* GB786039 (A)

Description: GB786039 (A) ? 1957-11-13

A means for the conversion of symbol sequences into groups of digits,letters or other characters

Description of GB786039 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 786 O 39 Date of Application and filing Comwlete Specification: June 23, 1950. No 37220/54. Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948. (Divided out of No 786,021). Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at accepta-nce:-Classes 40 ( 1), H 14 B( 14: 15), HU 1 H; 40 ( 6), G(IG: 2 G: 3 K: 3 M); and 106 ( 1) C( 1 D: ZG: 3 B: 3:3 E: 4 C: 4 X: 5: 6). International Classification:-G 06 fr G 08 c H 03 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION A means for the Conversion of Symbol Sequences into Groups of Digits, Letters or other Characters I, GERHARD DIR Ks, of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - The invention relates to the conversion of symbols into groups of digits, letters and/or other characters which the symbols represent, and vice versa One use of the invention would be in association with shorthand typewriters and the like so that the actuation of the usual symbol keys results in the writing out by the machine of the complete words and other matter for which the symbols stand, instead of merely writing out the symbols themselves. Another use of the invention is in the writing out by a machine, in Roman letters, of matter put into the machine by the actuation of keys representing Chinese, Japanese or other cryptic signs, thus dispensing with the very complicated machines hitherto necessary.

The machine may also be used in the reverse way, namely for the writing out in Oriental or other non-Roman characters of matter put into it in Roman characters Again, the invention may be used to accelerate tele-typing systems over telephone lines and the like. According to the invention, a typewriting, printing or other writing machine has an information storage device for signals representing all the informations likely to be requited at an output means and an address storage for address signals co-ordinated to the respective informations, selective sensing means for such storages, input means whereby symbolic or abbreviated matter put in releases co-ordinated address signals, and a comparing device for comparing the address signals from the input means with address signals in the said address storage, said comparing device when the comparison is equal being operative to control said' sensing means to sense the information signals co-ordinated to the then compared address signals For example, the operation of keys, switches or other input means for symbols, abbreviations, or Oriental characters or the like actuates said sensing means through said comparing device to select from the storage signal sequences representing the symbolic or abbreviated matter in its extended form, or as the case may be, representing the Oriental characters in Roman form Such selected signals may then be delivered directly to a printing, typing or tele-typing apparatus or may be delivered to an intermediate storage before use. The arrangement may be such that the simultaneous operation of a number of keys or other input means representing the abbreviated etc matter-put in releases address signals as code combination signals which result in the actuation of the selective sensing means when compared with the same combination signals in the storage, or the sensing means may be actuated after the successive operations of the input means for releasing code combination signals before or after the operation of a control member determining the number of keys in the combination Or, for example with the decoding of symbolized matter, common abbreviations and the like, the selective sensing may be actuated with each key depression The storage and selective sensing means may for example be according to any of the forms set forth in my co-pending Application for Patent No 37214/54 (Serial No 786,033). The invention may include means for the writing out of the abbreviated or symbolized matter as well as the extended matter, and may include means whereby there is a visual indication of the matter put in by the input means The invention may also be combined s 5 with a correcting device as set forth in my co-pending Application No 37218/54 (Serial No 786,037) and/or with an automatic carriage return and line equalising means according to my co-pending Application No. 37219/54 (Serial No 786,038).

