6. morante mat green energy v3[1]

8/13/2019 6. Morante Mat Green Energy v3[1]

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MATERIALS FOR GREEN ENERGY

J.R.MoranteIREC, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Plaa de les Dones de Negre,1.

Sant Adri del Bess, 08930. Spain.

Department of Electronics, University of Barcelona, C/Mart i Franqus,1.

Barcelona,08028. Spain.


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Catalonia Institutefor

Energy Research


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0-1.5 toe c.a. 0- 5liters

1.5-3 toe c.a. 5-10liters

3-4.5 toe c.a. 10-15liters

4.5-6 toe c.a. 15-20 liters.

>6 toe c.a. >20 liters.

Sources: BP + IREC

toe= ton equivalent of oil


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Renewables 831.1 7%

Hydroelectricity 237.4 2%

Nuclear 560.4 4%

Coal 3730.1 30%

Natural Gas 2987.1 24%

Oil 4130.5 33%

total 12476.6 100%

One million tonnes of oil or

oil equivalent produces

about 4400 gigawatt-hours

(= 4.4 terawatt-hours) of

electricity in a modern power

station (42 GigaJoules)

Equivalent to 6,3 TW (8760hours/year)

Sources: BP + IREC


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STRUCTURE OF TOTAL NET GENERATION OF EUROPEAN

UNION COUNTRIES MEMBERS OF THE CONTINENTAL

EUROPE (ENTSO-E) (%)

Sources ENTSO-E (european network of

transmission system operators for electricity)


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Europe entire electricity

consumption could be met if

just 0.34% of the European

land mass was covered with

photovoltaic modules (an

area equivalent to the

Netherlands). InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA)

calculations show that if 4%

of the worlds very dry

desert areas were used forPV installations, the worlds

total primary energy demand

could be met.

Source: EPIA


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Feedstock

CO2, H2OIntermediates:

H& reduced CO2 Fuel Synthesis

Energy

Green

electricity

SUN

Direct way : energy fromthe photons ( sun light)

1.- Solar hydrogen

2.- Solar fuels

3.- Artificial photosynthesis

Ect.

Indirect way: electricity

from renewal energies.

1.-PV energy

2.-Wind energy

3.-Ocean energy

Etc.

Scenarios: Electrical + gas & liquid power


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Scenarios: Electrical + gas & liquid power + ENERGY STORAGE


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ELECTRICITY AND GAS NETWORKS INTERACTION

Source: GNF


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Chem Phys Phys Chem 2009


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1.-Photons to electr ical energy co nversion : photo volta ic and thermion ic

mechanisms and devices

2.-Phonons to electr ical energy c onv ersion: thermoelectr ic i tymechanisms and devices.

3.- Chemicals in the energy conv ersion: sun power to fuel and chemical

detect ion m echanisms and thei r devices

Photon/Electron to chemical energy: SUN FUELS

Chemical energy to electricity and vice versa: ENERGY STORAGE

FUNCTIONAL NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY

APPLICATIONS


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Photon harvesting using one

dimensional nanostructures

5%

>12%

Sun Fuels:

STH

Efficiency

Source: MRS Bulletin+IREC


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What can bring the use of nanowires?

Advanced Materials, 19(10), 1347-1351 (2007)Applied Physics Letters, 91(12) (2007)

I. Tsakalakos et al.) General Electric. Appl. Phys. Lett. (2007


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Effective charge separation

Large surface volume ratio

Light absorption is a complex phenomenon with strong dependence

on the nanowire dimensions and the wavelength of the photons.


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Improved strain relaxation using one dimensional

nanostructures.

geometry of nanowire crystals is expected to favour elastic strain

relaxation, providing great freedom in the design of new

compositional multijunction solar cells grown on mismatched

materials


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Nanowire diameters are smaller than or comparable to the radiation

wavelength.

In this case, optical interference and guiding effects play a dominant role in

relation to reflectivity and absorption spectra.For low-absorbing materials (for example, indirect band gap materials such as

silicon), wave guiding effects plays a key role whereas highly absorbing

semiconductors (such as direct-band gap GaAs or ZnO) exhibit resonances

that increase the total absorption several times.


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The influence of wire size, incident wavelength, degree of polarization and the presenceof a substrate on the optical near fields generated by cavity modes of individual

hexagonal ZnO nanowires can be analyzed combining scanning near-field optical

microscopy (SNOM) with electrodynamics calculations within the discrete dipole

approximation (DDA).

Rational design of optoelectronic

devices in which the manipulation

of light at the nanoscale is a key

feature.Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 16201626,

Nanowires lying on a

substrate


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Although many basic studies have been performed using nanowires lying on a

substrate which exhibit also such rich phenomena concerning absorption;

nanowire vertical arrays currently seem to be the most reasonable device

proposal.

