600-1450 questions!600-1450 questions!

One of the important outcomes One of the important outcomes of the reign of Charlemagne c. of the reign of Charlemagne c. 800 was800 was• A) tension with the pope in RomeA) tension with the pope in Rome• B) encouraging the establishment of B) encouraging the establishment of

Christianity as the main religious Christianity as the main religious tradition in Western Europetradition in Western Europe

• C) the declining influence of Catholic C) the declining influence of Catholic priestspriests

• D) the defeat of the Moors in SpainD) the defeat of the Moors in Spain• E) the E) the reconquistareconquista of Spain of Spain

• BB

• Charlemagne was the most Charlemagne was the most prominent Christian monarch of the prominent Christian monarch of the early medieval period in Europe. The early medieval period in Europe. The Frankish king helped establish the Frankish king helped establish the Christian church and its traditions in Christian church and its traditions in the area now known as France and the area now known as France and Germany.Germany.

Which of the following Which of the following statements about Buddhism is statements about Buddhism is TRUE?TRUE?• A) Jainism came along and eclipsed the A) Jainism came along and eclipsed the

Buddhist faithBuddhist faith

• B) it appealed to the high-born classesB) it appealed to the high-born classes

• C) Buddhism spread into Persia after 1000 C) Buddhism spread into Persia after 1000 BCEBCE

• D) The Muslim conquest of the subcontinent D) The Muslim conquest of the subcontinent finished the religion in Indiafinished the religion in India

• E) It did not transplant itself north into TibetE) It did not transplant itself north into Tibet

• DDBuddhism was born out of the early Buddhism was born out of the early Hindu culture of India. It differed Hindu culture of India. It differed enough from Hinduism to create enough from Hinduism to create tensions between the two belief tensions between the two belief systems. When the Islamic faith systems. When the Islamic faith spread into the subcontinent, it helped spread into the subcontinent, it helped diminish the following of the religion.diminish the following of the religion.

Early conflict and fighting resulted in Early conflict and fighting resulted in Arabia after Mohammed began preaching Arabia after Mohammed began preaching his new faith and when Islam challenged his new faith and when Islam challenged thethe• A) Berber ruling class in North AfricaA) Berber ruling class in North Africa

• B) Egyptian practice of nepotism in B) Egyptian practice of nepotism in governmentgovernment

• C) polygamous customs of the urban C) polygamous customs of the urban classesclasses

• D) tribal polytheism of Arab cultureD) tribal polytheism of Arab culture

• E) trading laws in ArabiaE) trading laws in Arabia

• DD• Mohammed was born into the commerical culture Mohammed was born into the commerical culture

of Mecca in 570 Mecca was a caravan city where of Mecca in 570 Mecca was a caravan city where trade and religious ritual were the main trade and religious ritual were the main businesses. Multiple god were worshipped in businesses. Multiple god were worshipped in Mecca by travelers as they passed through. Mecca by travelers as they passed through. When Mohammed began to preach of a single When Mohammed began to preach of a single exclusive God, it threatened the customs and exclusive God, it threatened the customs and orthodoxy of this town. The early followers of orthodoxy of this town. The early followers of Islam were attacked and then expelled from their Islam were attacked and then expelled from their home, and the survivors sough sanctuary in home, and the survivors sough sanctuary in MedinaMedina

Mohammed referred to his new Mohammed referred to his new belief system as belief system as Islam, Islam, meaningmeaning• A) “God rules”A) “God rules”

• B) “submission to God”B) “submission to God”

• C) “the faith of Allah”C) “the faith of Allah”

• D) “People of the Book”D) “People of the Book”

• E) “Blessed Revelation”E) “Blessed Revelation”

• BB

• As a prophet, Mohammed proclaimed As a prophet, Mohammed proclaimed his new revelation and he called on his new revelation and he called on people to submit to the creator God people to submit to the creator God (Allah). Once this happened, the new (Allah). Once this happened, the new convert was called a Muslim, or one convert was called a Muslim, or one who has surrendered to the will of who has surrendered to the will of God.God.

The Arab termThe Arab term khalifa khalifa can best can best be defined asbe defined as

• A) “rebel”A) “rebel”

• B) “successor”B) “successor”

• C) “oasis lands”C) “oasis lands”

• D) “mendicatn disciple”D) “mendicatn disciple”

• E) “devotee of the devil”E) “devotee of the devil”

• BBAfter the death of Mohammed in 632, After the death of Mohammed in 632, Muslim leaders chose Abu Bakr as the Muslim leaders chose Abu Bakr as the caliph, or successor of the prophet. This caliph, or successor of the prophet. This started a short line of Islamic rulers who started a short line of Islamic rulers who took on the mantle of patriarchal leaders in took on the mantle of patriarchal leaders in early Islamic history. With the rapid spread early Islamic history. With the rapid spread of the religion through the Middle East, of the religion through the Middle East, these immediate successors of Mohammed these immediate successors of Mohammed had to oversee the administration of new had to oversee the administration of new domains and peoples.domains and peoples.

