from augustine to charlemagne

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From Augustine to Charlemagne Turmoil and Survival Turmoil and Survival

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From Augustine to Charlemagne. Turmoil and Survival. Background (Political). Late in the third century, Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two main divisions: East and West. The line of division ran north-south just to the east of the Italian peninsula. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: From Augustine to Charlemagne

From Augustine to Charlemagne

Turmoil and SurvivalTurmoil and Survival

Page 2: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Background (Political)

Late in the third century, Diocletian divided Late in the third century, Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two main divisions: the Roman Empire into two main divisions: East and West. The line of division ran East and West. The line of division ran north-south just to the east of the Italian north-south just to the east of the Italian peninsula.peninsula.

The split became permanent with the East The split became permanent with the East becoming Greek speaking while Latin was becoming Greek speaking while Latin was the language of the West.the language of the West.

Page 3: From Augustine to Charlemagne

East-West

In the East, the church went its own way where it In the East, the church went its own way where it came to be known as the “orthodox” church.came to be known as the “orthodox” church.

The western church was ruled from Rome.The western church was ruled from Rome. Rome never accepted the split, but always claimed Rome never accepted the split, but always claimed

the supremacy over both parts (in vain).the supremacy over both parts (in vain). Rome called itself the head of the entire Christian Rome called itself the head of the entire Christian

world (katholou [Gr.]). So it called itself the world (katholou [Gr.]). So it called itself the Catholic Church, supreme over all Christendom.Catholic Church, supreme over all Christendom.

Page 4: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Constantine (emperor 306-337)

Ruled the entire Roman world from the new Ruled the entire Roman world from the new capital of Constantinople.capital of Constantinople.

Wanted Christianity to be the state religion of Wanted Christianity to be the state religion of the Empire, but only on condition that it could the Empire, but only on condition that it could settle its doctrinal disputes.settle its doctrinal disputes.

Summoned bishops from all parts of the Empire Summoned bishops from all parts of the Empire to a meeting at Nicaea where the thorny to a meeting at Nicaea where the thorny question of Christ’s true nature was settled.question of Christ’s true nature was settled.

Page 5: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Where was the nerve-centre…?

Constantine had seemingly made his eastern Constantine had seemingly made his eastern capital the cultural and administrative capital the cultural and administrative centre of Christianity.centre of Christianity.

But the Romans demurred.But the Romans demurred.

Page 6: From Augustine to Charlemagne

The Apostolic succession…

The bishops of the church claimed authority The bishops of the church claimed authority by virtue of a succession of ordination by virtue of a succession of ordination going back directly to Christ and his going back directly to Christ and his disciples/apostles.disciples/apostles.

But Rome claimed that Peter was named by But Rome claimed that Peter was named by Christ as the head of the twelve apostles Christ as the head of the twelve apostles and Peter, they said, was buried under the and Peter, they said, was buried under the church in Rome.church in Rome.

Page 7: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Background: Christians oppose Paganism 305 Arnobius writes a work entitled 305 Arnobius writes a work entitled

“Against the Heathen.” Its purpose is to “Against the Heathen.” Its purpose is to show the superiority of Christian belief.show the superiority of Christian belief.

335 Athanasius produces a more 335 Athanasius produces a more sophisticated work with the same title. sophisticated work with the same title.

In general Christians did not attack Jewish In general Christians did not attack Jewish beliefs, but they did blame them for having beliefs, but they did blame them for having Jesus put to death.Jesus put to death.

Page 8: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Time line 1

410 Visigoths sack Rome. 413-427 Augustine writes City of God. 439 western empire overrun by

barbarians. 529 Justinian closes Plato’s Academy.

Benedict of Nursia founds monastery in Monte Cassino.

Page 9: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Time line 2

590-604 Papacy of Gregory the Great. 622 beginning of Islam. Through this time (from the fifth century)

until 1054 the eastern and western churches grew apart. In 1054, the separation (schism) became formal.

Already, the western scholars had lost contact with Greek.

Page 10: From Augustine to Charlemagne
Page 11: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Pope (Saint) Gregory the Great

Born c. 540 C.E. in Rome.Born c. 540 C.E. in Rome. C.552 Justinian, the Roman Emperor based C.552 Justinian, the Roman Emperor based

in Constantinople, retook Italy from the in Constantinople, retook Italy from the Goths.Goths.