Recently, EPFL researchers. have published this analysis determining the

influence of the diameter and probing experimentally that light absorption in

single standing nanowires is more than one order of magnitude more efficient

than is predicted from the LambertBeer law.

NATURE PHOTONICS | VOL 7 | 306 APRIL 2013 | www.nature.com/naturephotonics

A. Fontcuberta et al.

The periodic modulationwith wavelength is a result

of FabryPerot interference

in the polymer layer and not

an artefact of the simulation.
http://www.nature.com/naturephotonicshttp://www.nature.com/naturephotonics


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An interesting point of view

reported by A. Fontcuberta et al.,

(NanoPhotnic 2013) is the use of

the absorption cross section

probing that it is larger that the

physical section area of the

nanowire.

It is equivalent to have an effective

photon concentration. Here, the

concentrator factor have been

estimated to be more than a factor10 for a diameter of 380nm and

wavelength near the band gap.

Two dominant branches for low and high diameters are observed,

corresponding to resonances similar to those observed in wires lying on asubstrate.

Experimental electrical measurements have been performed on this individual

nanowires corroborating these results and confirming the large differences

concerning thin films.

H i tti


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How success in getting

standing array of nanowires?

Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832


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The Ga droplet first pins on the substrate

and, after dissolution of the native oxide,

it dissolves the silicon forming a

nanoscale hole. Upon saturation of the

Ga droplet, the GaAs nanowire growthstarts.

Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486

Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832


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SEM micrographs of a field of nanowires grown at 620 C

under a V/III BEP ratio of 15, 30 and 60. The percentage of

vertical nanowires increases.

Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486

Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832


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Schematic drawing of the initial and advanced stages of self-catalyzed

nanowire growth and the effect of the relative size of the Ga droplet with

respect to the seed on the nanowire orientation,Schematic drawing showing the evolution of the vertical to angled wires

as a function of the temperature and V/III ratio.

The approximate incubation times are indicated.

20s120s

300s

Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486

Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 38273832


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Representative cross-sectionSEM micrograph of a field of

nanowires grown at 645 C

under a V/III BEP ratio of 60.

Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 1486

New Photovoltaic Technologies of high efficiency


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Small 4, 7, 899-903 (2008)

Applied Physics Letters, 92(6)(2008)

New Photovoltaic Technologies of high efficiency

based on nanowires


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Nanowires with coaxial shells

a)

(220)

(022)

(42-2)

[1-11] GaAs

(242)

(20-2)

b)

MQWs

AGaAs Core

[1-11]

GaAs

S1

GaAs

S2MQWs

B

d)c)

AlAs/GaAs

MQWs

GaAs S1

GaAs S2

(110)

(011)

GaAs Core

[1-11]

AB

(10-1)

Small 4, 7, 899-903 (2008)


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J. Wallentin et al. Science (2013)

Challenge: New idea for harvesting the sun light produce fuel


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Challenge: New idea for harvesting the sun light, produce fuel

and/or storage the energy at social and sustainable cost

Stanford group Nat. Mat.(2010)


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ITO p-type substrate

Silicon n-type substrate

Nanowires multijunction: possibilities

to stack many junctions without

restrictions due to the lattice matching

For large ground-mounted


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For large ground mounted

systems, the generation

costs in 2010 range from around

0.29/kWh in the north of Europe

to0.15/kWh in the south and

as low as0.12/kWh in theMiddle East.

According to EPIA estimations

those rates will fall significantly

over the next decade. Expected

generation costs for large,ground-mounted PV systems in

2020 are in the range of0.07 to

0.17/kWh across Europe.

In the sunniest Sunbelt countries

the rate could be as low as0.04/kWh by 2030.

EPIA forecasts that prices for residential PV

systems will also decrease strongly over the next

20 years.

However, they will remain more expensive thanlarge ground-mounted systems

C iti t i l


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Critic materials

Source: JRC ispra ( Italy)


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Critic materials

1 GW

ca. 63 Tm of Te


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Source: Solar Energy Materials and

Solar Cells journal (2013)

PV t h l i St t f th t


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PV technologies: State of the art

Emerging technologies

Tandem cells

2nd generation

1st generation

Source: NRL+IREC


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Photovoltaicfarm = 15%

Auxiliary

system. 2% Water feedstock

preparation 1%

Waterelectrolysis 85%

CO2 feedstock

preparation 4%

Fuel

synthesis 8%

Could be CO2

captured from the air ?

transpo

rtation

Water vapor

H2

CO2

Energy

Storage

Synthetic

gasoline

Energy

Harvesting


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Electrolyzers/E.C.12-20% >12%

