, 62.5, 812 in cerebrospinal fluid, 817 in digestive fluids, 624 in ertracellular fluidl, 301, 621

effect of porlliSi\1m less, 627, in intracellular fluids, 301, 30C in muscle, 303, 628 in perspiration, 294, JZ2, 624 iu urinc, 624, 847. See alllO Ur

chloride. effect of thyrOxine, 719

intake, 624 intennediary metaboliml, 628 intracellular Huhl, 301, 303, 62 metabolism, 62.'J.--827

effect of adrenocortical hann 624, 709, 826

of androgcns, 688 of estrogens, f:I95

shift, 290, 315 Chloride space, 298 Cblorocobalamin, 200. See also

Vitamin Bu. Chlorophyll and carotenoids, 146 Chlorophylloproteins, cl&s.sificatiol

52,53 Chlol'promllzine, 671 Cholane, 684­Cholatc

bios)'nthe:sis, 287, 478 conjugated, ~tructure, 61 in bile, 266 structurc. 43, 480

Cholecystokinin, 7."12 Choleic acids and lipid absorption Cho!cstanc, 684 Cholesterol

absorption, effect of p1llnt $lerob of unsaturated fatty acids, 41

facilitation by fat, 453 interference by dihydrocbolest

453 by sito~terol. 453

andrcnocortical honnones from, 704, 70."1

antilipotropic action, 504 as prccursor of vitamin D, 159, 1 bacterial ilction on, 275 cataooli~1Il to neutral sterol~ 47~

chemistry, 43, 47 choJic acid from, 2.87 conversion to bile acids, 478

to other steroids, 477 coprosterol from, 275 distribution in tissues, 456 cquilihration bct .....een blood and

tissue~, 477 esterase das!J.fication, 240

occurrence, 240 esterification, ~ites, 477 esters, digc~tion and abJ<q)tion,

distribution in tissues, 456 in blood, amount. 493, BOO

INDEX

Chitin, 22 Chlora.mphenicol, a~ anlllgQllist of

phenylalanine, 663 inhibition of protein SYT1the~is, 556

Chloride absorption, 624 -bIcarbonate shift, 290, 315 distribution, 626

Gibbs-Donnan effect and, 304-300 elcretion, 624, 841 extracellular fluid, 301, 626 in blood, JOt 625, 812

effect of adrenocortical hormones, 624, 709, 826

plasmil., 301, 625, 812 in cerebrospinal .fI.uid, 817 in digestive fluids, 624 in ext1'llceUular fiuids, 301, 625, 626

effect of potQ.S5iurn loss, 627, 710 in intracellular fluids., 301, 303, 1326 in muscle, 300, 628 in perspiration, 294, 322, 624 in urint:, 624, B47. see also Urine

chlDride. effect of thyroxine, 719

intake, 624 intcnnediary metabolism, fl2fl intracellular ftuid, 301, 3m. 626 metabolism, 6Z]---{l27

effect of adrenocortical honnanes, 624, 109, 826

of androgem. 086 of estrogeru, 695

shift. 290, 315 Chloride space, 298 Chlorocobalamin, 200. See also

Vitamin 8 11, Chlorophyll and carotenoids, 146 ChloIopbylll>proteins, clamflcation,

52,53 r:h lorpromazine, 671 Cholane, 684 Cholate

bios)nthesis, 267, 478 conjngated, structure, 61 in bile, 266 structwe, 43, 480

r:holecystokinin, 152 Choleic acids and lipid absorption, 44 Cholestane, 684 Cholesterol

absorption, effect of plant slerols, -195 of nnsaturated fatty acids, 494

facilitation by fat, 453 interference by dihydrocho1esterol,

453 by sito.~terol, 453­

llndrenocortical hormones from, 704, 705

antilipotropic action, 504 as precursor of vitamin 0, 159. 160 bacterial acliun on, 275 cataoolism \0 neutral sterols, 478 ehemhtry, 43, 41 cholic acid from, 267 couversion to bite acids, 478

to other sterOids, 477 coprosterol from, 275 clistributioll [n tIssues, 456 equilibration between blood and

ti-.sues, 417 esterase c1llS'iification, 240

occurrence, 240 esterification, sites, 477 esters, digestion and abs0r;P.tion. 453

distributlon In h~sues, 456 in blood, amount, 49.'), 800

Cholesterol (Continued) esters. digestion and absorption,

in blood, amount, polyunsatwated fatty .dd content, 483

occurrence, 36, 43 estrogens from, 690 "half-life," -177 in adrenal, eHect of aclrenocortic~

tTOpin, 704, 740 in IL5COrbic acid deficiency, 158

in bile, 269 in blood, 493, 809

after pIlucrealectomy, 443, 494, 500, 725, 727

amount, 493. 809 bile acids and, 810 effect of thyrOxine, 494, 507, 718 In diabetes mellitus, 443, 494, 50fl

725, 721 in erythrocyte:., 8M in milk, 794 in mmclC', 790, 791 in nervous tissue, 781, 782 in plasma, -193, 809

effect of plant ~terols, 495 effect of llnsaturated fatty acids,

494 lipoproteins, 45, 490

in ~kin, 180 Liebennann-Bnrchard lest, 47 metabolism, 474

effect of insulin, 443,477. 494, &>6 inOSItol and, 205

occurrence, .']~, 42 pTogesteroue from, ~96, 697 !Olubility, 43

and bile acids, 268 structure, 43 synthesis, 474

effect of plant steTols, 495 end-proouct inhlbition, 770 factors influencing, 477 sites, 477

Cholesterol; phospholipid ratio in plasma, 490, 495

Cholic acid. See CllOlate. Choline

as iudirect source of methyl groups, 589

defiden.;y, 200 fatty liver, 206, 502, 504 liver damage, 206

dehydrogenase, classification, 358 eHect on fatty acid oridation, ,t8R formation, 590 in lecithins, 31 in 1>phlngomyelins, 39 inhibition of metabolism by triethyl

analog, 666 lipotropiC action, 5M olddation to betaine, .')89 te~ts, 47 vitamin Mture, 200

Choline transacetvlase classification, 232 -

Cholinephosphatase claMiBcation, 240. Cholinesterase

and acetylcholine inactivation, 185, 787 .

cla~ification, 240 deficiency, 764 in nervoUs tissue, 783, 785. 787 occurrence, 240

Cholyl·CoA synthetase classification, 2~;

Chondroalbwninoid, 778 Chondroitin oceurrence. 23

86\

Chondroitin sulfate(5) in mucoprotein, 23, 777 metabolism, 421 occurrence, 23 structure, 24

Chondromucoid, 17B Chorionic gonadotropi.n, 744

in blood, 692-694, 144 in pregnancy, 692-694, 7-14 secretion, 744

Chromatography amino acids and general. !¥; carboh)'dr8te~, 26 fatty adds. 48 lipids, 45 nucleic acids, 1I7 purines, 118 pyrimidines, 118

Chromo proteins, classification, 52 Chromosomes, nucleic acids in, 513.

532,775 relaUon to nucleic adds, 513, 532,

775 Chylomicrons, 492, 810 Chymotrypsin

action. 262 classification. 245 nature. 262 properties. 247 specificity, 245

Chymotrypsinogen, 262 activation, 262 conversion to chymotrypsin, 2,l7

CiMamate, conjugation with glycine, 279

Cistron, 700 Citrate

and bone dissolution, (j37 as acetyl-carrier, 45g cleavage enzyme, 411 cycle, 410. See also Tricarbo:rylic

acid cycle. in blood, 808, 809

eHect of vitamin D, J63 In bone, 631

effect 01 parathyrOid honnone, 637, "'31

in semen, 818 in tricarbollyliC' acid cycle, .uO in urine, effect of androgens. 688,845

of estrogeus, 688, 845 of vitamin D, 163

metabolism and calcium metabolism, 637

and vitamin D, 163 Citrate lyase, classification, 253

function, 4J 1 Citrate synthase, classification, 253

in tricarboxYlic llcid cycle, 410 Citric acid. See Cilrate. ­

cyde, 410. See also 1'ricarborylic acid cycle.

in unne, 11:13, 731, 845. See abo Urine citric acid.

Citrovorum factor (CF), 196--202. See aho Folinic acid.

CItrulline, eonversion to arginine, 571 in ornithine cycle, 511

Clearance tests, 831-837 p_aminohippurate, 832-834 creatmine, 837 Diodrast, 8,']2---834 inulin, 830--834 manuitol, 831-834 prinCiple, 8JI urea. B36 uric acid. &37

'

862

"Clearing factors," 492 CO2, See Carbon diorick. Cobalamins, 1.98-204. See abo VItamin

B12 ,

in blood, 815 Cobalt

absorption, 645 in urine, 849 in vitamin BIz, 199, 645 requirement, 645

Cobamide coenzymes, 199, 200. See also Vitamin BIz'

synthesis. 526 Cocarboxylase, 176, 177, 251, 353, 361.

See also ThiomiTlR. pyrophosphate. in decarboxylation. 177

Code, genetic, 556 "Code" of base sequence in nucleic

acids, 113, 533, 554, 557 Codecarboxylase, 189

pyridoxine, 189 Codehydrogenase(s), 183, 186,352,354.

See also NictJtiTlOmide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate).

Coenzyme 1, 183-186,352-354. See also NicotilUJmide adenine dinucleotide.

Coenzyme n, 183-186, 352-354. See also NiCXJ"namkU adenine dinucliJotiae phospMte.

Coenzyme A, 19:1, 192. See also Pantothenit: acilJ., actions.

in oxidation-reduction, 361, 409, 412 in substrate pho~horylations, 381,

409, 412 in tran~acylations, 231 structure, '191 synthesis. 526

Coenzyme Q as component of oxidative chain, 358,

359", 300 function, 353, 358, 360 structure, 352

Coenzymes cobamide, 199, 200 coenzyme A, 231 deflnitiou, 214 Havin adenine dinucleotide, 353 Havin mononucleotide, 353 hmction, 214 in electron transfer, 351 in hydrogen transfer, 351 in oxidation-reduction, 351 lipoic acid, 353 nicotinamide, 185, 352-354, 596 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,

353 nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate, 353 nucleotide types, 116

metabolism, 523 riboflavin, 181, 353 specifleity, 215, 216 structures, 214, 352 thiamine, 176, 177 thiamine pyrophosphate, 251

Cohen reaction, 118 Collagen

ascorbic acid and, 156, 157, 778 classification, 53 hydroxylysine in, 595 in bone, 635, 778 in cartilage, 778 in connective tissue, 776 in muscle, 788 in skin, 780

Collagen (Con"nued) in teeth, 779 in<Xlrporation of proline, 582 nature of, 81, 776 structure, 81

Colloid osmotic premlre, 306, 798, 807 of blood plasma, 306, 798, 807

Colostrum, 793. See also Milk Coma, bepatic, 570 Compartmentalization of enzymes, 768 Competition as control mechanism, 769 Complementarity, 113 Conformation of peptide chain, 76 Coujugase(s), 198 Conjugate base, 69, 313 Conjugation

acetic acid, 280 cysteine, 280 glucuronic acid, 278 glutamine, 280 glycine, 279 iu detoxication, 277-281 methyl groups, 280 of androgens, 685, 686 of estrogens, 691 sulfuric acid, 279, 628

Connective tissue chondroitin sulfates in, 23, 777 composition, 776-781 hyaluronic acid, 23,777 keratosulfate, 23, 777 mucopolysaccharides, 23, 776, 777 proteins, 776-780

Constitutive euzymes, 762 Contraction, 425 Control, metabolic, 758-172 Convulsions in pyridoxine deficiency,

582 Cooking, effect on proteins, 540, 541 Copper

absorption, 643 aud hemopoiesis, 644 deficiency, 644 excess, 644 excretion, 643 functions, 644 in blood, 643 in dehydrogenases, 644 in enlymes, 644 in feces. 643 in hemocyanins, 644 tn hemoglobin syntbesis, 611 in milk, 643 in oxidative enzymes, 353 in phenol oxidaS"es, 844 in tissues, 644 in tyrosinase, 644 in urine, 643, 849 metabolism, 643 reduction tests for carbohydrates, 27

Coproporphyrin I excretion, 610, 619 structure, 122 synthesis, 610

Coproporphyrin III excretion, 610, 619 structure, 122 synthesis, 610

Coproporphyrinogen(s}, excretion, 619 in porphyrin synthesiS, 610

Coprostanates, in bile acid synthesis, 4TIl

Copr05tane, 684 Copr05tanoL fomaation from

cbolesterol, 478

INDEX

Copr05terol, from cholesterol, 275 in feces, 275

Co-repressor, 762 Con cycle, 425 Com, biolOgical value, 656 Corpus luteum

carotenoids in, 146 effect of luteinizing homaone, 743

of lactogenic homacine, 743 estrogen formation, 689 progesterone formation, 696

Corticosteroids, 701-71.'3. See also Adrrnocorlical hormon~.

Corticosterone, 702, 705, 706-71.'3 Corticotropin, 739. See also

AdreTlOmmcolTapic honnonf,. Corticotropin releasing factor, 740 Cortisone, 702, 705, 700-713. See abo

Adrenocortical honnones. Cortol, 705 Cortolone, 705 Cotransaminase, 189

pyridoxine, 189 Coulomhic bond in proteins., 80 Counter-current distribution, 97 Coupling factor(s), 3&3

oxidative chain ph05phorylation, 382 substrate level phosphorylation, 380

Cozymase, 183. See abo NirofinamNie­adenine dinucleotide.

Crabtree effect, 416 Creatine

conversion to creatinine, 578 in blood, 811, 812 in muscle, 429 in urine, 842

effect of androgens, 688 of thyroxine. 718

in vitamin E deficiency, 169 kinase, c!assilkation, 236

reversibility, 379 metaboLism .

effect of androgens, 688 of thyroxine, 718

in vUamin E deficiency, HID synthesis, 578 toleranee test, 842

Creatinine clearance, 837 coefficient, 842 formation. 578 in blood, 811, 812 in urine, 842 in vitamin E defieiency, 169

Cresol from tyrosme, 2il CRM,763 . Cr05s-reacting material. 763 Crotonase, c1auification, 252 Crotonyl-CoA reductase, in fatty acid

syntbesis, 461, 465 Cryoglobulins, 808

in blood, 808 Cryptoxanthin, 144 C-tenninal groups., 63 Cyanide

as enzyme inhihitor, 224, 364 as source of "formate," 593, 595 detoxication, 280, 586 in vitamin Bu ' 199 inhibition of cytochrome oxidase, 3M thiocyanate formation, 280

Cyanocobalamin, 199. See also ~

B12• Cyano<Xlbamides, 199, 200. See also

Vitamin B12 •

Cyclie AMP. See J',5'-Adenylate.

•

INDEX

Cyclic Structures in proteins, 76 Cyclitols, 6, 25, 28

rnetabolhm, 419 occurrence, 25, 26 ~tructure, 25

Cyclopentanophenanthrene, !ten) nucleus, 42, 681

structure of vitamin D, 159 Cycl05erine, as metabolic mtago

ll64

C~tathionase, classification, 252 In cy5teine metabolism 585 58

Cystathionine, 584 ' , Cystathionine synthetase c1assiliCl

252 Cystathioninuria, 585 Cysteate, 585 Cysteate decarboxylase classiflcati

2.52 Cysteine

I».cteria) actioo on, 273 conjugation. 280

with acetic acid, Z80 With betwme, 280 with naphlbolooe, 280

-)'dia..... SIl8 b~..-&om.m in dIltoxieatiOll, 2M)

mgIuto"'- .".- :m mteraJDYe'rsioD with ~, 5IW _&om.m men:~t ItC'ids, S88 metabolism. 5&t methane m.n. m ondation to sulfite uxl sulfate 5 protection against allazan. ...w structure, 57 synthesis, 584 taurine fonnation, 585 586

Cysteine desulfhydrase. ~lassifieatia 252

Cysteine §ulfenate, 585 Cysteine sulfinate, in cystei.De

metabolism, 585 Cysteine sulfinate declll'lxuylase

classification, 252 Cysteinylglycine in glutathione

hydrolysis, 578 Cysteinylglyeine dipeptidase

clauification, 245 Cystine

antilipotropic action, 503 bacterial action on 273 bile acid precllfiOr: 267 calculi, 587 effect in liver necrosis, HI8 excretion in cy~tinuria, 586 hydrogen sulfide from, 27:) in urine, 586, 843 mercaptans from, 273 methane from, 273 structure, 57

Cystin05is, 587 Cystinuria, 586

urine sul fur in, 628 Cytidine, incorporation into nucleic

acid, 522 strueture, 100

Cytidine deaminase, 248 Cytidille.diph05phate-eholine in

lecithin synthe&is. 484 Cytidi.ne-diphosphate-ethanolamine,

In phospholipid ~ynthem, 484 Cytidine nUcleotides, in phospholiptd

synthesis., 484 occurrence, 523

863 INDEX

Cyclic structures in proteins, 76 Cyclitols, 6, 25. 28

metabolism, 419 occwrenc~. 2~, 26 structure. 21'1

Cyclopenunophenanthrene, steroId nucleus 42, 881

structure of vitamin D, 1M Cycloserine, as metabolic antagonist.

CystatbionllSC, classification, 252 in ~teine metabolism, 585, 586

Cystathionine, 584 Cystathionine synthet35e classification,

252 Cystathioninuria.,585 Cystellte, ~85

CYiteate decarboxylase c~tion,

252

"'"

C~telne

bacterial action on, 273 conjugatioo,. 280

with acetic acid,. 280 with benunc. 280 with oaphtbaJeoe. 2fIJ

=:n~~m in detodcation. 280 in gtatathiooe syolbesis,. 5TT iDle~niloo with cystiM. 584............ _ll13 mereaplUric acitk,. 5M tIJl:tJII:disIn, 1M methaJle Fn:un, ~3

OIidation to sulfite and SlIlfale, 588 protection against .UO:GUl. 444 ortrocture, 57 syn thesis, 584 taurine fonnatiou, 585, 586

Cysteine de:roUhydrase, c1a5si6cation, '52

C)steine sulfenate, 585 Cysteine sulfinate, tn cysteine

metabolism, 585 Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase

clasnficatiOD, 252 Cysteinylglycinc in glutathione

hydrolysis, 578 Cysteinylglycioe dipeptidase

dassillclitiOIl, Z4~

Cystine antiHpotropic action, 503 bacterial adion on, 273 bile acid pre('ursor, 267 calculi, 587 eRect In liyer necrosis, 168 excretion in cystinuria, 566 hydrogen sulllde from, 273 ill ume, 586, 843 mereapta.ns from, 273 methane from, 273 structure, 57

Cystinosis, 587 Cystinwia, 586

urine sulfur in, 628 Cytidine, incorplJratJon into nueleic

acid, 522 5tructwe, 109

Cytidine deaminase, 248 Crtidine-diphosphate--cholille in

lecithin synthesis. 484 CyUdine-diphosphate.ethanolamine,

in phospholipid syllthesis, 484 Cytidine nucleotides, in phospholipid

synthesis, 484 occurrence, 523

Cytidyl transfera5es, cJa.'t'iification, 236 Cytidylate

incorporation into nucleic acids, 522 structure, III synthesis, 521

Cytidylic acid. See GrJtid'Jlate. Cytochemical localization of enzYIfl~

225 Cytochemistry,773-775 Cytochrome(s)

chemistry, 134 classification 35 proteins, 54 ",ffect of thyroriue, 720 in oxidations, 359, 360 oxidation potential, 181

Cytochrome c, tllmoyer rate, 613 Cytochrome oIidne

actiyatian by phosphatidyl serine,487 dassification, 355 chernimy, 134 inhibition of, .224, 364 inhibUon, 364

Cytochro_ n:ductases. 360 CytoUpin H. 40 Cytop....

euymm; in, 225, 115 soluble p~, 4.58, S5.2, 775

chemisl:ry, 715 enzymes, 775

CytmiDe catabolism, 522 in nucleiC acids, 106, 107 pK 01 unioo group, 107 sytJthesis., 521

DARAPRUI, ffl2 Dack adaptation test, 151 Deamido-NAD, in syntllesis of NAD(P),

525 Deaminl1SCS, hydrolytic, 248. See also

under namM of indiYidual enzymes.

Dcaminlltiun by inte~tinal bacteria, 271 of amino acids in kidney, 570

methods, 566 "Decamethonium," 669 Decarboxvlase;s)

non-oxidatiye, classification, 252 oXAlollcelate, 413 p}TU"'llte, 405

Decarboxvlation biotin itt, ITt, 195,413 by intestinal hacteria, Zll eocarboxylase in, 177 ~-Jipoic acid in, 117, 200 thiamine pyrophosphate in, 1Tt

p-Decarboxylation, 177, 195.4]3 biotin in, 1n, 195, 413

Decay constant, of radioisotopes, 341 Dehydratases, cJassmeation, 2.'i2 Dehydroascorbic acid. chemistry, 153

diabete.s mellitw; after, 158, 444 7-Dehydrochole500rol

actiYation,43, 161 3.S proYitamJn ° 3, 159 in Cbolesteml syntbesis, 475 in skin, 161, 780 stnlcture, 100, 479

ll_Dehydrocorticostcrone, 705,100. Sec also AdMlDCOl'tic(lI hMmona.

Dehydroepiandrosterone, 685-687, 710, m

in urine, 686

Dehydrogenases claJiSifico.tion, 350. 3.58 coenzYmes, 351 tlavin~linked, 357 flavoprotein, 181 lipoate-linkea. 360 tllcotinamide nncleotiae.linked, 359 pyridinuprotein, 1&5

II-Dehydro-J7-hydroxycortk"Qilerone, 702, 705, 706. See aIm AdrentJwrtil:a1 hormonu.

Dehydroisoandrosterune, &l5-687, no,71l

Dehydrophytosphingosme,39 Dehydroguinate, 546 Denaturation, nllC'leic Ilcids, 114

proteins, 87 c1a.s.siflcatlon, 52, 55 formation, 87

Dentin, 179 in iI,';(.'Orbic acid deficiency, 157

Deoxyadenylo.te ~tructure, 109 synthesls. 518

De<Jry=ate, 44, 479. See also BLle

choleic acids and, 44 in hile, 200 lipid aooorptiou liOd,. 44 synthesis, 479

Deoxycholic acid. See Dooxychol4te. ll-Deoxvcurtlcosterone, 702. See also

Adrenororl'ical 00rTrwn€.s. tests for, 704

l)eo,lJcytldtne, incorporation into nucl~ie add, 522­

Deorycytidine-3',5'..mpnosphare, log Deoxycytldylate structure, 109 ~ynthesis, 521

Deoxyguanylate structure, 100 iynthesis, 518

DtoxyhellD$C! in blood-group fK>!Ysac­charide., 1.1, 2~, 799

J.>eoxypentose{s), tests (or, ns Dooxypt:utosenucleic acid, definition,

102. See alio Dooxyribonucleic odd

Deoxypyrtdotine as inhibitor, 189, 666 DeoXYrihorl.uclease(s)

action, 512 classification, 241 in paJ1creatk ju~, 264 occurrence, 241

Deoxyribonudelc a.dd c<lntposition, 107, 108 confoTll"lation. three-dimensional, 112,

1I3 definition, lOZ helical stnoe~, 113 in chromoJOmes, 513, 5.'l2. 775 in tnItachondria, lOS in n"clew;, 513, 532, 775 ineorporation of I\na.logs. 52~

metabolism, 527, 5.'l1 methylation of, 526 relation to genes, 531 relation to pNtein synthesis, 534 structure, 109, 113

Deoxyribonucleic acid l'lucleotidyl­transferase elassification, 237

Deoxyribunucleic acid polymerase, action, 527

c1aS!i1icatioo, fJ37 Deoxyribose

formatioo fTam bound ribu:>e, 419, 515, 5i8, 52.2

In nucleic acid metabolism, 515

864

Deoxyribose (Continued) in nucleic acids, Ifr2, 100 occurrence, 11 phosphates, occurrence, 26, 109, 523 structure, 12 tests for, 118

Dcoxyuridylate synthesis, 521 De-repressors, 530, 762 Dennatan sulfate, 24 Desamido-NAD pyrophosphorylase

classification, 236 Desmoglycogen, 790 Desmosterol, cholesterol synthesis in,

475 Desthiobiotin, 194

biotin activity, 194 Desulfhydrases, classification, 252 Detoxication mechanisms, 276-281

conjugation, 277-281 hydrolysis, 277 methylation, 280 oxidation, 276 reduction, 277 thiocyanate fannation, 281

Deuterium exchange between protein and water, 82

Dextrans, 17 Dextrin(s), 18, 259

in amylase action, 243, 259 in starch digestion, 259, 263 iodine reaction, 30

Dertrin-l,6-g1ucosidase classification, 243

Dextrorotation, B Diabetes insipidw, 749, 825 Diabetes mellirus, 442

acid-base balance,.443 acidosis in. 322, 443 after adrenocortical hormones, 445 after alloxan, 444 alter anterior pituitary honnones,

445 after dehydroascorbic acid, 158, 444 alter pancreatectomy, 443

eHect of hypophysectomy, 445 after somatotropic honnone, 445,

745 after thyroxine. 445 blood eholesterol in, 443. 721, 810 blood glucose in, 443, 725 hI DOd lipids in, 443, 499, 725, 727 cataraet in, 652 dehydration in, 444 experimental, 442 fat mobilization in. 443, 499, 725,

727 fatty acid oxidation in, 443, 727 fructose utilization, 726 gluconeogene:ois in. 44.1, 725 glucose oxidation in, 443, 726 gluco:oe tolerance in, 443, 725 glucose utilization in, 443 glycosuria in, 44.1, 725 ketogenesis in, 443, 725 ketoiiJs in, 443, 506, 727 lipid metabolism. 44.1, 725 liver fat in, 500, 725, 727 liver glycogen in, 725 metabolic features, 443, 506. 725 metathyroid, 445 nitrogen balance in, 44.1, 125, 728 nitrogen loss in, 443 plasma chol~terol in, 494 potassium loss in, 444 protein metabolism, 443, 125, 128 respiratory quotient, 330, 443, 725 sodium loss in, 444

Diabetic puncture, 446 Dialysis, 86 Diamine oxidase classification, 355 Diaminopimelate, 23, 548 Diaphorases, 3tH

functions of, 410 Diarrbea, acidosh in, 322 Diazo-oxo-norleucine

antagonism of glutamine, 516. 517, 664

as metabolic antagonist, 664 inhibitor in purine synthesis, 516,

\ 517, 664 "Dibenamine." 671 Dibenzoylomithine, 61 2,6-Dichlorophenol indophenol test

for lI.SCorbic acid, 154, 158 Dicoumarin and prothrombin

deficiency, 173, 665 Dicumarol

antagonist of vitamin K, 173, 665 as metabolic antagonist, 664, 666 in uncoupling phosphorylations. 384

Dielectric dispersion, 78 Dienestrol, 689 Diet

adequate, 649 amino acids in, 654-657

availability of, 655 biochemical aspects., 649-658 caloric content, 650, 651

food distribution of, 651 carbohydrate io, 650, 652 deficiencies, in study of intermediary

metabolism, 338 deleterious factors, 657 effect on glucose tolerance, 440

on ketonuria. 469, 846 on urine acidity. 840

ammonia, 841 calcium, 638. 848 chlOride. 847 citric acid, 845 nitrogen partition. 841 nonprotein nitrogen, 841-844 oxalic acid, 844 phosphate. 639. 847 potassium, 848 sodium. 624, 848 urea. 841 uric aCid. 841, 843

fat m. 652 lipid in. 652 protein in, 653-657

Diethylstilbestrol, 689 DlHerential centrifugation, in localiza­

tion of enzymes, 225 in study nf intermediary metabolism,

33. DlJferentialion, cellular, 536 Digestion, 257-270

bile in, 268 enzymes in, 25B gastric, 260, 261 intestinal, 264 pancreatic, 262-264 salivary, 259 summary, 269

Digestive enzymes, 258. See also individual enzymes and organs.

Digestive Hnids_ See also individual Huids.

bicarbonate in, 3.22, 624 chloride in. 322, 624 electrolyte composition, 322, 624 glucose in, 43.2 potassium in, 624

INDEX

Digestive fluid:; (CQntinued) sodium in, 322. 624

Digitalis glycosides, 14 Diglyceride(s). 35. 481. See also Fat(s).

in fat digcstion. 263 II,P-Diglycerides, in phospbolipid

syntbesis., 484 in triglyceride synthesis, 481

Diglyceride kinase classification. 236 Diglyceride trarnacylase classification,

232 Dihydrobilirubin. in bile pigment

metabolism, 61B structure. 137

Dihydrocholesterol absorption, 453 in feces, 275 interference with cholesterol

absorption. 453 metabolism, 478

Dihydromesobilirubin, in bile pigment metabolism, 618

structnre, 137 Dibydroorotate in pyrimidine synthesis,

520 Dihydropyrimidinase classification, 248 Dihydrosphingosine, 39, 484

in sphingosine synthesis, 484 Dihydrotachysterol, 161 Dihydrothymine in pyrimidine

catabolism, 522 Dihydrouracil in nucleic acids, 106

in pyrimidine catabolism, 522 Dihydroxyacetone, occurrence, 11

structure, 7 Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

conversion to glycerolphosphate, 403, 41.

in glycolysis, 403 strncture, 27

Dihydroxycoprostane in bile acid synthesis, 479

Dihydroxymandelate, 700 Diiodotyrosine

absorption, 629 formation, 002, 715 in thyroid, 630, 715 strncture, 57

Diisopropyl Huorophospbate (DFF), 668 Diketogulonate chemistry, 153

from aseorbate, 156 DimercaptopropanoL See also British

Anti-Lewisite. protection against alloxan, 444

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, in cholesterol synthesis, 415

Dimethylethanolamine as precwsor of choline. 590

methylation of, 591 Dimethylglucose, 16 Dimethylglydne, from demethylatiOD

of betaine, 590 Dimethylglycine dehydrogenll.SC

classification, 358 Dimethylpropiothetin, 589 Dimethvlthetin, 589 Dinitrophenol in uncoupling

phosphorylatioIlS, 384 N-Dinitrop'henyl amino acids, 63, 93 Diodrast clearance, 832-834 Dioses

classification, 5, 6 definition, 5 occurrence, 11

Dipeptidases, 265 alanine, 245 glycylglydne~lassification, 245

INDEX

Dipeptidases (Continued) glycylleucine c1assi.6.catian, 245

Diphosphoglycerate, energy level linkages, 377, 378, 319

1,3-Diphosphoglycerate, in glycol 404

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate, coeIlzym glycolYSiS, 404

Diphosphoglycerate-creatine kina classification, 236

Diphosphopyridine nucleotide. Se Nicotinamide adenIne din&14 lid<.

Disaceharides. See also Carbohydtl chemistry, 14 classification, 5, 14 definition, 5 digestion, 264, 391 nomenclature, 14 structure, 15 tests for, 28

Dische reaction, 118 Dis!lOciation, electrolytic, 65 Dissociation cornt.ants, 65 Disnlfide group, in proteins, 7fl, 8C Diuretic analogs, 675 Dounan equilibrium, 304-306. See

also Gibbs-Donnan. Dopa, fonnatiou, 600, 601 Dopa decarboxylase

classification. 252 in epinephrine synthesis, 600 inhibition, 601

Dopachrome, 601 Dopamine, 606--601 Dopamine hydroxylase cllWificatiOI

35. function, 601

Double refraction of How, 78 DPN_ See Nicotinamide adenlne

dinuclootide (NAD). Drosophila, eye pigment in, 597 Drug(s), action on enzymes, 22.4

in milk, 796 Drug sensitivity, and glucose-a.

phosphate dehydrogenase defi, ciency, 417, 804

Duocriniu, 153 Dynamic state of body constituents,

541

E AND Eo, DEFINITIONS, 348 Edema and blood albumin, 807 Egg(s)

biological value, 654 carotenoids in, 14fl vitamin Din, 161 yolk, lipoprotein in, 45

Egg-white anti-biotin action, 193, 195 antitrypsin, 262 avidin in, 195 glycoprotein in, 23 ovomucin in, 23 ovomucoid in, 23

Ehrlich's aldehyde reaction, 139 Elastase, 245 Elastin

classification, 53 digestion. 241 in connective tissue, 776 in muscle, 188 in skin, 780 nature of. TI6

Electrode potentials, stand&rd, 348

865 INDEX

Dipeptidases (Continued! glycylleucine dassiOCation. 245

Diphosphoglycerate, eoergy level of linkages, 377, 378. 379

1,3'Diphosphoglycerate, in glycolysis, 404

2~1_l)]ph.0!ipboglyccrll.te, coenqme ill glycolysiS. 404

Diphosphoglycerate-creatine kinase c1~mclltion, 236

DiphosphopYridine nucleotide. See Nicotinamide adenine dinudev­tide.

