6 design strategies
DESCRIPTION
pptTRANSCRIPT
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6-2McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2003 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,All Rights
Reserved.
Part TwoTHE DESIGN OF RESEARCH
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Chapter SixDESIGN STRATEGIES
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What is Research Design?
• A plan for selecting the sources and types of information used to answer research questions
• A framework for specifying the relationships among the study variables
• A blueprint that outlines each procedure from the hypothesis to the analysis
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Classifications of Designs
• Exploratory study is usually to develop hypotheses or questions for further research
• Formal study is to test the hypotheses or answer the research questions posed
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Methods of Data Collection
• Monitoring, which includes observational studies
• Interrogation/communication studies
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Power to Produce Effects
• In an experiment, the researcher attempts to control and/or manipulate the variables in the study
• In an ex post facto design, the researcher has no control over the variables; they can only report what has happened
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Purpose of the Study
• Descriptive study tries to explain relationships among variables
• Causal study is how one variable produces changes in another
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The Time Dimension
• Cross-sectional studies are carried out once and represent a snapshot of one point in time
• Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period
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The Topical Scope
• Statistical studies attempt to capture a population’s characteristics by making inferences from a sample’s characteristics
• Case studies place more emphasis on a full contextual analysis of fewer events or conditions and their interrelations
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The Research Environment
• Field conditions
• Laboratory conditions
• Simulations
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A Participant’s Perceptions
• Usefulness of a design may be reduced when people in the study perceive that research is being conducted
• Participants’ perceptions influence the outcomes of the research
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Why do Exploratory Studies?
• Exploration is particularly useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems
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Data Collection Techniques
• Qualitative techniques
• Secondary data
• Focus groups
• Two-stage design
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Causation
• The essential element of causation is – A “produces” B
or – A “forces” B to occur
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Causal Study Relationships
• Symmetrical
• Reciprocal
• Asymmetrical
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Asymmetrical Relationships
• Stimulus-Response
• Property-Disposition
• Disposition-Behavior
• Property-Behavior
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Achieving the Ideal Experimental Design
• Control
– Random Assignment
– Matching
• Randomization
– Manipulation and control of variables