The accompanying drawing illustrates the carrying out of the invention Fig 1 is a perspective view of an office machine which includes a keyboard and a storage device and a printer operating under the control of the storage device in accordance with the invention The particular machine shown also includes means for making a complete page visible, means for making single lines temporarily visible, means for automatic repetition and correction of the text, a computing device, storing tapes, and means for automatically varying the spacing in a line and for equalising the length of the line; Figs 2 a and 2 b are a circuit diagram of an electronic combination selecting and comparing switch arrangement; Fig 2 c is a development of a signal arrangement for said combination switch selecting means shown in Fig 3; and Fig 3 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a combined storage means and other devices including a part of an electronic combination switch selecting means. As shown there is an automatic reproduction unit 1 slidably mounted on the guideway 2, and there is also the keyboard 3 The reproduction unit may be a printer, for example a dot and line printer of the type set forth in my co-pending Application No 37201/54 (Serial No 786,022) or any other suitable printing means, The reproduction unit 1 may be small and the height of the reproduced image may be, in a practical case, 4 25 mm. corresponding to the height of a character. It is mounted so as to slide horizontally on the bar 2. The horizontal movement of the reproduction unit relatively to the paper, or other record material, is provided by means of the movement of the unit along the guideway 2, and such guideway may be moved up and down, vertically along the guide rails 4, the unit thus being moved to any part of the paper or other record material in the example shown The same combination may naturally be arranged moving the paper or other record material with regard to the reproduction unit, as for instance in a usual typewriter. The lateral movement of the reproduction unit 1 along the guideway 2 is effected in this case by means of a servo-motor 5 (controlled by means of rotating fields or by synchronizing signals) Instead of this device, a continuously effective magnetic relay or a wire pull may be provided With the arrangement illustrated it is preferable to use a servo-motor because of its universal and simple controllability The guide bar 2 moves up and down along the guides 4 by similar means. The sheet of paper to be printed or other record material is held by means of a frame 6 as a full page, permitting a good control 70 and simple correction, especially with several copies. Housing or casing 7 contains the necessary accessories, including a signal converter such as, for example, the converter set forth in my

75 co-pending Application No 37222/54 (Serial No 786,041). The housing may also enclose devices for correction of the text, for automatic carriage return and for spacing line justification, see 80 for example my co-pending Applications No. 37218/54 and No 37219/54 (Serial Nos. 786,037 and 786,038) respectively. Computing and sorting devices may also be included in the housing 7 85 An aperture 8 is provided, displaying the matter being reproduced by cathode ray reproduction, stroboscopic visual indication, or the like. An electric coupling may be disposed in the 90 housing at 10, for connection with other electric devices, e g, for tele-printing. Signals may be transferred from or to the record means in dependence on an equality or non-equality in a comparing device, corm 95 paring signal sequences from the record means or another record means operating in synchronism with it, with signal sequences from another source, e g, signal sequences released by the operation of keys of the keyboard 3 100 Such a comparing device may include a chain of gates, each gate being controlled on the one hand by signals, sensed from the record means, and on the other hand by the signals derived from operation of the keyboard or 105 other input means, the said chain providing a continuous signal path for operation of sensing and/or recording means if the comparison in all the gates of the chain reveals equality The said gates may be electronic tubes The signals 110 may be delivered to the comparing device in repeated changes of sequence during each cycle of said cyclic relative movement and the -repetition of the change of sequence may be a constant repetition 115 Each gate may control only two switching ways, the number of gates required in the comparing device being equal to the number of denominations required in a binary number to indicate any signal or group of signals in 120 the signal carrier. The signal storage may be regarded as made up of three parts; the information part, an index part, and an address part The information part has permanently recorded 125 signals in groups and for each group there is a corresponding code combination in the address part which is shown as a series of induction elements one for each element of the code combination, and described more 130 786,039 after In the address part of the storage the signals are in a number of tracks equal to the number of code elements in the combination being used, each such track having signal sensing means 70 The relay tube 15 is controlled by means of control signals sensed by sensing head 26 sensing one of said signal tracks which in the drawing is represented as one part of a fivepart rotary induction member shown as a 75 development in Fig 2 c Any other suitable form of selector may be adopted, e g, a contact selector, an optical selector, other inductive selectors, a magnetic