Di~acchnrides. See also Carbohydrate1,!J). chemistry. U classification. 5, 14 definition,S digestion, 264. 391 nomenclature, 14 structwe, 15 te~ts for, 21'1

Dische reaction, lIB DisiIOcio.tion, electrolytic, 65 Dis~ociation constants, 65 Disulfide group, in proteins, 7e, SO Diuretic analogs, 675 Dollnan equilibrium. 304-306. Sp.e

a1$o Gibbs-Donnan. Dopa, formation. 6()(l, 001 Dopa decuboxylase

classification, 252 in cpinephrim: syntheSiS. 600 inhibition, 601

Dopacbrome, flOl Dopamiue, 606--001 Dopamine hydroxylase classification,

as6 function, 601

DouLle n:haction of floW, 78 DPN. See .\'kotinamide admine

dinucleotide (HAD). Drosopbila, eye pigment in, 597 Drug(s), action on enzymes, 221

in milk, 796 Drug sCMitivity, and l/:lucose-6­

phosphate dehydrogenase defi­ciency, 417, 804

Duoclinin, 753 Dynamic state of body constituents,

541

E ~pm Eo. DEFINITIONS, .148 Edema and blood albumin, fi)7 Egg(s)

biologieal value, 654 carotenoids in, 146 vitamin D in, un yolk, liPOproteiIl in, 45

Egg-White anti·biotin action, 193, 1M antitrypsin, 262 avidin in. 195 glycoprotein in, 23 ovomucin in, 23 ovomucoid in, .23

Ehrlich'3 aldehyde reaction, 139 Elastase, 245 Elastin

classification, 53 digestion, 247 in connective tissue, 776 in muscle, 7B8 In skin, 7MU nature of, 776

Electrode pOlclllials, standard, 348

Electrodialysis, 87, 95 F:lectrolytes. 64,

capillary permeability to, 300 cell permeahiHty to, 300 d1stributioll, Gibhs-Dotman equilib­

rium and, 304-300 in blood plasma, 300-302, 30i. 308,

625, 812 in cerebrospinal flUid. 8J7 in digestive lluids. 322, ~24 in erythrocytes, 800 in extracellular fluids, 300-302 in gastric juice..122, 624 in intracellular fluids, 300-302 in jejunal juice, 322, 624 in liver bile, 322, 624 in lymph, Bltl ill milk, 795 in muscle, 791 ill nenra] traMmission, 787 ill [lQncreatic juice, 322, 624 in perspiration, 294, 322, 624 in saliva, 322 in urille, 624 metabolism, after pancreatectomy,

444 effect of thyloAiue, 719 in diabetes mel1itus, 444

millieqniv.alent value. 208 osmolar value, 299

Electron affinity, 347 carriers in oxidation-reduction, 353

Electron micIO$Copy, 79 Electron transfer

ooen:zymes, 353 in oxidatioIl-reducliOJI. 349 oric4tioll potential and, 349

Electron.ttan.-,.ferring Bavoprotein (ETF'), function, 357. 358, 465

in fatty acid oxidation. 465 Electrophoresi3,68, 74

bemoglobin, 126 Electrostatic bond in proteins, 80 Elcidin, 779 Embdcn-Mcyerhof pathway, 395 Emotioo(s)

eHecl oh blood glucose, 431 on epinepbrine secretion, 700 on glycogenolysis, 434

Emotional glycosuria, 446 Emulsification

bile acids and, 263, 268 by monogl"ceridu, :}5 fat digestion alJJ. 263. 268

Enamel,779 mottled.. 646. 779

Encephalomalacia in vitamin D deficiency, 168

Encephalopathy in thiamine deficieDcy, 177

Ern:lergollic reactions, 326. 379 ATP utili:zation in, 379, 388 definition. 370

End-group analysis of polysaccbarides,

" of proteins, 63, 64 Endoamylase(~), cla.~sific9.tioIl, 2.43

occurrence, 243 Endopeptidase(s)

chymotrypsin. 262 classification, 245 pep.o;in, 261 trypsin, 2tl2

End-product inhibition. 769 Energetics

of ammo acid oridation, 574 of carbobydnte oxidation. 414

Energetics (Ccmtinl.led) of fatty acid oxidation, 468 of glycolysis. 375, 408

Ello:rgy free, definition, 370

relation to equilibrium constant, 370

levels of food~, 373 of hydroly:zahle linkages, 376 of metabolites, 373

metabolism. 326--335 of activation. 20Q origill, 372 potential, in carbohydrate, 372 production, in mitochondria, 364, 774

in reversal of photosyntheSis, 372 self-regulation, 385

storage, 327, 373, 379 utilization, 327

Lnol phosphates, energy level of linkage, 377, 378

Euolll5e classification, 252 in carbohydrate mettlholism, 404 inhibition, 224, 404. 646

Enolpyruvate in glycolysil, 41)5 Enoyl-CoA hydratase c1wiliClltion,

252 function, 465

Enoyl-CoA reductase in fatty acid synthesis, 465

Enterocrioin, 264, 753 Enterogastrone, 753 Enterobepatic cireWation Of bile acids,

267 Enterokinase, 262, 2tl5

c1assi£catioD, 245 in trypsin formation, 247

Enteropeptidase cl~i6calion, 245. See also Enterokinase.

Enzyme5, 209, 350. See also under nll.me5 of illdivi{]ua] en:zymes or of types

active site, 211-214 adaptive, 227, 228, 762 allosteric effects, 700 apo-, 214 as eatalysts, 210 branching, 397 calcium activation, 632 clll.SliDclltion. 228 eoenzymes, 214. See also Coenzyme;g. comhiDll.tion with Nbst:rl.lte. 210 compartmentali:zation as eontrol

mecbanism, 768 competition as control mechanism.

700 cOllcenlllltion. effect of. 219

of cofactor!.. effect of, 2.22 of tubstrate, eJJcct of, 218

constitutive. 7tl2 dige~tive, 25R, See also under names

of individual eru:ymes and orgaru. drug action Il!ld, 224 effect of androgem, tl88

of thyroxine, 720 end-produet inhibition, 700 extl'll.cellular, 210 feedback regulation, 762, 769 fluoride inhibition, 646 genetic inBuencp., 227, 750--768 glycolytic, in cytoplasm, 775 holo-, 214 hOlD1Onal inBuence, 22tl, 7tl2 bydrolytic, 233-250 in blood, 813, 1514 in bone, 635, 63e, 778

866

Enzymes (Continued) in cerebrospioal fluid, 817 in erythrocytes. 804 in feces, 274 in glycogen synthesis, 397-399 in glycogenolysis, 399-400 in glycoly.is, 395-408

localization, 408 in lcukoc)"Ws. 804 in milk, 796 in mitochondria, 364. 774 in muscle, 789 in nervous tissue, 783 in ribosomes, 555, 774 in semen, !l17 in synOVial fluid, 816 inhibition, 222, 364

in study of intermediary metabolism, 337

intracellular, 210 localization, 225

ion activators, 216, 643 kinetics, 217-222 Lineweaver-Burk pint. 222 localiutioD as control mechanism, 768 magnesium activation, 216, 630 mass action 8..5 control mechanism, 769 mechanism of action, 210, 212 Michaelis-Menten equation Ilild

constant, 221 molybdenum in, 646 multiple forms, 216 nomenclo.tnrc, 228 I\On-o~dative. 209-256 oll:idative, ela:;.'lification, 229, 350

copper in, 353, 643 dehydrogenases, .1.57~161

in mitochondria, 364, 774 iron in, 353 localization, 226, 415 oxidases, 354 types, 350

pH, effect of, 219 plethora of, 305 control meehanism, 769 pre-, 216 pro-, 216 prosthetic group~, 214 reactiom, ~elf-regulation, 228, 769 re~lation of action, 226, 758-772 1pecifkity, 211 sulfhydryl groups, 223, 403 temperature, effect of, 218 lime, effect on rale, 217 transferring. 230-238 zine in, 645 zyrnagens, 216

Eosinophils effect of adrenocortical hormones on,

713, 605 of adrenocorticotropin, 740

Epiandrosterone, 684-686 iu urine, 686

Epinephrine ACTH secretiou and, 700 llrJtagonists of, 669 biosynthesis, 700 catabolism, 601, 700 chemistry, 698 decreased formation in phenyl'keton­

uria, 599 effect on ACTH secretion, 680, 700,

741 on blood glueose, 434, 437, 701 ou blood lactic acid, 437, 701 on fat mobilization, 498 on glucose utilization, 438, 701 on glycogeuolysis, 400, 437, 701

Epinephrine (Continued! effect on glycolYSis, 437, 701

on lipid metabolism 507, 701 on o."gen cOnSUmption, 333, 701 on phosphorylase, 227, 400, 437,701

excretion, {lOO, 700 fOfluatillll, aoo, 700 from tyrosine, 600, 700 in blood, 701 in ebromaffin tissue, 699 in sympllthetic nerves, 699, 700, 786 in urine, 700 metabolic actiom, 701 metabolism, 700 5ecretion, 700

effect of blood sugar. 437 stimulation of hypothalamus, {lBO,

741 tests for, 699

Equilenin, 689 Equilibrium constant, relation to free

energy, 370 Equilin, 689 Equivalent weight5, 208 Ergosterol

aetivatiou, 159-161 as prOVitamin D~, 159-161 structure, 43, 160

Ergothioneine, relation to histidinc, 583

Erythrocuprein, 643 Erythrocyte(s)

buffer SY5tems, 2/;8-291, 314 bicarbonate, 288-291, 314 for cillhonic acid, 280-291, 315 hemoglobin, 288~291, 314 phosphate, 314

carbohydrate metabolism, 424 carbohydrates in, 803, 804 carbonic anbydrasc in, 290 cell surface caTbohydrall'(, 2.3 compOsition of, 803 electrolytes in, 803 enzymes in, 804 functions of, 803 glncose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

role in, 578 glutathione ill, 804

RmctiOIlS, 578 glycolyli:. tn, 804 hemoglobin in, 285, 803 life of, 803, 804

• lipids in, 803 m~turation, relillion to bemoglobin

synthesis, 611 permeability of, 803 thioneine in, 804

Erythrocytc-stimulating factor, 751 Erythrocyte stroma, glycolipids in,

40-42 Erythrodenrins, 30 Erythropoietic porphyrias, 613 Eryihropoietin, 751. See also

Hemopoietin. in hemoglobin synthesis, 611

Erythrose, structure, 7 Erythrose-4-phO!iphate, in pi!ntose

metabolism, 417 Erythrulose, structure, 7 Essential amino acids, 546, See also

Amino acid(s). for optimal growth, 546 requirements for flitrogen equilibrium,

546 sparing of, 547

Estera:;es, 238-242. Set: also under names of individual euzymes.

INDEX

Estera5eS (CQntinued) in digedioll, 258

Esteratic site, 212 Estradiol, 689, 690

ill tissues, &9 in urine, 691-{l94 metabolism, 690 occurrence, 6-89

Estrane, 6B4 Estriol, 689, e:K:I

in ti!i.'!ues, 089 in urine, 691-694 mctabolism, BOO occurrenee, 684

EstrogcIL~, 68~-RQ5. See also individual estrogens,

activation, 691 as antagonist. of androgens, 675 bioassay, 695 biological effects, 695 biosynthesis, 690

gonadotropins and, 689, 693, 742 chemistry, 689 conjuga.tioll, 691 effect on blood calcium, 695, 735

on blood lipids, 695 ou bones, 635, 695, 735 on calcium metabolism, 635, e05,

735 on electrolytes, {l95 on enzyme~ 695 on hyaluronic acid, 778 on liver fat, 695 on oviduct avidin, 195 on pigmentation, 781 on transhydrogeuase, 227, 361 on urine eltrate, 688, &i5 on water balance, 695

enterohepatic cireulation, 691 excretion, 691-694

in bile, 691 from androgens, 685, 686 from cbolestelOl, 690 from progesterone, eoo, 696 in blood, 691--694

in pregnancy, 692-694 in urine, {l91-694 inactivation, 691 interconversions, 690 liJX'tropic etf'ec[, 695 metaboli5m, liver in, 691 occurrence, 684 secretion

effect of llndrogen, B88 of follicle-stimulating honnone,

689, 693, 742 of lactogenic honnone, 689, 693,

742 of luteinizing hormone, 689, 693,

742 solubility, 684

Estrone, 689, 690 from adrenal cortex, 689, 701, 705 in tissues, 684 in uriue, 691-694 metabolism, 690 oceurrence, 884

Ethanol. See also Alrohol. in fermentation, 405 metabolism, 472

Ethanolamine as precursor of choline, 500 in eephalins, 37

Ethioniue activation, 590 as inhibitor, ti66

Etiocholanedione, 685

INDEX

Etioeholanolone, 685-687 in urine, 685-687

Euglobulins, classification, 53 lipid-poor, physical propertie

Eu'keratin, 780 "Even-distribution" pattern, 34 Exerci~t:

blood lactate in, 429-430 effect ou blood glucose, 431

on glueose tolerance, 440 ora glycog<:lDolYsil, 429, t34

lactate iu muscle in, 429-430 Exergonic reaetions, 326, 379

ATP foonation in, 379, 381, ~

definition, 370 Exoamylases, classification, Z43

oc<:urreuce, 243 Exopeptidases

aminopeptidase, 265 carboxypeptidase, 262 classification, 245

Expired air earbon dio-..ide in, 283 oxygen in, 283 water vapor in, 283

Ertractives, muscle, 791 EnriMic factor, vitamin Bu ItS, Exudative diathesis in vitamin E

deficiency, 168 Eye, melanin in, 780

FARNESYL pyrophosphate, in cholesterol synthesis, 475

Famoquinone, 170 Fasting, effed Ull blood glucose, Fat(s)

ab.-iorption, 451 bile acids in, 268

"acyl" nomenclllture, 34 autoxidation, 34

protection by tocopherob, 16 biological value, 652 caloric "alue, 326 chemistry, 33--36 classification, 33 composition, dietary inftuen«s, depot, compontion, 36 dietary, 652

caloric content, {l51, 652 effect of eX<:ess on blood and

lipids, 500 function~, 652

digestion, 451 bile acids in, 263, 268 gastric juice, 261 summa", of, 2B9

distribution in timle" 454 distribution pattern Qf fatty acic

34 fatty acids in, 34-36 fecal, 4.34 from carbohydrate, 393, 458 gastric lipase, 261 hydrolysis, 34 in blood, amount, 493, 809 in feces, 275, 454 in liver, in diabetes mellitus, 50.

725, 727 in protein dencieucy, 505, 651

in milk, 36, 794 origin, 482, 795 synthesis, 795

in muscle, 790 in plasma, 495 melting points, 34

867 INDEX

Etiocholanolone. 685-6B7 in urine. 685-6B7

F.uglobulins, clasliincation, 53 lipid~poor. physieal properties, 560

Eukeratin, 7SO "Even-distribution" pattern. 34 Exercise

blood lactate in, 429-430 eHect on blood glucose, 431

on glucose tolerance, 440 on gtyengenolysi!l, 429, 434

lactate in mwcle in, 429-430, 790 Exergonic reactions, 32B, 379

ATP formation ill, 379,381.382 definition, 370

Exoamylas«. elassineation, 243 occurrence, 243

f':xopeptida.le!l aminopeptidase, 265 carboxypeptidasc, 262 ela.",~jfication, 245

Expired air carbon dioxide in, 283 oxygen in. 2B3 water vapor in, 283

Extractives. muscle, 791 Extrinsic f~ctor, vitamin B12 as, 198 Exudative diathe!lis in vitamin E

deficiency. 168 Eye, melanin in, 7BO

FARHESYL p)'rophosphate, in cholesterol syntheSis, 475

Famoquinone, 170 Fasting, effect on blood glucose, 431 Fat{s)

absorption, 451 bile acicb in, 268

"acyl" nomenclature, 34 autoxidation, 34

protection by tocopherohi, 167, 168 biological value, 652 caloric value, 326 cbemistry, 33<16 classification, 33 composition, dietary influences, 482 aepot, composition. 36 dietary, 652

caloric content, 651, 652 effect of excess on blood and tissue

Iipids,5oo functions, 652

digestion, 451 bile acids in, 263, 268 j1;astric juice. 261 ~ummary of, 269

distribution in tissues, 454 distribution pattern of fatty acids in,

3. fatty acids in, 34-36 fecal, 454 from. carbohydrate, :113, 458 gastric lipase, 261 hydrolysis, 34 in blood. amount, 493. 809 in feces. 27.'1. 454 in liver, in diabetes mellitus, 503,

725, 727 in protein defiCiency, 505. 657

in mil.... 36, 794 origin, 482, 795 svuthesis, 795

in inuscle, 790 in plasma, 495 melting poinu. 34

Fat(,) (Continued) metabolism, 481

effect of irnu!in, 443, 506, 725, 727 in caloric restriction, 651 iu carbohydrate restriction,

448,469, 652 respiratory quotient, 328

mobilization, adrenocortical hormones, 49B. 506, 712

after hypophysectomy, 736 after pancreatectomy, 495, 499,

725, 727 eHect of adrenocortical honnones,

498, 506, 712 effect of somatotropic hormone,

498, S07, 748 in diabetes mellitu~. 49,'). 499, 72.'5,

727 pituitary honnones. 498. 507

nomenelatme, 34 oe<;urmncc, 32. 33 oxidation. after hypophysectomy,

736 pancreatic lipase, 263 pigmentation in vitamin E deficiency,

\68 protein.sparing action, 652 respiratory lJuotient, 328 saponification, 34 solubility, 34 specific dynamic action, 333 water hom, Z93

Fat-mobilizing hormones, 498, 506, 507, 712,746

Fat-mobilizing substances, fatty Iiycr from, 503

Fatigue, muscl.c. 430 Fatty acid(s)

a("tivation, 465 branched-chain. metabolism of, 471 chromatography, 48 classification, 35 degradation to acetate, 465 desaturation, 462 cnergetics of oridation. 468 energy level, .']75 essential. 36,

deficiency, fatty liver in, 504 ~ymptoms of, 462

facton inflllt'ncing rt:yuirement.

'6'fartv liver and. 504 in diet, 462, 653 metabolism, 462

fractionation, 4B identification, 4B in hlood, 495. 80Q in fat digestion, 263, 270 in fats. 34-36 in feces, 275, 454 in glycerides., 35, 482 in milk, 794 in nervous tissue, 782 in uncoupling pbosphorylations, .']M in urine. 845 interconversion, 462 ketogenesis, 467 "'etolysis. 468 lengthening of chain, 462 meltiug points, 35 metabolism, 458

carbohydrate mctabolism and, 447, 507,602

summarv, 451 odd carbon, metaho\ian Df. 471 omega oxidation, 411 oxidation, effect of tbyroxine, 718

Fatty acid(s) (Contlnued) oxidation, influence of choline, 488

o:uloacetate and, 470 pol)'\lnsaturated, in blood cholesterol

esters, 483 rndabolism, 462

saturated, classification. 35 in fau, 35

shortening of chain, 462 solubility, 35 syntheSis, 458

effect of inSlllin, 4tH. 506. 727 energetics, 481 in carbobydrate deprivation, 461 in diabetes, 481 regulatory inBuenccs, 461

unesterified, in plasma. 495 occurrence, 455

unsaturated, classifieation, 35 eHcct on cholestcrol absorption,

.94 on plasma chole:;terol, 494

in cephalins, 37 in fats, 35 in lecithins, 37 in phospholipids, 37-39

Fatty acid thiokinascs. See under Acyl· evA 9ymhetMe&.

Fatty acyl·CoA'~, energy levcl of linkage, 377, 378

Fatty alcobols, metaboHsm, 4Ra Fatty liver. 500

after nicotinamide, 185 from ethionine, 505 in choline dcHciency, 206, 502, 504 in e~ntial fatty acid deficiency,

""in Inositol deficiency, 205, 502. 504 in pyrtdoline deficiency. 193, 502,

504 Favism, 658 Feces, 274

bacteria, 274 bile pigmenu. 274, 617, 618 calcium, 638, 84.8 carOtcnoids. 147 color, 274, 617, B18 composition, 274 copper,64J cnzymes. '274 fats, 275, 454 fatty acids, 275, 454 formation, 274 inorganic components, 274 iodine, 629 lipids, 275 magne~ium, 631 manganese, 645 nitrogen, 274 odor, 274 organic constituents, 274 phosphate, 638 pigment, 274. 617, 61B potassillJT1, 624 protein. 274 riboflavin, 181 soaps. 275, 454 sodJum,624 sterols, 275 thiamine, 176 thyroxine, 717 vitamin A, 147 vitamin B12• in pernidow anemia,

202 vitamin E, 168 vitamin K, 172 water, 274, 293

.

868

"Feedback" in bile acid syntbesis, 480 in cholesterol synthesis, 477 in hormone secretion, 679 in purine synthesis, 517 in pyrimidine metabolism, 520, 521 regulation of enzyme reactions, 228,

759, 762, 769 Fehling test, 27 Fermentation, 395. See aho Glycolysis.

by intestinal bacteria, 271 energy proouction, 375, 408 ethanol formation, 405 of fructose, as test, 30 of glucose, as test, 30 of maltose, as test, 30 of mannose, as test, 30 of sucrose, as test, 30 of sugars, as test, 30 test, 30

Ferricyanide, as artificial electron­acceptor, 363

Ferriprotoporphyrin structure, 124 Ferritin, in iron metabolism, 640-642

in tissues, 640-642 Ferroprotoporphyrin structure, 123 Fetus, resorption in vitamin E deficiency,

169 Feulgen reaction, 118 Fibrin, 81, 801 Fibrin monomers, SOl Fibrin stabilizing factor, 802 Fibrinase, 802 Fibrinogen in blood, 558, 801

abnormaJ, 808 amount, 808 facton inDuencing, 808

in blood coagulation, 801 phy~ical properties, 560 structure, 81

Fibrinoly~in, BOl, 802 Fibrinolysis, B02 Fibrinopeptides, BOI Fibroin struchlre, 81 Filtration fraction, 834, 835 "Fingerprinting" technique, 97, 11.6 Firsl-order reaction kinetics, 218 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD),

180. See also RiboflaVin udenirw dinllcleotide.

as coenzyme, 353 metabolism, 525 structure, 352

F1avin adenine dinueleotide pyrophos­phorylase classification, 236

Flavin-linked dehydrogenases, 357 Flavin mononucleotide, 1BO. See also

Riboflavin. as coenzyme, 353 metabolism, 525 structure, 352

Flavoproteins, 353. See also Riboflavin. ehemistry, 179 elassification, 52, 54 electron-trausferring, 357, 358, 465

F1uid aqueous bumor, gluco!ioe in, 432 compartments, excbanges., 303-308.

3]9 across capillaries, 306

digestive. glucose in. 432 extracellular. anions. 300-302

bicarbonate. 300~302

buffer svstem~, 314-317 calcium, 300-302 earbonie acid. 30] cations., 300-302

Flnid (Continued) extracellular

chloride in, 300-302 composition, 300-302

regulation of, 309 electrolytes, 300-302 exchanges, with intracellular

fluid, 307-311, 3]9 factors influencing. 309 magnesium in, 301, 631 milliequivalent value, 300-302 millioomolar value, 299 organic acilh, 301 osmolarity, 300, 309 pbospbate. 301, 302 potassium in, 300--302, 307, 625,

626 effect of adrenocortical honnone~,

30B, 626, 710 protein, 300-302, 306 ~odium in. 300-302, 307-310, 626

effect of adrenocortical honnones, 308, 626. 7 JO

sulfate in, 301 urea in, BJ 1 volume, 294, 297

regulalion of, 309 interstitial, 297-302. See aha Fluid,

extT'acellular. bicarbonate in, 301 chloride in, 301, 626 electrolytes in, 300-302, 307. 3OB.

624 glncose in, 432 potassium in, 300-302, 307, 30B,

624 sodium in, 300-302, 307, 308, 624

intracellular, anions, 301, 303 bicarbonate, 301, 303 buffer systems, 314 cations, 301, 302 chloride in, J01, 303, 626 compositiou, 302

regulation of, 309 clectrolytes, 301, 30'2 exchanges with extracellular fluid,

307-311,319 glucose in, 432 bydrogen-ion com:entration. 319 maj!;nesium in, 300-303, 631 millieqUivalent value, 301, 302 milliosmolar value, 300. 307 osmolarity, 300, 309 pbosphat~, 301, 303

effect of glueo'le, JOB of insulin, 308

potassium in, 301-303, 307--309, 625

effect of adrenocortical bonnone~,

308,626,7]0 of glucose, 308, 626 of in~ulin, 308, 626

protein in, 301, 303 sodium in, 30]-303, 307-309, 626

effeet of adrenocortical hormones, 308, 626, 710

sulfate in, 30], 628 urea in, Bll volume, 294, 295

regulation of, J09 ~ynovial, gluco~e in, 432 transcellular, 295, 300

F1uoride absorption, 646 as euzyme inhibitor, 224, 404, 646 eIcretiou, 646, 849 in bone, 636, 646

INDEX

Flnoride (Continued) iQ teeth, 64fl, 779 in urine, 646 inhibition of enolase, 224, 404, 646

F1uorine, in urine, 849 F1uoroacetate

as inbibitor-rrecunor, 666 inhibition 0 aconitase, 411, 666 occurrence in nature, 665

F1uorocitrate as inhibitor, 600 F1uorodinitrobenzene reacUon, 63, 93 F1uorosis, 64fl F1uorouracil, as pyrimidine antagonirt,

675 5-F1uorouracil, inhibitor in thymidylate

syntbesis, 521 Folic acid

antagonism of suUonamide~, 662 a~y, 198 biosynthesis, 196 chemistry, 196 classification as pseudopeptide, 60, 61 conjugates, ]96-198

action of conjugases, 198 deficiency, 203

by analogs, 203 by sulfonamide~, 203 in liver disease, 203 in pregnancy, 203 in sprue, 203

excretion, 198 folinic aeid derivative, in "formate"

metabolism, 592 from p-ammoben2oic acid, 197 functions, 20], 202 hemopoiesi! and, 20'2-204 in blood, 815 in fece~, 198 in foods, 198 in glycine-serine interconverll!on,

576, 592 in bemoglobin synthesis, 611, 642 in tyrosine metabolism, 600 in urine, 198 inhibition of metabolism by analogs,

600,673 occurrence, 198 requirement, 198 structure, ]97 transfonnation to folinic acid, ]97

ascorbic acid in, 197 Folin phenol reagent, 93 Folin-Malmro~ method, 28 Folin-Wu method, 28 Folinic acid, 196--202

action of eonjugases, 19B as fonnyl carner, 201 assay, 19B hiosynthesis, 196

ascorbic acid in, 156, 158, 197 ehemistry, 1!:16 conjugates, 196-198 deficiency, 203

in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 excretion. 198 from folie aeid. 197

ascorbic acid action, 197 functioll.'l. 20], 202 in feces, ]98 in foods. ]98 in hemopoie~is, 202-204 in nucleic acid syntbe!i!, 201 in pantothenate !ynlbe!is. ]92 in purine syntheSiS, 201, 515 in pyrimidine syntbesis., 201 in serine formation, 20] in urine, 19B

INDEX

Folinic acid (Continued) occurrence, 198 requirements, 198 structure, 197

Follicle-stimulating honnone. 7· actions, 743 lI.SSlI.y, 743 cheII1istry, 743

Food. ascorbic acid in, 154 biochemical aspects of, 649-6 caloric value, 326 common catabolic pathways, deleterious facton, 657 energy levels., 373 beat production, 326, 327 specific dynamic action, 333 vitamin A in, 145 vitamin Din, 16] water in, 293

Formaldehyde, as source of bydroxymethyl fragment, ~

metabolism, 592 "Fonnaldehyde" groups, iDcorpo

into serine, S76, 592 in thymine ~yntbesis, 521

Formamidase, clurificatiou, 248 "Formate" hagment, from IJ·amiJ

levulinate, 609-610 "Fonnate gronps"

and folinic acid, ]97,201 and vitamin B 20212,

coenzyme carner, 592 formation, 592 from methanol, 276 in purine synthesis, 51S incorporation into histidine, 5Q

into purines. 515, 593 interconvenion with methyl gn

593 utili2ation, 593 vitamins involved, 201, 591-594

"Formll.te"-transferring enzymes, l

fication, 231 Fonnic acid as source of "format

593 Formimino group, melaboUsm, 59 Formiminoglutamate lUeretion in

acid deficiency, 666 in histidine metabolism, 583

Fonnol titration, 91 Fonnylglycineamide ribotide, in

purine syntheiis, 517 Fonnylkynurenine formation, 596 Formyltetrahydrofolate synthetue

classification. 255 Formyltetrahydrofolic aeids., ]97 I

in one-carbon unit metabolillD: 201

Fouchet test, 138 Free energy, of formation, 375

relation to oxidation potenlial, 3 Free radicals in biological olidat

353 Fructans, 17 Fructokinasc

classification, 236 in liver, 406 in muscle, 406

Fructose absorption, 391 fennentation test, JO furanose form, 12 in blood, 432, 808 in seminal Ruid, 433, 818 in sucrose digestion, 264 in urine, 433, 442, 648

869 INDEX

Folinic acid (Continued) OCCUITence, 198 requirements, 198 Jl:n.icture. 197

Follicle-stimulating honnone, 741-743 actions, 743 ~r, 743 chemistry, 743

Foo," ueurbk acid In, 154 biochemical aspects of. 649-858 caloric value, 326 common catabolic pathways, 374 deleteriow fa.et:on. 6.'57 energy levels, 373 beal production, 326, 327 spedRc dynamic action, 333 vitamin A In, 14.5 vitamin 0 in, 161 water in, 293

Formaldehyde, as source of hydroxymethyl fragment, 592

metaoolkm, ~92.

"Formaldehyde" groups, incorporation into senne. 576, 592

in thymine syntheSiS, 521 Fonnamidase, classification, 248 "Fonnate" fragment. from 8-amino­

lcvulinate. 609-810 "Formate groups"

and foliuic acid, 197,201 and vitamin 8 12> 202 coen;l:yme carrier, 592 (oundioo, .592 from methanol, 276 in purine synthcsi!., 515 incorporation into histidine, 593

into purines, 515, 593 intcrconversioo with methyl groups,

593 utilization, 593 vitamiu,s involved, 201, 591-594

"Fonnate"-transferring enzymes, classi­fication, 231

Fonnic acid. as source of "formate," 593

FonniITlino group, metabolism, 593 Formiminoglntaffiatc excretion in folic

add defici.ency, 666 in histidine metaOOIi.:;m, 583

Formu\ titration, 91 Fonnylglycineamide ribotide, in

pUrine synthesis., 517 Fonnylkynurenine formation, 500 FonnyltetrahydrofohJte synthetase

classification, 255 Formyltetrahydrofolic acids, 197, 201

in one-carbon unit mehl.bolbm, 197. 201

Fouchet test, 138 Frec encrgy, of formation, 375

relation to oxidAtion potential, 382 Free radicals in biological oxidations,

353 Fructans, 17 FT'IIctonnll$e

c1as.~ification, 236 in livcr, 406 ill muscle, .oiOO

Fructose absorption. 391 fcrmentation test, 30 furallose fonn, 12 in hlood, 432, 808 in seminal f1nid. 4J3, 818 in sucrose digestion, 264 in urine, 43J, 442. 846

Fructose (Continued) intermediary metabolism, 406.-407 intolerance, 407 oocu~nce, 13 phospborylation, 406 pyranose form, t2 structure, 7, 12 tests for, 26-30 utilization in diabetes mellitus, 726

Fructose-l,6-diphosphatase. effect of glucocorticoids, 437

regulation of, 400-403 Fructose diphosphate aldolase

clas.silication, 253 Fructuse-I.6-dlphoiphate, in glycolysis,

402 structure, 27

Fructose-I-phospbate structure, 27 Fructose-I-phosphate aldolase, 403

clll5.lillcation. 253 Fructose-6-pbosphate, in glycolysis. 40'2.

strocture, 27 Fructo:mrla, 4J.3, 442, 848 FSH, 741-743. See also Follicle­

9tbnuloting hormone. Fucosc

in blood group polysaccharides, 22 OC'CUlTence. 13 structure. 12 synthesis, 407

Fucuse derivatives, synthesiS, 421 Fumarue. classifiClltiOl\. 25

in tricarboxylic acid cycle, 412 Fumarate, formation from tyrosine. 6(X)

in tricarboxylic acid cycle, 412 Fumarate hydn.we cla.s&ification, 252.

