579-584.doc

International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production. Vol., 3 (12), 579-584, 2012Available online at http:// www.ijappjournal.comISSN 2051-1914 2012 VictorQuest Publications

Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer on Growth and Yield Rice(Oryza Sativa L).

YosefTabar, S

Young Researchers Club, Iran Islamic Azad University, sari Branch, sari, Iran

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth andyield in rice cultivar Tarom Hashemi, an experimental design in north of Iran in 2011cropping season. Nitrogen fertilizer at 50,100 and 150 kg/ha was main plot andphosphorus fertilizer at 4 level 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90kg/ha as sub plot. Usingrandomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replication. The results showed thattiller number, fertile tiller, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield increased significantlywith nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Interesting in comparison to 50 and 100 kg/halevel application of higher N-fertilizer 150 kg/ha showed a positive respond to applicationof high nitrogen for Taroom Hashemi cultivar. Effect of different application of P-fertilizerwas significantly on this parameter, increase application of phosphorus increaseparameter above. Study of interaction effect of N and P- fertilizer was significant in fertiletiller and 1000-grain weight.

Keywords: Hybrid Rice-Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Growth-Yield.

Introduction

Rice is most important food crop and a major food grain for more than a third of the worldspopulation (Zhao et al, 2011). Judicious and proper use of fertilizers can markedly increase the yield andimprove the quality of rice (Alam et al, 2009). Fertilizer is very important input for intensive rice production theprofitability of rice production systems depends on yield and input quantities. So the appropriate fertilizerinput that is not only for getting high grain yield but also for attaining maximum profertility (Khuang et al,2008). Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is a major essential plant nutrient and key input for in increasingcrop yield (Dastan et al, 2012- Alinajoati sisie & Mirshekari, 2011-Alam et al, 2009). Nitrogen deficiencygenerally results in stunted growth and chlorotic leaves caused by poor assimilate formation that leads topremature flowering and shortening of the growth cycle. The presence of n in excess promotes developmentof the above ground aground organs with abundant dark green (high chlorophyll) tissues of soft consistencyand relatively poor root growth. This increases the risk of loding and reduces the plants resistance to brashclimatic condition and foliar diseases (Mohammadian Rushan et al, 2011). Nitrogen contributes tocarbohydrate accumulation in culms and leaf sheaths during the pre-heading stage and in the grain duringthe ripening stage of rice (Swin et al, 2010). Phosphorus deficit is a most important restrictive factor in plantgrowth and recognition of mechanisms that increase plant phosphorus use efficiency is important (Alinajoatisisie & Mirshekari, 2011). Phosphorus is a major component in ATP, the molecule that provides energy tothat plant for such processes as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, nutrient translocation, nutrient uptake andrespiration. Phosphorus is also a component of other compounds necessary for protein synthesis andtransfer of genetic material DNA, RNA (Wilson et al., 2006). Phosphorus application to rice increased Paccumulation but did not consistently increase rice yields because flooding decreased soil P sorption andincreased P diffusion. Resulting in higher P supply to rice relative to wheat (Delong et al, 2002). According tonitrogen and phosphorus importance on growth and yield, this study was conducted to determine the effectsof nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield of rice cultivars Tarom Hashemi.

Intl. J. Agron. Plant. Prod. Vol., 3 (12), 579-584, 2012

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Materials and methods

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield in ricecultivar Tarom Hashemi, an experimental design in north of Iran in 2011cropping season. Nitrogen fertilizerat 50,100 and 150 kg/ha was main plot and phosphorus fertilizer at 4 level 0 (control), 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha assub plot. Using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replication. The plot size was kept as 22meter. Chemical herbicides were employed against different weeds during the course of study. Plotsreceived identical cultural treatments in terms of ploughing, cultivation seed rate, K fertilizes and diseasecontrol. In maturity time, number of tillers, fertile tiller, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield was measured.The data were analyzed following analysis by SAS software. The Duncans multiple range tests was used tocompare the means at 5% of significant.

Results and discussion

The effect of nitrogen fertilizer on tiller number, barrier tiller percentage (%), 1000-grain weight andyield was significant in 1% probability level and total grain significant in 5% probability level. The effect ofphosphorus fertilizer on total grain and yield was significant in 1% probability level. 1000-grain weight andbarrier tiller number percentage (%) were significant in 5% probability level but the phosphorus fertilizer ontiller number no significant effect. the interaction effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on barrier tillerpercentage (%) and 1000-grain weight was significant in 5% probability and no significant effect in otherparameter. Application of p fertilizer is one of the most important for higher crop yields, the phosphorusaccumulation in cultivated soils is a concern for non-point environmental pollution and for efficiency ofphosphorus resources becouse of excessive phosphorus input (Li et al, 2010).Maximum tiller number undernitrogen fertilizer treatment was (27.6) observed for 150 kg/ha nitrogen and minimum of that was (22.8)obtained for 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (figure1). Alinajoati sisie and Mirshekari (2011) report thatphosphorus is essential for tillers development and root growth of wheat. Phosphorus is important for plantgrowth and promotes root development, tillering, early flowering and performs other functions like metabolicactivities, particularly in synthesis of protein (Panhawar et al, 2011).