record on a storage, or the like 80 The selection of an information in the storage requires a determination of the respective position in the relative movement of the storage where the corresponding symbolized address signals can be sensed, and 85 also a device comparing the sensed, address signals with a signal frequency and/or combination derived from an input means The sensing head 26 controlling the electronic switch 13-14 is arranged over the said signal 90 path 30, and sensing head 27 for the electronic switch 16-17 is over the signal path 31, sensing head 28 of the next electronic switch (not shown) is over the selector signal path 32, and so on 95 If the relay tube 15 is not operative, the pentode 13 is blocked, whereas pentode 14 is open, the working voltage of the screen grid of pentode 13 being developed across the cathode resistances 33, 34 of the tube 15, 100 whereas the pentode 14 is open as long as the tube 15 is not operative As soon as the tube becomes operative, the pentodes 13 and 14 change with respect to their opening, i e, pentode 13 is "open" while pentode 14 is 105 blocked, pentode 13 having received its working screen grid voltage, whereas the cathode of pentode 14 has become positive with regard to its suppressor grid potential. Switch 22 has either position a or position 110 b depending on whether the first element of the address combination, as determined by the input means, requires a " current" (position a) or " no current " position b) position. Signals sensed from an information storage 115 area by sensing head 35, simultaneously with the sensing of the co-ordinated address signals by head 26, will pass the switch 22 only if tube 15 is operative, i e, if pentode 13 is open, and if switch 22 is in position a, or if 120 pentode 13 is closed and switch 22 is in position b In position b of the switch 22 no signal transmission from sensing head 35 is possible, in spite of pentode 13 being open, the necessary continuity of the circuit for such sensed 125 information signals in the comparing chain being interrupted by means of said switch 22. The various possibilities for continuity and discontinuity in the signal transmission circuit will be understood from the diagram at the 130 fully below When the input keys or other input means are operated, address signals in a code combination are recorded in the index storage This index storage is sensed and at the same time the code combinations in the address part are being sensed When there is a coincidence between a combination sensed from the address part and a combination which has been recorded in the index storage, this operates to sense the associated group of signals in the information storage These sensed signals may be recorded on an output storage and, once recorded on such output storage, they may, of course, be taken off and used for any purpose desired, for example to operate a

printer. Stored signals according to one system of representation (such as shorthand-typewriter combinations or Oriental written characters) used as address signals may control means for sensing information signals according to another representation, so that for example a transliteration from one alphabet to another may be effected, The address signals may be signal sequences, say for instance according to the binary system representing groups of characters such as syllables, words and so on, as may be used for coding and decoding, e g, for telecommunication or even for transformations into other sequences for the same information in another system of representation, whereby even such difficult tasks may be solved as the printing in Oriental characters of words recorded in Roman characters. Such address or control signals may also be part of the information signals and may be selected to control the sensing or not sensing of that group of the stored information in which they are included Such selected address or control signals may be compared with other sensed, stored or pre-selected signals, as described, and the result of the comparison may control sensing or not sensing of the group of information signals to which they belong Such address or control signals may also determine to which part of the same or another storage the said group of information signals is to be transferred when selected and sensed. In the converting device of Figs 2 a-2 b, a comparing device is shown comprising electronic switches 13-15, 16-18, and 1921, and other switches 22-24 These switches are in pairs, each pair comprising one electronic and one other switch The number of groups of switches used depends on the number of combination symbol elements necessary to arrive at the number of combinations desired The switches are shown in diagram form at the top left hand part of Fig. 2 a The de-coding, by means of which is determined which position the desired information signals have in the storage means will be described here786,039 top of Fig 2 a, where in each unit of the chain of gates there are two switch elements, one of which, in the first gate shown, is comprised by the electronic tubes, e g, the tubes 13, 14, 15, and the other of which may comprise relay switches operated by keys in the keyboard. Beginning from the left of said diagram, information signals entering the chain at the sensing heads 35, 36, pass the first gate of the chain if the electronic switch 13, 14 coincides with the selecting switch 22 which may be pre-set and being for example in the upper position 22 a Such coincidence takes place only during that time period of the rotation of the storage when both the switches are in the upper or (in the case shown) both in the lower position, that is

to say when pentode 13 is open in dependence on the tube 15 being operative The signals sensed by signal head windings 35, 36 arrive at the grids of the pentodes 16, 17 being connected in parallel via capacitors. The same switchable selection conditions obtain in each successive gate in the chain. For example in the second gate illustrated the pentode 17 being open since tube 18 is operative and coinciding with the relay switch 23 in the lower position shown, the signals are passed to the third gate of the chain, and so on. With a 5-stage binary selection device there are in each cycle of operation 32 ( 25) possibilities of selecting different areas within each track of the storage each area containing multi-column information in for example 50-100 column positions If a sixth binary stage is added to the selection device the number of selection possibilities would be 64 ( 26) but the capacity of each such address area would be reduced by one half because of the limitation imposed by the minimum signal distances on the storage Further stages of selection possibility may be chosen either for further sub-division of the storage area or for selecting different tracks in the storage by known selective multi-channel switching circuits. For an easier understanding of the method of selection the tube 15 is shown as a gas discharge tube operating at a frequency which opens pentode 13 and blocks pentode 14 after a period corresponding to the intervals between signals sensed by signal head 26 The information signals induced in signal heads 35, 36 are always effective at a position corresponding to the middle of such an interval. Within the second group of pentodes 16, 17 controlled by tube 18 the same process takes place, i e the signals transmitted by signal heads 35 and 36 are only further transmitted if tube 18 is non-operative, i e when pentode 17 is open and the switch 23 is in position b. According to Fig 2 c, the control of the alternate opening and blocking of pentodes 13, 14 is shown by way of example as a signal sequence illustrated diagrammatically at 30. Pentode 13 is understood to be " open " during the period represented by the upper half of the track 30 in each rotation and " closed " during the period represented by the lower half, i e 70 pentode 13 is open during the first 1800 of one operation, whereas during the next 1800 of a rotation pentode 14 is open At the next selection group, pentode 16 is open and pentode 17 is closed from 0 to 900 and from 75 to 2700 in each cycle of track 31, whereas it is closed and pentode 17 is open from 90 to 1800 and from 270 to 3600 in each cycle. This automatic opening and closing of the electronic switches during each cycle brings 80 about the combination of automatically opened and

