6 endocrine system
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HUMAN
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
RSBI SMAN 2 Bengkulu
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Endocrine System
Organs which secrete hormones
= endocrine glands
= ductless glands= release hormones directly into the blood
Hormones = chemical substance Affect other endocrine glands or bodysystems
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Endocrine System
Contrast to exocrine glands
The „other‟ control system of the bodyworking with the nervous system
Organs not anatomically connected –
spread throughout body tissues
Function: Maintenance of homeostasis by
changing physiological activity of cells
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Major Endocrine Organs
Endocrine organs: very small – only totalabout 110 grams in the human body
Include:Hypothalamus
pituitary (hypophysis) - anterior & posterior
thyroid & parathyroid
adrenals - cortex & medulla
pancreas
gonads - ovaries & testes
pineal
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Major Endocrine Organs
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Categories of Hormones
1. Steroid Hormones derived from cholesterol
produced in gonads & adrenal cortex
2. Non - Steroid Hormones
derived from amino acids
produced by other glands
most common type of hormone
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Control of Hormones
1. Hypothalamic Control Hypothalamus produces chemical regu lat ing factors -
releasing and inhibiting
these regulating factors act on the anterior pituitary gland
2. Nervous System Control Nerve impulses to posterior pituitary
Autonomic stimulation of the adrenal medulla
3. Circulating Hormone Levels Typically hormones are controlled by a negative
feedback system
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1. Hypothalamus
Produces several releasing and inhibiting
factors that stimulate or inhibit anterior
pituitary’s secretion of hormones.
Produces hormones that are stored in and
released from posterior pituitary.
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1. Hypothalamus
Also responsible for:
Regulation of water balance
Esophageal swallowing
Body temperature regulation (shivering)
Food/water intake (appetite)
Sleep-wake cycle
Autonomic functions
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2. Pineal
Location: within Diencephalon
Hormone
Melatonin : Control of reproductive activity
Regulate the body‟s internal
clock (circadian rhythms)
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3. Pituitary Gland
Lies protected within the sphenoid bone
About the size of a pea
Exerts control over all other glands:
“master gland”
Controlled by the hypothalamus which
controls the release of 6 hormones
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3. Pituitary Gland
Made up of two separate glands
Anterior lobe
Develops as an upward extension of the pharynx
Secretes the growth hormone, TSH, ACTH, and
other hormones which affect the sex organs
Posterior lobe
Develops as a downward extension of the brain
Produces vasopressin, oxytoxin and ADH
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3. Pituitary Gland
Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis)
HORMONE FUNCTION
1. HGH – Human Growth Hormone
2. TSH –Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. ACTH - Adrenocortico-Tropic Hormone
4. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
5. Luteinising Hormone6. Prolactin\
7. MSH -Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone
Growth & mitosis in body cells
Stimulates thyroid gland
Stimulates adrenal cortex
Stimulates gonads to produce
ova/sperm
Triggers ovulationProduction of milk in breasts
Stimulates melanocytes to
increase production of
melanin
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3. Pituitary Gland
Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis)
HORMONE FUNCTION
1. Oxytocin
2. ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
Uterine Contractions;
Secretion of milk
Reduces urine output
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3. Pituitary Gland
Pathology
Hyperpituitarism
Excessive secretion of the growth hormone Results in acromegaly or Gigantism
Hypopituitarism
Insufficient production and secretion of the growth
hormone
Results in dwarfism
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Excessive production of growth
hormone during development
can lead to gigantism
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Excessive GH production during
adulthood results in acromegaly
(abnormal growth of bones in hands,
feet, and head)
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Deficient GH production in
childhood can lead to
hypopituitary dwarfism
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2. Thyroid Gland
Location: Crosses in front of the second
and third tracheal cartilages (just below
the Adam‟s apple) Composed of two pear shaped lobes