Figure1. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on tiller number.

Fertile tiller under nitrogen fertilizer treatment in N1 to N3 was (17.15), (19.2) and (21.81)respectively (figure2) and Fertile tiller under phosphorus fertilizer treatment in P1 to P4 was (16.35), (17.82),(19.98) and (20.84) respectively (figure3). Maximum Fertile tiller under interaction of nitrogen andphosphorus fertilizer was (22.25) observed for (N3P4)150 kg/ha nitrogen with90 kg/ha phosphorus andminimum of that was (14.88) obtained for (N1P1) 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer with 0 (control) phosphorusfertilizer (figure4). Chaturvedi (2004) report that number of tillers per unit area is the most importantcomponent of yield, more the number of tillers, especially fertile tillers, the more the number of tillers,especially fertile tillers; the more will be the yield. Nitrogen fertilizer application increased significantlytillers/m2 in rice at harvest (95 days after transplanting).


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Figure 2. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on fertile tiller. Figure 3. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on fertile tiller.

Figure 4. Effect of interaction N and P fertilizer on fertile tiller.

Maximum total grain was (96.51) observed for 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and minimum of that was(94.94) obtained for 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (figure1). Maximum total grain was (97.01) observed for 150kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer and minimum of that was (94.63) obtained for (control) 0 kg/ha phosphorusfertilizer (figure1). Yoefi et al (2011) reveals that grain number per panicle was significantly influenced byphosphorus fertilizer. Chaturvedi ,(2004) report that the number of grain /ear against various applications ofN- fertilizers several that ammonium sulphate nitrate, produced maximum number of grains per ear (95.2 and95.9) during 2002 and 2003 respectively.

Figure 5. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on total grain. Figure 6. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on total grain.

1000-grain weight under nitrogen fertilizer treatment in N1 to N3 was (23.3), (24.2) and (25.6)respectively (figure2) and 1000-grain weight under phosphorus fertilizer treatment in P1 to P4 was (22.88),


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(23.1), (24.47) and (25.03) respectively (figure3). Maximum 1000-grain weight under interaction of nitrogenand phosphorus fertilizer were (26.81) and (26.26) observed for (N3P3)150 kg/ha nitrogen with 90 kg/ha and(N3P3)150kg/h with 60 kg/ha phosphorus. Minimum of that was (22.3) obtained for (N1P1) 50 kg/ha nitrogenfertilizer with 0(control) phosphorus fertilizer (figure4). Ashouri and Amiri (2011) showed that weight of 1000-grain in 150 kg /ha N fertilizer was22.2g in 2008 and 23.3g in 2009.the highest paddy yield at 200 kg N perhectare might be due to higher number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weighit at this nitrogen rate(Metwally et al, 2011).

Figure 7. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on 1000-grain weight. Figure 8. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on 1000-grain weight.

Figure 9. Effect of interaction N and P fertilizer on 1000-grain weight.

Maximum yield was (4540) observed for 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer and minimum of that was(3700) obtained for 50 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer (figure1). Maximum yield was (4470) observed for 150 kg/haphosphorus fertilizer and minimum of that was (3650) obtained for (control) 0 kg/ha phosphorus fertilizer(figure1). Dastan et al. (2012) report that the maximum grain yield was observed for 150kg/ha nitrogenapplication. At harvest, grain and straw N contents were significantly affected by N treatment. N contentincreased significantly affected by N fertilization and was the highest with 400 kg N ha-(Metwally et al, 2011).Analysis of variance showed that grain yield was affected by phosphorus fertilizer (Yosefi et al., 2011).Panhawar et al. (2011) showed that phosphorus fertilizer application has been reported to increase uplandrice yield. Li et al. (2010) reported that application of P fertilizer is one of the most important for crop yield.


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Figure 10. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on yield. Figure 11. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer on yield

Discussions

Application Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on growth and yield resulted showed tiller number,fertile filler, total grain, 1000-grain weight and yield increase by application N-fertilizer. Maximum of thisparameter were in application 150 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer. Also Fertile tiller, total grain, 1000-grain weightand yield increase by application P-fertilizer. Maximum of this parameter were in application 90 kg/haphosphorus fertilizer. study of interaction effect of N and P- fertilizer was significant in Fertile tiller and 1000-grain weight, maximum of this parameter were in application 150 kg/ha N-fertilizer at 90 kg/ha P-fertilizer(N3P4).

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Ashouri M and Amiri E, 2011. Comparing of yield and yield components of rice hybrid in different irrigationregimes and nitrogen levels.Journal American Science.7(3):472-475.

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