" blocked " switches with the pre-set positions a and b of the switches 22, 23, 24 or correspending electronic or other relays, switching panels, keyboard contacts or the like 85 To avoid a too strong amplification of the signals produced in the sensing heads 35 and 36 transmission to the control grid of the next tube is provided by means of a tapping of the respective anode resistor In the drawing, only 90 the first two and the last of the chain of switches is shown. There may of course be any number of selection groups in the chain Thus, only those signals from the sensing heads 35 and 36 are 95 transmitted through the whole chain of selection group switches, when the electronic switches, in combination with the position of the pre-set switches establish a continuous circuit 100 At the moment at which the combination of the switches 22, 23, 24 and so on corresponds to the combination according to Fig 2 c the information signals run through the chain to control further and preferably electronic means, 105 such as converters for dot and line-printers and the like as set forth in my co-pending Application No 37222/54 (Serial No. 786,041), or control means for computers. Fig 2 b shows additional optical and 110 inductive converters The information signals running through the chain ignites the gas triode 37, by the discharge circuit of which the intensity glow lamp 38 (with positive glow light) is flashing This glow lamp is comparable 115 to that shown in Fig 2 of my co-pending Application No 37205/54 (Serial No. 786,026) lying behind a glass disc containing in the fields corresponding to the single combinations, the type character symbols of the 120 different letters, being contained in the syllable or the word, which is to be printed. There is in accordance with such Application for Patent No 37205/54 (Serial No. 786,026) arranged a series of flash tubes in an 125 optical converter or, with a corresponding mask arrangement, a single flash tube behind an optical record means, containing in different areas symbols of the different letters contained in a syllable or a word, which is to be printed 130 786,039 hitherto been limited by the mechanical speeds attainable With the present invention a 15element-combination may have the same transmission velocities as are obtainable with the 7-element-combination despite mechanical 70 limitations The 15-element-combination allows of printing automatically about 30,000 different words or syllables, whereas the 7element-combination allows of the printing of only 32 different characters By this invention 75 therefore relative high efficiences may be obtained without additional mechanical means, the printer being simpler than with the usual teleprinters.

Digit pulses may be used in the same way 80 instead of "current"-" no current " combination elements If for instance the area of the rotating or like storage means to be sensed corresponds to a determined digit, this method may be used In the case of numbers, consisting 85 for instance of five digits e g logarithm tables or tables for other mathematical functions, or tables for deductions from wages or the like it is also possible to use a chain of five electronic and pre-set switches corresponding 90 to the pentodes 13, 14 and relay tube 15, these being controlled either by means of inductive sensing means corresponding to those of the relay tube 18 or by means of the deflection or a ray of light or the like, com 95 bined with a photocell and a relay tube. By adapting ten sensing heads and selecting the one corresponding to the digit to be sensed, the relay tube 15 is operative only during that moment at which the selected digit is sensed 100 Instead of continuously " switching on and off " of the electronic switches within all groups at each " single signal " the first selection group (opening of pentode 13 and closing of pentode 14) may be switched on for instance during the 105 whole first half of a rotation by means of the excitation of tube 15 by one signal, and its extinction after a cycle of 1800 by means of a second signal including a voltage pulse in a second coil, controlling for instance an addi 110 tional pentode in the circuit of the tube 15 to extinguish that tube. Fig 3 also shows pulse generators 43 '-, with signal heads 4411 and 45 '-" used for justification purposes as described in my co 115 pending Application No 37219/54 (Serial No. 786,038). The information storage is sensed by sensing heads 47 '" which may operate selectively as described in my co-pending Application No 120 37214/54 (Serial No 786,033). For the operation of a Chinese or Japanese printing unit, which in this combination may also teleprint by start-stop signal-systems, the keyboard may be a usual typewriter keyboard 125 The Japanese or other characters to be printed may be coded by typing their phonetic rendering with common Roman letters, e g. typing " LI-C Hu-WANG " successively The selection of the Roman letters releases address 130 or otherwise indicated By means of the arrangement of a mask with an additional concentric slot movable sidewise step by step from the middle to the edge, line after line of the symbols is represented Instead of this movable mask a rotating mask with circular slots, staggered relatively to each other by one step may be provided, or there may be a stepwise sensing in the direction of rotation. In correspondence with the symbols illuminated by means of the flash

