6th Grade Review

AtomsAtoms are the building blocks of matter.

An electron is negative and orbits the nucleus.A proton is positive and is inside the nucleus.A neutron is neutral and is inside the nucleus.Subatomic particles are broken into 3 quarks ea.

Atomic Models• Democritus was first to propose the

idea of an atom (smallest piece).

• Dalton said each element had its own atoms.

• Chadwick discovered the neutron.

• Rutherford discovered the nucleus.

• Bohr stated that electrons were on orbits.

• The current model (wave/electron cloud) is based on Rutherford and Bohr’s.

The Atom

Periodic Table• Aristotle (Greek) said there were only 4

elements: fire, earth, air, and water.

• A periodic table charts all elements in families based on properties and is in order of atomic number.

• Atomic number equals protons (also matches the number of electrons)

• Atomic mass equals protons plus neutrons.

The Periodic Table

Energy• Kinetic is energy of motion. (mass x

velocity)• Potential energy is energy of

position or stored. • The sun is the original source of all

energy.• Energy can never be destroyed nor

created only transferred.• Renewable resources are sun, geo-

thermal, biomass, wind, wood, and waves/water.

• Non-renewable are coal, petroleum or gas, uranium, and oil.

• Wood and water are renewable but still finite. Meaning, they can run out if used unwisely.

Renewable EnergyPassive interior heat

Window design

Backup heat sourceSolar water heater

Solar panels

Energy

Earth Science• Weathering is the break down

of rocks.

– Mechanical weathering is the

break down without changing

the rock.

Ex. Roots, frost action, etc…

– Chemical weathering changes to composition of the rock. Ex. Rust (oxidation), water reaction

• Weathering of rocks and decomposition of plants/animals causes soil to form.

• Erosion is the movement of weathered materials.

• Deposition is the setting down of the rock.

More on earth science• Erosion occurs through gravity, wind, water, glaciers, and waves.

– Gravity causes mass movement of rocks. Meaning millions of tons moved at once.

• Examples: mudflows, rockslides, landslides, etc…

– Wind moves rocks through sand storms or by bouncing materials along the ground.

– Water carries materials with the runoff that moves across the land through gullies, rivers, streams.

– Glaciers scrape the ground as they move forward and deposit rocks as they move backward.

– Waves push sediments forward and pull backward.

Things to remember:• Gullies form streams form rivers and all

of it together forms a drainage basin.

• The faster the water flows, the more sediment it can carry.

• Immature rivers flow quickly and have many water falls.

• Mature rivers have lots of meanders (turns) and flow slowly.

Astronomy

• Our sun is a medium-sized star

• The sun creates energy through fusion of Hydrogen into Helium in its core/center.

• The seasons are caused by the tilt of the Earth’s axis.• The moon appears to go through phases, because one side is

always lit.• The phases of the moon are: new, waxing crescent, first

quarter, waxing gibbous, full, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.

More astronomy facts…The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station that orbits the earth. Many different countries send astronauts there to do varying experiments. It orbits 220 miles above the earth.

Solar Winds are radioactive particles that emit from the sun outwardly towards the planets. Earth is protected by both the magnetosphere and the atmospheric layers.

Ptolemy said that there was a Geocentric system (earth in the middle).

Copernicus said that there was a Heliocentric system (sun in the middle). This was supported by Galileo’s observations of Venus’ phases.

Helio versus Geo…

Even more…

• Kepler is responsible for determining that planets do not orbit in perfect circles, instead they move in ellipses.

• Newton is responsible for defining inertia and gravity and determining that they are responsible for the planet motion.

Moon Phases

Tides…• Tides are caused by the

gravitational pull between the earth, sun, and moon.

• A neap tide is when the moon is perpendicular from the sun and is the lowest of high tides.

• A spring tide is when the moon is in line with the sun and is the highest of high tides.

• There are two high and two low tides every 24 hours.

Meteor or Meteorite?• Meteroid is a rocky piece of

space debris that exists out in space.