< 70%

Solar fuels


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Photo electrochemical process: photo anode, photo

cathode, dark electrodes

TiO2, fotoconduction at 387,4 nm, CB

i VB correctWO3, fotoconduction at 476,6 nm, it

is necessary to apply a potential

Fe2O3, fotoconduction at 590,47

nm, it is necessary to apply a potential


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New concepts:


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New concepts:

Schematic of the nano-emmiter concept photoelectrode working in the photoelectrocatalytic mode:

p type semiconductor. The high electric field induced under the nanoscopic MOS junctionsintroduces finger-like drains that scavenge photo-generated minority charge carriers whiles the

majority charge carriers are driven towards the back contact. Electrons reaching the semiconductor

surface are rapidly transferred to the metal-electrolyte interface and consumed by the redox

reaction

Photocathodes


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Photocathodes

STH >15%


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SUN LIGTH to HEAT and from HEAT to ELECTRICITY

improving the energy harvesting from the sun

Sun radiates energy as a 6000Kblackbody radiator with part of

the energy in the ultraviolet (UV)

spectrum and part in the

infrared (IR) spectrum


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Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 1033210334

Cu2xS nanoparticles


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Cu2ZnGeSe4 Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Thermoelectric Properties

JAC2012, 134, 40604063


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Composition Control and Thermoelectric Properties of

Quaternary Chalcogenide Nanocrystals: The Case of

Stannite Cu2CdSnSe4

Chemistry of materials 2012 ; 24, 562570


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(PbTe)0.28@(PbS)0.72 coreshell nanoparticles

with crystalline PbS shells

CoreShell Nanoparticles As Building Blocks for the

Bottom-Up Production of Functional

Nanocomposites: PbTePbS ThermoelectricProperties . ACS nano 2013 VOL. 7 NO. 3 2573


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Powders

inks

Layer

depositions

Batteries


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A battery is a device which directly convert the chemical

energy (contained at the electodes) in electric energy

through an electrochemical reaction of

oxidation/reduction.

Battery definition

Primary battery: the chemical reaction between the two electrodes is not reversible;

chemical energy turn into electric energy but not in the opposite way (no rechargeable)

Secundary batteries: to recharge is allowed, through a reversible redox reaction

Anode: it loses electrons

Chatode: it gains electronesElectrolyte: good ionic conductivity

Potential (V) Energy density

Power density

Ciclability

EnvironmentPrice

Security

Zn (s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

E = EchatodeEanode= 0.36 (-0.76) = 1.12 V

Batteries

Batteries


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Ion- Li batteries

Li advantages

Very high redox system

Light element

High energy density

High power densityLow thickness

No memory effect

No heavy metals

Li disadvantages

No watery electrolytes

Difficult manipulation of LiLow abailability

High cost

Dendritic growth

Poor ciclability

Security

Liz[H1] Liz-x[H1] + xLi++ xe-Negative electrode:

Positive electrode:

3.7 V

Liy[H2] + xLi++ xe- Lix+y[H2]

Batteries


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Structure of ntTiO2/Fe2O3Nanowires


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VANADIUM LITHUM

35000

(>20 years)

1000

(3 years)

Energy

density low

Energy

density high


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Prototype from Zigor (Spain).


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New Liquid Electrolyte or Semi Solid

Continuous Flow Cells:

Increase the energy density

To change electrodes materials as sulfuric

based electrolyte can be avoided.To wide the range of potential active ions

24M (A123)

Dream or Reality?


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Mass and Volume densi ty can be increased mo re than a factor 12

Imp roving the performances of the standard sol id state ion l i th ium b atter ies

And changing all the strategy for infrastructures developments for EV?

Dream or Reality?

Source:

24M


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I

R

E

Conclusions and future research


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New nanomaterials and processing to achieve new or improved devices for

third solar generation is nowadays a challenge for achieving reliable high

efficiency solar energy conversion .

Next efforts will be crucial for corroborating the promising features arisenby the artificial photosynthesis based processes.

Photo catalysis offer clean competitive alternatives for the photogeneration

of hydrogen and photoreduction of CO2

New materials and devices are needed.

The use of new concept combining materials and catalysts at the nano

scale is outstanding and must allow future improvement

Gas and liquid photo reactors become a system engineering challenge.

The very big challenge concerns new materials, new ideas and novel

systems able to effectively capture CO2 (from the air).

New high efficiency thermoelectricity is also an outstanding challenge

Finally, energy storage ( electrical and chemical ) is likely the more seriouschallenge


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Mercs per la vostra atenci!

Gracias por vuestra atencin!

Thanks for your attention!


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Patronos:

Con financiacin de:

Prof. [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]

6. morante mat green energy v3[1]

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