separated by a middle strip of tissue called
the isthmus (often resembles a butterfly)
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2. Thyroid Gland
Consist of tiny sacs or follicles that are
filled with a gelatinous yellow fluid called
colloid The colloid contains the hormone secreted
by the thyroid
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2. Thyroid Gland
Hormones
1. TH - Thyroid Hormone:
Thryoxin(T4) +
Tri-iodothyronine (T3) : Increases basal
metabolic rate
2. Calcitonin : Reduces bloodcalcium
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2. Thyroid Gland
Pathology
Hyperthyroidism
Overdevelopment or enlargement of the thyroid Excessive secretion of thyroid hormone which
develops into Graves disease
Symptoms
Goiter
Exophthalmoses: a protrusion of the eyes caused by
fatty tissue edema behind the eyes is present
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2. Thyroid Gland
Pathology
Hypothyroidism
Underdevelopment of the thyroid gland and adeficiency of the thyroid hormone
Most commonly effects the metabolic rate which
makes it very low in activity
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2. Thyroid Gland
Pathology
Nontoxic Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid with normal or lowthyroid function
Caused by an iodine deficiency
May be geographically related
Thyroid adenoma
Benign neoplasm of the thyroid
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2. Thyroid Gland
Pathology
Thyroid Carcinoma
Cancerous tumors of the thyroid gland
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Thyroid enlargement (Goiter)
Thyroid cancer
Exophthalmos
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3. Parathyroid Glands
Location: behind the thyroid gland
Small round glands (2 on each side)
Regulates the calcium and phosphorus
content of the blood and bones
Hormone
PTH - Parathyroid Hormone : Increases
blood calcium
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3. Parathyroid Gland
Pathology
Hypoparathyroidism
The functioning of the parathyroid glands isdecreased
Causes muscular contraction
Most likely all four lobes will
be removed for treatment
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3. Parathyroid Gland
Pathology
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive secretion of parathormone levels leadsto increased calcium in the blood
Causes bone reabsorption to be hindered
therefore resulting in a loss of bone density
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4. Thymus Gland
Location: anterior chest
Normally absent by ~ age 4\
Hormone:
Thymosin : Promotes development of
immune-system cells
(T-lymphocytes)
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5. Adrenal Glands
Location: just superior to each kidney and
looks much like a cap perched on top of
them Components
Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medula
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5. Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
Hormones
Glucocorticoids : Regulate fats,carbohydrates and proteins CHO metabolism – especially under stress; anti-inflammatory
MineralocorticoidsRegulate electrolytes
Gonadocorticoids Produce Small amounts of sex
hormones
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5. Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
Hormones
Epinephrine Norepinephrine : Aids the body in meeting
stressful situations
(Mimic and magnify actions of sympathetic nervous system)
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5. Adrenal Gland
Pathology
Neuroblastoma
A tumor of the adrenal medulla Second most common malignancy in children
under age 5
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5. Adrenal Gland
Pathology
Cushing‟s Syndorme
Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex or a tumor related to the adrenal cortex
Causes the body to enlarge in
the trunk and the patient‟s tend
to have a round or “moon-shaped”face
Also causes a fat pad to form
on the shoulders creating
a “buffalo hump”
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4. Adrenal Gland
Pathology
Adrenal Carcinoma
Cancer of the adrenal glands Usually grow very rapidly
Treated by surgery
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5. Pancreas
Location: between duodenum and spleen
Hormones:
Glucagon (produced by Alpha Cells): Raises blood sugar
Insulin (by Beta Cells)
Lower blood sugar Somatostatin (by Delta Cells)
Supresses release of growth hormone
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5. Gonads
Ovaries
Location: in abdominal cavity adjacent to the
uterus.Under the control of LH and FSH from the
anterior pituitary gland.
Hormones
Estrogen : Develops female sexual
characteristics
Progesterone : Prepares uterus for pregnacy
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5. Gonads
Testes
Location: in the scrotum
Controlled by anterior pituitary hormones FSHand LH
Hormones:
Androgens (Testosteron) : Develop male sexual
characteristics