See also Fumarme. Fumarylacetoacetate. fonnation, 800 FUClUlO$f: fonns of glucose. carbohy­

drates, 10 of fructose, 12

Furfural-fanning lesu, for carbohy­drates, 2B

G-ACTLl<, 42.7, 78'9 Galactans, 17 Gaillctitol, occu~nce, 419 GalactoHavin as inhibitor, 666 Galactobnasc, clauUication, 236

in liver, 407 Galactolipids, 40-42

in nervous tissue. 40, 782 Galactosamim;

in chrondroitin suHates, 23 in mucopolysaccharides, 23 metabolism. 420 -ltructure, 20 synthe,j<;, .oi2(l

Galactose absorplion, 391 cataract after, 652 formation, 407 from glucose, 407, 795 glucose ITorn, 407 in blood, 433 in cerebrosides, 1.1, 40 in gangliosides, 41 in glycolipids, 13, 40-42 in lactase, 15 in lactose digestion, 264 in nervous tissue, 783 in urine, 433, 442, 848 intermediary metaoolism, 407 lactose from, 408, 79.'> occurrence, IJ

Galactose (ContinuW) oxidase test, 30 phosphorylation, 407 strucrure, 7, 12 tests for. 26--30

Galactose-l-phO§phate in earbohy­drate metaoolism, 407

Galactose-l-phosphllte-uridyl tran.J. fcrase, in galadusePlJa, 407

Galactosemia, congenital, absence of gaiactose-l-phosphate--uridyl uansferase, 401

galactosuria in, 442 fi-Galactosidase, clMlifiClition, 24.1

occurrence, 243 Galactosuria, 433, 442, 848 Galacturonate, 21

in pectin, 22 structure, 20

GalbtOIlC:;' 266 GangliOSide!

classification, 33 oceunence, ol55 structure, 41

Ganglirmne, 41 GargoYll5m, 421 G~s chromatography, 98 Gas law~, 282 Gases, exchange in lungs., 283, 285, 288

in thsues. 283, 285, 289 Gastric juice, 200

acidity. inhibition by enterogastrone, 753

sUmwation by gastrin. 753 blood group speci.6c factors in, 700 chloride in., W, 624 compos:ition, 260 digestive action, 200, 261 electrolyte composition. 322. fl24 enzymes, 260 biil:8.It1ine stimulation., 260 hydrochloric acid, 200 intrimic factOr in, 202 IipllSe. 281 potwium in, 624­sodium in, 322, flU vagus Stimulation, iBO

Gastricsin classification. 245 Gastrin, 753 Gastrointestinal changes, in niacin

de.llcicncy, 1843 in pantothcnic acid de6dellcy, 193

GasUointestinal hormones, 752 cbolecystokinin, 752 enterogastrone, 753 gastrin. 753 pllDcreozymin, 262. 752 ~ecretin, 200, 262. 752

Gauc:her's disease cerebroside lllelaOOlbm.l in, 48'9 cerebrosides in, 40, 41 lipid depo!>its in, 456

Gciger-Milllcr countcr, 343 Gel ffitration, 98 Gelatin, 776

biological value, 654 composition, 59 from collagen, 776

Gene(s) control, 761 dOSll.ge compensation. 763 mutations, 762 operator, 161 regulator, 761 relation to nucleic acids, 531 structural, 760

Genetic code, 556

810

Genetics biochemical, 760--768 relation to enzymes, 227. 760-768 relation to hemoglobin structure, 127 relation to nucleic acids, 113, 758,

760-768 C~notype, 700 Gerany} pyrophosphate. in choles­

terol synthesis, 475 Gibbs-Donnan effect, 304-306

electrolyte distribution and, 304-300 osmotic pressure and. 304-306

von Gierke's diselllie, 401 Giganti~m, 745 Gliadin classification, 53 Globin in hemoglobin synthesis, 611 Clobosides, classifleation, 33

structure, 41 Globulin(s)

accelerator, 800 antihemophilia. 800 dassmcati<lD, 52, 53 in blood, 558

abnormal, 807, 808 amount, 559, 806 factors influencing, 806-808 fractionation, 558, 806 in infants, 807

in lymphocytes. B04 in mnscle, 789 in nervous tissue, 782 in plasma. classification, 53, 558

pbysieal properties, 560 X, 426. 789

"(-Globulins, structure, 562 GlomerulllI filtration, 822, 830. 83.5

factors influencing, 831-833 of glucose, 441, 824

Glucagon, 438, 728 effect on blood gluc05e. 438, 728

on fat mobilization, 498 on glycogenolysis, 400, -tl8, 729 on lipid metaboliml, 729 au liver glycogen, 4.'38, 728 au phosphorylase, 227, 400, 438,

728 on protein metabolism, 729

Glucans, 17 a-Glucan-branching transglycosylase

classification, 233 a-Glucan pbosphorylase classiflcation,

233 Glucaric acid, 21 GlucOa5(;Qrbic acid as inhibitor, 667 Glucogenic amino aCids. 392, 423, 573 Glucokinase. See also HeTlJk1nase.

claloSification, 236 in gluc05e utilization, 395, 396 in liver, 396, 406

Gluconate, 21 structure, 20

Glnconate-6-pb05pbate in peutose metabolism, 417

after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 blood glucose from, 433 definition, 392 effect of adrenocortical honnones,

423, 4.'37, 711 of insulin, 434, 437, 726 of thyroxine, 718

factors influencing, 405, 434 from amino acids, 392, 423, 573 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 725 role of transamination, 573

Gluconolactonase, classification, 240 occurrence, 240

Gluconolactone-6-phosphate in pentose metabolism, 417

Glucopyranoses, in glycogen, 18 in starch, 18

Glucosamine in blood, 808, B09 in chitin, 22 in glycolipids, 41 in heparin, 24 in hyaluronic acid, 23 in r~ucopolysaccharides, 22 metabolism, 420 occurrence, 21 structure, 20

GluCQ5amine transacetylase classifica­tiou, 232

Glucose absorption, 270, .'391

effect of thvroxine, 391, 434 factors infl~encing, 434

aerobic metabolism, 408-416 a and P forms, 9 amino acids from, 394, 548. 550 anaerobic metabolism, 395 ascorbic acid from, 15S, 421 caloric value, 326 cyclic structure, 9. 11 effect on blood potassium, 441, 625.

728 on iutracellular phosphate, ·'306 on intracellular potassium, 308, 626 on potassium distribution, 308, 626 on respiratory quotient, 441

endogenous, 392 energy from, 406, 414 energy level. 375 entrance into cell, influence of

insulin, 395, 436, 726 exogenous, 390

fate in bodv. 392 fat from, 393: 458 fennentation test, 30 from amino acids, 392, 423, 573 from mositol, 205, 420 from proteins, 392, 423, 573 galactose from, 407, 795 glomerular filtration. 441,824 glucuronic acid from, 421 glycolysi5, 395 in aqueous bumor, 432 in blood, absorptive, 438

aIter earbobydrates, 438 after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 arterial-venous differences. 431 effect of adrenocortical hormones,

434, 437, 711 of adrenoCQrticotropin, 740 of anterior pituitary bormones,

434, 437, 745 of emotion, 431 of epinephrine, 434, 437, 701 of exercise, 431 of fasting, 431 of glucagon, 438, 728 of growth honnone, 4:15, 745 of insulin, 433-437. 725 of norepirlephrine, 437, 701 of pain, 431 of thyrOxine. 438, 718 on blood pho~phate, 441, 633, 728 on brain glycogen, 783, 784 on epinephrine secretion, 434 on glucose utiliz;ation, 433-4:15 on insulin secretion, 434, 435 on islet cells, 444

factors influencing, 433

Glucose (Continued) in blood, from amino acid:;,

'')3 from lactate, 433 from liver glycogen, 422, 435 in diabetes mellitus, 44:1, 725 normal values, 431 posta~rptive, 431 cate of entrance, 433 regulatiou of, 435 regulatory mechanism, 435 removal, factors iuRuencing, 434 sources of, -tl3

in body fluids, 432 in cerebrosides, 40 in cerebrospinal fluid, 432, 817 in digestive fluids, 432 in erythrocytes, 431 in gangliosides, 41 in interstitial fluid, 432 in intracellular fluids, 432 in lactose digestion, 264 in lymph. 8le in maltose digestion, 264 in nervous tissue, 782 in plasma, 4.11 in sucrose digestiou. 264 in urine, 441, 848. See also Urine

glu.~e and GJ!Jcosuria. after paucreatectomy. 443, 725 after phlorizin, 446 effect of somatotropin, 745 in diabetes mellitus, 4(3, 725 non-diabetic, 446

inositol from, 205 lactose from. 408, 795 mannose from, 407 metabolism, 393--419

aerobic, 408-41e anaerobic, 395 in nervous tissue, 783, 784

milk fats from, 795 mutarotation, 9 occurrence, 13 oxidase test, 30 Oxidation, 393. See also GllJC()~

utilization. after hypophysectomy, 73e after paucreatedomy, 443, 725 effect of insuJJn, 433-437, 725,728 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 725, 728

peutose interC(lflversion, 416 pentoses from, 416 phosphorylation, 395 potential energy, 372 pyranose forms, 11 reabsorption by renal tubules, 442,

82' reducing properties, 10, 27 removal from blood, 434 sources, 390 storage, 393. See also GI!Jcogenem. stntcture, 7, 9, 11, 12 tests for, 26-30 tolerance. 438

after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 725 test, 438

blood phosphate in, 440 blood potll.ssium in, 441 factors influencing, 439 R.Q. in, 441

utilization, 393 after pancreatectomy, 443 blood phosphate and, 440, 728 blood potassium and, 441, e25, 728

INDEX

GlucClSe (Continued) utilization, effect of adrenocortical

hOrTllon~, 434, 437, 711 of anterior pituitary honnones,

434, 437, 74.5 of blood glucose, 433--435 of insulin, 434, 438, 725, 7W of somalollopic honnotJe, 434,

437,745 [aetoro inUuencing, 433-435 in diabetes mellitus, 44.1

Clucose dehydrogeruue. 358 Glucose-i,B-diphosphate, 2.35, 397 Gluco:;e-8-ph05phatll-~e

classt6cation, 240 eilee!: of glucoeonicoids, 437

of hormones, 397 elevation in liver in carbohydrate

deprivation, ~

i.n glycogenolysis, 422 in Uver, 422 irreversibility. 380 occurrence, 240

Glucose-I-phosphale, structure, 27

Glucose-6-phosphate in glucose utiliz;ation, 397 in glycolysis, 397 structure, 27

Glucose-6-phosphatc dehydrogenase, 358, 417

cOllgeoltal deficieDcy ()f, 51B defieiency and hemolysis, 804, 814 hereditary deficiency, 411, 163, 765 in dillbete~ 437

Clucosephosphate isomerase d~ifiea­tion, 254

GluC'osirbses in intestine, 264. Sec also GlywWlase.s,

in ~arcll digeiltion, 259, 263 p-Gl\ICosidase~, classification and oc­

currence, 243 Gluco.o;uria, 441. See also Glyco"-lna, Glucuronate. 14, 21

conjugation, 278 with ben:zoate, 278 with phenols., 278

from glucose, 4.21 in androgen conjugllUon, 685, tl86 in chondroitin sulfates, 23 in detoxication, 278 in estrogl'tJ conjugation, 691 in hepa.rin, 24 in hy~luronatc, 23 in mucoiJolysaceharidt's, 22 in polysaccharides, 21.23-25 in synthesis of ascorbate, 155, 421 in urine, B44 metabolism, 421 struC'ture, 20 L-xyllllose from, 155, 434 .

,a-Glucuronidase classification, 243 occunence, 24.1

Glucuronides. in urine, 14, 21, 544 Glucuronyl tril.mferase. absence in

fetal liver. 421 in bilirubin conjugation, 1316

Glutamate decarboxylation in brain, 582 in glutamine synthesis, 569 in glutalhione ~ynlhesi$, 577 intercorwersion with arginine, 582

with pruline~, 582 metabolism, 581

in brain, 784, 7BB role in trl1Il'lllmination, "68

Glutamllle (Connnued) role iu transdeamination, 569 structure, 57

Glutamate dcelUbo.l)'lase clas~.i.6.ca­

tion, 252 Glutamate dehydrogenase dwGeR­

tion, .158 functions, 567, 500

GlutAlllate-oxaloacetate transaminase c1asst6eation, 235

Gluwnate-pyrovate trarulaminase dlUSwcation, 235

Glutamate semialdehyde, 582 Glutamic add, See Glutamate, Glut.aminlLllEl c1ll.SSifkaUOIl, 248

occurrence, 248 GlutlUlline

mtagonist!l, in purine synthesb, 516, 517,664

conjugatiou, 280 detoxication of phellylacetate, .280 hydrolysis in kidney, 570 in deto.ication, 280 in NAD synthens, 525 ln purine inteK1IDveni:oM, 51B in purine synthe~is. 516 requirement in tlssue cultures, 582 synthesls, ,5{J9 synthetase. classificAtion, 255 urine ammonia from, 319, 570, 826,

.<1 Glutamine-keto acid tnnsaminue

c1a..ui.fication, 235 'Y.Cllltlltnyleysteinc In glutathione

synthesis., 577 Glutathione

as coenzyme. 251, 251, 387 as prosthetic group. 251. 254, 361 eHeet on lyroslnase, 7!:1O funetiow in erythrocyte, 578 hydroly~s, 578 in blood, 811 in erythrocytes, 804 ill mercapturic acid synthesis,

586 in (lxidlltions, 367 in tyrosine metabolism, 600 protection against allo:mn, 444 strncture, 61 synthesis, 577

Glutathione peroxidase, 366 Glutathione synthetase classification,

''''Cllitellns, classification, 52, 53 Gluteuin, ~3

Glvcamines. 21 Glvcaric acids, classification. 6, 21 Glyceraldehyde, OCl,:urrence. Il

structure, 7 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, in gly­

mlysis,403 o.tidaHon, 403

Glyeeril.ldehyde-3-phosphate dehy­drogenase

classification, 358 energy production, 381 function, 403

Glycerate, .21 stmctute,20

Glyeerate-l,3-d:iphospbate, strocture, 27

(;!ycerate-2,phospbate, structure, 27 Glycerate-3-phosphate, structure, 27 Glycerides, Sec Fal(')' Glyceroglycolipid!:, chemistry, 42

classification, :l3

I 871 !

Glycerol ill fat digestion, 263 iu fats, 34 metabolism, 419, 481 Illlture, 2~ I ~olubiHty, 35 I structure, 25

GlycC"folldnll.'le c~ificlltioD, 2;)6 Glycerol-phosphate formation, 403, 419

in triglyceride ~ynthesis, 481 Glycerophosphatase classification, 240 Glycerophosphate dehydroRenases.

c1l1.SSification, 358 Glycerophosphate shuttle, 386 Glyeerophosphate transacyle.se classi­

fication, 232 Glycerophosphoryl-cboline diesterase

classification, 240 O('CIJ.JTence, 2.4Q

Glyceryl ether diesters, classification, 33 Glyceryl ether phosphatides., cle.ssifiea­

tion, 33 Glycinamide ribotide in purine syn­

thesis, ~I6

Glyeine as source of "formate," 593 hile acid ptecllr>Or, 267 catabolism \13 succinate-glycine

cyde, EHO conjugation, 279

with benzoic acid, 279, 562 with bf1e acids, 266, 577 with einnamie acid, 279 with nicotinic acid, 279

conversion to gl)'oxylate, 577 from metaboli~ of betaine, ,590 in creatine S)'nthcsis, 578 in detoxication, 279 in glutathione synthesiS, '577 in porphyrin iynthesis, 577, 608 in punne ~thesi$, 515, 577 interconversion with serine, 576 metabolism, 576 relation to "formate," 576,577,592 structure, 57

Glycine oxidase, identity, 356 Glycine transacyllL'Je classification, 232 Gtycinemia. 579 Clycimuia, 579 Glycocholate, 4.1, 267. See also SHe

add>. biosvnthesi5, 2f17 in bile, 267 structure, 61

Glycocyamine, 579 Glycogen

action (If salivary amylase on, 259 bone formation and, 635. 636 energy from. 400 functions,S, 18 In hrain, effect of blood glucose,

78.1, 784 factors influencing. 783, 784

in ellrtilllge, 635, 636. 778 in endomelriwn, 695 in nervoU'i tissue, 782 in heart, 424 in muscle, 424, 700 in skin, 780 in vagtnal epithelium. 695 iodine reaction, 30 liver

aher adn:noc:ortical belmones 437, 711

after pancreatectomy, 725 blood glucose from, 422, 435

872

Glycogen (Continued) liver, content, 423

eHect of adrenocortical honnones. 437, 701

of epinephrine, 434, 437, 701 of glucagon, 438, 728 of insulin, 433, 437. 725

in diabetes mellitus, 725 sources of, 422

mwele amount, 424, 790 effect of adrenocortical hormones,

71l of iIlliulin, 725, 700 of somatotropin, 745

occurrenee, 18 phosphorolysis, 18, 399 storage, 397, 421, 424 storage diseases, 401 stTucture, 18, 19 synthesis. 397

Glycogen synthetase, elassification, 233 function, 397, 398

Glycogenesis effects of insulin, 437, 726 in nervous tissue, 784 inHuence of blood glucose, 423, 435 liver, 421

effect of blood glucose, 433 of insulin, 433

factors influencing. 433 muscle, 424 regulation, 398

Glycogenolysis, 399 effect of blood glucose, 423, 435

of epinephrine, 400, 437, 701 of exercise, 434 of glucagon, 400, 438, 729 of in5UIin, 433, 437, 726 of thyroxine, 434, 438, 718

liver, 422 regulation, 400

Glycogenolytie faetor, 438, 728. See also Glucagon.

Glycogenoses, 401 Glycolaldehyde

"active", in pentose metabolism, 417 occurrence, 11,417 structure, 5, 7

Glycolipids cerehrosides, 40 chemistry, 40 elassification, 33 distribution in tissues, 455 galactose in, 13, 40-42 gangliosides, 41 general structure, 40 in muscle, 790, 791 metabolism, 488 oecurrence, 40-42

Glycolipopeptides, 42 GlYCQlysis, 395

definition, 394 effect of epinephrine, 701 energetics of, 375, 408 energy prod.nction, 375, 408 high-energy phosphate from, 40.3--405 in bone formation, 635, 636 in erythrocytes, 804 in muscle, 424, 790 in muscle contraction, 429 in nervous tissue, 783, 784 in vaginal secretion, 695 intracellular locati?:atlon, 408 lactate formation, 404 o:tidative step, 403

Glycolysis (Continued) reversibility, 405 triose formation, 402

Glyconic acids. classification, 8 Glyeopeptides. 54 GlycoprOlein(s)

c1assifieation, 52, 54 in connective ti,"me, 778 in egg-while, 23 in plasma. physieal properties, 560 nature of, 22, 23, 54, 776, 777 polysaccharides in, 22, 23, 54, 778,

777 synthesis, 421

Glycosamines, 21 Glycosidases, classification, 243

in digestion, 258 Glycosides, 6, 13

antibiotic, 14 cardiac, 14 classification, 6, 13 in urine, 14, 21, 844 linkages, energy level, 377, 378

in chitiu, 22 in disaecharides, 14 in pectin, 22 polysaceharides, 18

occurrenee, 14 Glycosuria, 441. See also Glucose in

urine. after barbiturates, 448 after opiates, 446 after somatotropin, 745 alimentary, 441, 848 emotional, 448 hyperglycemic, 442, 446 in anesthesia, 446 in asphyxia, 446 mechanism, 441 non-diabetic, 446 phlori?:in, 446 renal, 442, 446, 765, 766

Glycosyl radical, oligosaccharide no­menclature, 14

Glycosylamines, 21 Glycylglycine dipeptidase, 245 Glyoxalases, classification, 252 Glyoxylate, as source of "formate,"

577,592 from glyeine, 577

Gmelin reaction, 138 GIN. ratio, 573

after pancreatectomy, 443 in diabetes mellitus, 443

Goiter, iodine defieiency, 629, 720 Gonadotropic bormones, 741-744

carbohydrate in, 2.') chorionic, 744 follicle-stimulating, 741-743 in blood, 692-694, 741-744

in pregnancy, 692-694, 742-744 in urine, 892-694, 741-744 interstitial cell-stimulating, 741, 743 lactogenic, 743 luteini?:ing, 741, 743 luteotropic, 743

prolactin, 743 secretion, effect of androgen, 688,

742 Gonadotropins, 741-744. See also

Gonadoh'opic hormoneli. Gonads in vitamin E deficiency, 169 Gossypol, 853, 657 Gout, blood uric acid in, 812

uric acid pool si?:e in, 519 Grains, hiological value, 656

INDEX

Gramicidin, in uncoupling phosphoryla. tlons, 384

Ground substance, 635, 778 adrenocortical hormones and, 23, 778 effect of ascorhic acid, 156, 157, 778

of thyroxine, 635, 838, 719, 735 hyaluronic acid, 23, 777 in scurvy, 156, 157, 778 mucopolysaccharides, 2.'), 777 mucoproteins, 635, 776

Growth after hypophysectomy, 736 dietary rrotein and, 653 effect 0 androgens, 688

of somatotropic hormone, 745 of thyrOxine, 719

Growth hormone, 744-746. See also Sorrwlotropic hormone.

Guanase, 248, 518 in purine catabolimJ, 518

Guanidine phosphate, energy level of linkage, 377, 378

Guanidinium group, pK, 70 Guanidoacetate, 579

inhibitor of catecholamine methyla­tion, 671

methylation of, 591 Guaniue

catabolism, 518 in nucleic acids. 106 pK of amino group, 106 pK of hydro~'l group. 106 synthesis, 518

Guanine deaminase. 248, 518 Guanosine. in purine catabolism, 518

structure. 100 Guanosine deamiuase. 248 Guauosine diphosphate. in COz as­

similation, 413 in substrate phosphorylation, 412

Guanosine nucleotide5., occurrence. 52.'J Guanosine triphosphate. in protein

synthe!lis, 555 Guanylate

catabolism. 518 incorporation iuto nucleic acids, 518 structure, III synthe.~is, 518

Guanylate deaminase, 248

HAGEDORN-JENSEN method. 28 Hair

changes in biotin del1ciency, 195 in inDsitDl deficiency, 205 in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 in riboflaviu deficiency, 182

melanin in, 780 "Half-life" of labeled molecule, 542

of radioactive isotopes, 341 Hammarsten test, 47 Hand-SchUller-Christian disea,se, lipid

deposits in, 456 Haptoglobin, phYSical pcoperties, 560 Hartnup disease, 597 Haworth fonnulas, 10 Heart

glycogen in, 424 in thiamine deficiency, 177 lactate utilization, 424, 425 phospholipids in, 38, 39

Heat production from foodstuffs, 326 Helix, in nucleie acids, 113

in proteiu structure, 76 Heller's ring test (proteius), 99

INDEX

Hematins, formation, 133 HematOCrit, 799 Hematoporphyrin, in porpbyriIJ

thesis, 610 structure, 122

Hematosides, classification, 33 structure, 41

Heme compounds, chemistry, 123

significance, 120 coordination of iron, 123 ferro- and ferri_, 123 formation, 810 structure, 12.')

Hemiacetals, carbohydrate, 9 Hemi-<:ellulooes, 22

in baeteria, 22 Hemin, formation, 132 Hemochromatosis, iron metaboli

in, 642 Hemochromogens, definitiOll, l2,. Hemocyaniru, 644

classification, 54 Hemoglobin

abrlOnnal types, 126-128 aeid-base properties, 128 bile pigment fomlation, 814 buffer aetion, 288--291 buffering capacity, 286-291, 3] carbamino compounds, 289, 29

formation, 130, 291 carbon monoxide-, formation, l~ catabolism, 814 chemistry, 124 classification as protein, 54 eomposition, 39 content of blood, 285 de.rivatives, a~orption spectra,

luterconversions, 13.2 determination, 140 electrophoresi!., 126 evolution, 128 fetal t}'pe, 124, 125, 127 genetic~ and, 127 heme-heme interactions, 128 heme-linked groups, 129,288 heterogeneity, 124-128 "high fetal," as operator mut8ti(

764 histidine in, 128, 28B iu erythrocytes, 285, 803 irou, 123, 124, 642

absorption and, 640 M diseases, 132 met-, cyanide derivative, 131, 1~

fonnation, 130 in hereditary metbemoglobinel

132 metabolism, 814 structure, 131

m~lec~ar structure, 124, 125 OXIdatIOn-reduction properties, 1: oxy-, aCidity, 288-291

bnffering capaCity, 288-291 3] di~ociation, 285-287 '

influence of Pco.' 287 of pH, 287 of po., 288 of temperature, 287

structure, 129 oxygen capacity, 285 oxy&en saturation, 285-287

mfluence of Pco" 287 of pH, 287 of po., 286 of temperature, 287

873 INDEX

Hematins, formation, 133 Hematocrit 799 Hematoporphyrin, in porphyrin syn·

thesis, 610 structure, 122

Hematosides, c1assifl.catjun, 33 structure, 41

Heme compounds., chemistry, 123

significance, 120 coordination of iron, 123 ferro- and ferri-, 123 formation, 610 structure. 123

Hemiacetals, carbohydrate, 9 Hemi-celluloses, 22

in bacteria, 22 Hemiu, fonnation, 132 Hemochromatosis, iron metaboli5m

in,642 • Hemochromogens, definition, 124 Hemocyanins: 644

dawfication. 54 Hemoglobin

abnormal tyPes. l:2.A---l2.R acid-base properties, 128 hile pigment fonnation, 614 buffer action, 288~291

buffering capacity, 288-291, 315 carbamino compounds, 269, 291

formalion, 130, 291 carbon monoxide-, formation, 130, 132 catabolism, 614 chemistrY, 124 classification as protein, 54 COlnjXlsition, .'19 content of blood, 285 derivatives, absorption spectra, 133

inlerconversions, 132 determination. 140 electrophoresis, 126 evolutioll, 126 fetal type, 124, 125, 127 genetics and, 127 heme-heme interactions, 128 heme-linked gronps, 129, 288 heterogeneity, 124-]28 "high fetal," a.s operator m\ltation.

76l nistidiue in, 128, 288 in erythrocytes, 285, 803 iron, 12.3, 124.642

ab~url'tion and, 640 M diseases, 132. met-, cyauide derivative, 131, 132

formation, no in hereditary metnemoglobincmia,

132 metabolism, 614 structure, 131

molecular struehue, 124, 12~

oxidation-redudion properties, 130 oxy-, acidity, 288-291

buffeTing capaeity, 28/j--291, 315 dissociation, 285-287

influence of Pco.' 287 of pH, 267 of Po" 286 of tempelablre, 287

structure, 129 oxygen capaCity, 285 oxygen saturation, 285-287

infiuence of Pco ' 287 of pH, 287 ' of Pl:!,' 286 of temperahue, 287

Hemoglobin (Continued) ()~gen transport, 128, 285 oxygeull.led, buffer capacity, 21i8-291,

315 o~genation, 265-287 peptide chains, 124 pbysical properties, 124 pK's, 129, )30 rate of turnover, 612 reduced, acidit)", 288-291, 315

buffer capacity, 288-291, 31~

sickle-<:ell type, 127 survival value, 767

spectrum, absorption, 133 sulf-, fonnation, 132 synthesis, 811

folic add in, 202, 642 genetic control, 812 vitamin 8 12 in. 202, 642

HemolysiS, sU5Ceptibility, enzyme de­fe<;'t, 804, 814

Hemopoiesis action of erythropoietin, 751

of folic acid, 202-204 of folinic acid, 202-204 of vitllmin B12, 202-204

cobalt and, 645 in copper deficiency, 644 in folic acid defieiency, 202.-204 in vitamiu B I2 defieiency, 202_204

Hemop()ietin, in erythrocyte maturatmn, 611. See also Erythropoietin.

Hemoproteins. clMSi£.cati~, 52, 54 Hemosiderin, 642 Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 67,

320 Heparin, 24

actions of, 492, 802 antICoagulant aetion, S02 chemistry, 24, 777 destruction, 802 effect 011. lipoprotein lipase, 492, 777 {oonation, 802 function, 492, 777 glucosamine in, 24 glucuronic acid in, 24 in llIa.5l ceUs, 802 in plQliffia "clearing," 492 structure, 24 sulfate in, 24

,a-Heparin, 24 Heparinase, 802

classification, 243 oecurrence in liver, 243

Hepatie porphyrill.S, 613 Hepatol:oxic agents. fatty liver from,

5(15 Heptose, in pento~t'. metabolism, 417

occurrence, 13 Herbicides, 676 Heteropolysaecharidases, c1assifiea­

tion,243 Heterosaccharides, 6 Heterozygotes, detechon, 76& Hexachlorobenzene and porpbyrinuria,

.21 Hexokinase

classification, 236 effect of aUrellucortical honnones,

397, 437 of anterior pituitary hormones,

397, 437, ;46 of insulin, 396, 437, 727 of pituitary hormones, 397. 4..'17.746 of somatotropic bormone, 397, 437,

74<l

Hesoh~(Con"nued) in brain, 400 in liver, 395, 400 in muscle. 300, 406 irrevenibili.ty, 380 reacti()n, influence of CQrticoids, 397,

431 ill~ulin. 437, 72.6 somatotropiC honnone, 397, 437,

7<6 Ue~usatl), ~, 6, 17 Hexo.se(s)

anaerobic metabolism, 395 chusi£cation, 5, 6 definition, 5 energy production, 408, 414 glycolysis, 395 in polysaccharides, 17 interooo.ver:sions, 40&-408 metabolism, 390-416 occurrence, 13 phu.sphorylation, 395. 402 reducing properties, 10, 27

Hexose diphosphate aldolase, in gly. colysis, 403

Hexose phosphates conversion to trioses, 403 in carbohydrate metaoolism, 395-446 structure, 27

Hexosediphosphatase cls.ssi£cation, 240 occurrence, 240

ne~u.'ltllliunophospbatase classification, 240. See also GlUCDSe.6-phmpha­_.

"High feta!" hemoglobin as operator mutation, 764

Hippulin, 689 Hippurate, 279

in urine, S45 strocture,61 synthesis, 388, 577

Histamine acetylation, 474,583 antagonists of, 672 formation, 583 from hiStidine, 212 gastric seeretion and, 260 'Oxidation, 583

Histidase classification, 253 occurrenee, 2S3

Histidine as souree of formimino group, 583,

592 bacterial action 00., 272 huBer action, 288 conversion to g!utllma.te, 583

to histamine, 583 dJ!,teetion of, 94

fonnation of anserine, 583 of carnosine, 58:1 of fonniminu group, 583, 592

histamine from, 212 in bemoglobin, 128, 288 metabolism, 583 strueture, 57

Hi5tidine-ammoo.iB. lvase clilJ5illca­tion, 253. See abo Hi.rtida.se.

Histidine deearboxylase, classification, 252

Histidinemia, 583-584 Histones

llcetylatioll of, ~28

as "repressors," 531 classi.6cation, 52, 55

.