tube 38, there is ignited one or another of the photodischarge tubes 390-D provided for the ten digit values and an additional photo-discharge tube 40, provided one for an additional symbol giving the indication the meaning of letters of the alphabet, as explained in my co-pending Application No 37222/54 (Serial No 786,041) After the ignition of these discharge photo-cells, which may also be normal gas discharge tubes controlled by means of photo-cells, the process is perfectly similar to the converting method described in said Application No 37222/54 (Serial No. 786,041) These photo or other discharge tubes 39, 40 may also excite printing signal sequences for dot and line printers cathode ray tube indicating or the like, for example as described in my co-pending Application for Patent No 37222/54 (Serial No 786,041). In an inductive converter according to the said application No 37222/54 (Serial No. 786,041) the secondary windings of the converter coils may be excited correspondingly by the signal sequences which are necessary for the printing or other reproduction of the characters, etc represented by the selected symbols. To succeed in arranging the signal sequences for each character on each rotation, character by character, in a continuous step-by-step movement, a special discharge switch 41 is provided, the sensing coil 42 of which is shown in Fig 3. Using this method of coding of combinations by means ef translation into sequences of dot and line printing for instance, to accelerate tele-printing on telephone-lines, the contacts a and b are switched by means of the usual distributor, which is used in all teleprinters. The relays are energized at the various positions of the distributor, according to whether the distributor delivers a " current " or " no current " pulse With a combination of usual structure, seven symbol elements are necessary for each character, including a " start and " stop " symbol A 15-positioncombination of the same type requires on tele-transmission about double the time of the 7-position combination, if the same limiting frequency is used. The speed of tele-printing with the usual transmission channels and with subaudio frequencies or the multiple transmission on or along wires or the like has 786,039 signals which are compared with stored address signals and, when equality is revealed the corresponding stored signals for printing the Oriental characters are sensed and fed to the printing device.

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* GB786040 (A)

Description: GB786040 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Means for sensing punched cards and punched tapes or the like

Description of GB786040 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 786,040 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 23, 1950. No 37221/54. I J% 00 Etffi Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948. (Divided out of No 786,021) \\\<t Complete Specification Published: Nov13, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 2 F: 2 G: 3 B: 3 D: 4 A: 5), M( 1 B: 1 C: IE: 2 B: 4 A: 6 C: 20). International Classification:-GO 6 f, k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Means for Sensing Punched Cards and Punched Tapes or the like I, GERHARD DIRKS, of Moerfelder, Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to means for sensing record members such as punched cards, tapes and the like and to means for recording such sensed data. It is the object of the invention to provide apparatus for recording on a magnetic signal storage device, data sensed from record members. According to one feature of the invention, apparatus for recording data sensed from a perforated record medium, in which perforation positions are located at the crossing points of rows and columns,