Which of the following describes the Which of the following describes the status of women during the early status of women during the early expansion of Islam?expansion of Islam?

• A) Women were treated as propertyA) Women were treated as property• B) they were allowed to rule B) they were allowed to rule

alongside their husbandsalongside their husbands• C) Women could testify in court and C) Women could testify in court and

inherit propertyinherit property• D) monogamy was strictly enforcedD) monogamy was strictly enforced• E) Women were not allowed to go on E) Women were not allowed to go on

pilgrimagespilgrimages

• CCIslamic tradition and law allowed Islamic tradition and law allowed considerable rights to women in the context considerable rights to women in the context of their day. Unlike women in other of their day. Unlike women in other religions, Muslim women could retain religions, Muslim women could retain property from the estate of a dead husband property from the estate of a dead husband and even initiate divorce in certain and even initiate divorce in certain circumstances. They were allowed to go on circumstances. They were allowed to go on pilgrimages, and the first wife of Mohammed pilgrimages, and the first wife of Mohammed was revered as a moral and upright was revered as a moral and upright personality who supported her husband.personality who supported her husband.

Shari’a Shari’a can best be defined can best be defined asas

• A) fasting during RamadanA) fasting during Ramadan

• B) the body of Islamic law and B) the body of Islamic law and customcustom

• C) the flight to Medina in 622C) the flight to Medina in 622

• D) the rule of the Mamluk sultansD) the rule of the Mamluk sultans

• E) giving alms to the poorE) giving alms to the poor

• BB

• Islamic religious custom and law evolved Islamic religious custom and law evolved over generations as Islam spread across the over generations as Islam spread across the Middle East and North Africa. Codifying Middle East and North Africa. Codifying customs and also punishments was the work customs and also punishments was the work of the Islamic scholars, who looked for of the Islamic scholars, who looked for authoritative roots for the oldest practices. authoritative roots for the oldest practices. Islamic rulers were expected to enforced the Islamic rulers were expected to enforced the shariasharia as they oversaw the cities and as they oversaw the cities and provinces under them.provinces under them.

Which of the following best describes the Which of the following best describes the historical term historical term medieval?medieval?

• A) A period that ends with the coronation A) A period that ends with the coronation of Vladimir Comnenusof Vladimir Comnenus

• B) Having to do with the maritime B) Having to do with the maritime expansion of the Celtsexpansion of the Celts

• C) An epoch that begins with the founding C) An epoch that begins with the founding of Christianityof Christianity

• D) The contemporary era after the D) The contemporary era after the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

• E) A time between ancient Greco-Roman E) A time between ancient Greco-Roman history and modern timeshistory and modern times

• EE

““Oh save us Lord, from the Oh save us Lord, from the wrath of the Northmen.”wrath of the Northmen.”

• The above quote refers to the The above quote refers to the Europeans’ fear of which people?Europeans’ fear of which people?

• A) The RusA) The Rus

• B) The VikingsB) The Vikings

• C) Knights of the Round TableC) Knights of the Round Table

• D) The CeltsD) The Celts

• E) The VisigothsE) The Visigoths

• BB• Near the end of the eighth century, raiding Near the end of the eighth century, raiding

bands of Vikings, or Norsemen, began to bands of Vikings, or Norsemen, began to attack the British Isles and parts of northern attack the British Isles and parts of northern continental Europe. Using their longboats to continental Europe. Using their longboats to strike quickly and brutally, the so-called strike quickly and brutally, the so-called Northmen struck fear in the inhabitants of Northmen struck fear in the inhabitants of kingdoms and monasteries across the kingdoms and monasteries across the continent. Their maritime skill and their continent. Their maritime skill and their aggressive military tactics were a potent aggressive military tactics were a potent combination.combination.

The term The term vassal vassal meanmean

• A) landless peasantA) landless peasant

• B) center of a fiefdomB) center of a fiefdom

• C) a status of mutual obligation C) a status of mutual obligation between lord and underlingbetween lord and underling

• D) a container for fluidsD) a container for fluids

• E) clergy during medieval timesE) clergy during medieval times

• CCIn the Middle Ages, power relationships In the Middle Ages, power relationships were based on obligations of mutual were based on obligations of mutual military protection and service. A lord military protection and service. A lord would have vassals oversee pieces of land would have vassals oversee pieces of land in return for military service when defense in return for military service when defense of the realm was needed. Vassals would of the realm was needed. Vassals would also have others help them work their also have others help them work their portions of land and fight for them when portions of land and fight for them when necessary.necessary.