The Goths largely destroyed Rome in 547 The Goths largely destroyed Rome in 547 before being driven out by the forces from before being driven out by the forces from the east.the east.

Page 12: From Augustine to Charlemagne

More Gregory…

After his father’s death, Gregory converted After his father’s death, Gregory converted the family home into a monastery.the family home into a monastery.

Located beside the ruins of the old Roman Located beside the ruins of the old Roman Forum it was close to the heart of the city.Forum it was close to the heart of the city.

This was the beginning of the monastic This was the beginning of the monastic phase of his life (c. 574-590).phase of his life (c. 574-590).

Page 13: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Yet more…Yet more…

In 579, Gregory was appointed In 579, Gregory was appointed ambassador to the court of the emperor in ambassador to the court of the emperor in Constantinople.Constantinople.

He hated courtly life and spent as much He hated courtly life and spent as much time as he could in monkish study and time as he could in monkish study and contemplation.contemplation.

He never took the opportunity to learn He never took the opportunity to learn Greek.Greek.

Page 14: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Pope Gregory 590-604Pope Gregory 590-604

1.1. Set out rules for Bishops to follow.Set out rules for Bishops to follow.

2.2. Made changes to Church liturgy, which took Made changes to Church liturgy, which took hold in the west but not necessarily in the east.hold in the west but not necessarily in the east.

3.3. Actively centralized Church wealth and Actively centralized Church wealth and influence.influence.

4.4. In a dispute with the eastern Church, he In a dispute with the eastern Church, he pressed his claim to full authority as head of pressed his claim to full authority as head of the Catholic Church.the Catholic Church.

Page 15: From Augustine to Charlemagne

1. Rules for Bishops1. Rules for Bishops

# only one skilled already as a physician of the soul is fitted to undertake the "supreme rule" of the episcopate (Bishop).

# he describes how the bishop's life should be ordered from a spiritual point of view;

# how a bishop ought to teach and admonish those under him,

#how, in spite of his good works, he ought to bear in mind his own weakness, since the better his work the greater the danger of falling through self-confidence (Catholic Encyclopedia).

Page 16: From Augustine to Charlemagne

2. Liturgy2. Liturgy

His changes had to do with the order His changes had to do with the order of the mass and what was sung and of the mass and what was sung and said at which times.said at which times.

From about this time, the liturgies of From about this time, the liturgies of the eastern (orthodox) Church and the eastern (orthodox) Church and the western (catholic) Church the western (catholic) Church diverged.diverged.

Page 17: From Augustine to Charlemagne

3. Church Wealth3. Church Wealth

Church lands are estimated at Church lands are estimated at 1300-1800 square miles.1300-1800 square miles.

The Catholic Encyclopedia The Catholic Encyclopedia estimates revenue from these estimates revenue from these lands at $1,500,000 a year.lands at $1,500,000 a year.

Gregory seems to have Gregory seems to have micromanaged this vast estate.micromanaged this vast estate.

Page 18: From Augustine to Charlemagne

4. External Relations4. External Relations

Gregory claimed that the Pope at Rome Gregory claimed that the Pope at Rome was the head of all Christendom, including was the head of all Christendom, including the Church centered at Constantinople, in the Church centered at Constantinople, in the east. The eastern Church remained the east. The eastern Church remained aloof.aloof.

Gregory accepted the separation of Gregory accepted the separation of Church and state, but assumed the right to Church and state, but assumed the right to interfere with rulers on moral grounds and interfere with rulers on moral grounds and demanded that they protect the Church.demanded that they protect the Church.

Page 19: From Augustine to Charlemagne

Tarnas ( 151, on the Augustinian Legacy): “SinceThe Church and its sacred institutes were Divinely established vehicles of God’s grace, The Church was suprahumanly significant, itsHierarchy absolutely authoritative, its lawsDefinitive. Because human beings were intrin-Sically prone to sin and lived in a world of Constant temptation, they required stern Church-defined sanctions against uninhibitedActions and thoughts, lest their eternal soulsFall to the same fate as their temporal bodies.Especially in the west, under the historical Exigencies of the church’s responsibilities for theNewly converted (and from the Church’s…

Page 20: From Augustine to Charlemagne

…perspective), morally primitive) barbarianPeoples, a pervasive verticality in the in-Stitutional church was established, withAll spiritual authority flowing downwardFrom the supreme papal sovereign.”

Sources: Tarnas, Passion of the Western Mind. The Catholic Encyclopedia (on line).