874

Histones (Continued) composition, 59 in nucleoproteins, 104 inhibition of DNA synthesis, 528 inhibition of R~·A synthesis. 531 methylation of, 528

Holoenzyme. definition, 214 Homocysteine

in cysteine synthesis, 584 methylation, 590 pyridoxine action on, 189

Homocysteine desulfhydrase classi6ca~

UnD, 252 Homocystinuria, 585--586 Homogentisale, excretion in alcapto­

nuria,OOQ in tyrosine metabolism. 599

Homogentisate oxygenase classification, 356

Homopolysaccharidases, classification, 243

Homosaccharides, 6, 16 Homoserine dehydratase classification,

252. See also Cy"tathloMte. Hopkirn-Cole reaction, 93 Honnones, 677-753. See also under

names of individual hormones. adrenal,698-713

cortical,701-713 medullary, 698-701

adrenocorticotropic, 739 androgens, 684--689 antidiuretic, 746 calcitonin, 638, 714, 736 chemical nature, 681 definition, 677 enterocrinin, 264 epinephrine, 698 estrogem, 689-695 fat-mobilizing, 498, 506, 507,746 gastrointestinal, 752 glucagon, 723 gonadotropic, 741 hypothalamic, 737 in carbohydrate metabolism, 436 in protein deficiency, 657 in urine, 849 inBuence on enzymes, 226, 762 mechanisms of actiou, 678 melanocyte-stimulating, 749 melanotonin, 749 neurohonnones, 680, 751, 785-787 norepinephrine, 698 oxytocin, 746 pancreatic, 722-728

glucagon. 438, 728 insulin, 722-728

pancreozymin, 262 parathyroid, 729-736 pineal, 749 pituitary, 736-750

anterior, 736-74f1 melanophore-expanding, 749 posterior, 746-749

placental, 750 polysaccharides in, 22, 23, 737, 743 ,progesterone, 696-698 regulation of secretion, 679 relann, 750 secretin,. 260, 262 somatotropic, 744--746 steroid, 43, 681

adrenocortical, 701-713 androgem, 684-689 estrogens, 689-695 nomenclature, 682-684 progesterone, 696-008

Honnones (ConHnu.ed) thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 thyrOid, 713-722 thyrotropic, 737 transp<Jrt, 680 vasopressin, 746 vasotocin, 747

Houssay animals, 445 Huffner factor, 285 Huppert-Cole test, 138 Hurler's disease, 421 Hyaluronate

effect of sex honnones, 778 in synOVial aUid, 23, 816 occurrence, 23

in body, 777 structure, 24

Hyaluronidase classification, 243 ill semen,. 817 in synovial fluid, 816 occurrence, 243 tissue permeability and, 23, 777

Hybridizatioll, hemoglobin chain'l, 126 nucleic acids, 114

Hydrazides, 671 Hydrazine, as enzyme inhibitor, 224

fatty liver, 503 Hydrazinolysis, 64 HydrochlOric acid in gastric juice, 260

functions, 260 histamine stimulation, 260

Hydrogeu bond in nucleic acids, 113 in protein'l, 76, 80

Hydrogen carriers, Havoproteins, 181 pyridinoproteins, 181, 185

Hydro~n electrode, 348 Hydrogen ion. See also Acid-bate

balance. concentration, 66

of blood, in alkalosis, 321, 324, 325 oxygen capacity and, 287 respiration and, 284 urine acidity and, 319 urine ammonia and, 319

of gastric juice, 260 of intnlcellular fluid, 319 of saliva, 259 of urine, 317, 826, 839

exchanges between body auids, 319 potassium competition, 318 sodium exchange, 316-319, 321, 826

Hydrogen sulfide from cysteine, 273 from cystine, 273 in feces, 274

Hydrogen transfer, 351 coenzymes, 351 nieotinamide in, 185 riboflavin in, 181 steric specificity, 353, 354

Hydrolase5, 238-250 c1usilication. 229 mechanism, 212

HydrolY5is free energy of, 376 in delo:dcation, 277 irreverslbility, 376 mechanism, 213

Hydrolytic reactiom, biologically im­portant, 238

Hydronium ion, 67 Hydropero:ddases

action, 365 classL6.calion, 351, 36.5 inbibiton of. 385

Hydrophobic bond, in nucleic acids. 113

INDEX

Hydrophobic bond (Continued) in protein'l, 80

Hydrotropic action of bile aCids, 268 HydroJtocobalamin, 199. See also

Vitamin B12 .

,8-Hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenases, action, 466

Hydroxyandrostenedione, 690 3-Hydroxyanthranilate, formation, 596

in tryptophan biosynthesis, 183 3-Hyclroxyanthranilate oxygenase

classification,. 356 ,8-HydrOlcybutyrate

fonnation from fatty acids. 4fI7 in blood, 810. See also K~ bodJa, in urine. 469, 846 Oxidation, 468 production in diabetes mellitus, 443,

469. See also KetogomtlBU and Kewris.

,B-Hyclroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 358, 467 .

7a-Hydroxycholesterol in bile acid syntheSiS, 479

17-Hydroxycorticosterone, 702, 705, 706-713. See also Arkenocordml Iwmwn&.

17-Hydroxy-l1.deoxycorticosterone. 702, 705, 706. See also Adreno­cortical hmmoneI.

Hydroxyestrogens, 690, 691 5-Hydroxyindoleacetatefromserotooin,

594 3-Hydroxykynurenine, formation, 598

precursor of eye pigment In Drosophila, 597

Hydroxylamine, as enzyme inhibitor. 224

inhibition of hydroperoxidases, 36.5 Hydroxylases, classification, 350, 356 Hydroxylysine, from ly5ine, 595

structure, 57 Hydroxymethyl fragments, metabolism,

592 Hydroxymethyl group, fonnalion of

methyl group, 593 incorporation into thymine, 52], 593

Hydroxyrnethylcytosine, occ~nce,106 structure, 106

Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA conversion to acetoacetate, 467 from leucine, 581 in cholesterol synthesis, 475

Hydroxy,methylglutaryl-CoA synthase classifieation, 253

Hydroxymethyluracil. ill nucleic acids, 106

In thymine metabolism, 523 Hydrorynervon,. 40 m-Hydroxyphenylacetate in phenylala­

nine metabolism, 599 o-Hydroryphenylacetate in phenylaI..­

nine metabolism, 599 p-Hydroryphenylacetate. formation,. 599

in urine, 500, 846 p-Hydroryphenylpropionate, in urine,

B4ll p.Hydroxyphenylpyrnvate

excretion in tyrosinosis, B4))

fonnalion. 599 in urine, 500, 600, 846

in ascorbic acid deBciency, 15(1 in premature infants, 156

p-Hydroxypbenylpymvate hydroxylase, classifkation, J56

Hydroxypregnenolone, 697, 705, 706 Hydroxyprogesterone, 697, 705, 706

INDEX

HYdroxyproline metabolism, 581 origin, 582 structure, 57

Hydroxyprolinemia, 582 HydrOlt}'testosterone, 600 Hydrolt}'tryptophan ~I&I

c1assmcation, 252 5-Hydroxytryptophan in Sllrot.QIJJ

synthesis, 595 Hydroxytyramine, 600 Hyperbilirubinemia, 617 Hyperchromic eHect, 115 Hyperglycemic factor, 438, 728.

also Glucagon. HyperketonemJa,469 Hyperlipemia, 458. 400. 499. Se«

Blood lipids. Hyperoxaluria, 579 Hyperten'lin, 837 Hypertensin(ogen), ac~io[l of rent

837 Hypertensinases, 837 Hypertensinogen, 837 HyperterlSlon, renal facton tn, 8.::J Hypochromic effect, 113 Hypoglyce~ia, eHect on eplnepbJ

secretion, 434. See al!lO Glt4 in blood.

Hypoglycemics, oral, 672 Hypophysectomy

consequencd of, 736 development after, 736 effect on diabetes mellitus, 445

on fat mobilization, 736 on fat oxidation, 736 on glucose oxidation, 736 on glycogen, 736 ou growth, 736 on insulin sensitivity, 736 ou ke~ogenesis, 736, 740, 746

HypotauTlue. 585 Hypothalamic hormones, 737 Hypothalamus

and adrenocorticotropin secretio 740

~nd antidiuretic hormone secreti 747

and gonadotropin secretion, 741 and pituitary honnones, 680, 737. and thyrotropin secretion, 738 endocrinc function, 737 epinephrine stimulation of 737 in alarm reaction, 680, 700, 741

H)'pOxanthil1e catabolism, 518 in nucleic aCids, 106 synthe!lis, 515

IcoSIsPHINCOSINE,41 ICSH, 741, 743 Idose, structure 7 IduTOuate. 24 . Iduron.at.e derivatives, synthesis, 42J Im~ecJlbtas phenylpyruvica, 599 Imuiazoleacetate. excretion in

histidinemia, 584 in histidine metabolism 583

Imidazolelactate, excreti~ in bistid emia,584

Imidazolepyruvate. excretion in histidinemia, 584

Imidazolium, in hemoglobin, 128 2l Imidazolium group, as phYllologl~

buHer, 74, 288

875 INDEX

HydroryproUne metabolism, 581 origin, 582 structure, 57

Hydroxyprolinemia, 582 Hydroxytestosterone, 690 Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase

c1llSSification, 2.52 5-Hydroxytryptophan in serotonin

synthE'J!li!l, 595 Hydroxytyramine,6OO Hyperbilinlbinemia, 617 Hyperchromic effect, US Hyperglycemic factnr, 438, 728. See

aha Glucagon. Hyperketonemia. 400 Hyperlipemia, 456, 496, 499 See also

Blood lipflU. HyperoxalurU, 579 Hypertensin, 837 Hypertcnsin(ogen), action of renin, 2.47,

837 Hypcrtensinases, 837 Hypertensinogen, 837 Hypertension, renal factol"5 in, 837 Hypochromic eHect, 113 Hypoglycemia, elled on epinephrine

secretion, 434. See also Glurosp in blood,

HypoglycemiC:S, oral, 672 Hypophysectomy

consequenccl of, 736 development after, 736 effect on diabetes mellitus, 0145

on fat mobilization, 736 on fat oxidation. 736 on glucwe oxidation, 736 on glycogen, 736 on growth, 736 on insulin seositivity, 736 on U:togclles.!li, 736, 740, 741:1

Hypotaurine, 585 Hypothalamic hunlJones, 737 Hypotha.lamus

and adrenocorticotropin ~eererton,

740 and llntidiurctic honnOlle setret1on,

747 and gonadotropin secretion, 741 and pituitary honnones, 680, 737,747 and thyrotropin secretion, 736 endocrinc function, 737 epinephrine stimulation of, 737 ill alarm reaction, 680, 700, 741

Hypoxanthine catabolism, SUi in nucleic llcid~, 106 synthcsis, 515

lCOSISPIfINGOSINE, 41 lCSH, 741, 743 Idose, rtructure, 7 Iduronafe, 24 Iduronate derivatives, synthesis, 421 1mbecillitll5 phcrlylpymvics.. 599 lmida:lolellcetate. cxcretion in

histidinemia, 584 in histidine metaboli<>m, 583

Imidazolelactate, excretion in histidin­emia,584

Imidazolepyruvate, excretion in histidinerrull. 584

lmidazolillm, in hemoglobin, 128, 288 lmiUa:lolium group. as physiological

buffcr, 74, 2B8

lmida:wliwn woup (Continued) pK,70

Imidazolonepropioruase claSlliliClltion, 248

Immune reactioos, effect of adrenocortical hOrntones, 713

ImmWloelectrophoresis, 75 "'Inborn errors of metabolism"

albinism, 601, 780 alcaptonuria, 6(X)

argirnnosuccinuria, 571 characteristic~, 700 consequences, 767 cy~tlnosis, 58j CYstinuria, 586 e~:tYme deficiency in, 227, 766 gluCose-6-phosphate dehydrogena.o;e

defLck:llCY, 578 incidence, 768 maple syrup uriue dIsease, 580 pentosuriil, 419 phenylketonuria, .'599 porphyrias, 613 therapy, 768

bdican, 279 cxcretion, 628, 846 fonnation, 279, 627 in urine, 628, 846

Indole conjugation with sulfate, 279 detoncation, 279 from tryptophan~ 272, 597 in feces, 274

Indolcacetatf'! from tryptophan, 596 Indophenol dyes, 115 artificial electron-

acceptors, 363 Indoxyl, 279 Indoxyl sulfate, 279 Induced fit, 211 "Inducer." 227, 228, 762, 770 Infections, globulins mblood in, 807,

80B InflammatiOn, pigmentation in, 781 Inhibition index, 000 Inhibition of enzyme action

competitive, 000 irre'llersible,662 Lineweaver-Burl: plot. 661 non-eompetltive,662 uncompetitive, 682

Inhibitor.i of en:lyme aclion carbonyl reagcnts, 224 in oxidative chain, 364 metaoolic antagonists, 224, 659 IIletal-complexing agents, 224 sulfhydryl reagenls, 223

IlloIganic meta.bo!ism, 6'2.3--647 Inosinate, conversion to other nucleo­

tide), 517, 518 synthesiS, 515

Inosine, itl purine cataboliSill, 518 Inosine diphosphate, in CO2

IJssllJlilation, 413 Inositol, 204

absorption, 20.'5 biosynthesis. 205 ehemistry, 204 cholesterol metabolism and, 205 deficicncy, 205 functions, 205 glncose from, 20.5, 420 in brain, 782 in foom, 204 in phosphoinositides, 37 in pho~pholipim, 37 in phytin, 26 in plants. 26

Inositol (Continual) in tissues, 204, 205 lipotropic aelion, £05, ~, 5tJ4. metabolism, 205, 420 occurrencc, 26, 204 structure, 25 synthoob, .26, 205 \'itamin nature, 204

Inositol hexapbOllphate, 163,633. See also Ph!ltk actd.

In.~ctiddes, metabolic IUltagonlsm in,

678 Inspired air

earbon dioxide in, 2S3 Ol')'gen in, 283

Insulin al'tion of. 4.3.1-437, 725 antagon.ism to adrenocortical

bonnone5, 435, 437, 725 to somatotropic honnone, 435, 437,

725 antagonists, 725 aIltibodies, 725 llllSAy,723 brain metabolism and, 784 chemistry, 72.3 competition with somatotropic

bonnone. 435, 725 de6ciency, 44:2, See also DWbeW

mellttw. effect on adipose tissue. 727

en amino acid t1'B.llSpOrt, 541 en blood amino acid!!. 611 on blood cboles\eJol, 494, 727, 728 on blood glucose, 436, 725 on blood lipids, 443, 494. 495, 506,

727 on blood pbosphate, 441, 633, 728 on blood potassium, 441, &5, 728 on carbohydrate metabolism, 433­

437,726 DIl entrance of glucose into cell,

395, 431:1, 726 on fatty acid synthesis, 461 , 506, 727 on gluconeogenesis, 434, 437, 726 on gluco)e oxidation, 434, 43f:l, 725,

726 on glucOlle utilizatiun, 433-437,

725, 726 on gIYC1)genc~s, 437, 726 on heIol:inase, 396, 437, 727 on intracellular pho~phate, JOl:I on intracellular potassium. 308, 626 on ketogenesis, 443, 725, 727 on lipid metabolism, 44:3, 506, 727 on lipogenesis, 437, 727 on m\.ISCle glycogen, 725, 726 on pota!i<$iwn distribution, 308, 626 on protein metabolism, 443, 5f:l4, ~.7lS

on respiratory quotient, 330, 725 in blood 724 inactivation, 72.4 metabolic action$, 4JEl, 725 metabolism, 724 re!listaDce, after adrenocortical

OOrmollei, 445 secretion, 436, 724

blood glucose and, 433-435, 436, 724

sengtivity, after hypophysectomy, 736 structure, 53, 723 tolerance test, 436 units, 723 zinc in, 645, 723

Insulinase, 724 InterieroWi. 536

876

lDtennedillry metabolism methods of study, 336-344

in vitro, 338 in vivo, 336 isotopes, 340

Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, 741, 743

Intestinal juice, 264 carbohydrases, 264 composition, 264 enterokinase. 265 enzymes, 264 lactase. 264 maltase, 264 nucleoside phosphorylases. 265 peptida.ses, 265 phosphatases, 265 secretion, 264 sucrase, 264

Intestinal motility, effect of cellulose, 65.

Intestinal putrefaction, urine indican and, 628, 846

Intestine bacterial action in, 270-273 enterokinase formation, 262, 265 H-ion concentration

effect of vitamin D, 163, 633 on calcium absorption, 632 on iron absorption, 640

pancreozymin fonnation, 2tl2 secretin formation, 260, 262, 264 secretions, 264

IntriIlllic factor, 202 in gastric juice, 202 in hemoglobin synthesis, 611 in pemiciollS anemia, 202-204 mechanism of action, 202 vitamin B12 absorption and, 202

Inulin clearance, 830-834 space, 298

Inversion of mcrose, 15 Invert sugar, 15 Invertase, 264. See also Sucrase, Iodine

absorption, 629 deficiency, 629

goiter in, 720 distribution, 630 eHect on thyrOid 720 excretion, 629, 717, 849 in bile, 629 in blood, 629, 716

eHect of thyrotropin, 737, 738 factors influencing, 629, 716, 720­

722 inorganic, 629, 716 organic, 629, 716 protein-bound, 629, 716

in bones, 630 in expired air, 629 in feces, 629 in liver, 630 in perspiration, 629 in saliva, 629 in thyroid, 630, 713-715

eHect of thiocyanate, 721 in thyroxine, 630, 714-716 in tissues, 630 in urine, 629, 717, 849 intennediary metabolhm, 630, 714­

716 mctabolism, 628--630, 714-716

effect of antithyroid agents, 720-722 of thiocyanate, 715, 721

thyroid in, 628--630, 714-716

Iodine (Continued) number, 46 occurrence, 629

in bile, 629 in blood, 629, 716 in thyroid, 630, 715

protein-bound, 629, 716 reaction for dextri.ns, 30

for glycogen, 30 for polysaccharides, 30 for starch, 30

requirement, 629 thyroxine synthcsis and, 630, 714-716

lodoacetate, action on sulfhydryl groups, 223

Iododcoxyuridine, 672 Iodopsin, 148 Iodothyroglobulin, 630, 713 5-Iodouracil derivatives, antagonists

of thymine, 522 Ion activators of enzymes, 216 Ion antagonism, 663 lon-ex-change cluomatography, 98 Ion transport, mitochondria, 386

role of phospholipids, 488 Ionic bond in proteins, 80 Ionization COIllltants, 6.'5 p-Ionone, in provitamins A, 144 Iproniazid, as monoamine oxidase

inhibitor 594, 671 ITon

absorption, 640 gastric HCl and, 260

distribution, 641 eHect on phosphate absorption,

164, 632, 640 excretion, 640 ferritin, 640-642 functioIlll, 640 in blood, 641 in feces, 640 in hemoglobin, 123, 124, 642 in hemoglobin synthesiS, 611 in milk, 795 in myoglobin, 642 in oxidative enzymes. 353, 640 in tissues, 641 in urine, 640 intermediary metabolism, 641 metabolism, 640--643 mobilization, 64.2

ascorbic acid in, 156 non-heme, 353, 358, 360 'rachitogenic action, 164,632 requirement, 643, 650 storage, 641 transport, 641 utilization, 641

Iron porphyrins in oxidative enzymes, 353 structure, 123

Islands of Langerhans, 722 Isoa.lloXllzine, 179 Isocitrate, in bicarboxylic acid cycle,

4ll Isocitrate debydrogenase(s), 358, 411 Isoelecbic point, 71, 73 Isoenzymes, 216 Isohydric transport of CO2, 290 Isoionic point, 73 Isoleucine

deficiency and fatty acid synthesh, 503

mctabolism, 580 structure, 57

Isomerases, classification, 229, 230, 254

INDEX

Isomerism in steroids, 682 optical, in carbohydrates, 6

in steroids, 682 Isoniazid, pyridoxine antagonWn, 189 Isooctane extraction, in inhibition of

oxidative chain, 364 Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, in

cholesterol synthesiS, 475 Isoprene units, in cholesterol

synthesis, 475 Isoteb, 143 Isotope dilution method, 95 Isotopes

characteristics of, 340-342 in study of intermediary metabolism,

340 methods of assay, 343

Isozymes, 216, 405

JACOS and Monod model, 761 Jaundice

congenital,617 familial, non-hemolytic, 765-766 hepatocellular, hypoprothrombin­

emia, 173 obstructive

blood bile acids in, 810 blood cholesterol in, 494, 810 hypoproUuorubinenna, 173 vitamin K deficiency, 173

of newborn, absence of glucuronyl transferase, 421, 617

plasma cholesterol in, 494 urine sulfur in, 628

Jcjunal juice bicarbonate in, 322, 624 chloride in, 322, 624 electrolyte composition, 3.22, 624 potassium in, 624 sodium in, 322, 624

KEPHALINS, 37. See also Cephalfna. Kerasin, 40

in tissues in Gaucher's disease, 456 Keratin

classification, 53 in skin, 779 structure, 81

Keratohyaline, 779 Keratomalacia. 149 Keratosulfate occurrence, 23 a-Keto acids, decarboxylation, 177,409,

411 energy level, 375

,B-Ketoacid CoA-transferase classifica­tion, 238

Ketoacid lyases, classification, 253 , ,B-Ketoacyl thiolases, action, 467

,B-Ketoacyl-CoA transacetylase classification, 232

a-Ketobutyrate, in methioninc metabolism, 584

in threonine metabolism, 576 Ketoestrogens, 690, 691 Ketogenesis

after pancreatectomy, 443, 725 after bypophysectomy, 736, 740, 746 eHect of adrenocortical honnones,

506,712 of insulin, 506, 727 of somatotropic honnone, 507, 746

INDEX

Ketogenesis (Continued) from amino acids, 448. sr. from latty ""'do, 4BI in carbohydrate restridIaD" .. in diabetes me1.lJtuI, oH3. 'lIS ODIoacetate and, 410

Ketogenic amino adell. .... 174 a-Ketoglutarate

decari:MDylation. 177, 410. -til in transamination, 235, 588 in triauboxyLic acid cycle, 4.l: oxidation, 411-412

a-Ketoglutarate deh,dwg...._ I

cl85llification. 358 function, 411-412

a-Ketoisovalerate, 191, 19:5!: Ketolysis, 468

mechanism, 468 Ketone bodies

energy level, 375 formation from fatty adell. .fB'l

from hydroxy-methylgtut.ryl 467

in blood, 467, 810 in urine, 469, M6

Ketonemia. 457, 469 Ketonuria, 457,469,846 a-KetopantOic acid, 192 Ketose-I-phosphate aldolase dati

tion, 253 Ketoses

c1a.miB.cation. 6 deBnitioo, 6 reducing properties, 10, 27 tests for, 28

Ketosis, 457, 469 after pancreatectomy, oH3. 115 in diabetes mellitus, M1, .. ? oXBloacetate and, 410

17-Ketosteroids, 8M, 688, 1m acidic, 686 from adrenal cortez. 686, 1m from adrenocortical ~ 8

709 from androgens, 685, 886 from testis, 8M, 686 in urine, 686, 709

in ascorbic acid defid.ency, JlR neutral, 686, 709

Kidney(s) acid-base balance regulat:ton, 3U

319,321-325 acid e;tcretion by, 317, 82.6, 839

in acidosis, 318, 32.3, 324 in alkalosis, 318, 324, 325

adrenocortical hormone aetloo 01 710, 827, 848

ammonia formation. 319, 570, 82l 641

in acidosis, 319, 324, 325, &d in alkalosis, 319, 324, 325, &do

blood flow, 832 carbohydrate metaboIum, 423 carbon dioxide reabsorption. 318 chloride excretion, 624, 826, 847 concentrating ability.825 839 disease '

blood creatinine in, 812 blood urea in, 570, 811 blood uric acid in, 812 globulins in hlood in, 807 glomerular filtration 10, 831 83l

function, 819-849. See also R~ function.

iodine excretion, 629, 717, 849 magnesium excretion, 631, 848

__

877 .NDIX

KetogenesiS (Continued) from amiPo acids, 448. 574 from fatty acids, .un in carbollydrate restriction, 489. B in diabetes mellitus. 443. 7!5 oaaI~late and. 470

ketogenic amiDo acidt. 448,. 574 Il.Ketogiutante

decaIbosylation. 117.410. 411 in transamination. 235. 568 itt. trieubozybc acid eyele, oUl oxidation, 4U-412

u-Ketoglutarate dehydrogtmase srstem. cla.ssi6cation, 358

hmction, 411-412 a_Ketofjovalerate, 191, 192 Ketolysis, 488

mechaniml. 46B Ketone bodies

energy level, 375 formation from fatty ad. 4f17

from hydroxy-metbylglulaJyl-CoA. 4.7

iu blood, 1167, 810 in urine, 469, 848

Ketonemia. 457, 469 Ketonuria. 457, 400. 848 Il-Ketopantoic acid. 192 KetCll'e-l-phuspbate aldolase classiIiI::Il­

tion,253 Ketoses

cl.as.illication, 6 ddinition, 6 reducitlg propertles, 10, 207 tests for, 28

Ketosis, 457. 469 after pancreatectomy. 443. ns in diabetes melUtus, '"3. 469. 715 odloacetate aDd" 4.'10

17-Ketosteroids, 685. 686. 709 acidic. 886 from adreDll cortu,. 686. 709 from adrenocortical honnODei, 886,

709 from androgens, 685. 686 from testis, 685, fI86 in uriue. 686, 709

in ascorbic add dcfic.Iency. 158 oeutnl. 886. 709

Kidney(s) acid-base balance regulation. 3160­

319, 321-325 acid excretion by, 317, 826. 839

in acidosi~. 318, 323. 32.4 in alkalosis, 318, 324, 32.5

adrenocortical hormone action on, 710. 8.27, 848

ammonia formation. 319, 570, &26, .41

in acidl»is, 319. 324, 325, 842 in IlIkalosil. 319, 324. 325, 842

blood 80w, 832 carbohydrate metabolism, 423 carbon dioxide reabsorption, 318 chloride excretion, 624. 826, 847 concentrating ability, 82.5. 839 disea.s~

blood creatinine in, 812 Mood urea in, 570, 811 blood uric acid in, 812 globulins in blood In, 807 glomerular filtration in, 8.11, BJ4

function, 819-849. See abo Renal function.

iodine excretion, 629. 717, 649 magnesium etCretion, 631, 848

KidPey(s) (CORHnued) pbospbare reabtorption. affect of

pualhyrojd hormone, 8:W. 6$, T.U.lW7

potusium ftI:'nltion. 318, 624. Si7, 847 637

sochm ascretioo, 6U, 6ZlS, 847 ~ 3lth'l19. 321. lW8

soditllD-hydrogeD tmelwtge, 316-319. :W.1l28

tubular muetory m&Sli. 833, 834 ........ ahoormaI fmction, 829 IIIDIDtmiI fonnatian in, 319. 570. .... 841 __ by. 316, 319. 624. 827.

8M plapbate reabsorptlDD, 63t, 839.

731,817 ...- =retioD, 31...... 827.

847 nllIlmrptloa, 624. 827, 847

rooI>oo<ptl.... 623-826, 635. 636 _ .w-ption, fI2.l. 825. 847 ~10l prinCiple, 537 ~, delinitiDD, 370 ~

da!5ifkatioo. ?1ll In gllICOSe utilizat1oo, 395, 396 iu glyeo}ysls,. 395, 402, 404. 405

'(:iDetil::s of eazyme reactioos, 217-Z22 J:jeldolll _00. .. 'lreb& cycle. 410. See also Trtcarbosylte

..0/ ...,.. r.~.6I.tty liY1l'l' aDd" 505 [youreninue. In tryptophan metabo­

' .... 596lynurenin8te, 595 lyourenioe, 183. 596 KyoureniJle-3.hydJmyl,., classi6catioo,

358

UCTAUUMlN in milk, 793 "",,-0"

classification. 243 Lac-bite

blood glucose from, 433 energy level, 375 fonnation in muscle contraction. 425,... in blood. 42l:l-430. 609

effect of epinephrine 437, 701 in eRlrcise, 429~30

In muscle, 42.5, 429, 790 in semen. 8IS in nrine. 645 utilization by beart, 424, 425

Lactate dehydrogenase dasrtfication, 358 function, 40.5 in blood. 814 hoenz~s,216, 217 multiple foms, 216, 405

Lactation ascorbic acid requirement, 159 basal metabolism, 332 calcium requirement, 640 iron requirement, 843. 650 prol$ctin and. 744 protein requirement, 650, 657 riboflavin requirement. 182 urine lactose in, 442, 848 vitamin A requirement, 152

Lactation (Continued) vitamin D requirement, 1M

Lactic acid. See lAdat~.

Lactobacillus bifidus, gro\rth facton. 25 Lactobllcillll:'! cud llCetll.te factor, 206.

See also a-Llpme odd. Lactogenic homone. 74J. See 11110

ProlLJctin. Lactoglobulin in milk, 793 Lactose

digestion, 264. 391 from g.u.lactose, 408, 195 from glucose, 408, 795 {n blood. 432, 808 in rnilk, 432, 795

fcnnentation of, 795 synthesis of, 408, 795

in UJine, 432, 442, 848 occurrence, 15 structure, 15 synthesis. 408. 795 tests for. 26-30

Lactosuria, 432, 442, 648 in lactation, 442, 848

Lactoyl-gllltathicne \yue c1amiica._ tion, 252

Lanosterol, w; chole~terol precunor, 475 Lead

eHect on pllosphate absorption, 164 on porphyrin excretion, 620

in blood, 812 in urine, 849 inhibition of porphyrin I§)'Dthesls, 611 rachitogenic action, 164

Learning, pOMible involvement of R~A in, 536

Lecitbin(s) cataholism, -486 chemistry, 37 cboline in, ;rr c18.Sliitication, J3 in brain, 781, 782 in erythroc_ytes., 803, 804­solubility. 37 ~tructure. 38 Iynthesis, 484

Lecithina.ses, c!w;5i6cation, 240. See also Phoaphoupases.

in sna.ke venoms, 37 "Lethal synthesis," 663 Leucine, metabolism, 580

structure, 57 Leucoribofiavin, 181 Leukemia, blood uric acid in. 812 Leukocytes compo~tion of, 8M enzymes In, 804 funCtiODS of, 804 proteins in, B04

Levans, 17 Levorotation. 8 Lewisite, action on sulfhydryl groups,

Z23 LH, 741, 743 Liebennann-Burchard test, 47 Li~ases, classification. 229, 230, 255 Light scatter:lng, 85 Lignocerate in cerebrosides. 40

stnlcture, 35 Lineweaver-Burk plot. in enzyme

inhibition. 661 in enzyme kinetics, 22.2

Linkages, bydrolyzable, energy levels, 37.

Linoleate essential nature, 36, 462

.

.

878

Linoleate (Continued) metabolism, 463 structure, 35

Linolenate essential nature, 36, 462 metabolism, 463 structure, 35

Lipase(s) classification. 240 gastric, 261 in blood, 813 in digestion, 258 in feces. 275 occurrenee, 240 pancreatic, 263

Lipid(s) ahnonnal deposits, 456 absorption, 451

bile aeids in, 268 role of phospholipids, 487

acetyl number, 46 acrolein test, 47 alcohols

acyclic, 33, 34 classification, 33 inositols., 33 sterols, 33, 36

biological signifieance, 32 'chemistry, 32-42 choline tests, 47 chromatography. 48 clwification, 33 definition. 32 deposition and storage, 497 derived, classification. 33 dietary, 652. See abo FuJt.,). digestion, 451

bile acids in, 268 summary of, 269

fractionation, 47 functions, 32 in adrenal, eHect of adrenocor­

ticotropin, 706. 740 in blood

after pancreatectomy, 443, 494, 495, .506, 72.5, 727

amount, 493, 809 eHect of ~trogens. 695 of somatotropic honnone, 507, 746 facton in6uencing. 493-496, 810 in diabetet mellitus, 443, 725, 727

in erythrocytes, 803 in liver, efFcct of .'lOmatotropic hor­

mone,746 in lymph, 816 in microsomes, 774 in milk., 794 in mitochondria, 774 in muscle, 790 in nervow titsUe, 37--42, 782 in plasma, concentrations, 493 in platelets. 805 in skin, 780 in urine, 849 intracellular <illtribution, 456 iodine number, 46 Liebennann-Burchard test, 47 metabolism

after pancreatectomy, 443, 494. 495, !'i06, 725. 727

e&ect of adrenocortical hormone, 506. 712

of epinephrine, 507, 701 of insulin deficiency, 443, 727 of somatotropic hormone, 507. 746 of thyroxine, 494, 495, 507, 718

Lipid(s) (Continued) metabolism, endocrine influences, 506

general survey. 456. See also under names of individual lipids.

hormonal influence, !'i06 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 494, 495.

