600 BCE – 600 CECLASSICAL ERA

HIMALAYAN REGION DYNASTIES / ROYALTY

BUDDHISM / SPIRITUAL ENLIGHTENMENT

APWH

600 BCE – 600 CE

600 BCE – 600 CE

600 BCE – 600 CE

• From the classical era forward, East Asia to the Mediterranean basin established extensive networks of trade and communication.

• Supported the emergence of kingdoms.

• Technology- Paper was taken from the Chinese. It facilitated the keeping of administrative and commercial records and it made possible the dissemination of books and treatises in larger quantities than ever before.

• Silk Roads were originally built during the classical eras of India, Persia, China, and the Mediterranean.

• Roads excellent for travel by Merchants, very speedy and efficient.

600 BCE – 600 CE

• Compass - Chinese inventors

• Lateen Sail (triangular; increase maneuverability) - Southeast Asian & Indian Mariners

• Astrolabe(calculates latitude) - Hellenistic Mediterranean

• Textiles, pottery, leather, iron, steel

• Camel Saddle Manufacture

600 BCE – 600 CE • Belief systems affected gender roles. Buddhism and Christianity encouraged monastic life and

Confucianism emphasized filial piety.

• Other religious and cultural traditions continued parallel to the codified, written belief systems in core civilizations.

• Shamanism and animism continued to shape the lives of people within and outside of core civilizations because of their daily reliance on the natural world.

• Ancestor veneration persisted in many regions (Africa, Mediterranean region, East Asia, Andean areas).

• Artistic expressions, including literature and drama, architecture, and sculpture, show distinctive cultural developments.

600 BCE – 600 CE• The number and size of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas

where previously there had been competing states.

• Empires and states developed new techniques of imperial administration based, in part, on the success of earlier political forms.

• In order to organize their subjects, the rulers created administrative institutions in many regions (China, Persia, Rome, South Asia).

• Much of the success of the empires rested on their promotion of trade economic integration by building and maintaining roads and issuing currencies

• Required examples of administrative institutions: Centralized governments & Elaborate legal systems and bureaucracies

600 BCE – 600 CE

• Imperial governments projected military power over larger areas using a variety of techniques. Required examples of such techniques:

• -Diplomacy

• -Developing supply lines

• -Building fortifications, defensive walls, and roads

• -Drawing new groups of military officers and soldiers from the local populations or conquered people

• The social structures of empires displayed hierarchies that included cultivators, laborers, slaves, artisans, merchants, elites, or caste groups.

600 BCE – 600 CE• Imperial societies relied on a range of methods (Corvee, Slavery, Rents and tributes, Peasant communities,

Family and household production) to maintain the production of food and provide rewards for the loyalty of the elites.

• Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in all imperial societies of this period.

• The Roman, Han, Persian, Mauryan, and Gupta empires created political, cultural, and administrative difficulties that they could not manage, which eventually led to their decline, collapse, and transformation into successor empires or states (2013 CONTINUITY & CHANGE OVER TIME ESSAY).

• Through excessive mobilization of resources, imperial governments caused environmental damage (deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, silted rivers) and generated social tensions and economic difficulties by concentrating too much wealth in the hands of elites.

• External problems resulted from security issues along their frontiers (between Han China and Xiongnu, between Gupta and the White Huns, between the Romans and their northern and eastern neighbors) including the threat of invasions.

600 BCE – 600 CE

600 BCE – 600 CEMauryan Empire 322 BCE – 185 BCE

600 BCE – 600 CE Gupta Empire 320 CE – 550 CE