Early Russia grew out of a Early Russia grew out of a principality centered in the city principality centered in the city of of • A) MinskA) Minsk

• B) KievB) Kiev

• C) St. PetersburgC) St. Petersburg

• D) NovgorodD) Novgorod

• E) CracowE) Cracow

• BB

• Kievan Russia was established by Kievan Russia was established by Vladimir I when he and an army of Vladimir I when he and an army of Varangians retook Kiev and he became Varangians retook Kiev and he became the grand prince. In converting to the grand prince. In converting to Orthodox Christianity, the inhabitants of Orthodox Christianity, the inhabitants of Kiev expanded the eastern faith Kiev expanded the eastern faith throughout the realm until the arrival of throughout the realm until the arrival of the Mongols.the Mongols.

The population of western The population of western Europe nearly doubled from Europe nearly doubled from 1000 to 1200 because of the1000 to 1200 because of the• A) new farming technology, such as A) new farming technology, such as

the improved plow and horse collarthe improved plow and horse collar

• B) influx of Aryan peoplesB) influx of Aryan peoples

• C) use of the potato as a food stuffC) use of the potato as a food stuff

• D) volcanic eruptions that enriched D) volcanic eruptions that enriched the soilthe soil

• E) relative peace that existedE) relative peace that existed

• AAThe use of improved plowing technology The use of improved plowing technology and wider use of horses for farm work and wider use of horses for farm work allowed greater yields in medieval allowed greater yields in medieval agriculture. Horses are faster than oxen, agriculture. Horses are faster than oxen, and the new collar transferred the pressure and the new collar transferred the pressure from the neck to the shoulders so that from the neck to the shoulders so that more power was generated. Soil that had more power was generated. Soil that had been too heavy to work now was planted, been too heavy to work now was planted, and the increase in food production and the increase in food production spurred the growth in population.spurred the growth in population.

The decentralization of Islam The decentralization of Islam took place after 1000 whentook place after 1000 when

• A) Mohammed passed his authority on to A) Mohammed passed his authority on to his sonshis sons

• B) Shiite leaders broke away from the B) Shiite leaders broke away from the AbbasidsAbbasids

• C) the Turks took over ByzantiumC) the Turks took over Byzantium

• D) rival caliphates took power in North D) rival caliphates took power in North Africa and SpainAfrica and Spain

• E) Christianity took back portions of Syria E) Christianity took back portions of Syria during the Crusadesduring the Crusades

• DDIslam matured and diversified as it Islam matured and diversified as it expanded. New interpretations of the faith expanded. New interpretations of the faith and the inevitable waning of the centralized and the inevitable waning of the centralized caliphates all helped the religion to caliphates all helped the religion to fragment theologically and politically. New fragment theologically and politically. New centers of power like that in Cordova, Spain, centers of power like that in Cordova, Spain, competed with the older regimes in competed with the older regimes in Baghdad so that the centrality of the old Baghdad so that the centrality of the old system weakened.system weakened.

Which of the following helped Which of the following helped inspire the Crusades to inspire the Crusades to recapture the Holy Land from recapture the Holy Land from Muslim forces?Muslim forces?• A) European rulers welcomed papal A) European rulers welcomed papal

permission to fight non-Christians.permission to fight non-Christians.• B) Ambitious lords were eager to conquer B) Ambitious lords were eager to conquer

new territory beyond Europenew territory beyond Europe• C) Italian merchants wanted to have more C) Italian merchants wanted to have more

access to Arab goodsaccess to Arab goods• D) The pope wanted to demonstrate D) The pope wanted to demonstrate

political authority over kings and lordspolitical authority over kings and lords• E) All of the aboveE) All of the above

EEThe complex power structure of medieval Europe The complex power structure of medieval Europe

revealed early tensions between feudal lords and revealed early tensions between feudal lords and the central power of Latin Christianity. When the the central power of Latin Christianity. When the pope called for the retaking of the holy city of pope called for the retaking of the holy city of Jerusalem from the Muslims, it released some of Jerusalem from the Muslims, it released some of the tensions within medieval Europe. Some of the tensions within medieval Europe. Some of these were economic and other were political. these were economic and other were political. The encroachment of Islam in the southwest and The encroachment of Islam in the southwest and southeast had also inspired a defensive reaction southeast had also inspired a defensive reaction that called for a more unified response from that called for a more unified response from Christendom.Christendom.