506, 725, 727 interrelations with other foodstuHs,

447, 507, 602 role of adipose tissue, 497

of liver. 499 mobilization, 495, 499. See abo UpUl

transporC and LtpUl depontllm. non-saponifiable, 47 occurrence, 32 of diet, fate Ul body (summary), 456 protein combination, 45 Reiehert-Meissl number, 46 saponifiable, 47 saponification number, 46 simple, 33 solubility, 32 state in nature, 45 tests, 46 tissue distribution, 454 '''''''Port. 489

llDd deposition (summary), 457 Lipidoses., 456 Lipoate. See Wo a.-l..Jpok 4dd. Lipoate-Iinked dehydrogena.ses, 360 Upoate transacetylase classification,.3. Lipocaic, lipotropic action, 505 Lipoeuglobulin, physical properties,

500 Lipogenesoit

effect of adrenocortical honnonet, 506,712

of insulin, 437, 727 from carbohydrate, 393, 458

a-Lipoic acid, 205 as coenzyme, 353 functions, 206 in decarboxylation. 177, 206 in oxidative decarboxylation, 409,

41' in substrate level phosphorylation,

381, 409, 412 $JnIcture,206.352 thiamine and, 177, 206

Upomicrons, 492 Lipoproteins

chemistry, 45, 489 clwification, 33, 45, 52, 489 composition, 491 density, 45, 489 flotation classes, 45, 490 in atherosclerosis, 46. 490 in bacteria, 45 in egg yolk, 45 in oxidative chain, 365 in plasma, 45, 489 in viruses, 45 occurrence. 45 serum. uItracentrifugal pattern, 490 solubility, 46 thromboplastic, 45 ultracentrifugation. 45, 489

.a.Lipoprotein, inhibitor of hexokinase, 725

Lipoprotein lipase, 492, 777 clwiHcation, 240 in plamla "clearing," 492 occurrence, 240

Lipotropic agents, 500 Lipotropism, 500

INDEX

Lipotropism (Continued) relation to transmethylation, 504

Lipovitellins, 45 Lipuria. al.imentary, 849 Litbocholate synthesis, 479 Liver

bile acid synthesis. 267 cholesterol synthesis. 269. 474 conjugation in, with sulfate, 279, 627 damage, hypoprothrombinemia, 173 disease

blood amino acids in, 812 blood cholesterol in. 494, 810 blood phosphatase in, 814 blood urea in, 811 blood uric acid in, 812 globulins in blood in, 807. 808 urine amino acids in, 843 r., after nicotinamide, 185 in inositol deficiency, 205, 502, 504 in pyridoxine deficiency, 193, 502.

504 fatty, 500

in diabetes mellitus, 503, 725, 727 in protein defieiency, 505, 657

glycogen after pancreatectomy, 725 effect of adrenocortical honnones,

437, 711 of epinephrine, 437, 701 of glucagon, 438, 728 of insulin, 433, 726

glycogenesis, 421 glycogenolysis, 400, 422 in androgen metabolism, 686 in estrogen metabolism. 691 in iodine metabolism, 630, 716 in progesterone metabolism, 696 insulinase, 724 iodine excretion, 629, 716 iodine in, 630 magnesium excretion, 631 necrosis., after yeast, 168

effect of cystine, 168 of selenium, 168, 646 of vitamin E, 168

potassium in, 626 role in carbohydrate metabolism,

421 in lipid metabolism, 499

vitamin A in, 146, 147 vitamin B12 in, 200 vitamin D in, 161 vitamin E in, 167

Lohmann reaction, 429 Long's coefficient, 839 LTII, 743. See also Prolocttn. LumiHavin, 180 Lumisterol, 161 Lungs, gas exchange in. 283, 285, 288 Luteinizing honnone. 741, 743 Luteotropic honnone, 743. See also

Prolactin. Lyases., 250-254

classification, 299. 252, 253 Lymph, composition, 816

fonnation, 815 Lymphocytes

effect of adrenocortical hormones. 713,805

of adrenocorticotropin, 740 y-globulins in, 804 proteins in, 804

Lyophilixation, 86 Lysergic acid diethylamide, 671

INDEX

Lysine attachment of biotin, 595 bacterial action on, m cadaverine from, 273 excretion in cystinuria, .587 metabolism, 595 methylation, 595 structure, 57

Lysoeephal.ins, 37. 486 hemolytic action, 37 in phospholipid catabolism,

Lysolecitliins. 37, 486 hemolytic action, 37 in phospholipid eatabo1Jsm,

L ysosomes, 775 enzymes in, 225, 775

Lysozymc. clwification, 243 in feces, 275

MACROGLORULIN, physical prop 500

Magnesium ab.'lOrption. 631 effect on calcium absorption,

on phosphate absorption, 11 excretion, 631. 848 functions, 630 in bile, 631 in blood, 631

effect of calcium, 631 in blood plasIlla, JOl, 812 in hone, 636

in rickeb, 631 in cerebrospinal fiu.id, 631, 81 in extracellular fiuids, 301, 63 in feces, 631 iu inteutitial fluid, 301, 631 in int~lIu1ac fluids, ~

in urine, 631, 848 metabolism, 630

effect of parathyroid honnOl 733

neuromwcuIar irritability and. rachitogenic action, 164

Malate, in tricarboI}'lic acid t:'fC Malate dehydrogenase, 358, 4tl Malate dehydrogena.se (decarbo:I

ing), classification, 3."18 in CO2 assimilation, 413

Maleylacetoacetate in tyrosine d

tabolism, 600 "Malic enzyme," in assimilation

CO:' 413 Malonate, iuhibition of mcdnate

hydrogenase. 224, 364, 412­Malonate semialdehyde, in pyrio:

catabolism, 522 Malonyl-coenzyme A, in fatty at:

synthesis, 458 Maltase, 264. See also Ctubohydt

clwi.6.cation, 243 in fcces, 275 in starch digestiOn, 259, 263 occurrence, 243

Maltose digestion, 264, 391 fennentation test, JO structure, 15 tests for. 26-30

Manganese arginasc and, 645 deficiency, 646 enzymes and, 645 excretion, 645

879 INDIX

Lysine iltlachmcnt of biotin, 595 bacteril.1 action on, 273 cadaverine from, 273 excretion in cystinuria, 587 metabolislll, 595 methylatioll. 595 structure, 57

Lysocephalins, 31, 486 hemolytic llCtion. 37 in phospholipid ("abboli~lJl. 4Bt1

Lysoledthins, 31, 48B hemolytic action, 37 in pho~holipid catabolhm, 466

Lysosome5, 715 cnzymes in. 225. 715

T.yso-zyme, d_ifIcation, 243 in feces. 275

M...CROCLOllMLl.... phyDca\ properties. 500

Ma.gnesium absnrption, 6."l1 effect on cillcium absorption. 632

OD phosphate absorption, 164 excretion, 631, 848 functions, 6.10 in bile, 631 in blood, 611

eBeet of calcium, 631 in blood plasma. :"101, 812 in bone, 63B

in rickets. 631 in cerebrospinal Ruid, 631, 817 in extracellular fluids, 301. 631 in feces, 631 in interstitial fluid, 301. tlJl in intracellular fluids, 3OO--J03. 631 in urine, 631, 848 metabolism, 630

eHect of parathyroid hormone, 631, 733

neuromuscular irritability and, 623 ra<:hitogenk action. 1M

Malate. in tricnhoxylic acid cycle. 412 Malate dchydrol!;enase, 358, 412 MOllate dehydrogenase (deearboxylat·

ing), dassi6ciltion, 358 in CO2 assimilation, 41:\

Maleylacctoacetatc in tyrosine me· taboli~m. 500

"Malic enzyme," in usimilatioll of CO2, 413

Mitlonate, inhibition of .ruccinate de­hydrogenase, z.24, 364, 412, 666

Malonate semillldehyde, in pyrimidine catabolism. 522

Malonyl·wenzyme A, in fatty acid synthesi~, 458

Maltase, 264. See also CaTbohyd..atu. classification, 243 ill feces, 275 in starch digestion, 259, 263 occurrcnce, 24.')

Malto)c dige~tion, 264, 391 fermentation test. 30 structure, 15 terts Eor, 26-30

Man~anese arginase and, B45 dtdlclency, 646 enzymes and, 645 excretion. 645

MangaDt:se (CollHntled) in blood, 645 in feces, 645 in urine, 645

Manganese dimrJde, lS artificial dec­tron-aCCE'.ptGr. 363

Mannans, 17 Mllnuosamine derivatives, synthesi.. 421 Ma.nnose

absorption, 391 fermentation test. 30 from glucooe, 401 ~I\lcose from. 4fJT in polysaccharides, 13. 22 occunence, 13 pbt\Sphorylation, 406 strocture, 7, 12

Mannosephosphate isomcrase classification, 254

Maplc syrnp urine dillease. 580 Milrian's syndrome, excretion oE

hydroxyproline peptides, 582 Mass action, as control mechanism, 769 MilSs spectrometer, 343 MilSt cells, beparin formation in, 802 Mut, biological value, 654 MegalohlilStie anemia

in ascorbic acid dc.fkien<:y, 158, 195 in folic acid deuciency, 202-204 in vitamin 812 dcficicncy, 202-204

Melanin fonnation, 001, 780

decreased, in phenylketonuria, 599 effect of honuooes, 781

in eye, 730 in hair, 780 in skIll, 180 nature of 601. 780

Melanocyte(s), 001, 780 in syntheMs of melanin, endocrine

control, 802 Melanocyte..... imulating hormones, 749 Melanophore{s), 749, 780 Melanophore.expanding honnones, 749

antagonbm by melatonin, 750 Melanoproteins. flO2 Melanuria, urine ~ulfur in, 628 Melatonin, formation, 596

in pineal gla.nd, 740 Melituria, 441. See also individUAl

.rugar:s in urine. Melting, nucleic ltciw, 115 MeItin~ points of fat... 34 Memory, possible involvement of RNA

in, ~36

McrcaptAJlS hom c)"llteine, 273 from cystine, 213 in fc(:c~, 274

a·Mercaptopurine. ;l.S purine antilgOnist, 674

inlubitor of purine metabolism, 517, 51R,674

po.Mercaptopyruvate, in cysteinc metabolism, 585

Merc;lplurk adds, 280 svuthesis. 586

Meromyo.sj~ 427 Me)oblladienes. structure, 131 Mesobilllnell, structure, 137 Mesobilenes, structme. 137 Me~bilirubin

in bile pigment metabolhm, 618 strur'ture. 137

Mesobilirubino~en, 617, BI8 detection, 139

Mesobiliruhinogen. (Continued) excretion, BIB, B19 In bile pigment metabolism, 618 structure, 137

Mesoporphyrin, in plrpbyrin synthems, 610

struclure, 122 Messenger RNA, in proteIn syntbe5is,

554 Metabolic acidosis, 321-323 Mctabolic alkalosis, 321. 322 Metabolic antagonisI1l, 659....{i76

in study of intermediary metahoHsI1I. 338

Metabolk pool, 542 Metabolism

acid carbahydrates, 420 llIl1ino ~gars, 4.20 basal, 331-335. See also llo.:Ial mt'­

t.o.oolism. calcium, 631-64.0 earbohy<kates, 390-44.8

intermediary, 394--40S ch(oride, 623-621 control of, 758-712 c)'clitols, 419 elkct 01' thyroxine, 711-720 hexoses, 300-416 in hrllin, 78:3-788 inorgllnic. 623-fI47 intermediary

methods of ~tudy. 336-344 in vitro, 338 in vivo. 33B isotope.. 340

iocUne. 628-630, 714-711 iron, 640-84.1 lipids, 450-510 IOltgnesium, 630 nucleic lI.Cids, 511-537 pentose, 416 phosphorus, 631-640 porphyrins. 606--622 potllSSillm. fI23.. 627 proteins, 539-605 regulation of, 158-772 sodium, 62.3-(127 sugar aleobols. 419

Metalloflavoproteins, functions, 353, 300 prosthdic groups, 353

Mctalloproteins. elo.uilkatioll, 52, 54 Metamorphosis, effect 01 thyroxine, 719 Metanephrine. 001, 700 Metllphosphillase, classification, 249

occurrence. 2.49 Mcta.proteins, classiucation, 55 Meta-thyroid diabetes, 445 Methane, frorn cy.teine. 273

from cystine. 2n Methanol. formic acid from, 276 Methernoglobin, foonation in vivo, 612

reduction in vivo, 612 Methemoglobinemia.. bere<litary, 132.

612 Mdhioninc

in creatine synthesiS, 578 in trllnsmethylase systems, 230, 500 i.wibition of metabolism by ethionine,

6Il6 lipotropic action, 504, 505 metabolism, 588

"activation," ~OO

conversion to cysteine, 564 essential portion, 588 tl'ansmethylations, 590. 591

.~tnactunl, 51

880

Methionine adenosyl transferase classi­fication, 2J3

Methotrexate, 674 Methoxyestrogens. IDO, 691 Methoxyb.ydroxymandelllte. 699, 700 Methyl JtI'Oups

interconversioD with "formate," 592 labile. 588 metllooliBm, .588 ondation, 277.591 !loOnrces in diet, 590 synthesis, 592

Methyl phosphate, 589 Methylation

in detoriciltion. 280 of nicotill.llmide, 260 polysaccbRJide structure determina­

tiop, lEI 0-Methylation. in catabolism of catech­

olamines, 001, 671. 100 MerhylcytOliine

in nucleic acids, lOS O(,'(;:UITence. 105 pK of amino group. 107

a-Methyldopa, inhibitor Qf dQpa de­carboxylase, 601, en

Methylene blue, IlJI artificial electron_ acceptor, 363

Methylepillephrine, egg, 700 MethylethanolllIDine as preeunor of

choline, 590 Methylhistidines in histidine metaoo­

!ism, 583 Methylmalonate semialdehyde in

pyrimidine catlloolbm, 523 Methylmalonyl-<:oenzyme A, conver­

sion to succlnyl-CoA, 413 formation from propionate, 472

S-Methylmethionitle, SS9 Ni-Metbylnicotillllrnide, 185, 187 Methylnorepinephrine, 699, 700 Methylpurine5, ill nucleic acids, 100 Nl-Methyl-6-pyridone~carborylalflide,

185 in urine. 185

O-Methylribose. in nucleic acids, Joo MevaJonale, in cholesterol s)nthesis,

<75 Mevalonate kinase classification. 2313 Michaelis comple%, 2J 1 Michacli.5 cOrutllllt, definition, 221 Michaelis-Menten equation, 221 MicrobiologiellolllSSaY, amino acids, 99 Microorganisms in study of intermedi­

ary metabolism, 340. See al~o

Bacteria. Microsomes

chemistry, 774. enzymes in, 2213 preparation, 225

Milk, 793-700 antibodies in, 793 iL!Icom{c acid in, 1M, 795 biotin in, 194, 195 carbohydrates in, 795 carotenoids in, 1413, 147 clotting by chymotrypsin. 282 by pepsin, un by rennin, 001 t.:omposiDon of, 793-796 COW. 794 dnIg exeretion in. 796 enzymes in, 796 fats, 3B, 48.2, 794 y-globulins in, 793 human. 794

Milk (CcmttflUed) inorganic constituents. 795 iodine in, 629 lactose in, 432, 433, 795 lipids in, 794 muco-oligOllacchlLrldes in. 25 nicotinamide in, 183, 185 pantothenic acid in, 191, 795 pigments, 700 proteim in, 700

biological value, 654 pyridoxine in, 188, 795 riboflavin in, 178, 181, 795 ~cretion of, 793 sClllTing. 795 thi8.ll1ine in, 177 vitamin A in. 146, 147 vitamin 8 12 in, m vitamin Din, 161, 795 vitamin E in, IIl7 vitamin Kin, 172 vitamins in, 793, 795

Millieqwvalents, 298 Milliosmols, 299 MlUon', reaction, 93 Mitochondria

chemistry, 774 enzymes in, 225, 226, 774 ion transport. 386 orglUlization of oridative cbain in,

365 preparatton, 225 swelling and contraction, 366 water transport, !J8B

Mitomycin, inhibition of DNA synthe­sis,528

Molecular .sieves, 87, 98 Molecular Weights, proteilL'i, 85 MoUsch reaction, 28 Molybdenum

absorption, 64B ex:cess, 646 ncretion. 646 in enzymes, 646 in metalIoeuzymes, 355

Monoamine oxidase classification, 355 function in brain, 594 incata'oolism of catecbolamines. 601,

en. 700 inhibitor~ Bn

Monoglycertdes, 35. See also Fat(,). ill fat digestion, 2t!J, 270

Monoiodotyrosine, 713-715 formation. 602, 715

Monosaccharides, 11-13. See alse under names of individual forms.

absorption, 270, 391 efffJct of thyrox:ine, 391. n8

acetals, 13 acids, 6, 18 alcohols, fl, 25 cla.ssificalion, S, 6 conjugated, 13, 2fl cyclic structure, 9 o·forms., 6-8 definition. 5 derived, 6. 18 esters, e. 213 hemiacetals, 9 interconvenioM,406-408 L-forms,6 occurrence, 11-13 phosphorylation, 406 polymers, 15 structure. 7. 12

Mom.lllaccharides (Ccmttflued) substituted, 6, 21 tl!'tts for. 26--30

Muca.se5, clusiBcalion. 24J Mucic aCid. strocture. 20

test, for galactose. 29 for lactose, 29

Mueiu(s} carbobydrate in, 23 gi\Stric, 281 in urine, 849

Mucoid, 776, See abo Mucoprolein(,). Mucoitin sulfate, 25 Mucopolysaccbaridases, classification,

243 Mucopolysaccbarides, 22

as ground substance, 635. 777 ascorbic acid and, 156, 157, 778 blood group ~pecific facton. 22. 7QQ chemistry, "2:2, 7713, 777 classification, 6, 22 effect of adrenocortical bormones,

635,639,712, 735, 778 of ascorbic acid, 156, l57, 778

galactosamine in, 22 in mucoprotein, 22, 23, 54. 776. 777 in myxedema, 717, 778 in thyrOid deficiency, 717, 778 ()t;;CUlTence, 22-25. 54. 77B, 771 permeability and. 23, 777 structure, 24 sulfate-containing, 23 synthesis, 421

Mucoprotein(s), 54, See also GIYlo­proteifl(S).

as ground .1ub~t..m.:e, 635, 776 chondroitin sulfates in. 2:3, 777 in blood, 808 in bone, 635, 7713 in cartilage, 778 in conne<:tive tissue. 54, 635, 776,777 in myxedema, 717, 778 in ~ynovial fluid, 23,816 mucopolys.a.ccharide5 in, 22, 23, 54,

776. 777 (Ii-Mucoprotein. See Ororo-1\1.1JooWf, Multiple myeloma, globulins in blood

in, 807 Muramic acid, 22 Muramidase, c1assHi.;:lltioIl, 243

QttlllTtmce, 24:> Muscle

actin, 427 actomyosin. 428 carbohydrate in, 424, 790 carbobydTate membolism, 4.24, 700 chloride in, 300, B26 composition, 788-791 contractile element, 426. 7,l19 contraction, 425

actomyUlin in, 426, 428 ATP and, 426, 428 calcium and, 428, 63J energy for, 4Sl8 glycogen in, 429 gl)'colysh in, 42.9 pbosphocreatine and, 429

creatine, 429 dY3trophy in vitamin E deficiency.

16. enzym~ in, 789 extractives. 791 fatigue, 430 globulin X. 426 glycogen, 424, 790

ll.mount, ol24, 790

881 INDEX

Muscle (Continued) glycogen, effect of /l.drenoC(lrtical

bormon~, 711 of somatotropin, 745

glycogenesis, 424 glycogenolysis, /l.bsence in, 424 glycolysis, 424, 790 iodine in. 630 lactate in, 4.25, 429. 790 lipiw in,. 790 myogen, 427 myosin, 427 phosphate, 430 phO!iphocreatine, 429 potassium ill, 302, 626 proteins, 426, 788 recovery, 429 rigor, 4JO sodium in, .'](12, 826

Mutarotation, 9 Mutations

in operator genes. 764 in regulator gen~, 765 ill ~tructural genes, 762 relation to nucleic /l.cids, 533 ~uper-represscd, 765

Muton, 760 Myelin she/l.th. phospholipid runl.over,

485 Myoalbumin, 789 Myofibrtls, conlr/l.ction with ATP, 426

proteins in A and 1 hands, 427 Myogen. 4:17. 789

fibriu. 789 My~lobin

c/l.labolism, 614 chemistI)', 134 c1iUl!iiBclltion as protein, 54 confonnation, 82 evolution. 126 functions, 426, 430, 789 iron in, 642 turnover rate. 613

Myokinase classification, 236 reaction, 429

Myosin, 427, 789 ATP-asf! lUld, 427 composition, 59 structure. Bl, 427

Myxedema. 717 mucopolysacchandes in. 717, 778

~AD nucleosidase, 243 ~/l.dJ reagent, 362 SAD(P). See Nicotlnamide-anerune

dinudeotjde (phMpMte). a-Naphthol reaction, 28 Narcotics ll$ euzyme inhibitors, 224.

384 Neostigmine. tl68 Nerve impulses, calcium and, 631 Nervoll.40 NerVonic acid, in cerebroside£, 40

structure, 35 NecvO\lS 'Y)tem changes

in niacin deficiency, 186 in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 in pernlciow anemia., 203 in pyridoxine deficiency, HiS, 190 in riboflavin deficiency, 182 in thiamine defideQcy, 177 in vihunin 81% deficiency, 203

Nervow tissue acetylcholine in, 785, 787

Nervous tiuue iGontinu«f) y-amincflUtyrde in, 786 carbohydrate:!' in, 781, 782 cerebrosides ill, 40, 782 composition,7BI-788 enzymes in, 783 hormones, 680, 751, 765-787 lipids in, 37-42, 782 metabolktn, 783-788 norepinephrine in, 786 nucleic acids in, 782., 785 phosphoinositides in, 38 proteins in, 781, 7B2 secotOQin in, 786

Nessler's re/l.gent, 95 Neural tr.Ql\"lmisl;:lon, ~~mistry, 1f!7 Neuraminic /l.dd, chemUtry, 21

synthesis, 421 Neuraminidase, classiflcatioQ and oc­

ctUTeDl::e, W in microorganisma, 23

Seurohormones, 680, 751, 785-787 acetylcholine. 751, 785 y-/l.minobutyr/l.te, 751, 786 antagonism of, 667 epinephrine, 698-701, 786 norepinephrine, 698-701, 786 serotonin, 751, 786

Neurohypophysis, 746-749. See /l.lso Pituitary. postM'lor.

Neurokeutin, 7B2 Neuromuscular irritability

calcium and, 623, 639 magne5ium and, 623 potll.SSium 1IIId, 823 sodiwn and, 623

Neuropharmacology, metabolic antag­oaism in, 667

Neutrality regulation, 312-325. See also Ac;;d-bo.te balance.

Newbom, plasma cholesterol in, 494 prothrombin de6ciCllCy in, 173

Niacin, IB2.--IB7. See also Nicotinic acid.

in blood, 815 in milk, 79:5

Nickel in urine, 849 NitWtlnamide, 182-1B7. See abo

NIco~nic add absorption, 185 as hydrogen carrier. 185 assay, 185 biosynthesis, 183, 596 cataboli5m, 185 chemistry, 183 de6dency, 186

demonstration of, 187 pellaqa. 182., 186 satul1ltion tests, IB7 tests for, 187

dinucleoUdes., 163-165 fatty liver after, 185 from amino aci<k, l83, 596 from tryptophan. 183, 596 functioll1, 185 in blood, IB5 in coenlymes, 185, J53 in foO<b, 163 in milk, 183, 185 in oxidation-reduction reactions, 1M in perspiration, 185 in synthesis of NAD(P), 525 metabolism, 185 metabolites, 185 methylation of, 591 occurrence, 183

Nicotinamide (Continued) ox:ldatfon potential, IBl, 186 ph/l.rmacofogical action, 186 requirePlent. IB7 urinal)' met/l.boIites, 185

/'Iiicotlnamide·/l.denine dinucleotide as coenzyme, 353 as hydrogen carrier, 181. 1&5 functions, HIS in epimerase reaction, 254 metabolic [Ole, 361 metabolism. 525 Iteric specificity of redurtion, 35.'3,

354 itructuTe, 183, 184, 352

NicO\:(namide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate

IL'l coenzyme, 35.'3 metabolic role, 361 metabolism, 525 reduced (NADPH), in cholesterol

synthe&is, 475 ill hitty acid synthesis, 459

Nicotinamide nucleotide-linked de­hydrogenases. 359

Nicotinic acid, IB2-187. See abo Nirotinamide.

absorption, 185 as hydrogen carrier, 185 a.'iSlly, 18.5 biosynthesis, 1S3-1S5, 5iJ6 catabolism, 185 chemistI)', 183 conjug/l.tion with glycine. 279 deficiency, 186

demonstration of, 187 pellagra, IB2, IBtl tests for, 187

effect on plasma Iipid$, 186 fatty liver after, 185 from amino acids, 183,596 from tryptophan, 183, 596

pyridoxine action, 189, 100 functions, IB5, 525 in blood, IB5 in foods, IB3 in oxidation-reduction re/l.ctions, 185 in rynthe5is of NAD(P), 525 inhibition of metabolism by p-/l.cetyl.

pyridine, 666 metabolillln, 165 met/l.bolites, 1&5 occunem:e. 183 phannacological action, 186 requirement, 187 urinary metabolites, IB5 vasodil/l.tion effect, 186

'licotinv.ric acm, 279 Niemann-Pick disease, lipid deposits

in, 456 sphingomyelin in, 39

Ninhydrin reaction, 92 Nitro corupounds., reduction of, 277 Nitrogen

balance. 545 after paJlcreatectomy, 443, 725. 727 eJfeet of adrenocortical hormone&,

564,565,712 of adrenocorticotropin, 740 of androgens, ~. S65, 688 of somatotropic hormone, 563.

565,745 of thyroJdne. 564, 565, 117

in caloric restriction, 651 in carbohydnte restrlction, 550.

852

882

Nitrogen (Continued) balance, in diabetes millitus, 443, 725

protein intake and. 653-657 content in proteins, 100 excretion. 545 irnpor1:atlce. 544 in body, 544 in feces, 274 in proteins, 100 in mine, alter pancreatectomy, 443,

725 effect of androgenS, 563, 688 protein metabolism and, 328, 329

metabolism, 544 of food, 544 partition. in urine, 841 total, determination, 94 translocatioll in body, 565

Nitrogen-ruIfut ratio, 628 Nitropnwide reaction, 94 Nitrous aeid reaction (Van Slyke), 91 Non-berne iron, 353, 358, 360 Nonprotein nitrogen

effect of somatotropic hormone. 563, 745

in blood, 544, 810 in cerebrospinal 8uid, 817 in urine, 545, 840. See abo Urine

nonprotein nitrogen. Norepinephrine

as neW'obonnone, 680, 751, 786 biosynthesis, 600, 700 chemistry, 69B effect on blood glucose, 437, 701 exeretion, 600, 700 from tyrosine, 600, 700 in blood, 101 in chromaffin tissue, 699 in sympathetic nerves, 699, 700, 786 in \lTine, 700 metabolk actions, 701 metaboli5m, 600, 700 methylation, 589, 601 secretion, 700, 786

Normetllnephrine, 699, 700 Norophthalmic acid, 60, 578 N-terminal groups, 63 Nuclease(s)

definition, 241 in digestion, 258 in feces, 275 in pancreatic juiee, 264

Nuclei, 775 chemistry, 513, 775 enzymes in, 225, 775

Nnclek acids amphoterism, 107 base sequence, UO, Ill. 113, 533,

554-557 biological significance, 531 carcinogenesis, 533 catabolism, 531 chemical heterogeneity, 108 chemical tests, 111 chemistry, 105-U5 cbromatograpby. U7 chromosomes, 513. 532, 775 classification, 99, 102 composition (table), 107 constituents, 10.5-108 denaturatiou, 114 determination, 117 digestion and absorption. 258, 265,

269,512 nucloodepolyrnerases, 264. 269.

512

Nucleic acids (Cont1nued) "free" nucleotide metabolism, 523 genes. 531 hybridization. 114 hydrolysis products, 105, 106 in microsome:;; (ribosomes), 513, 774 in mitochondria, 513, 774 interuucleotide linkages, 109-111 interrelatiom with other foodstuffs,

536 intracellular localization, 513 jsoelectric points, 107 levels of organizatioIl, lOB metabolism, 527 mntation. 533 pentose metabolism, 515 preparation, 117 protein synthesis, 534 purine metabolism, 515 pyrimidine metabolism. 520 significance, 103 structure, 108-114 sUIYey of metabolism, 513 syntheSis, 527, 52.8

folink acid in, 202 vitamin 812 in, 202

"transforming substance," 532 turnover, 528, 531 ultraviolet aNorption, 117 viroses, 534

Nucleodepo!ymerases deoxyribonudease, 264 in pancreatic juice, 264 ribonuclease, 264

Nucleohistone, composition and oc­currence, 104

Nncleolus, nucleic acid in, 775 Nucleophosphatases. See Phosphoto.se(s). Nucleoprotamines, composition and

occurrence, 103 Nucleoprotein{s)

chemistry, 102-105 classification, 53, 102, 103 digestion, nucleases, 2d4, 269

summary of, 269 higher, 104 in leukocytes, 804 in nervous tissue, 782, 785 nucleohistones, 104 nucleoprotamines, 103

Nucleosidases. See Nudoosid£ phoa­phorylaaes.