comprises a magnetic storage member, cyclically-operating means for recording signals thereon, said storage member having storage areas corresponding to said columns, each storage area being divided into storage positions allocated to characters which can be represented by the perforations in the columns, the storage positions in all said areas passing the recording means successively in each recording cycle, means for sensing the perforations in the record medium column by column in synchronism with the cyclic operation of the recording means and a control circuit made effective by the sensing of a perforation or perforations representing a character to record a signal in the storage position representing the same character of the magnetic storage. According to another feature of the invention, apparatus for recording data sensed from a record member, having perforation positions arranged in columns and rows, comprises a rotatable magnetic signal storage member, a recording head defining a recording track on said storage member, the track being divided into storage areas, each of which corresponds to a column and is sub-divided into storage positions each of which corresponds to a character, means adapted to sense the columns of the record member sequentially and in synchronism with the passage of the corresponding storage areas past said recording head, and means adapted to energise said head to record a signal in a particular storage position of a storage area in response to the sensing of a perforation or perforations representing the corresponding character in the corresponding column. The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1 is a schematic view showing the sensing of a punched card row by row by means of a light beam and rotating mirrors and recording of the sensed data on a magnetic storage drum; and Fig 2 is a schematic yiew showing the sensing of a punched card column by column, the card bearing data in a combinational code. Fig 1 shows the row by row sensing of a moving record card by a scanning light beam and the recording of the sensed data by a magnetic signal storage drum with a group of staggered recording heads Magnetic signal storage devices, in the form of drums and discs, with a head arrangement of this kind are described in detail in my co-pending Application No 15773/50 (Serial No 786,021). The terms "column" and "row " will be used throughout the Specification with the following meaning: a column consists of a group of positions on a record member at which a data indicating mark or marks may be made to record a character, and a row consists of a group of marking positions having the same significance For instance, in the case of a punched record card, a column consists of a group of index

points used to represent an alphabetic character or digit In one form of card, there are twelve index points " O " to " 9 " and "X" and " Y " A digit is represented by a single hole at the appropriate index point " O " to " 9," whilst an alphabetic character is represented by two holes in the column In other forms of card, various combinational codes are used to represent digits as well as alphabetic characters For the first form of card, all the " O " index point positions form a row, the " 1 " index point positions form another row, and so on. A punched card 3 (Fig 1) is sensed row by row by a light beam 5 The beam is scanned across the columns in sequence by a set of mirrors 2 which reflect the light from a source 40 Whenever the light beam passes through a hole it is focussed on a photo-electric cell 4 by a suitable optical system indicated schematically at 41. The mirrors 2 are mounted on a drum which is secured to a shaft, which is driven through a reduction gear from a shaft 8 The shaft 8 is rotated by a motor 12 and carries ZO a magnetic storage drum 9 The ratio of the gearing is such that the drum 9 makes twelve revolutions for each revolution of the shaft 1. The card 3 is fed continuously in the direction of arrow 6 by a feeding arrangement synchronised with the rotation of the shaft 1 and indicated diagrammatically by pusher 42 and cam track 43 The mirrors 2 are so arranged that each mirror is effective to scan the light beam across one row of hole positions in all the columns The mirrors are tilted to allow for the movement of the card which takes place during the scanning of a row. Also mounted on the shaft 1 is a switching device or distributor 20, with a common contact brush 21 and a set of individual contact brushes 22 - Each of the individual brushes is connected to one of a corresponding group of recording heads 13 a These heads are staggered round a section of a circumferential line, so that they are each capable of recording a signal in a circumferential track of the drum. The track may be regarded as being divided into a number of sectors or storage areas, each of which corresponds to one column of the card 3 Each such storage area is again divided into individual storage positions. Thus, if each storage area represents a decimal denomination, then each storage position is allocated to one of the digits 0 to 9 The heads 13 are arranged so that, when a storage area is beneath the heads, each of the heads is aligned with the corresponding storage position in that area This arrangement of heads and storage areas is described in detail in my co-pending Application No 15773/50 (Serial No 786,021). The distributor 20, 21, 22 is effective to connect one head for operation during each revolution of the storage drum 9 Thus, when the