• Meteor is when a meteoroid enters the atmosphere and gets burned up.

• Meteorite is when a piece of the meteoroid doesn’t burn up completely and hits the earth.

Planets• Terrestrial/rocky planets/inner are

Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.• Gas/Jovian/outer planets are

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

• Uranus is tilted on its axis.• Venus is the earth’s sister planet.• Mars is the red planet.• Mercury has the shortest year, no

atmosphere.• The asteroid belt is between Jupiter

and Mars.

The Planets

More on Space…• Revolution - an object travels

around another. Equals one year.• Earth year is 365.25 days.• Rotation is one spin on its axis.

Equals one day.• Earth day is 24 hours.• A solar eclipse is when the moon is

in the middle of the earth and sun.• A lunar eclipse is when the earth is

in the middle between the moon and sun.

Total Eclipse of the Sun

Random Space Facts…

• John Glen was the first astronaut to circle the earth.

• Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to the moon.

• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first to step on the moon.

• The space station is a joint effort to create living quarters in space.

The Sun• Core – this is where fusion occurs and

is the hottest area.• Photosphere – where light comes from• Chromosphere – where the color

comes from• Corona – the rays• Changes Hydrogen in to Helium

through Fusion.• Dark spots on the sun are sunspots.

Scientific Investigation

• Constants is what remains the same in experimental set-ups.

• Inference - a proposed explanation for an observation.

• Predictions -what you think will happen based on past observations.

Seasons

Scientific Method cont.

• Hypothesis -an educated guess. And is written in “If…..then….” format.

• Independent Variable - the thing that “I” change in the experiment.

• The Dependent Variable- what is affected by the I.V.

Scientific Method cont…

• Qualitative data uses the 5 senses “quality” (describes)

• Quantitative data uses numbers. “quantity” (charts and graphs)

• Stating the problem is the first step in the scientific method.

• You experiment to test your hypothesis.

Scientific Method cont…• You organize data to analyze

your results by making graphs, charts, etc…

• State a conclusion after the experiment.

• A good experiment is done at least 3 times.

• A control is a set up that is as close to nature as possible.

Now practice your skills…(do not write)

• If I am testing laundry detergent on two grass stained shirts what is my I.V?

• What is my D.V?• What would my control setup be?• What are the constants?

Read…

Measurement• Mass is the amount of matter in an

object. Measured in grams with a triple beam balance.

• Volume is the amount of space an object takes up. Measured in mL or cc using a graduated cylinder.

• Length is measured in m using a meter-stick or ruler.

• Density is measured in g/mL or g/cc. Density never changes.

Measurement

6th Grade Matter…

• Physical properties: color, shape, texture.

• Chemical properties: rusting, flammability, combustibility.

• Chemical reaction and a chemical change are the same.

• Reaction occurs when both physical and chemical properties are changed.

Chemical Reactions

More on matter…

• A compound two or more elements combined. Ex. water

• A mixture is two or more compounds mixed and can be separated easily. Ex. Salad, cereal, kool-aid.

• An element is the simplest pure substance and cannot be broken down.

6th grade factoids• Acid rain forms when rain water mixes with sulfur in the

atmosphere caused by pollution.• Water is measured by the turbidity (can you see through it), the

dissolved oxygen amount, and the pH which should be close to 7.• Estuary is an area where salt and fresh water mix. Ex.

Chesapeake Bay• Watershed is an area where all the water leads to the same place.

Chesapeake Bay watershed shared with Virginia, New York, New Jersey, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.

Random Facts…?• Water cycle includes evaporation,

condensation, precipitation, and infiltration.

• Water is Cohesive which means it can ‘bond with’ and also Adhesive which means it can ‘stick to’

• Water exhibits capillarity which means it will cover the least amount of space on something and instead bulge upwards.

• Density of fresh water is 1g/mL

• Hydrosphere means all of earth’s water.

Water Cycle…Magic School Bus Style…

Be Certain to Save All the Notes from now until the SOL’s…you need them to

study!

YOU BETTERHEAR MENOW!!!!!