Nucleoside phospborylases, in intestine, 265

in nucleic acid digestion, 265 Nncleosides

cyclic phosphate esters, 11, 242 deaminases, classification, 248 definition, 109 digestion, 26:5 in nucleic acid metabolism, 515 Jlomenclature, 109 phosphorylases, classification, 233 structure, 14, 109

Nucleosidediphosphatase classifica­tion, 249

NucleQ.'llide diphospbates, in nucleic acid synthesis, 530

Nucleoside monophosphate kinase classification, 236

Nucleoside triphosphates, in nucleic acid synthesi~, 527, 529

Nucleotidase, 241. See also Phosphoto..se(s).

classification, 240 occurrence, 240

INDEX

Nucleotide(5) chemistry, 108-111, 115--117 coenzymes, structures, 116 dige5tion, 285 free, 115

metabolism of, 523 occurrence and function (table),

524 from hydrolysis of nncleic acids, 109,

III in nncleic acid metabolbm, 515 nomenclature, lOB, 109 structure, lOB, 109

Nucleotide pyrophosphatase classifica­tion, 249

Nyctalopia, 149

OcHRONOSIS, 600 Ogur-Rosen method, 118 Oleate, metabolbm, 463

structure, 35 Oleic acid. See Oroote, Oligo-l,4 ..... 1,4-glucan transferase, 399 Oligo-l,6-glucosidase, action, 244

classification, 243 Oligomycin, inhibition of phosphorylat­

ing oxidation, 384 Oligonucleotide phosphodiesterase,

classification, 241 occurrence, 241

Oligosaccbaridases, classification, 243­Oligosaccharides, definition, 5

nomenclature, 5, 14 Omega oxidation, 471 Ommochrome, 597 One-carbon unit. See also FOfTn(Jte.

folinic acid and, 201 metabolism, 588-594 vitamin 8 12 and, 201

Operator gene, 761 Operon, 761 Ophthalmic acid, 60, 578 Opsin, 148 Optical isomerism, 6

in amino acids, 56 in carbohydrates, 6

Orcinol reaction, 29 Organ perfu.o;ioll, in study of inter­

mediary metabolism, 338 Organizen, embryonic, 536 Ornithine

conversion to Citrulline, 571 cycle, 570 excretion in cystinuria, 587 in urea synthesis, 571

Oro.so-mucoid, carbohydrate in, 22-23 physical properties, 560

Orotate, fatty liver and, 505 in pyrimidine synthesis, 520

Orotic acid. See Orotate. Oroticaciduria, genetics, 766

occurrence, 521 Osazones, from carbohydrates, 29 Osmolarity, 65, 299

extracellular fluids, 300, 309 intracellular fluids, 300, 307 of urine, 839

O~motic equilibrium. Gibb:i-Donnan effect and, 304--306

of body ll,uids, 299, 300---311 Osmotic pressure, 65, 83

CQUoid, 306, 798, 807 Gibbs-Donnan effect, 304---300 intracellular, 300, 309

883 INDIX

Ooein,778 OsseoalbuminQid, 778 Osseomuooid, 77S Osteoblam and aUuiline pbospbatasa,

635,813 Osteoid, 635

ascorbic acid aod. 156. 157 vitamin A ll.Dd, 150, 635

Osteoid tissue in ascorbic acid de~

ficjency, 156, 157 Osteomalacia, 164. See also Vitarnln D

"'fidoncy. Ovalbumin, carbohydrate in, 22,54 0.""

ll.Ddrogen in, 684 effect 01 follicle-stimulating hormone,

689, 693, 742 of luteinizing hormone, 689, 693,

742 estrogen fonnation, 689 progenerone fonnation, 696

"Overproduction" theory of ketosis, 469 Oviducl. ayidin in. 195 Ovomucin, carbohydrate in, 23 Ovomucoid, 23 Oxalate

from ascorhate, 156, 844 from glycine, 577 in urine, 844. SEe also Urine, omlk

acid. Oxalic acid. See O%alate. Oxaloocetate

condellSlltion reliction, 424 decarboxylation, 413 in tricarboll)'lic acid cycle, 410 role in ketosis, 470

Qddases. See also individual enzymes. classification, 350, 355 function, 354 prosthetic groups, 351

Olddatlon(s) and phosphorylation, 380, 382 biological, 345-368. See also Bio/.og­

icol otidationa. cellular in mitochondria, 364, 774 t..'Qupled, 380, 382 definition, 345 energy prodnCtiOD, 380, 382 enzymc systCIll.'l, 350-3l3S in detoxication, 276 of alcohols, 276 of aromatic hydroclUbons, 277 of methyl groups, 277, 591 potential(~).

and electron aHinity, 347 and clectron transfer, 349 relation to free energy, 382 standard 348

uncoupling, 384 Oxidation-reductiOIl

definitioll, 345 rellctions, lISCorbic acid tn, 156

nicotinamide ill, 185 riboflavin in, 181 tocophelOls in, 167, 168

systerus, artificial electron-donors and -acceptors, 362

ascorbic acid, 367 coenzymes, 351 dehydrogenlUes. 357-361 glutathione, 367 inhibiton, 364 oddases, 354

Oxidative ch&in(s), 357, 361. 362 gtllll:ral scheme, 362

Oxidative ch&in phosphorylation, 382

Oxidative chain phosphorylation (Continued)

elliciency,382 revers&l. 385 self-regulation. 385 site.i, 383 uncoupling, 384

Oxidative deaminabOD. 566 Oxidative shunt pathway, 416 OxidoreductllJle5. classification, 2,29,350 Oxoandrostenedione, 690 Omtestosterone, 690 Oxybiotin, 194

biotin activity, 194 Oxygen

affinity, of myoglobin. 789 caloric value of, 327-330 capacity of blood, 285

of hemoglobin, 285 combining capaCity, 140 consumption. eHect of epinephrine,

333,701 of thyro.rine, 332, 717

normal,332 disliociation CUl"o'e of hemoglobin,

285.286 of myoglohin, 789

exchange in lungs, 283, 287 in tissues, 283. 285

in alveolar air, 283 in abnosphere, 283 in blood, 283, 285-287 in elpired air, 283 in inspired !lir. 283 partial pressure, hemoglobin satura­

tiOIl ami• .28.5-287 in alveolar air, 2&3 in atmosphere, 283 in blood, Z83, 285-287

. in expired air, 2&3 in inspired air, 283

saturation of hemoglohin, 285-287 tramport, 285-287 uptake. in vitamin E defiCiency, 168 utilization, 28.1. 285

Oxygenases, classification, 350, 356

Oll)'tocin. 74~ 749 assay, 748 chemiJtry, 746 structure. 748, 747

PAIN. effect on blood glncose, 431 on glycogcoolyiis, 434

Palmitate, in sphingosine synthesis, 484 structure, 35

Palmitic acid. See Palmltate. Palmitoleate, metabolism. 463

structure, 35 Palmitoleic acid. See PalnUtol.ente. Pancreas

amylase. action, .263 uature.263

diSt:Wie, hlood aruylase in. !:ll3 blood lipase in, 813

fistula, acidosis in, 322 honnoPes, 722-728. see also Insulin;

G!ucagon.. Meu, destruction by dehydroascorbic

acid, 158, 444 effect of allomn on, 444

of dehydroascorbic acid, 444 of hyperglycemia, 444

juice, Wl-.264 amylase. 263

Pancreas (Continued) juice. bicarbonate in, 322. 624

carborypeptidase. 262 chloride in, 322, 624 chymotrypnn. 262 composition. 261 eleetrolytes in, 322, 62.4 enzymes, 262-264­lipase. 263 nucle~i, 264 panereozywin stimulation, 262 potusiwn in, 624 'lecretin stimulation, 262 sodium in, 32.2, 624 trypsin, 262 \lagllS stimulation, 262

lipase, 263 action. 263 nature, 263

Pancreatectomy acid-hue balance, 443 blood cholesterol. 443, 725, 727 blood glucose. 443, 725 blood lipids, 443, 725, 727 diabetes after, 443 fat utilization, 443, 506, 725, 727 gluconeogenesis, 443, 725 glucose oxidalion. 443, 726 gluco.o;e tolenlDce, 443, 725 glycosuria. 443. 725 ketogeneSiS, 443. 506, 725, 7.21 liver glycogen, 72.', metabolic effect&, 443, 725 nitrogen balance, 443, 725, 727 respil1l.tory quotient. 330. 443, 72..')

Pancteatopeptidase E. 245 Pancreozymin, 262, 752 Pantoic add, 191, 192 Pantothenic acid

antagonism hy phenyl pantothenone, 672

lU$I.y, 191 biosynthesis, 1112 carbohydrate absorption and, 391 chemiih)'. 100 classification as pseudoptptide. 60. 61 deficiency. 19.2

adrenal function in, 192 (atty liver, 193. 502, 504, 505

function§, 192 in blood., 192, 815 in foods. 1111 in milk, 191, 795 in porphyrin synthem, 611 in syntheSis of CoA, 192, 526 in tramacylations, 192 in urine, 192 metabolism. 192 occurrence. 191 requirement, 193

effect M lbyronne, 719 solnbility. 190 structure, 100

Paper chromatography, 97 Paper electrophoresiS, 74, 75 Paracasein, 261 ParaJlel~chain pleated shed, 76 Paralysis

in hiotin deficiency, 195 In pantothenJc acid deficiency. 193 in riboflavin defltiency, 18.2 in thiamine deficiency, 177 in tocopherol deficiency. 169

Pan-pepstns. claai6cation, 2A5 ParasympathomimeUcs, mechanism of

action, 669 ~

884

Parathyroid hormone, 634, 639, 729-736 .-y. 730 calcium mobilization aod, 63-4, 837,

1J(J chemistry, 129 efrect on alkaline phosphatase, 732

on blood calcium, 637. 730 on. blood phl>$phate, 634. 731 on bones, 634, 637, 730 on calcium mobilization, 635-638,

130,13.3 on magnc$ium metaboliSm, 631,

133 on urine caklum, 638, 730 on wine citric acid, 131. 845 on urine phoophatc. 634, 639, 7JL

M7 functions, 633. 634, 637-839, 730-73.3 byperfunction in vitamin D de­

ficiency. 165 mechanism of action, 733 metabolic actions, 633, 634, 637-639,

730-133 units, 730 vitlUJlin D Interrelation, 734

Pare.thyroidectomy blood calcium, 730 blood pb~bate. 730 metabolic effects. 730 tetany, 730 urine calcium, 730 urine phosphate, 639. 731

Partial pretoSUl'e of gases, 282 lu alveolar air, 283 in blood, 284-287

aud n::'pJtation, ~

in expired air, 283 in inspired air, 283

PartitioJl chromatography, 97 PlUteu.r effect, 416 Pauly reaction, 94 PCQ," See under Carbon d40%ide. Pectin, 22­Pellagra., 182, 186 Pentosans, 6, 11 PentoseN

absorplion, 3lH CUibcation, 5, 6 de£nitiun, :5 from glucOlle, 416 gl\lCose lnterconven;ion, 416 in blood, 432, 808 in erythrocytes in thiamine defi­

ciency, 178 in polysa.ccharide~ 11 in urine, 12, 419, 432, 848 metabolism, 416

in relation to nocleic acim, 515 occurrence, 11 ~UIlt pathway, 416 stnlctun, 7. 12 tests for, 29

Pentose phosphates, structure, 21 Pentosuria, 12..419, 432, B48

alimentary, 442. 848 familial, «2., 848 metabolk block in, "21 L-xylulose in, 419

PeJ»in action, 260 c1diJkation, 245 nature, 200 properties, 2M! specificity, 245

Pepinugell, con'o'ersion to pepsin, 246 Peptidase!. clllSSmcation, 245

in digestion, 258

Peptide(sJ b1uret test, 1M chemistry. 58-00 classificatian, 52. 55 fonnatiou. chemiCal, 58 hydrolysis. 62 nomenclature. 59 occurrence. 00

Peptide chdn oonronnatwll. 76 Peptide lin1:.age

detection of, !)4 energy level, 377. 378 in proteins, 60 synthesi~ 552

Peptones,' cWsi6catian. 52. 55 fonnatlon, 63

Periodate oxidation, polysaccblUide structure detemination, Hi

Permeability, hyaluronidase and, 23. 111

mucopolysaccharides U1d, 23, 717 Pemicioll~ anemia

effect of vitamin Bu , 202 intrill5ic factor in, 202 mUlifestations of, 203 vitamill Bn absorption in. 202

deficiency, 202-204 in feces, 202

Perosis in biotin deficiency, 195 Peroxidases

action, 36.'5 chemhtry, 135 classification ail pl"otelUS, .54 til leukocytes, 805 inhibitors of, 365

Peroxidase-like reaction of hemes, 140 Perspiration

chloride in, 294, 32.2, 624 electrolytes in, 294, 322. B24 IDSell5ible, 294 iodine in, 629 nicl,lUnamide in, HI5 nitrogen in, 545 potiLSSium in. 62.4 pyridoxine in, 188 ribofiavin in, 181 sodium in, 294, :122, 624 water in, 294

Peltenkofer reaction, 47 pH. 66. See also Hydrogftl. WI'\ ron­

centrutitm. PlI,O, 282 Pharmacology, metabolic antagonism

in, 667 PheJ:lllZine melholUlfale, as artificial

electron·acceptor, 363 Phenol(s)

conjugation with glucuronic acid, 218

from tyrosine. 211 j/;fOUp, pK, 70 reagent (Folin), 93

Phenolic acim, excretion, 599, 600, 846 Pbenolsulfatase classification, 240 Phenotype. 160 Phenyl pantothenone as antagonist of

pantothenic acid, 672 Pheuylil.cetate

conjugation with glutamine, 280, 597 "'.cretion In phenylketonuria, 599 formation, 597

Phenylacetylglutanline, structure, tH. See also Phenylacrlnte.

Phenylalanine antagonism by chloramphellicol, 663 conversion to tyrNine, 597 deaminaUon, 597

INDIX

Phenylalanine (Continued) inWbitioo of metabolism by thienyl.

alanine, 666 metabolic defect in phenylketonuria.

599 metabolism. 597 sparing action of tyrosine. 591 structure, 57

Phenylalanine hydrorylase, classifica­tion, 35e

in tyrosine formation. 597 Pbeny1cyclopropylamines. 611 p-Phenylelledillmlne. as arti6cia.l

electron~donor, 362 Phenylhydrazine, in experimeutal por­

phyria, 621 Phenylisothiocyaoll.te. 64. Phenylk.etonuria, 599

tryptophan metabolism in. 591 Phenyllactate, excretion in phenyl­

ketmuna, 599 fonnation, 591

Phcnylpyruvate, excIetion in phenyl. ketonuria, 599

formation, 597 Pheochromocytoma, 601 PhlOrizin. effect on phosphorylation,

'40 glycosuria, 446

Pbloroglucinol n!action, 2G Phosphatase(s)

acid, in blood, 814 in prostatic CllDCer, 241. 814

in pro~atic Duid, 814, 817 serum, endocrine JDfiuence, 615

alkaLine. effect of pl.fathYJ'Oid hOI' [lIOne, 732

in blood, 813 in bone, 635. 636, 176

Ionnation, 636 in vitamin D defiCiency. 16.'5

in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 o~eoblasts and, 635, 813

classiBcation, 240. 241 differentiation, 241. a14 in digestion, 258 in intestinal juice, 265 in milk, 700 ill nucleic acid digestion, 265

Pbusphil.te absorption, effect of aluminum, 164

of berylliwn, 16'i 01 iron, 164 of magnesium, 164 of strontium, 164 01 vitamin O. 163

Uld hon ab90rption. 640 balance in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 butfer system, 314, 317 dllllor~, 360 effect on blood calcium. 6.35

on calciwn ab!orption, 6J2 hi,dl-cllergy, ~77, 376

rormation, 380, 382 in u\calboxylic acid cycle, 414

from gIycolysi~ 403-405 utilization, 388

ill blood, effect of glucose. 440 of gIucu<;e utilization, 440, 833.

728 of parathyroid hormone. 634,731

in vitamin 0 deficiency, 165 in vitamin 0 e>;cess, 166

ill bone, 63tl in cerebrospinal Buid, 817 in erythrocytes. 803 in milk, 195

885 INDEX

Phosphate (Continued) in nucleic acids. 105 in teeth, 779 in urine, after parathyroidectomy,

639, 731 effect of parathroid honnone, 634,

639, 731 of vitamin D. 163, 165, B3ll

inorganic, in blood, in glucose tol­erance test, 440

in enracellulllr HUid, 300-302 in intracellular Huid, 301, JO,')

effa:t of iTlSUltn, J08 in muscle, 430 parathyroid honnone and, 634,

639, 731 intake, vitamin D deficienc)' and,

164 linkages. energy levels., 377, 378 low-energy, 317, 378 pK's in nucleic acids, 107 potential. 385 reDal threshold for, 841 transfer, 379

Phosphate trarnacetylase classifica­liun,2.32

Phosphatidic acids classification, 33 in phospholipid synthe!rll, 484 in mglyceride gynthesis. 481 occurrence, 39

Phosphatide-peptides. 39 Phosphatid)'l ethanolamine

catabolism, 486 in blood coagulation, 487 synthesis, 484

Phosphatid)'1 inositol, catabollsm, 486 synthesis. 485

Phosphatid)'1 ~rioe

activation of cytochrome oxidase, 487 catabolism, 486 in blood coagulation, 487 synthesi.!l, 484

Fhospb08cywes, clauifieation, i,49 Phosph08denosine phosphosulfate, in

mucopolysaccharide synthesis, 421 in sulfatation, 587

Phosphocreatine conversion to ereatinine, 578 energy level of linkage, 377, 378 energy storage, 379, 429 in mu..scle contnact1on, 429

Pbospbodiester8.'leS classification, 240 digestion of nucleic acids, 258, 265,

289,512­occurrence, 240

Phosphoenolpyruvate carbon dioxide assimillltion, 413 energy level of Iinka~, 377, 378 in glycolysis, 404 structure, ~7

Phosphofructokinase classification, 236 in glycolyus, 402 regulation of, 402­

Phosphoglucokinase, cla.wification, 236 Phosphoglucomutase, 235, 397

cJa~ficlltion, 236 coenzyme, 235 mechanism, 235 reversibility, 379

PhoSP~lycenate{S),in li:lycolysis,

Phosphoglycerate kinase, cl8Sllification, 238

in glycolysis, 404

Phosphoglyceromutase, cl8Sllmcation, 236 in glycoly5is, 404 mechani:itJl, 235

Phosphoglycolipids, 38 Phosphohexose isomerase in glycolysis,

402 Pbosphohydroxypnl\late, in serine

synthesis, 579 Phosphoinositides

chemistry, 37 classification, 33 OCCUlTence, 38 structure, 38 synthesis, 485

Phosphokinases, See Kinartw. Pbospholipucs(s), cl.a.s.$:ilk...Uon, 240

occurrence, 240 Phospholipase C, clUlification, 240

oCC11ITeDce, 2.40 Phospbolipid(s)

absorption, 453 asymmetric carbon atom in, 37 cataboli&ln, 4&3 chemistry, 37-39 classification. 33 digestion, 453 distribution in tissues, 455 functions. 487 in blood, 495, 809

amount, 493, 80Q coagulation, 487, 800 effect of thyrorine, 495. 507, 718

in erythrocytes, 803 ill ion transport, 488 in lipid absorption, 487 in lipid tran5plrt, 487,488 in microsomes, 774 in muscle. 790 in nervow tis.me, 37-39, 782 in oxidation of fatty acid.<;, 488 in plasma, 495 in platelets, 805 in skin. 780 in transport mechanism, 308 inositol in, 205 metabolism, 4&'l pla.sma, p~hle origin in intestinal

muCOSll.. 495 5tn.Lctural functions, 487 5ynthesis, 483 turnover, 485

Phospholipid-cholesterol ratio in muscles. 791 in plasma, 490, 495

Photphomevalonatc Idna.sc cllI.:5sifiCll­tion.238

Phosphomonocsterases, classification, 240 occurrence, 240

Phosphomutll5es classification, 236 coenzymes, 235 mechanism. 235

Phosphoprotein(s), casein, 53 cl8Sllification, 52, 53

Phosphoprotein phosphatase. classifica­tion, 240

occurrence, 240 Pbo:rphopyrovate C1trUoxylase, 405, 413.

423 PiJosphopyrovate hydratase classifica­

tion, 252. See also Enolase. Phosphoriboisomel'll.fle in pentose me­

tabolism, 417 Phospboribomutase, 236, 417 Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, in

purine synthesis, 515

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amido­l:raDIhlrue c1auiflcatioD, 233

Phospboribosylwnine, in purine syn­thesis, 516

Phosphoric esters, energy lewl, 377,378 of sugars, structures. 27

Phosphorus e.bsorption, 632 excretion, 639, 828. 846 fatty liver, 505 functions, 632 in blood, 633 in feces, 639 in urine, 639, 846 metabolism, 631-640

effect of vitamin D, 163, 165 renal threshold, 639 requirement, 639

Phospborylase(s) c1assifieation, 233 effect of epinephrine, 400, 437. 701

of glucagon, 400, 438, 728 inactivation and reactivation, 400 OCCl.llTence, 233

Phosphorylase kinase, 400 Phosphorylll.:5e phosphatase

classification, 240 in glycogen metabolism, 400 occurrence, 240

Phosphorylation aDd oxidation, 380, 382 conpled, 380, 382 effect of phloriZin. 446

of thyroll:1ne, 384, 720 in renal reabsorption, 446 ollidative, 382 substrate level, 3BO uncoupling, 384

Phosphoryl-choline transferase classi­fication, 237

Photopsin, 148 Photosynthesis. energetics of, 372 Phrenosin, 40 Phylloq,uinone, 170 Phytic acid

and vitamin D, 163, 633 eHeet on calcium absorption, 204,

632 rachitogenic action, 163, 204, 633 structure, 204

Phytin, inositol in. 26 structure, 2()4

Phytosphingasine, 39 Phytosterol!, in feces. 275 pI, 71, 73 Pigment, in skin, 74Y, 7&1

in urine, 838 Pigmentation

adreMI hormones and, 781 llnohogem and, 781 effect of vitamins, 781 estrogens and, 781 in inflammation, 781 pituitary and, 749

Pimelic acid, biotin preeunor, 195 structure, 19"­

Pincus reaction, 686 Pineal gland, melatonin in, 749 Pipecolate, ill lysi:ne metaboliun. 576 Pitocin, 746-749. See also (hytocin.. Pitress:in, 746-749. See also Vaso­

pruain. Pituitary

anterior, elkct of androgen, 688, 742 of epinephrine, 680, 700, 741

hormones, regulation of secretiOD, 737

886

Pituitary {Conffllued} function, and insulin tolerance, 436 hormones, adePohypophyseal. 736­

7<6 adJ:enocorticotropiC, 739 anterior, 736-746 fat-mobilizing, 498, 507, 746 gonadotropic, 741-7« growth, 744-746 hypothalamic regulation. 680, 737,

747 neurohypophyseal. 746-749 paN intermedia., 149 posterior, 746-749

chamiBtry, 746 cHeets of, 148 functiOIl'i, 148, 749 natuxe of, 146

secretion, 680, 737, 747, 748, 759 somatotropic, 744-146 thyrotropic, 737 trupic, 736

Pituitrin, 746-749. See aoo Otytocin; Vasopressin.

pK,66 Placenta

carotenoids in, 146 chorionic gonadotropin from. 744 estrogen formation, 689 hannane:>, 750 progesterone formation, 69B

P1a>m. cholesterol, 49.')

Wld 8therosckrosis, 495 influence of diet, 494

of thyroid, 494 glycoproteins., pbysical properties, 560 lipids, inHuence of food and nutri­

Hotl, 496 postabsorptive concentralioDS, 493

phoopholipids, 495 in diahetes mellitus, 495, 725, 127 influence of thyroid. 495, 507, 71B

proteins, 558, BOO. See also Blood plamJiJ proteins, and individual component'i.

abnormal, 807, 808 and estrogen transport, 691 carbamino compowllD, 289, 291 electrophoretic pattcrn, 559 fractiOllation, 558-561 functions, 5tH identily, 558 in protein deficiency, 657 lipoproteins, 489 metabolism, 561 physical properties, 560 thyrOxine in, 629, 716 tramport funetioll.S, 562, 797

thromboplastin comIXment. 800 triglycerides, 495. See also Blood

lipidl.unesteri6ed fatty a.cith, 495

Plasmalogens catabolism, 486 chemistry, 39 classification, 33 structure, 38 synthesis, 484

PlasmaphereSis. 549 Plasmin, clllS!lification 3.'1 enzyme, 245 Plasminogen, 802

ph}')jcal pwpertles, 560 Plateletll

composition of, 8M in blood coagulation, 799-801

Plltte\etJ (Conlinued') lipids in, 805 proteins in, 805

Plethora of enzyme. 769 PNA. definition, 102. See also Ribo­

nucleic acid. Po,. See O:t!fgen, partiol pressure. pOH,OO Polarized light and optical isomerism, 6 Polyamines in nucleoproteirui, 105 Polymers

of amino sugars, 22 of monosaccharides., 15 of sugar acids, 22

Polynucleotidases, clllSSification, 241 occurrence, 241

Polynucleotide1. structure, I08-U4 Polynucleotide ph~ph<Xyla.se. action,

530 Po'yols, 6, 2.5 Polyphosphatases, classification, 249

occurrence. 249 PolyIiho.90mes, in protein synthe9is, 555 Polysaccharidases, classification, 243 Polysaccharides

acidic, 22-25 action of pancreatic amylase, 263

of salivary amylase, 259 amino sugars ln, 2.2 bacterial, 22, 1>.3, 25 blood-group, 13. 22, 799 classification, 5, 6, 16 defl.nition, 5 digestion. 259. 2.63. 379 end-group analysiS, 16 functions, 5, 17 galacturonic acid In. 21 glucosamine in. 22 heterosacchllridic, 22 hexOSE, 17 homosaccharidic. 16 in blood. 808, 809 in hormones, 22. 23, 737, 743 iodine reaction, 30 manno.se in, 13, 2.2 pentoses in, 17 solubility, 4 structure, 16--19

t'/0 ratio. 3B2 Porphin. strueture, 121 Porphobilinogen

detectiOIl, 139 excretion in porphyrias, 614, 619 in porphyrin synthesis, 609 stmcture. 121

Porphobilinogen deamin3.'le. in por­phyrin synthesis, 610

Porphyria(s).613 erythropoietic, as regulator muta­

tions. 765 experimental, 620 hepatic, as operator mutlltiOIL5, 764

Porphyrin(s) bile pigment formation and metabo­

lism.614 catabolism, 614 chemical properties, 123 chemistry, 121 cytochrome c formation. 613 determination, 139 excretion of waste produets, 619 heme ronnalion. 610 hemoglobin formation. 611 in oxidative enzymes, 353 interrelations with other metabo·

lite:;, 621

INDEX

Porpbyrin(') (Continued) iron, prosthetic groups of OJidatiou­

reduetion llysteIm, 353 metabolistn, 606--622 physical properties, 123 porphyrias, 613 structures and nomenclature, 121,

122 survey of metabolism. 607 syntbesi5., 008

from glycine, STI. 608 Porphyrinogeos

excretion. 619 of Zn complexes in porphyria. 614,

619 in porphyrin synthesis. 610 occurrence, 122, 610. 614, 619 structure, 122

Porphyrinogen isomerase, in por­phyrin synlh8llLs, 610

Porphyrinoproteill$, cLa.ssi6cation, 52, 53

Porphyrinurias, 619 Porphyropsin, 14B Potassium

absorption, 624 distribution. 626

effuct of addo,o,;is. 319 of alkalosis on•.'319 of glucose. 308. 626 of insulin. 308. 626 of loa, 308, 626. 710

excretion, 624, 827, 84.7 e£h,ct of adrenocorUca1 bormcmet.

624. 710, 8Z7, 84.7 hydrogen campetitioa, 318

urlDe acidity and. 31B in blood, effect of adreoocortical

bonnooes. 308. 626, 710 of glucose on, 441, 625, 728 of7"fsUC02 utilization. 441, 625,

of insulin. 441, 625, 728 in glucose tolerance test, 441

in blood pluma, 300-302, 307-310. 625, B12

in cerebrospinal fluid, B17 in di~estive fluids, 624 in extracellulu fluids, 300--302.

307-310,625,626 in feces, 624 ill intracellular fluids. 301-303,

307-310.626 effect of glucose. 308. 626

of imulin, 308, 626 in urine. 624.827, 847. See also

Urine, potasrium.. effect of thyrorine, 719

intake, 624 loss, 3OB, 318. 626, 710, 825

alkalosis in, 3.20, 627, 710 effect on bicarbonate, 320, 627, 710

on chloride. 627, 710 on pH, 308. 319 on potassium di<;hibuticm. 308.

626,710 on sodium, 627, 710

in diabetes mellitus. 444 metabolism. tj2,J-627

and protein catabolism, 626, 710 effeet of adrenocortical hormones,

308.626, 710. 825 neuromuscular initability and, 623

Pre-enzvmes, activation, as control mechanism, 770

definition, 216

887 INDex

Pregn&ncy ascorbic acid requirement, 159 basal metabolism, 332 blood, estrogens in, 692-694

gonadotropin in, 692-694, 742-744 UpiUs in, 494, 810 urea. in, 811 uric acid in, 812

calcium requirement in, 640 folic acid deficiency in, 203 glycO$urill. In, 848 in vitamin E deficiency, Iffl:! iron requirement in. 643, 650 plilSma dlolencrol in, 494 progcsterone in, 696, 698 protein requlrt'ment, 650, 657 riboflavin requJrcment. 182 toxemias, uric acid clearance in, 812 urinary 17-'ketorteroids in, 687 urine glucose in, 848

pregnanediol in, 692-694, 696 Vitamin A reqmrement. 152 vitamin D requirement. 166

Pregnane, BOO Pregnanediol

confugatioll, 696 excretion,. 692--694, 696 formation, tI96 glucuronide, BOO in urine. 21, 696. 849

in pregna.ucy, 692-694, 696 structure, 696, 697

Pregnanetriol, 697, 705, 708 Pregnanolone. 696, 00':' Pregneno!une, 696, 691, 705 Premero,Qpturie acids, 586 PrenyltllUlSferase classification, 2J4 PRoenzyme, 400. See Phosphmywe

phosphatase. Prephenate, 548 Primary level of orgauizll.Uon 1n

proteins, 55, 56 Priming agtmt, i.n fatty acid oxidation,

465 Proaccelerin, 800 Probenecid, 672 Proconvertin, 800

a.IId vltlunin K, 172, 173 Procllzymes, denuition. 216 Profibrinolysin, 802 ProHavine, inhibition of DNA syDthe!iS,

528 Proge:l'teront:

adrenocorticoids from, 697, 705, 706 androgem from, 685, 696, 697 biological ~ctions, 600 biosynthesis, 696

gonadotropins and, 693, 696, 742 chemistry, 696 effect on hyaluronic acid, 778

on oviduct avidin. 195 /)[I sodium balance, 698 on wl-ter billarlce, 698

estrogens from, 690, ooe from adrenal cortex, 696, 701, 705,

100 hydroxylation, 697, 705, 700 metabolism, 600 secretion, effect of lactogenic

hormones, 693, 696, 742 of luteinizing hormone, 693, 696,

142 '1olubility, BOO

Prolactin, 743 actions, 744 assay, 743

Prolactin (Condn~

chemistry, 743 Prolamines

cla.ssifkation, 52, 53 glilldin,53 zein, 53

Prolidase, 245 Prolinase, 245 Proline, metaboli1im, 581

stolCture, 57 ProUnemia, $82 Propanediul phosphate, in acetone

metabolism. 468. 400 Propionate

conver.;ioll to suocinate, 413 from isoleUCine, 574, 580 from methiull.1ne, 565 from pyrimidine cataho(bm, 52.'1 from valine, 574, 5SO metaboli~m, 471

Propionyl-CoA, cooversion to melhylmalunyl-CoA, 413

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase cl~ifica­tion, 255

Prostaglandins, metaholism, 464 occurrence. 36

Prortllte, effect of luteiniZing honnone, 143

Pro~tatic fluid, acid phosphatase in, 814, !B1

composition. 817 Prosthetic group, 214 Protamine5, c1asiification, 52, 55

1n nucleoprotelns, 103 Proteam, crlUSification•.'55 ProteaSeI, See also individual enzymes.

definition. 244. in digestion, 258

Pwtdn(s) albumins. 52. ro amino acid content, 59

-SeCJuence, 63 code" bypotheris, 554-557

tullOOUsm, effect of adrenocortical hormones, 564. ~tl5. 712

effect of insulin, 564, 728 of somatotropin, 563, 745 of thyroxine, 564, 565, 717

a.IIillla1, 654-657 apolar bond, 80 IlS buffers, 74 as charged. pJl.rtieles, 72, 73 axial ratio, 78, 81 biologicd value, 549, 654 biuret reaction, 94 buffer action, 314, 315 caloric valut', 326 capillary penneabHity to, 200, 306 carbamino Cle.llctlon, 60, B3 carbohydrate from, 392, 423. 573 catabohsm, 558

eHect of adrenocortical honnones, 564., 565, 712

of thyronne, 564, 5tl5, 717 urinc sulfur and. 628

charged groups, 72 chemistry, 50-101 chlorophylloproteins, 53 cIlUSi6l:illion, 51, 52 coagulation, 89, 99 colloidal propertie$, 83-87 composition, 59 conjugated, 5.1 connective thsue, 776-780 coulombic bond, 50 deficiency, 657

Protein(s) (ContlrslJ&!) definition, 50 denaturation, 87 denatured. 55. 61 deprivation, 550 derived, 55 detection of, 99 determination of, 99 dialysis, 86 dieleetric di5pemon, 18 dletary, amino acid composition, 655

animal, 654--657 biological value of, 654-657 caloric content, 651 deficiency, 657 inadequ!l.tI~, B53--857 nitrogen balance and, 653--656 quaUty, 654-5:57 quu.ntity of, 650, 656 requiremena, 549, 656 !upplemental)' relatioll$hip:>, 656 vegetable, 654-657

digestion, 540 aminopeptidases. 265 carboxypoptidase, 282 cbymotrypsi n, 262 dJpepti.we" 265 elect of cottonseed oil, 653, 657

of gossypol, 653, 657 of llOybean, 657

gutric jnice, 280 in stomach, 260 pa.ncreatic juice, :z62 pepsin, 200 summary of, 269 tripeptidases, 265 trypsin, 2B2

diwlflde bond, 76, BO double remetion of lluw, 76 electrudlalyslS, 87 electron microscopy, 79 electraphoresi:>' 68, 74 electrostatic bond, BO energy level, 375 £br1Jl1S types, 81 f1avoproteins, chwificarlOJl. 52, 54 flocculation, 89 fiuorodinltrobenzenc reactioll, 63, B3 functions, 653 Gibb~-Dollnall effect and, 304-300 globular types, 81 globulins, 53 gluconeogenesis, 392, 423, 573 glutelim, 53 glycoprotcins, classification, 52, 54 heat coali:ulation te:lt. 00 Heller's ring test, 99 hemoproteins, 54, t24, 134 histones, 55, 104 hydrogen bond, 76, 50 hydrolysis, 62 hydrophobic bond, 80 in blood. .'558, 800 in hone, 635, 718 in cartilage, 778 in cerebrospinal lluid, 617 tn emacellular fluid, 300--302, 306 in fece~, 274 in interstitial fluid, 300--~ 306 in leukocytes, B04 in lymph, 8lB in lymphocytes, 804 in milk, 793 in mwcle. 426, 788

adm, 427 globulin X, 426

888

Protein(s) (Continued) in mwde, myos.1n, 427 in nervous ti'lSUe, 781. 782 in plasma. 200, 302, 558-563, 806

abnonnal, 807. 808 effect on blood calcium, B34 estrogen transport and. 691 Functions, 561 in protein deficiency. 657. 806 iron trailSport and. 641 nonno.l. 558, 806 thyroxine in. 629, 715

in plateleu, 805 in skin, 779 in synovial fluid, 817 in urine, 849 intake, 650, 653-657 inter-chain forces. 76, 80 intra-ehain forces, 76, 80 ionic bond. 80 ionic states, 73 isoelectric points, 73 keratins, Q'- ilDd fj-, 81 Kjddahl method, 94 levels of organization, 55 light scattering, 85 lipoproteins, 54. See abo Lipoproteim. metabolism, 539-605

after pancreatectomy, 443, 725, 728 carbohydrate metabolism and, 447,

507,602 eHeet of adrenocortical honnones,

564, 565, 712 of androgens, 563, 565. 688 of caloric intake, 651 of carbohydrate intake, 550, 652 of insulin, 728 of insulin deficiency, 443. 728 of somatotropic honnone, 563,