Differences between the Latin Differences between the Latin and Greek divisions within and Greek divisions within Christianity were widened Christianity were widened whenwhen• A) Constantinople was sacked by the A) Constantinople was sacked by the

CrusadersCrusaders• B) Islamic conquests in the Middle East B) Islamic conquests in the Middle East

cut Rome off from eastern cut Rome off from eastern ChristendomChristendom

• C) Saladin retook JerusalemC) Saladin retook Jerusalem• D) editions of the Vulgate Bible D) editions of the Vulgate Bible

became scarcebecame scarce• E) the pope relocated to AvignonE) the pope relocated to Avignon

• BBCommunication within Christendom was Communication within Christendom was affected when Syria, Egypt, and other areas affected when Syria, Egypt, and other areas came under the influence of Islam after the came under the influence of Islam after the seventh century. This encouraged religious seventh century. This encouraged religious customs to diverge between eastern and customs to diverge between eastern and western Europe. After this, political power western Europe. After this, political power emanated to the north of Rome as powerful emanated to the north of Rome as powerful kings and emperors established themselves kings and emperors established themselves in present-day France and Germany.in present-day France and Germany.

The spread of Buddhism in The spread of Buddhism in China c. 800 was sponsored byChina c. 800 was sponsored by

• A) Tibetan monks who traveled A) Tibetan monks who traveled widely throughout East Asiawidely throughout East Asia

• B) Tang rulers who brought in B) Tang rulers who brought in missionaries from Indiamissionaries from India

• C) the Han emperor Wei PingC) the Han emperor Wei Ping• D) Mongol scholars who came from D) Mongol scholars who came from

the norththe north• E) Uigher tribesmen from the WestE) Uigher tribesmen from the West

• BBTang rulers found that Buddhism had some Tang rulers found that Buddhism had some political applications that were beneficial. political applications that were beneficial. Some Buddhist theology suggested function Some Buddhist theology suggested function in creating a harmonious society. A kind of in creating a harmonious society. A kind of synthesis of homegrown animism and synthesis of homegrown animism and Buddhist ideas gave rise to a belief in Buddhist ideas gave rise to a belief in benevolent spirits that could help a king or benevolent spirits that could help a king or emperor rule his people. Mayahan emperor rule his people. Mayahan Buddhism seemed to allow the inclusion of Buddhism seemed to allow the inclusion of local gods into its system, which encouraged local gods into its system, which encouraged the conversion of many Chinese.the conversion of many Chinese.

Overland trade between Overland trade between Europe and Asia on the Silk Europe and Asia on the Silk Road increased withRoad increased with• A) technological advances such as the A) technological advances such as the

astrolabeastrolabe

• B) the development of new breed of B) the development of new breed of camelcamel

• C) the revival of commercial cities, such C) the revival of commercial cities, such as Samarkand, along the wayas Samarkand, along the way

• D) the discovery of gold in the Hindu KushD) the discovery of gold in the Hindu Kush

• E) the collapse of the Roman empireE) the collapse of the Roman empire

• CC• Centers of commerce, such as Nishipur and Centers of commerce, such as Nishipur and

Samarkand, grew and created more places for Samarkand, grew and created more places for goods to be bought and sold. Traders could start goods to be bought and sold. Traders could start with food such as dates and later deal in carpets with food such as dates and later deal in carpets and crafts along the Silk Road. A thriving and crafts along the Silk Road. A thriving protocapitalistic system began to develop because protocapitalistic system began to develop because the Abbasids encouraged the use of letters of the Abbasids encouraged the use of letters of credit. These were pieces of paper that proved credit. These were pieces of paper that proved funds were available to buy what was desired. Both funds were available to buy what was desired. Both the Chinese and the Muslims used these paper the Chinese and the Muslims used these paper based banking methods before the West learned of based banking methods before the West learned of them.them.

Neo-Confusianism was a Neo-Confusianism was a synthesis between older types synthesis between older types of Chinese philosophy andof Chinese philosophy and• A) Islam, which was arriving on the Silk RoadA) Islam, which was arriving on the Silk Road

• B) Taoism, which was being promoted by the B) Taoism, which was being promoted by the Song dynastySong dynasty

• C) strains of Khmer culture making inroads C) strains of Khmer culture making inroads into Chinainto China

• D) Buddhism, which had found wide appeal D) Buddhism, which had found wide appeal in China by 1200in China by 1200

• E) new interpreations of the Mandate of E) new interpreations of the Mandate of HeavenHeaven

• DDNeo-Confucianism is an interesting mix of the older Neo-Confucianism is an interesting mix of the older traditional Chinese values and the newer beliefs traditional Chinese values and the newer beliefs that Buddhism brought to China after 1000. that Buddhism brought to China after 1000. Buddhism was a foreign religion, but it addressed Buddhism was a foreign religion, but it addressed basic human questions about one’s soul and basic human questions about one’s soul and eternal destiny. In combining traditional Chinese eternal destiny. In combining traditional Chinese codes of behavior and the new, popular religious codes of behavior and the new, popular religious import, neo-Confucianists made room for different import, neo-Confucianists made room for different beliefs. This cultural diffusion allowed the Chinese beliefs. This cultural diffusion allowed the Chinese to maintain some values and make room for others to maintain some values and make room for others introduced by the South Asian religion. introduced by the South Asian religion.