light beam 5 is scanning the " 9 " row of the card, the head 13 ' is connected by the brush 22 ', and similarly for subsequent rows of the card. Signals from the photo-cell 4 are fed to an amplifying pentode 15, the output of which is applied to a gas tube 14 Thus each time a hole is sensed, the gas tube 14 is fired The coil of an erasing head 17 is connected in the cathode circuit of the gas tube 14 The volt 70 age drop across this coil when the tube conducts is used to raise the voltage on one grid of a pentode 16 A sensing head 18 senses a zero mark, recorded on the drum, each time a storage area is aligned with the group of 75 heads 13 ', and the resulting signal is fed to the control grid of the pentode 16 The pentode will produce an output only if a hole has been sensed and the head 18 has generated a signal This output fires a gas tube 19, the 80 cathode of which is connected in common to the heads 13 - Hence the cathode current will flow through that head which has been brought into circuit by the distributor 20, 21, 22, and a signal will be recorded in the 85 corresponding storage position Since the scanning of the card is synchronised with the rotation of the drum 9, the storage area corresponding to the column containing the hole will be beneath the heads 13 The use of the erasing head and the sensing head for the zero mark is described in detail in the above-mentioned Application. It will be apparent that on the first rotation of the drum, the " 9 " row of the card will 95 be sensed and the head 13 ' will be in circuit, so that each time a hole is sensed the head will be energised to record a signal in the " 9 " storage position of the storage area corresponding to the column in which the 100 hole is located Signals will be recorded in the other storage positions of the areas in subsequent revolutions of the drum Since only ten heads are shown in the drawing, it would be possible to record only ten of the twelve 105 rows, but two further heads may be connected in a similar manner to allow recording of all twelve rows. When using punched cards having combinations of signs, in such a way that normally 110 five principal rows are needed signifying for instance 0/2/4/6/8 to which an additional 6th row is added indicating whether the digit value of the respective principal rows is to be augmented by " 1 " or not, two lines are 115 sensed, namely that one with the signification + 1 and the other the one of the five principal rows having the signification " + 0, + 2, + 4, + 6, + 8," so that the correct sum is obtained for each digit after the sensing and 120 the computing of 6 rows, row by row, as described above. In the case of such a combinational additive code, each entry due to sensing a hole is treated as an additive in the manner described in 125 relation to addition in the above-mentioned Application Thus, if a

" 4 " hole were sensed it would be recorded as such in that revolution of the drum If a " 1 " hole is subsequently sensed in the same column, then that value 130 786,040 cards as described above Furthermore, instead of holes in the tape or card, the data may be represented by black marks on a white background or in other similar ways which are well known in 'the art Hence the term "per 70 forations" is used to include not only actual holes in a card or tape, but also the other well known equivalent ways of recording data in rows and columns on a record member.

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* GB786041 (A)

Description: GB786041 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Means for converting signals symbolizing information in one system ofrepresentation to signals symbolizing the same information in another systemof representation

Description of GB786041 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 786,041 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification June 23, 1950. No 37222/54. Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948. (Divided out of No 786,021). Complete Specification Published Nov 13,1957. Index at acceprance: -Classes 40 ( 1), HU 1 B( 9: HA: 11 X), H 11 H; 40 ( 7), T 1; and 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 231: 2 G: 2 M: 3 B: 4 A: 6). International Classification: -C Ohr GO 6 f G 08 c.

COMIPLETE SPECIFICATION Means for Converting Signals Symbolizing Information in one System of Representation to Signals Symbolizing the same 'Information in another System of Represtentation I, GBRH An D DIRES, of Moerfelder Landstrasse, 44, Frankfurt on Main, Germany, of German nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to a coding or converting means for converting signals symbolising information in one system of representation to signals symbolizing the same information in another system of representation and is applicable inter alia to the converting of stored signals into impulse sequences for operating printing, typing, visual indication and other means It may for example have the function of converting symbols, representing letter characters or digits, commands and the like e g " A "B ', " a ", ' b ", "c 1 ", " 2 ", CC l ","? ", into sequences of signals, which are adapted to control dot or line printers such as those set forth in my co-pending applications for Patents Nos 37201154 and 37203154 (Serial Nos. 786,022 and 786,024) Also, instead of converting symbols for single figures, letters or other characters, the invention may have the function of converting symbols according to the international teleprinting system, into pulse sequences of signals printable on dot or line printers, and of converting symbols for entire syllables, words or series of words as in the abbreviating or stenographic system. The invention provides a means for convertinz stored signals having a predetermined significance into pulse trains having the same significance as the respective signals, comprising a means for generating pulses by electromagnetic induction in any one of a number of pulse positions independently of the pulse content of the other positions to produce a pattern of pulses, different patterns of pulses representing different characters, and a selecting means controlled by the stored signal which is to be converted to determine in what positions pulses are to be generated for the signal then being converted. More particularly the invention provides a single converter having a cyclic operation, each cycle of which converts the signals for a number of denominations or columns simultaneously or columnwise The converter may operate to supply pulse sequences for the operation of the printing elements of a parallel printer, or for linewise illumination of a cathode ray screen, or otherwise, for a mosaic representation of the character The converter may operate directly or through an intermediate storage, and may for example be a contact