565,745 of thyroxine. 564, 565, 717

honnonal inftuences, 563 in brain, 784 in diabetes mellitus, 443, 725, 728 intenelatiom with other foodstuffs,

447,507,536,602 respiratory quotient. 328 summary, 543 wine nitrogen from, 328, 329

metalloproteins, 54 molecular weights, 85 nitrogen content, 100 nucleoproteillS, 53, 103 number of chains per molecule, 75 Dmlotic pressure, 83 peptide.s, 55, 58 peptones, 55, 63 phO!lphoprotetns, 53 porphyrinoprotelns, 53 precipitation by llDlonic reagents, 93

by cationic reagents, 90, 91 prolamines, 53 properties, general, 50 prosthetic groups, 52, 53 protamines, 55, 103 protew;cs, 55, 83 qualilative tests for, 99 refl'"ll.ctive index method, 100 requirements, 650, 653--657 respiratory quotient, 328 salt bridge, 80 salt fractionation, 85, 558 scleroproteins, 53 shapes of molecules, 78 significance, 51 simple, 52, 53 solubility, 52, 53

Protein{,) (Continued) !lOlvent fractionation, 86, 560 Spari~ action of carbohydrate, 550,

of fats, 652 spe<::ial, synthesis of, 549 specific dynamic action, 333 specific gl'"ll.vity method, 99 "stotage," 549 streaming birefringence, 78 structure, amino acid Sle<J.uence, 63

cyclic, 76 helix in, 76 levels of organiUltion, 55 pbosphate cross-linkages, 76, SO pleated sheet in, 76 secondary organization, 76 tertiary organization, 78

synthesis, 551-558 activation of amino acim, 553 intracellular sites, 552 of special, 549 role of nucleic acids, 5J.4

of RNA, 5340, 554, 555 titl'"ll.table groups, 72 turnover, 551 ultracentrifugation, 84 ultrafiltration, 87 van der Wuls forces, 81 vegetable, 654-657 Viscosity, 78 water from, 293 x-ray diffraction, 79

Protein-bound iodine, 629, 716 Protein mucopolysaccharidates, 54 Protein-sparing effects, 550, 604 Proteolipids, 46 Proteolytic enzymes

aminopeptidases, 265 carboxypeptidase, 262 chymotrypsin, 262. dipeptidases, 265 pepsin, 260 ttipeptidases, 265 trypsin, 262

Proteoses, classification, 52, 55 fonnation, 6J

Prothrombin carbohydrate in, 23 deficiency, after antibiotics, 173

after dicoumarin, 173, 665 in bile Bstula, 173 in biliary obstruction, 173 In exce'S5 vitamin A, 151, 172 in intestinal disorden, 173 in liver damage, 173 in newborn, 173 in vitamin Ii: deficiency, 173

in blood, 800 in blood coaguls.tion, 800 nature of. 800 physical properties, 560 vits.min K and, 172, 173

Prothrombinase, 801 Protoporphyrin

convenion to heme, 610 in hemoglobin synthesis, 611 structure, 122 synthesis, 610

Provitamim A, 143-145. see also Vitamin A.

absorption, 146 biological activity, 143-145 chemistry, 144 destruction, 145 food sources, 145 identification. 146

INDIX

ProviwnillS A (Continued) in blood, 146, 147, 151, 152, 815 in feces, 147 in milk, 146, 147 in tiDues, 145--147 in urine, 147 metabolism, 147 OCC).llTence, 145 solubility, 145 stol'"ll.ge, 147 structure, 43, 160 tests for, 145. 146

Provitamlns D, 43, 159, See also Vitamin D.

activation, 159 chemistry, 159-161

Proximity-orientation effect, 211 Psfl'Udochollnesterase deficiency, 764 Pseudoglobulins, classification, 53 Pseudokeratin, 780 PscudopeptidCi, structures, 61

synthesis, 552 PSfl'Udoperoxidase reaction, 140 Pseudouridine, 106 Psilocybin, 672 "PsychiC energizers," 594 Pteridine-Iike cofactor, in phenyla­

lanine hydr'"}'Iase reaction, 597 Pteroyl-aspartic acid as anti-folic s.cid,

669 Pteroylglutamic acid, 196--202. See abo

Folic acid. metabolism, ascorbic acid in, 15e,

158, 197 Pteroylmonoglutamic acid, 196. See

also Folk add, Pteroylpolyglutamic acid, 196. See abo

Folic acid. Ptyalin, 259 Pulmons.ry ventilation, acidosis and,

321,323 alkalosis and, 321, 324, 325

Purine{s) antagoJilits of, 674 catabolism, 518 chemistry, 106, 118 chromatography, 118 determination, 118 in nucleic acids, 100, 107 incorporation Into nucleic acids, 518 interconversion, 517 metabolism. 515 syntheSis, 515

folinic acid in, 201 from glycine, SIS, 577 vilamin B12 in, 201

Purine deammases, classification, I!MI Purine nucleoside phospborylases,

classification, 233 Putine nucleotide kinase:s. function, 518 Puromycin ~ metabolic antagonist, 664 fatty liver, 505 inhibition of protein synthesiS, 556

Putrefaction by intestinal bacteria, 271 Putreseine from arginine, 273 Pyranose forms of fructose, ]2

of glucose, II Pyrazolopyrimidines, 675

fatty liver, 50S "Pyribenzamine:' 672 2-Pyridine aldoxime methiodide,

reactivation of acetylcholin­esterase, 213, 214

PyridinoproteiJlli as hydrogen carriers, 181, 185. See also NlcottntmUde ademne ~nucUotfde.

I

'" '",•, d

I, I, " • 'l

Pyo

Py,

Pm

INDEX

Pyridoxal, 187-189. See alS£] Pyridoxine. Pyridoxal ph~phate, 187, 189

in amino acid absorption. 54.1 in deamination of serine, 579 in decarboxylation of glutamate, 582 in dopa decarboxylase reaction, 600 in muscle phosphorylase, 400 in porphyrin synthesis, 608 in serine-glycine inlerconversion.

189, 576 in sphingO:Sine synthesis, 484 in "thionase" S}'$tem, 189, 584 in transamination, 189, 234, 568 in transsulfura.se reaction, 189 in tryptophlUl metabolism, 189, 190,

596,597 in tryptophanase system, 597

Pyridoxaminc, 187-189. See also Pyridvrine.

Pyridoxamine phosphate, 187, 189 role in transamination, 234

Pyridoxic acid, 188 in urine, 188

Pyridoune, 187-190 antagonists of, 189 assay, 188 biosynthe5is, 188 carbohydrate absorption and, 391 chemistry, 187 codecarboxylase, 189 col:r811sammase, 189 defiCiency, 189

convuhions and y-aminobutyrate, 582

effect of tryptophan, 190 fatty liver in, 5~

oxalic acid in urine, 190 tryptophan metabolism in, 190 unthurenic acid in urine, 190

eJ:cretion, 188 functiom, 189 in blood, 815 in fatty acid metabolism, 189, 464 in foods, 188 in interconversion of polyunsaturated

fatty acids, 464 in milk, 188, 795 in nicotinic acid synthesis, 189, 100 in penpiration, 188 in sulfur trWl.'ifer, 189 in transport mechanisms, 189, 308 in urine, 188 inhibition by deoxypyridoline, 666 metabolites in urine, 188 occunence, 188 ph~phorylation, 187, 188 requirement, 190

effect of thyronne, 719 test.!, 188

Pyridoxol, 187-189. See aho Pyrido:dne. Pyrimidine(s)

antagonists of, 674 catabollsm, 522 chromatography, U8 determination, lI8 in oucleic acids, 106, 197 incorporation into nucleic acids, 522 interconversions, 521 metabolism, 520 synthesi.!, 520

folinic acid in, 202 vitamin BJ't in, 2£J2

Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphoryla.'itl, c1lWification, 233

Pyrogallol, inhibitor of a-methylation, SOl, 671

Pyroglobulins in blood, 608

Pyrophosphata.se classification, 249 occurrence, 249

Pyroph~phate linkage, energy level, 377, 318

Pyrophosphorylases, cll..5Si.6cation, 236 Pyrrole compounds, in porphyrin struc­

ture, 121 Pyrrolinecarboxylate in proline metabo­

liml,581 Pyruvate, carbon dioxide assimilation,

413 decarboxylation, 117,409,413

a-lipoic acid in, 177, 206 in blood, 608, 809 in glycolysis, 405 oxidation, 409

energetics. 414 Pyruvate carboxylase classification, 255

function. 405, 413, 423 Pyruvate decarboxylase classification,

25' in fermentation, 405

Pyruvate dehydrogenase system. c1assi­ficatioo,358

function. 409 Pyruvate kinase

bypass around, 405, 414, 423 classification, 236 in glycolylis, 405

Pyruvate oxidation factor, 206. See alS£] IJ-Upoic add.

QvA1T.RNARY level of organization in protelIlS, 55, 78

Quenching, 115 Quinaldate, 595

RACEMIC mirtures, 8 Radicals, free, in biological oxicktions,

353 Radioautography, 343-344 Rancidification, 34 Rare earths, fatty liver and, 505 Rauwolfia alkalOids, relation to sero­

tonin and norepinephrine, 594,

7""Reactions, reversibility and free energy,

371 Recon,760 Reduced hemoglobin in blood, 285-287

acidity, 288-291, 315 buffer capacity, 288-291, 315

Reducing substances in urine, 442, 848 in detoxication, 277 of aldehydes, 277 of aromatic nitro compounds, 277

Refractive indell method for proteins, 100

RegulatiOn. enzyme action, 226, 758-772 metabolic, 758-712

Regulator gene, 161 Reichert-Meissl oumber, 46 Relaxation facton in muscle contrac­

tion, 430 Relaxin, 750 Renal blood How, 832

facton inHuencing, 832 Renal clearance, 831-837. See also

ClearaTIU tests. Renal function, 819-849

Hltration fraction, 834, 835 glomerular filtration, 822, 830, 835 renal blood How, 832

BB9

Renal function (Continued) tubular ellcretory mass, 833, 834. tubular function, 823-830, 833-836

Renal glyc~uria, 442, 446 Renal insufficiency, acidosis in. 32.2 Renal threshold for calcium, 848 Renal h.tbular excretory mass, 833, 834. Renal tubular reabsorption, 823-828,

835,836 Renal tubules, reabsorption of glucose,

442.,824 Renin, 831

and aldosterone secretion, 707, 837 classification as enzyme, 24.5

Rennin action, 261 classi.6cation, 245 properties, 246

Replication, 527 Repressor, 761 Reproduction, action of vitamin E, 169 Reflerplne, 671, 672

relation to serotonin and norepineph­rine, 594, 766

Resonance, in "high-energy" bonds, 378 Resorcinol test, 28 Respiration, 282-291

control, blood pH in, 284 chemical, 283 Pcc, in, 284 po" in, 284

gas exchanges in, 282, 283 gas laws, 282 in acid-base regulation, 288-291, 316 in acidosis, 321, 323 in alkalo5is, 321, 324, 325 regulation, by blood Pcc" 316

by blood pH, 316 Respiratory acidosiS, 321, 323 Respiratory alkalosis., 321,325 Respiratory center stimulation

by blood Pen" 284 by blood pH, 284 by blood Po<, 284

Respiratory disorden and acidosis, 325 and alkalosill, 325

Respiratory quotient (R.Q.), 327-330 alter pancreatectomy, 443, 725 basal, 331 carbohydrate, 328 effect of glucose on, 441

of insulin, 443, 725 of somatotropin, 745

fat, 328 in diabeta'l melUtus, 330, 443, 725 in glucose tolerance test, 441 protein. 328 significance, 329

Respiratory regulation of acid-base bal· anee,316

Reticulin, in connective tissue, 716 in skin, 760

Retinene, 46, 148 Retinene isomeme class1fl.cation, ~ Retinene reductase, 148 Reversibility of reaetiol'll, relation to

free energy, 371 Rr, definitiOD, 97 Rhodanese clllJlldfication. 238 Rhodoplin, 148

as lipoprotein, 46 Ribitol

in ribofiavin, 179 occurrence, 25 structure, 25

Riboflavin, 178-182 antilipotropic action, 503

890

Riboflavin (ConthauM) llBSBy. 181 biosynthesis. 180 chemistry. 179 deficiency, 182

demonstration, 182 terti. 182

destruction, 179 excretion, 181 functioIl.'l, 181 in blood, lBO, 815 In coenzymes, 353 Ul feces, 181 in foods, 181 in milk, 178, 181. 79S in oxidatiotl-reduction reactions. 181 in pen:pin.tion. 181 in synthesis of coenzymes, 525 in l:issues, 180 in tryptophan metabolism, 596 in wine, 181, 182 inhibition by galactoftavtn, 866 inhibition of metabolism by galae.

to811.vin, 666 metabolism, 180 occurrence, 178, 181 oxidation potential, 181 phosphorylation, 180 requirement, 182

RiboDavin adenine dinucleotide lL'l'Jay.181 chemiStry, 179 functions, 181 hydrogen transport, 181 in foods, 181 metabolism, ISO occurrence, 181

RiboDavin phosphate, chemistry. 179 hydrogen transport, 181

RibokiD&te cla.mi.ficatiOll, 23B Ribonuclease{s)

actiOD, 512 classification, 241 in pancreatic juice, 264 OCCt1lTence, 241

Ribonucleic acid{s) composition, 107, 108 conformation. 3-dimerulional, 113, 114 definition, 102 in diHerentiation, 536 in learning. 536 in protein synthesis, 534, 554, 555 messenger (mRNA), formation, 530

in protein synthesis, 554 metaboliun, 528, 531 OCCl1IT'ence, 103-105, 108 ribosomal (rRNA), forroation, 530 "sol"ble" (sRNA), formation, 530

in protein synth6.lis, 554 structure, 111, 113 template in adaptive enzyme fonna­

tion,228 types, lOS, 108

Ribonucleic acid nucleotidyltransferase c1as.Wlcation, 237

Ribonucleic acid pDOIiphorylase classification, 237

Ribonucleic acid polymerase classifica­tion, 237

RibOJe glucose interconversion, 416 in nucleic acids, 102, 106

metabolism, 515 metabolism, 416 ocCWTence, 11 structure. 7, 12

Ribose phosphates, occurrence. 28. 111, 417,523

Ribose-I-phosphate in pentose metabo­lism, 417

structure, 27 Rib0se-5-phosphate in pentose metabo­

lism, 417 structure, 27

Ribosephophate isomerase ell..5l&i6ca­tion, 254

Ribosomes, 77" enzymes in, 226 in protein synthesis, 555 RNA in, 105, 108

Ribosylamine, 21, 516 5'-Ribosyluracil, 106 Ribulose, nomenclature, 6

structure, 7 RihulO!ie-5-phosphate in pentose me­

tabolism, 417 Rickets, 1.59, 164. See also Vitamtn D

defid=•. after aluminum. 164, 632 after berylliwn, 164, 632 after cereab, 632 after iron, 164, 632 after phytic acid, 163, 204, 633 after 5trontium. 164, 632 bone magnesium in. 631 eJlect of aluminum, 164

of beryllium, 164 of iron, 164 of lead, 164 of magnesium. 164 of phytate. 163. 204, 633 of stronliwn, 164

Rigor mortis., 430 RNA, definition, 102

mRNA, definition, 105. See also Ribo­nucleic add(s).

rRNA, definition, 105. See also R~bo­nucleic add(s).

sRNA. ddinition, 105. See also Ribo­nucleic acid(.,).

tRNA, definition. 105. See also Rtbo­nuclek acid{s).

Royal jelly biotin in, 194 pantothenic acid in, 191 pyridoxine in, 188

Ruminants, cellulose digestion, 390

SACCHARIC acids, 21 Sahli method, 141 Sakaguchi reaction, 94 Saliva, 258

amylase. 259 blood gJ'oup specific factors in,

799 composition, 258 digestive action, 259 electrolytes, 322 iodine in, 629 urea. 259

Salt bridge. in proteins, SO Salting-out, 85. 558 Saponification, 34

nwnber, 46 Saponins, occUJ"rence, 14 SarcO!iine, from metabolism of betaine,

590 Sarcosine dehydrogenase classification.

358 Sarcotubular system, 428

INDIX

Saturation tesbl for ascorbic acid deficiency. 158 for nicotinamide deficiency, 187 for riboBaYin deficiency, 182 for thiamine deficiency, 178 for Vitamin defiCiency, 143

SchiH reagent. 118 Schlesinger reaction, 139 Schmidt-Thannhauser method, 117 Schneider method, 118 Scintillation counters, 343 Scleroproteins

classification, 52, 53 in connective tissue, 776 in nervous tissue, 782 in skin, 779 in leeth, 779

Secondary level of organization in pro­teins, 55, 75

Secretin, 260, 262, 264, 752 SedoheptulO!ie in pentose metabolilm.

417 &tructure, 12

Sedoheptuiose-7-phO!iphate, in penlaie metabolism. 417

Sedormid, in experimental porphyria, 620

Selenium, biological significance, 646 effect in liver necrosis, 168. 646

Selivanoff test, 28 Semen, composition, 817

fructose in, 433 Semicarbazide as enzyme inhibitor, Z24 Seminal vesicles. effect of luteinizing

hormone, 743 Sensitization hy foreign proteiw, 540 Serine

as source of "formaldehyde", 579. 592 conversion to cysteine, 584-585

to ethanolamine, 579. 590 deamination, 250, 579 forroation, folinic acid in, 201 in cephalins, 37 in phospholipids, 37. 484, 579 in phosphoproteins, 579 in synthesis of sphingosine, 484 interconvenion with glycine, 576 metabolism, 579 structure, 57

Serine dehydrawe classification, 252 Serotonin

antagonists. 672 as neurohormone, 751, 786 in nervous tissue. 786 structure, 595

Sr, definition, 561 Shaffer-Hartmann method, 28 Shikimate, 548 Shuttle, for elrtramitochondrlal metabo­

lites, 386 Sialic acids

chemistry, 21 s in glycolipids, 41, 42 s in mucopoJysaccharides. 23, 25 occurrence, 21. Z2 s

Sialidase classification. 243 Sickle-cell anemia, 127 Siderophilin. See Tranrfemn. Silicon in urine, 849 Sitosterol

absorption, 453 and cholesterol absorption, 453 interference with cholesterol absorp­

tion, 453 Skatole, from tryptophan, 272

in feces, 272

891 INDIX

Skin arsenic in, 780 changes, in biotin deficiency, 195

in niacin deficiency, 186 in pantothenic acid deficiency, 193 in pyridoxine deficiency, 169. 190 in riboflavin defiCiency, 182

composition of, 7'ro_781 glycogen in. 780 iodine excretion by, 629 iodine in, 629 lipids in, 780 melanin in, 780 pigment, 749, 780 proteins in. 719 WldeS in, 36

Snake venoms, lecithinases in, 37 Soaps, 34 Sodium

absorption, 624­acid-base balance and, 313, 623 distribution, 626

Gibhs-DonnlllD eR'ect and, 304-306 in acidosis, 319 in alkalosis.. 319

excretion, 624, 825, 847 effect of adrenocortical hormone!,

624, 709, 826, 847 extracellular, 300--302, 307-310, 626 -hydrogen ion exchange. 316-319, 321,

.W in acidoBu, 318, 323 in alkalosis.. 318, 324

in blood. effeet of AclrPnocllrtical hor­mODC!i, 308, 626, 710. 825

in blood plasma, 300-302, 307, 308. 625.812

in cerebr05pinal Huld. 817 in digestive fluiw, 322. 624 in feces, 624­in intlllCellular fiuid, 301--303, 307­

309.626 effect of potassium loss, 627, 710

in muscle, 302, 626 in perspiration. 294. 322., 624 in urine, 624. 825, 847

effect of thyromne, 719 intake, 624 loss, in diabetes mellitus. 444 metabolism, 623-627

eHect of adrenocortical hormones, 308, 626, 710, 825

of udrogens. 688 of e~trogens, 695 of progesterone, 698

intermediary, 626 newomuscular irritability and, 623 -potassium uchange, 307, 320 pwnp, 307 space, 298 water balance and, 623

Solubility product method, 95 Solvent fractionation of proteins. 86,

560 Somatotropic hormone. 744-146

a.cti0Il5, 745, 746 assay, 744 brain metabolism and. 784 chemistry, 744 competition with insulin, 4.35, 725 diabetogenic actiOll, 437, 745 errect on amino acid transport, 541

on blood amino acids, 745, 811 on blood glucose, 434, 437, 745 on blood Iipiw, 507, 746 on blood .rugar. 435, 437

Somatotropic bormone (Continued) eHect on blood urea, 14.5, 811

on carbohydrate metabolism, 434, 437,745

on fat mobilization, 498, 507, 746 on glucose u1l1ization, 434, '-37, 745 on hexokinase reaction, 397, 437,

745,746 on ketogenesis., 501. 746 on lipid metabolism. 507, 146 on liver lipids, 746 on muscle glycogen, 745 on protein metabolism, 563, 565.

145 on respiratory quotient, 745 on urine glucose, 74.5

fat.mobilizing effect, 498, 007 glycostatic action, 745 insulin lmtagonism. 435, 437, 725 metabolic effects, 745. 746

Somatotropin, 744-746. See abo Soma-

to"""'" """"""'.Somogyi method, 28 Sorbitol, occurrence, 419 Sorbose, structure, 7 Soybean, lmtitrypsin in, 262, 657

phosphoinositiaes in. 3B "Sparking" agent in fatty acid oxida­

tion, 465 Spasmolytics, mechanism of action, 009 Specific dynamic action, 333 Specific grllvity

of blood, 798 of blood pla.sma, 7980' urine, 839

Specific gravity method Eor proteins, 99

Spectrophotometry, in stUdy of biolog­ical oxidations, 339--340

Spermatogenesis. effect of fullic1e­stimulali!lK hormone, 743

Spermidine, 817 Spermine, 817 Spherocytosis, hereditlU}', 765-766 Sphingoglycolipid., general strocture,

40 Sphingolipiw, genelll1 structure, 40 S~hingomyeHn(s)

cataboliam. 487 chemistry, 39 choline in, 39 classification, 33 in brain. 7B2 in Niemann-Pick disease, 39 occurrence, 39 solubility, 39 structure. 38 Bynthesis.. 485

Sphiogophospholipids. general struc­ture, 40

Sphingosine chemistry, 39 in cerebrosides, 40 in ganglioside,. 41 in g1ycolipids, 40 in sphingomyelins, 39 synthesis.. 484

Spirollll;tones, steroid, 675 SponU.Deity of reat:tioD6, relation to

free energy. 370 Sprue, folic acid deficiency in, 203 Squalene, in cholesterol synthesu., 475 Squalene cyclohydroxylase classifica­

tion, 356 Squalene oDdocycllUe. in cholesterol

synthesis, 475

Starch amylase action on. 18, 259. 283

pancreatic, 283 .'Jalivary,~

caloric value, 326 digC!ition, 25Q. 263, 409

pllIlCreatic. 263 sallvlU)'. 259

functiOns, 5, 17 bydrol)"llis, 16, 259. 263 iodine reaction, 30 natural occurrence, 4 solubility, 4 structure, 18, 19

StarvAtion, blood lipids in, 469, 406. 810

Steatorrhea calcium amorption in, 639 effect 011 bone3, 639 OCCuneDce, 454 vitamin D deficiency in, 639

Stercobilin, 2H, 611, 618 detection, 139 excretion, 618, 6UI in bile pigment metabol1srn, 618 in feces, 274, 617, 618 structure, 137

Stercobilinogen, 274, 617, 818 detection, 139 eEretion, 618, 619 in bile pigment metaboliBm, 618 structure. 137

Stereochemi.'ltry amino adds, 56 carbohydrates, 6 hydrogen transfer. 353, 3S4

Stereoisomerism of steroids, 42, 661-682 S!eroid(s)

allo-, 682-684 chemistry, 42, 681 cis-, 682-6R4 cl8..'l.'lificatioD, 33, 681 hormones

adrenocortical,101-713 androgeD.'l, 684-889 estrogens, 689--895 progellterone, 696-698

in plasma lipoproteins, 45. 490 isomerism. 682 nomenclature, 682-e84 occunence. 42 parent hydrocarbons. 68Z-684 stereouomerism, 42, 681-632 structure. 42, 681

Steroid hydroxylases, cl9.!isificatioD, 356 Steroid spirolactones, 67.'5 Sterols

chemistI)', 42 metabolism, 474 plant, ll.D.d cholesterol absorption, 453

effect on cholesterol amorptiQrl, 453 on cholesterol fl}'Dth~, 495 on pl9.!iMa cholesterol, 495

Stomacb, digestion in, 260, 261 Stnmdin,42 Streaming birefringence. 78 Strepogenin, 548 Streptomycin, inhibition of protein syn­

thesis,sse Strontfum, effect on phosphate abaorp­

tion. 164, 83.2 rachitogtnic act:ioo. 164. 632

Stuart-Prower factor, 800 Substrate. definitiQrl. 210 Substrate analogs, 659 Sumtrate level phosphorylation, 3BO

892

Succinate, in porphyrin synthesis, 608 in tricarbo%ylic acid cycle, 412

Succinate dehydrogenase classiflcatioD, 358 inhibition by malonate, 224, 412. 666 prosthetic group. 358, 412

Sued.nate-g1ycine cycle, 610 Suceinate thiokinase. See Succinyt-CoA

~ntMmH. Succinic w.mialdehyde, in ketoglutarate

oxidation, 411 Succinyl-CoA

formation, 412 in synthesis of porphyrins, 808 in bicarbozylic acid cycle, 412 synthesis of porphyriDl, 608 utilization in tn.Dllllcylatioo. 473

Succinyl-CoA synthewe cla.:W6cation. 255

Succus entericus, 264. See also Inw. tlnal fcdC6.

Sucrase, 264 classification, 243 in feces, 275 occurrence, 243

Sucrose digestion, 264, 391 fermentation test, 30 hydrolysis, 15, 264 inversion, 15 occurrence, 15 optical rotation, 15 structure, 15 tests ror. 26-30

Sugar(s) acids, 6, 18

aldonic. 18 polymen of, 2.2 saccharic, 21 uroruc, 21

alcoho\.!;, 6, 25 metabolism. 419 classification, 5, 6 cyclic struC'tunl, 9

definition,S eJlect of alk.aJ.i. 30 fermeotation test, 30 invert, 15 phO!phoric esten, structures. 27 reducing properties., 10, 27 tests for, 26-30

Sulfatases, classification, 240 Sulfatation, 587

of suglU'S, 4.21 SuHate

"active," 587 conjugation, 279, 628

with bilirubin, 616 with indole, 279 with phenol, 279

ester formation, 587 ethereal, escretioo, 628, 846

formation, 279, 588, 627 excretion, 628, 846 formation, 627 from cysteine, 5&5, 586 in androgen conjugation, 685, 686 in detoxication, 279 In estrogen conjugation, 691 in extracellular fiuid, 301 in intracellular fiulll 301, 62.8 in mucopolysac<:harides. Z3 in urine, 628, 846 production in body, 313

Sulfate-adenyl transferMe classification, 23<l

SuHatidea, 41 SuHatocobalamin, 200. See also Vitamin

B12• Sulfhydryl groups

detection of, 94 effect on tyrosinase, 780 in enzyme inh.ibition, 223 pK,70 protection agaJDst allCWlD, 444

Su!flde in feces, 274, 62.8 P-Sul8nylpyruvate. in cf5Uine metabo­

lism,5&5 Su16te from cysteiDe, 5&5 Sulfocholine, lipotropic action, 504 SuHolipids, 41

in nervoUll tissue, 41, 782 SuHonamides

antithyroid action, 721, 722 competition with PABA, 197 mechanism of action, 659, 665

SuHones, antibacterial, 672 Sulfonylureas, B72 Suliotransfere.se{s), c18.SSification, 238 Sullm

absorption, B27 alkali-labile, detection of, 94 ethereal, 279, 588, 627, 846 ~:rcretion, 628, 846 in feces, 274, 628 in insulin, 723 in urine, 628, 846 inorganic, conjugation, 279, 627

detoxication, 279, 627 excretion, 628, 846 fonnation, 627

metabolism, B27, 628 general pathways, 588, 627 intermediary, 627

occ~nce, 627, B28 organic, e:rcretion, 1328, 846 o~~nce, 627, 628 oxidation, B27 utilization, 627

Sulfuric add. See Sulfate. Sulfurtransferase c1a.s.olification, 236 Superprecipitation, 4.2B "Super-repressed" mutations, 7B5 Suprasterols, 1B1 Sympathetic nerves, epinephrine forma­

tion, 699, 700, 786 norepinephrine formation, 699, 700,

788 Sympathin in nervow tissue, 783, 786 Sympatholytics, mechanLtm of action,

671 Sympathomimetics,mechanismofactlon,

671 Synalbumin factor, 725 Synovial fluid

composition, 81B gluco5e in, oi32 hyaluronic acid in, Tl7

Syntba5es, c1llS:'1mcation, 2.53 Synthetases, clas.si&Cation, 2.'55. See also

Liga.t&.

TA.CHYSTEROL, IBI Tagato5e, structure, 7 Talose, structure, 7 Tauber reaction, 29 Taurine

bile acid precursor, 267 conjugation with bile acids, 267 synthesis from cysteine, 267, 585, 588

INDIX

Taurocholate, 43, 2B7. See also Bile acld..

bio.synthesi.li, 9137 in bile, 2B7

Tay-Saw disea.se, brain g1ycolipids in, 4<>-42

lipid depos:its iII, 456 T~th

cariBli, and fluoride, 646, 779 composition of, 778 in vitamin A deficiency, 150 in vitamin E defidency, 168 minerals in, 179 mottled, 846, 779 proteins in, 779 vitamins and, 150, 779

Teichoic acids, 25 Temperature and oxyhemoglobin dis­

sociation, 287 regulation hy vaporization, 294

Template, in protein synthesis, 534, 554 Tendomucoid, 77B •Tertiary level of organization in pro­

teins, 55, 78 •Testane, 684 Testis

androgen formation, 684 effect of follicle-stimulating hormone,

743 of luteinizing hormone, 743

estrogen formation, 68B, 689, 691 progesterone formation, 696

Testo.sterone. 684-688 metabolhm. B84-68B

Tetany after parathyroidectomy, 730 in alkalosis, 639 in hypocalcemia, 639, 730 in vitamin D deflcierlcy, 165 infantile, 165 OIIteomalacic, 165

Tetracyclines, inhibition of protein syn­thesis, SSB

"Tetraethylammonium," 669 Tetrahydrocorticolds, 705, 706 Tetrahydrofolate, 196-203. See also

Tetrahydrofolic add. Tetrahydrofolate formylase classifica­

tion, 255 Tetrahydrofolic acid, 196-202. See also

Folinic add. as coenzyme, 230, 592 in one-carbon unit metabolism, 592 in plUltothenate synthesis., 192 in thymidylic acid synthes:is, 521

Tetrahydromesobilanes, structures, 137 Tetramethylglucose, 16 Tetrazollum salts, as artificial electron­

acceptors., 364 Tetroses

classification, 5, B definition, 5 in pentose metabolism, 417 occ~nce, 11

Thalassemia, 128, 765 formation of hemoglobio Fin, 612

Thiamina.se, 178 Thiamine, 174-178

antilipotropic action, 503 abiorption, 17B assay. 177 biosynthesh, 175 carbobydrate absorption and, 391 catabolism, 176 chemistry, 175 deficiency. 177

n

•h

" ~ "~

~

~

~

I,

m ~

m

" m Ie

Thi,'"01.... hi, f.

in '" In in ~

~

in .-1 ,t....

Thie Thin Thi.

Thin Thin

Thio, ,110 , , f.n

t

n: Thiol Thi~

Thiol

Thiol

cl.

I

893 INDEX

Thiamine (Continued) deficiency, beriberi, 177

cQtatornlin effect, 178 demonstration, 178 ecielllll, 177 encephalopathy, 177 lactic acid in blood. 178 occurrence, 177 oxygen uptake by brain. 178 pualysis, 177 pentose in erythrocytes, 178 pyruvic acid in blcod, 178 saturation tests, 178 symptoms, 177 thiami.ne in blood, 17S destruction. 175

excretion. 176 functions, 177 in blood, 176, 178, 815 in cerebrospinal lluid, 176 in feces, 176 in foods, 177 in milk, 176, 795 in tissues. 176, 177 in urine, 176, 178 inhibition of metabolimJ. by pyrithi­

amine, 600 metabolism, I7e o\--currence, 177 requirement, 178

effect of thyroxine. 719 solllbility, 17S storage, 176 tests, 177 units, 177

Thiamine pyrophosphate a\)!;orption, li6 a.'l cocarboxylase. 176, 177 as coeoll:yme, 176, 177,251.353, 3fH ~ biosynthesis, I7e fonnation, 176 functions. 177 in blood, I7e, 178 in decarboxylation, 177, 409-412­in oxidative decarboxylation, 409, 411 in pent~e melllbolblll, 417 in tissues. 176 in I::ransketolase reaction, 177, 417 u-lipoi<': acid and, 177, 20fI stOI1lge, 176 strocture, 175

Thienylalanine as inhibitor, 666 Th1n layer chromatography, 97 ThiocarbllDlides, antithyIOid action,

721, 722 Thiochrome, 175 Thioctic add, 206. See also rl-Llpaic

acid. ThiocY/lWlte

elfect on iodine metabolism, 715, 721 ou thyroid, 715,721 ou thyronne synthesis, 721

formation from cyanide, 280, 586 thiosulIate : cyan.i~ sulfurtrans­

fcrllSe in, 295 ~pace, 298

Thioerters, energy level of linkage, 377, 378

Thioether hydrolase c1a.'lSmcation, 244 Thioglycolic acid protection against al ­

IODU,444 Thiokinases. See under individual acyl­

CoA. synthetases. ThioJase enzyme!. See also Transocyla­

.". clll.l!l.illcation, 232

Thiolesteraseo;, occurrence, 240 Thioneine in erythrocytes, 804. See also

Ergothioneine. Thiosulfate, detoxication of cvanide,

585, 586 ­Thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase,

in cyanide detoJication, 280 in erythrocytes, 804

Thiouracil, antithyroid action, 721, 722 TIUourea, anlithyrold action, 721, 722 L-1'hreOnic acid. 151 Threonine

denciency and fatty acid synthesis, 503

formation of glyCine, 576 metabolism, 580 structure. 57

Threonine aldolase classification, 253 Threonine debydratase c!assincation, 252 Threose, rtrocture, 7 Thrombin. classification u enzyme, 245 Thrombocyte!.. composition of, 605. See

also Platelet.!. Thromboplutin, 800

u lipoprotein, 45 Thymidine

incorporation into nucleic acid, 522 structure, 109 synthesis, folinic acid io, 201

Thymidine-3',5'-diphosphate, 109 Thymidine nucleotides, occurrence, 52..1 Thyrnidyillte, ~tructure, 109

synthesis, 521 Thymine

analog, 672 catabolism, 522 in nucleic acids, 106, 107 methyl group synthesis, 593 pK of bydrol}'1 group, 107 synthesis, 521

Tbymol turbidity test, 80S Thymonucleic acid, 102. See also

Deoxyribonuclek acid. Thyrocalcitonin, 638, 714, 736 Thyroglobulin, 630, 713 Thyroid

effect of antithyroid agents, 720-722 of iodine, 720 of suUonamides, 72l, 722 of thiocarbamides. 721, 722 of thiocyanate, 715, 721 of thiouracil. 721, 722 of thiourea, 721, 722 of thyrotropic bomone, 715, 737 of thyrOJine, 720 011 ha:>al metabolism, 332, 717

function blood iodine in, 629, 716 insulin tolerllJlce and, 436 iodine in, 629, 720

hormone, 713-722. See also Thymrine. conversion to thyroacetic acids,

602, 716 deiodl.nation, 602, 716 enterobepatic circulation, 602, 71(3 gl\luuronide~, 602, 716 sulfate conjugates, 602. 716

in iodine de6ciency, 629, 720 iodine in, 630, 715 iodine metabolism Q.Ild, 628-630, 714­

71" Tbyroid-stimulating hormone, 737. See

abu ThyrohuJ"c honnone. Thyronine, 713, 714 Thyrotropic hormone

action.1, 715, 737

ThyrotJopk hormone (Contfnued) assay, 737 carbohydrate in, 22 chemi~try. 737 effect of antithyroid agents, 721, 722

of thyroxine, 720 on blood iodine, 737. 738 on thyroid, 715, 737 on thyroJdne synthesiS, 715, 737

fat mobilization. 498 secretion, 737

Thyrotropin, 137. See also Thyrotropic /umnone.

Thyroxiue absorption, 629 biosynthesis, 602, 714

effect of iodine, 720 of rnlfoillimides, 721, 722 of thiocarbamides, 721, 722 of thiocyanate, 721 of thiouracil. 721, 722 of thiourea, 721, 722 of thyrotropin, 716, 738

calorigenic effect, 332, 717 carbohydrate absorption and, 391 catabolism, 602, 716 chemistry,713 diabetogenic action, 445 effect on absorption, 391, 718

on ATP, 720 on basal metabolism, 332, 717 on blood glucose. 438, 718 on bones, 638, 719, 735 on calcium metabolism, 635, 638,

719, 735 on carbohydrate metabolism, 438,

718 on creatine metaboliSlTl, 71F! on cytochromc. 720 011 development, 719 on electrolyte metabolism, 119 on enzymes, 720 on fatty acid oxidation, 718 on gillconeogencsis, 718 OIl glucose absorption, 391, 4340,

438, 718 OIl glycogenolysis, 434, 438. 718 011 growth. 719 on lipid metabolism, 507, 718 on metamorphosill, 719 on o~gen consumption. 3.12, 717 on phosphorylation, 700 on plasma cholesterol, 494. 507,

71" on plasma phospholipid, 495, 507,

71" on protein metabolism, 564, 565,

717 on thywicl, 700 on thyrotropin, 720, 738 on urine calcium, 638. 719. 735 on urine chlorirIP.. 719 on urine potusium, 719 on urine sodium, 719 on urinc volume, 719 on vitamin requirement. 719 00 water balance. 719

eKCretion, 629, 716 formation, 602, 714 in blood, 629, 716 in thyrOid, 629, 630, 713-716 in uncoupling pho:sphorylatioJUi. 384 mechanism of action, 719 metabolic elfects, 717-720 metabolism, 602. 714, 716 secretion, 630, 715

894

TbyroUne (Continued) structure, 57

TilIsue{~)

calcification after parathyroid hormone, 732

ehcmiCill composition, 773-i75. See also individual tiJsues.

estrogen in, 689 gM e~change in, 283, 285, 289 iodine in. 630 iron in, 641 Wa(tlf ln, 295

Tissuf'. culture, CMclltial lUllino acids, 548

In study of intermediary metabolism, 338

Tissue homogenatC!l in study of inter­medilll')' metabolism, 339

Tiuue mince in study of intermediary metabolism, 339

Tissue slice!l ill study of intennedia.l)' mctllbolislO, 3J8

Tobacco mosaic vinL', structure. 105, 114, 535

Tocopherols. 166-169. See abo Vitamln{s) E.

absorption, 1138 antiondant action, 44. 167, 168

on fats, 161, 168 on vitamin A, 161, 168

chemistry, 166 c1A~i6cation ll.S lipid:>, 33 excretion, 168 forms, 166 functions, 168 in bl.ood, 168 in feces, 168 in foods, 167 in milk, 167, 168 in ox..idation-roouction reactions, 169 in tissues, 108 iu urine, 168 occunence, 167 wlubility, 161 vitamin A and, ISO

Tollens' phloroglucinol reaction. 2Y Toxi~terol, 161 TPN, l83-186. See abo Nic(>tinamtde

ilder!1fW dinucleotW.e phosphoU? (NADP).

Tn,ct'. elements, 643--641 'lTanquilil.ing action," serotonin and

nore?inephrine and, 594, 186 Trans.a<:y!lISes, dousiflclltion, 232

coeozyme, 231 Tran.sa<:ylations, 472

a<:etyl~C()A in, 192 coeozyme A in, 192 pantothenic aci.d in, 192

Tra.n.'l8ldol~, dassmcation, 230 in pentose metar.olisn1,.fI7

Transamldination, as grouj)-transfer reaction, 235

in creatine synthesis, 578 TrlW.'lllminases

c1a»i6cadon, 235 coenz)me of, 234 in blood, 814 increase in serum in disease, 814 mechanism, 234

Transamination, in amino acid metabolism, 568

in gillconeogenc.'lis, 573 Transcarbamoylases, cla~iflcation, 231 Trll.oscarbamoylation, in omithine cycle,

571 Transcellular fluid, 295, 300

Trll.llSCription, 528, 554 Tramdf!atninll.tion, 569 Transduction, 533 Trarmerues, c1assiEcation, 229 Transferrin, phy~jcal properties, 560 Transferring elUymes, 230-238 TrlUlsfonnimina.ses, clll.Slit6cation, 231 "TransfoIDliug substances" of bacteria.

relation to nucleic adds, 532 Transfonnylases, clll.Slimcation, Z31

coenz.yme, 230, 592 Trans-(a-l,4)-glucosy!.ase, 401 Transglycosylases, classification, Z33 TTIUlshydlOgenase(s), effect of estrogens,

695 function, 361

Tn.lI1!hydroxymetbylase(s), clusificatiou,

'"Tnnsketolases, classification, 230 til pentosc metabolism, 417

Tnlflsl{)('atioll of l"litr~ll, 565 Transmethyl.ll.Ses, das&ifiCll.non, 231 Transmethylation, 5%

donots lI.ndll.CceploTSofmethyJ groups, 58.

from "activated" mcthioniue, 590 from hetaint:, 590 structures of donors, 589

Trauspbosphoryla.s.es, classification. 236. 231

Transpbospborylll.tion, cnzymt:lj, 23t'i, 379

revel1iibHity, 379 Transport, lIctive, of umino adds, 541

0{ carbohydrates, 391 Tramport mechanisms, phospholipids

in, 308 pyridoxine in, 189, 308

TraD9Julfatases, c1ll.S1itfication, 238 Trarwlllfu.rase rcaction, pyridoxal

phoophate in, 189 Tricarboxylic acid cycle. 410

energetic~, 414 intracellular localization, 415 regulation, 412,415

"Triethyl"choline, as inhibitor, 666 lipotropiC action, 5')4

Triglycerides. See Fat{a). Trigonelline in plants, 185 Tribydroxycopr05tane in bile acid

synthesis, 480 Triiodothyronine, 630, 113-111

fonnation, 602, 715 Trimetapho5phata~e,occurrence, 249 2,4,6-Trimethyl-l ,4-dihydro-3,5-dicarb­

eth~pyridine, 621 Trirnethylglucose, 16 Tnose(s)

clll.5Sincatioll, 5, 6 definition, 5 in glycoly~is, 40-3 occurrence, 1J

Triose pnosphates in glycolysi~, 403 oDdation, 40J ~tructure, 27

Triose phosphate dehydrogene.se, ~uUhydryl groups in, 223, 403

Triosephosphate isomerase, dalSlfica­tion, 254

in glycolysis, 403 Triparanol (MER-2Q), 475 Tripeptidases, 265 Triphosphopyridine nucleotide. See

Nit:ot111Gmide adenine d'nUCleo­ttck phosphate.

TliSaccharides, c1a.o>sIDcation, 5

INDEX

Trisaccharidc~ (Continued) definition, 5

Tropomyosin, 427 Tryp5in, 262

action, 262 classification, .245 ill fece~, 275 inhibitor, 262 nature, 262 properties, 247 ~pecificity, 245

TrypSinogen, 262 activatioll, 262 conveooon to trypsin, 241

Tryptophan allthrauilate fonnation, 596 as .!lOmce of "formate," 593 bacterial action on, 272 dcrintives in eye pigment of

Drosophila, 597 detection of, 93 effect on pyridoxine deJlciency, 190 rindoill" from, 272, 591 kynureninate from, 595 kynurenine formation, 500 metabolism, 594 '.in phenylketonuria. :=i1f7

in pyridoxine defiCiency, 190 role of P)'Iium...1 phosphate, 596 role of riboi!avio, 596

precuriOf of nicotinic acid, 183, 59tl serutonin {onnatklD, 594 s\ca.tolc from, 272 structure, 57 synthesis IUld cleavage in bacteria,

597 pyridonne in, 189, 190

UUlthurellate fonnatio[l, 596 Tryptopban hydroll)'lll-'le, dil$iilication,

356 Tryptophan ol}'genll5e, classification,

3.'>6 Tr}'ptophan pyrrolase. See al.~o

Tryptophan oxygenase. clA~i6Cll.tion, 356 function, 596 Induction, 770

Tryptophanll-'le reaction in microorga­nims,597

TSH, 737. See also Thyrvtropichormofle. '"Turnover rate," 542 Tyndall effect, Il.'i Tyramine, formation, 600

from tyrwille, 271 Tyrosinase

action of, 001 classification, 355, 356 copper in, 644 inhibition of, 780 melanin formation and., 001,180

Tyro!\inl'> bacterial action 011, 271 conrugatiOD with sulfate, 581, 600 convenion to ftcetoacetate and

fumarate, 599 to epinephrine, 600, 100 to melanin, 001 to tbyroltine, 002, 114 to tyramine, 600

cre$Ol frOID, 271 detection of, 93 epinephrine from, 600, 700 furmatiou from phenylalanine, 597 metabolic dll"fll"ct i.n albini.sm, 601

in alcaptonuria, 000 in tyr05inasis, 599

metaboli.lrn.597-602

895 INDEX

Tyrosine (Continued) metabolism, ascorbic acid in, 156 norepinephrine from, BOO, 700 phenol from, 271 structure, 57 thyroxine from, 602, 714 tvramine from, 271

Ty~o5ine decarboxylase. classifieation, 252

Tyrosine hydroxylase, in catecholamine synthesis, 600

TyrOsine-ketoglutarate transaminase, iuduction, 770

Tyrosine-O-suUate. occurrence, 000 Tyrosinosis, 599

aromatic acids in urine, BOO, 846

ULTRACENTRIFUGATION, 84 Ultrafiltration, 87 Umbilical cord, hyaluronic aeid in, 777 Uncoupling, 384 "UnderutiIi2ation" theory of ketosis,

'69 Uracil

catabolism, 522 in nucleic acids, 106, 107 pK of bydroxyl group. 107 synthesis, 520 utilization in various types of cells,

522 Uracil carboxylate, in thymine catabo­

lism,523 Urate

clearance in pregnaIlcy toxemias, 812 excretion by kidney. 518, 519, 643 from purine catabolism, 518 in amnioti~ fluid, 818 in blood. amount, 811, 812. See aho

Blvod uric acid. in urine, 518, 519, 843. See also

Urine uric add. infarcts, 844 nucleoside, 117 pool size, 519 reabsorption by renal tubules, 828

Urate oxidase, classification, 355 in purine catabolism, 518

Urea clearance, 8J6

faclor!1 influencing, 836 glomerular filtration and, 831

fonnation, 570 from pyrimidine catabolism, 522 in blood, amount. 811. See also

Blvod urea. effect of somatotropic honnone,

563, 745, 811 in body fiuids, 811 in cerebrospinal fluid,817 in lymph, 816 in ~liva, 259 in urine, 570, 841

effect of androgens, 688 reabsorption by renal tubules, 827 sites of fonnation, 570, 571

Urease, classification, 248 occurrence, 248

p-Ureidases, classification, 248 p-Ureidoisobutyrate, in pyrimidiue ca­

tabolism, 523 p-Ureidopropionate, in pyrimidine ca­

tabolism, 523 Uric acid. See Urate. Uricase, classification, 355. See also

Urate o:ddase.

Uricosurics, 672 Undine, structure, 109 Uridinediphosphate-N-acetylgalaeto­

samine, synthcsis, 420 Uridinediphosphate-N-acetyIglucosa­

mine, synthcsis, 420 Uridinediphosphatc-galactose, in epi­

merase reaction, 254, 407 Uridinediphosphate-galactose-4.cpimer­

ase, in galactose metabolism, 407 Uridinediphosphate-galactose-glucose

transgalactosylase, classiRcation, 233

Uridinediphospbate-glucose in epimerase reaction, 254, 407 in glycogen synthesis, 397 in hexose meto.bolism, 407 structure, 254

Uridinediphosphate-glucose epimerll.'ie classification, 254

V riclinediphosphate-glucose-glycogen glucosyl transferase, 397-398

Uridinediphosphate-glucose-glycogen transglucosylase claSSification, 233

Uridinediphosphate.glucuronate, in bilirubin conjugation, 616

in glucuronide synthesis. 233, 278,421 Uridinediphosphate transglncuronylase

classification, 233 Undine nucleotides, occurrence, 523 Uridyl transferases, c1assi6cation, 2J6 Undylate, structure, III

synthesis, 520 Urine

acetoa<:etate, 469, 846 acetone, 469, 846 acidiJication, 317, 826

acid-base balance and, 317-319 blood pH and, 318 in aeidosis, 318, 3.23, 324 in alkalosiS, 318, 324, JZ5 potassium excretion and, 318

acidity, 317, 826, 839 ammonia and, 319 blood pH and, 318 carbonic anhydrase and, 317, 318 factors inHuencing, 317, 826 in acidosis, 318, 3.23, 324 in alkalosis, 318, 324, 325

adrenoeortkal honnones in, 707-709 albumin, 849 alkaline tide, 840 allantoin, 844 amino acids, 843

factOr!1 influencing. 843 in liver disease, 843

ammonia, 319, 570, 826, 841 blood pH and, 319 factors inHuencing, 319, 841 formation, 319, 570, 842 in acidosis, 319, 324, 325, 842 in alkalosis, 319, 324, 325, 842

androgens in, 684-687 aromatic hydroxyacids, 846 arsenic, 849 ll.'ieorbic acid, 156, 157 calcium, 638, 848

after parathyroidectomy. 730 effect of parathyroid honnone, 634,

639,131 of thyroxine, 638, 719, 735

factors inHnencing, 638, 848 in acidosis, 639

carotenoids in, 147 chloride, 624, 847

effect of adrenocortical honnones, 624, 709, 847

Urine (Continued) chlOride, effect of thyroxine, 719

factors inHuencing. 847 citric acid, 688, 731, 845

effect of androgem, 688, B45 of estrogcm, 688, 845 of parathyroid honnone, 637, 731,

B45 of sex honnones, 688, 845 of vitamin D, 163, 845

factors inAuencing, 688, 845 cobalt, 849 color, 838 composition, 838--849 concentration, 825

effect of antidiuretic hormone, 749, B25

copper, 843, 849 creatine, 842

effect of androgens, 688 of thyroxine, 718

creatinine, 842 cystine, 586, 843 electrolytes, effect of adrenocortieal

honnones, 624, 709, 826 epinephrine, 700 estrogem, 691--894

in pregnancy, 692-694 ethereal sulfate, 628, 846 fatty acids, 845 fluoride, 646 Huorine, 849 roli~ acid content. in scurvy, 198 formation, 819-849. See also Renol

fi'ndion. Froctose, 433, 442, 848 galactose. 433, 442, 848 glucose, 432, 441. 848

after panereateetomy, 443, 725 effect of somatotropin, 7.as in diabetes mellitus, 443, 725 in pregnancy. 848 nomwl, 441, 848

glucuronic acid, 21, 844 hippuric acid, 845 honnones, 849. See abo individual

honnones. hydrogen ion concentration, 317, 826 P-hydr~butyrate, 469, 846 indican, 628, 846 iodine, 629, 717, 849 iron, 643 ketone bodies, 469, 846

factors influencing, 469, 848 17-ketosteroids, 686, 709 lactic acid, 845 lactose, 432, 442, 848 lead, 849 lipids,849 magnesiwn 631, 848 manganese, 645 Nl·methylnicotinamide in, 185 Nl.methyl-6-pyridone-3_carboxylamide

in, 185 mucin, 849 nickel, 849 nitrogen

after pancrca.teetomy, 443, 725 effect of adrenocortical honnones.,

564, 565, 712 of androgens., 563, 565, 688

in diabetes mellitus, 443, 565, 725

partition, 841 protein meto.bolism and, 328, 329

nitrogen: sulfur ratio, 846 nonprotein nitrogen, 545, 840

896

Urine (Continued) nonprotein nitrogen. factors

influencing, 840-844 norepinephrine, 700 odor, 838" organic acids, 317 onlic add, fW4

factors influencing, 844 in pyrido~ne deficiency, 190

pantothenie acid, 192 pcnto:'le. 12, 419, 432, 848 phosphate, 317, 639, 847

after parathyroidectomy. 639. 731 effect of parathyroid honnone. fi34,

6.']9, 731, 847 of vitamin D, 163, 185, 839

factors influencing, 847 in vitamin D dciiciency. 166 in vitamin D excess, 166

pigments, 838 potassium, 624, 827, 847

effect of adrenocortical honnones, 710,1)27,848

of thyroxine, 719 factol"!l influencing. 31R, :l19, 848 in acidmis, 318, 319, 848 in alkalosis, 31B, 319, 848

pregnanediol, 2.1, 69B, 849 in pregnancy, 892-694, 696

proteins, 849 pyridoxic acid. 188 pyridoxine, 188 reducing substances, 442, 84& riboflavin, 181, 182, 189 silicon, 849 sodium, 824. 825, ,1.147

effect of adrenocortical hormones, 824, 109, 826

of thyroxine, 719 facton inlluelldng. 624, 709, 626

solkls, 839 specific gra"ity, 839 sugars in, 441 sulfate, (:128, 846

ethereal, 1328, 846 inorganic, 828, 848

snlfur, 62R, Mfi ethereal, 628, 846 illOTglUlic, 1328, 846 neutral, 628, 848

sulfur; nitrogen ratio, 628 thiamine in, 176 thyroxine in, 717 turbidity, 838 urea, 570, 841

factors influencing, 841 uric acid, 519, 843

elfe<'.t of adrenocortical hormones, 519, 844

of adrenocorticotropic honnone, 519, 844

of illet, 841, 84J factors in8uencing, 843

uric acid; creatinine ratio, 844 urobilin, 618, 619, &18 drobilinogen, BIB, 819, &18 urochrome, 838 vitamins, 849. See also individual vita­

mins. volume, 294, 838

effect of antidiuretic hormone, 749, 825

uf thyroJtine, 719 factors influencing, 838

water loss, 294 L-xvlulose, 12,419,432,848 dne, 644, 785, 849

Urobilin, 274, 817, 618 detection, 139 excretion, 618, 619 foonation, 818 in feces. l74, 617, 618 in urine, 618, 819, 63B ~tructure, 137

Urobilinogen, 274, 617, 818 detection, 139 ill bile, 268 in feces, 274, 617,818 in urine, 61B, 619, &18 intestinal bacteria and, 274, 617, 818

d-lTrobilinogen(sl, in bile pigment me­tabolism, 618

structure, 137 Urocanate in histidine metabolism, 583 Urochrome, 838 Urocortisol, 708 llrocortisone,708 Uronic adds, 21

in urine. 21, 844 occurrence, 2 J te.!t for, 29

Uroporphyrin J excretion, 619 structure, 122 svnthesis, 610

Uroporphyrin III excretion, 619 structure, 122 synthesis, 810

Uroporphyrinogens, in porphyrin syu­thesis, 610

V...GUS, stimulation of gastric secretion, 260 of intestinal 5lecretion, 264 of pancreatic secretion, 282

Valine formation of propionate, 574,500 metabolism, 580 $tructure, 57

Van den Bergh reaction, 138, 616 signIficance, in plasma, 139, m6

Van der Waals forces in proteins, BI Vanilmandelic acid, 699, 700 Vall Slyke nitro\1." acid reaction, 91 Vaporization, from lung>, 294

from skin, 294 Vasoactive substances in kidney, 837 Va.'lodcpre.ssor, <lpufenitln as, 640 Varodtlation after nicotinic acid, 186 Vasopressin, 74~749

antidiuretic effect, 749, 825 assay, 748 chemistry, 746 ful1Cnons, 748 structure, 746, 747

Vasotocin, 747 Vegetables, biological value, 654, 656 Viruses, lipoprotein in, 45

reLation to nucleic acids, 534 Viscosimetry, 78 Vision

in dim light, 148 in vitamin A deficiency, 149 vitamin A and, 148

Vitamers, 143 Vitamin~, 142_206. See al$O i"dividual

vitamiru, cl~Jfieation, 142 de6deney, diagnostie plocedure~, 143 defiuitiun, 142 fat-soluble, absorption, 454

INDEX

Vitamins (Continued) ill blood, 814 in cerebrospinal 8uid, B17 ill milk, 793, 795 in urine, 849. See also individual vita­

mi= reqUirement, 650

and caloric lotake, 651 steroid, 43, 159

Vitamin A, 14J-152 absorption, 146

decreased, 152 aleohoI, a.I fatty acid estel", 44, 145,

146 aldehyde, 145 and bones, 150, 151 lUId epitbeliwiI, 149 and osteoid formation, ISO, 635 and reproduction, 149 IUld teeth, 150, 779 aod vision, 148 lL'l!8.y,l46 biological activity, 145 chemistry, 144 deficiency, ascorbie aeid deficieney in,

150 blood carotene in, 151 blood villlmin A in, 151 bone defects, ISO dark adaptation teit, 151 dental defects, 150 detection, 151 epithelial defects, 149-151 fetal abnormalitie$, 149 human, 151 in ascorbic acid deficiency, 158 keratinization, 149, 151

of conjunctiva, 149, 151 uf cornea, 149 of respiratory tract, 149 of vagina, 149, 151

keratomalacia in, 149 mucosal scf'dpings, 151 reproduction, 149 skin lesions, 149 tests for, 151 viS\Ul,I defects, 149, 151 vitamin C deficiency in, 150 xerophthalmia in, 149, 150

destruCtion, 1~, 147 esters, 145, 146 excess, 151

bone changes, 1.'51 vitamin K deficiency in, 151, 172

ellcretion, 147 food sources, }45 forms, 115, 148 functions, 147-150 identi5cation, 145, 146 in blood, 146, 147, 151,815 tn feces, 147 in liver, 146, 147 in milk, 145, 147, 795 in mncopoly~a{'{'haridesyntheSis, 421 in tissues, 145-147 in urine, 147 metabolism, 147 occurrence, 14:3 precursors, 144 protection by tocopherols, 150

by vitamin E, 187, 188 reqUirement, 152­solubility, 145 storage, 147 tests for, 145, 146 units, 146

Vitamin A~, 145

897 INDIX

Vitamin A2 (CQ1ltinlled) in livcr, 146, 147

Vitamin(s) B, 174-200 as cataIY$I:-~, 174 biotin, 11:13-196 characteristics of, 174 choline, 206 citrovorum factor, 197 cobealamins, 198-204 folic add, 196--202 folinic acid, 196-202 in mille, 795 inositol, 204­a-lipOiC acid, 205 niacin, 182-187 pantothenic acid. 190-193 pteroylglulamic acid, 196-202 pyridoxine. 187-100 ribo.ll.avin, 178-182 thiamine, 174-178 vitamin Be!' 198-204

Vi ta.IIlin B6, ] 87-100, See also P!lrldorlne. Vitamin Bl'l' 198-204

absorption, 202 in pemicious anemia. 202 intrinsic factor and, 202

as extrinsic factor, 198 as:;ay, 201 biosynthesiS, 200 I-carbon unit and, 2.01, 591--594 chemistry, 199 cobalt in, 1~, 645 cocnzyme forms, syntheSiS, 526 deficiency, 202-204

ill pemicioU5 anemia, 202-204 vitamin Bl2 in feces, 202

excretion, ZOO functions, 201-204 in loo<b, 200 i.n ·'formate" metabolism, 201, 592-594 in hemoglobin synthesis, 611, 642 in hemopoiesis, 202-20'1 in isomerization of methylmalonyl­

CoA,413 in Iivel, 200 in Dlethyl group synthesis, 500 in milk, 200 in nucleic acid synthcsis. 202 in nucleoside synUlcsis, 202 in purine sythesis, ZOO in pyrimidine syntbesi~ 202 in tyrosine metabolism, 600 in urine, 200 metabolism, 200 occl)ITence, 200 requirement, 201 storage, 200 structure. 199 tests. 201

Vitamin C, 152-159, See also Ascorbic add.

deficiency, in vitamin A defiCiency, 150

Vitamin D, 159-166 ahioJption, 162

bile adds in, 268 antirachitic action, 163 ll-5say, 102 biosynthesis, ]61 ehemi~h'}, 159-161 deficiency, 164

alkaline phosphatase in blood, 165 in oones. 165

and dietary Ca : P ratio. 164 blood calciwn In, 165, 6J4 blood phosphate in, HIS, 634 bone formation in, 164

Vitamin 0 (Continued) deficiency, bone mineralization,

164, 165 bones in. 164 calcinm absorption in, 165. 633, 634

balance, 185 excretion in, 165, 638 in blood. 165, 634 in feces, 165 in urine, 165 intake tllId, 164

demonstration, ]65 in ~teatofThea, 639 manifestations. 164 metabolic changes. 164 rickets, 1&4 test5, 165 l~lJmy, 165

effect on blood CQ}cium, 163, 185, 634 on blQod phosphate. 165, 634 on bone fonnation. 163-HIS on bone growth, 163-165 on bone mineralization, 163-165 au bonC5, 163-165 on calcium absorption, 163-185.

633,634 on citrate ~tabolism, 163 on intestinal pH, 163, 633 on phosphate absorption, ]63, 633,

634 , on phosphate excretion, 163, 165,

639 on phytic acid, 163, 633 on urine citric acid, 163, 845

eIcess. 165 cdcium absorption, 166

ill blood, 166 ill bones. 166 in urine, 166

metastatic calcification, 166 phosphate in blood, 166

in urine, 100 symptoms, 16tl

functions, 163 hypeuensitivity to. 166 in blood, 815 in egg, 1€1 in foods, 161 in li.,er, 161 in milk, 161, ~

in skin, 161, 780 me<'Mni!m\ of action, 163 metabolism, 162 occurrence, 161 parathyroid hormone interrelation,

734 roquil'Clm"lt, 100 solubility. 159 storage, 162 structnre. 159 teeth and, 779 Wlits. 162

Vitamin D~. 161. See also Vitamin D, VUarnla ° 3, 101. See also Vitamin D.

structure. 43. 160 Vita.lllin(s} E, 166---169. See also Toco­

pherols absorption. 168 antioxidant aetiou, 167, 168

on fats, ]67. H18 on vitamin A, 167, 11'18 relatiQII to biological activity, 167

u components of ollidative chain, 364 cheminf)', 166 delkiency, creatine metabolism. 169

dental depigmentation, 168

Vitwnin(s) E (CDnrinuat) deficiency, ellccphalomalacia, 168

exudative diat1esi~, 168 fat pigmentation, 168 mwcle dystrophy, 169 0lo/gen uptake, 168 paralysis, 169 sterility, 169 testis change~, 169

excretion, 168 function!>, 168 hepatic necrosi~ and, 168 10 blood. 16ij, 815 in feces, 168 in foods, 167 in liver, 167 in milk, 167 in oIidation-reduetioll reactions, 169 in ti~nes. 168 in urine, 168 OCC'UI'fence, 167 requirement, 160 solubillty, 100, 167

Vilamill(s} K. 169-174 absorption, 172

bile acids in, 172, 11'3 lUlU proconvertin, 172, 173 antagonism by Dicumnol, 173, 665 Q.l; components of ondative ch&i.n, 364 assay, 172 cheminry, 170 clasliificatioo as lipids, 33 deficiency. 173

,uter antibiotics. 173 alter DicumanJl, 173 blood coagulatiotl, 1'73 hemorrhages. 173 hypoprothrombinemia, 173 in bile fistula. 173 in biliary obstruction. 173 in iute&linal disorders, 173 in newborn, 173 in vitamill A e~, 151, 172

destruction, 170 excretion, 172 functwn, 17'1. ident:i6cation, 170 in bacteria, 170 in blood, 172 in electron trarL~fer, 173 in feces, 172 iu foods, 170 in milk, 172 OCC1l1Tence. 170 requirement, 173 solubility, 170 structwe, 170 units, 172

Vitamin Xt , 170. See also Vitamfn(s) K Vitamin Kz. 170. See also Vitamin(s) K, Vitreous humor, hyaluroniC acid in, 777 Vomiting. alkalosis in, 324

WAlUlURG technique iD study of inter­mediary metabolism. 3J8

Warburg-Did::ens-LipnlluUl pl'th",,'ay, 416

Water balance. 293-311

after pilDcreatectomy, 444 effect of andrenocortical hormones,

JOB, 626, 710, 825 of androgen, 688 of estrogens, 695

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