converter, an inductive converter, a cross-field system, or of an optical character or otherwise Various examples are described in detail below. According to another feature of the invention, the signals to be converted are arranged with co-ordinated groups, and are fed to the converter as a signal identifying the group and a signal identifying the position in the group. One embodiment of apparatus according to the invention comprises a means for converting signals representing printable characters into pulse sequences for the operation of parallel printers on the said dot and line principle, comprising a series of parallel printing levers movable collec8 o tively through a series of printing positions, electromagnetic means for each lever for effecting printing in any one of such position, means which in each such movement produces pulse sequences for all the characers, a selector for transmitting the pulse sequences for printing any selected one of a pre-determined set of characters by means of any lever, and signal input means detenrining what pulse sequences shall be fed to each electro magnet by the selector to effect printing of the corresponding characters by the respective levers. Representative examples of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein: Fig la is a diagram illustrating one arrangement for converting signals by inductive means; Fig lb shows the arrangement of fields in one part of the distributor shown in Fig la; Fig ic shows the character 4 as an example of the mosaic printing and mosaic visual indications; Fig Id is a perspective view of an inductive distributor capable of operation according to Fig la; Figs 2 a and 2 b illustrate the conversion of signals into pulse sequences by an inductive crossed field system, and applied to visual indication; Fig 3 is an enlargement of Fig 2 a, showing an application to parallel printers as well as to visual indication; Fig 4 shows another example of inductive distribution applied to parallel printing; Figs Sa and Sb show the arrangement of mosaic characters in co-ordinated groups; Figs 6 a and 6 b illustrate the arrangement of input signals for such grouped characters; Figs 7 a and 7 b illustrate one example of inductive conversion of grouped signals; Fig 8 is a diagrammatic perspective view illustrating conversion by rotating magnetic elements generating pulse sequences; and Fig 9 illustrates an example of conversion by magnetic sensing from a selective storage on a rotatable drum. Referring to Figs la and Id the ihductive converter illustrated which also may be used as a central converter for one column as well as a central converter for multi-columns, has the pulse sequences for the component elements of the dot-and-line digit or other character

obtained as follows In one or in a series of magnetic field systems, of which one system is provided for each character, the magnetic fields of pairs of coils influencing the respective magnetic field systems are cut successively with a determined rhythm by one or several magnetic yokes or the like One or more 70 windings per character is or are applied to the coils and have to control a print or not print at the corresponding parts of the character: The pulse sequences for the printing levers are generated at the respec 75 tive times bv magnetic coupling with the secondarv windings of the pair of coils. The converting device shown in Figs. Ia-ld may be used as a connecting link for dot or line printers in connection with 80 a computing apparatus, or with storage apparatuses or the like The converting device consists of coils 2 ;', 26 '-9, 281 '-, and 29 6 disposed around the periphery of a toothed wheel (magnetic yoke wheel) 85 31 (see Fig Id) The pitch of the teeth on the wheel 31 differs by one tooth from the pitch of the coils in the sets, so that a semi-circle of the toothed wheel has for example 1,0 teeth whereas in the pitch of 90 the coil sets, an angle of 1620 (i e 9/,n of %) is divided into 10 equal parts, realizing on rotation of the toothed wheel to the left, first a momentary opposition for instance of the edge of the tooth 27 O with 95 the edges of the cores 329 and 330 of the coils 2 ' and 26 . During the next phase of the movement, the tooth 27 ' will pass the edges of the cores 321 and 33 ' of the coils 2 A 5 and 100 261, and durino the next moment the edge of the tooth 212 will pass the edges of the cores 322 and 332 of the coil set 252 and 262 and so on In Fig Id the first-mentioned position has just been reached dur 105 im the rotation of the toothed wheel. The coils are fixed mechanically by means of two pairs of brass rings 43 and 44 The rings of a said pair are fixed by means of grooves turned 110 in the two side covering plates. These rings are provided on their side with slots spaced with a pitch corresponding to the pitch of the arrangement of the cils The coils may therefore be easily 115 inserted in the slots of the brass ring>, adjusted to the right position and fixed from the other side by means of the second slotted brass ring. Two rows of coils are provided The 120 front row has the task of indicating the digit value field of the respective denomination containing the signal indicating the stored digit in question, and represented by successive sectors I, II 125 of the magnetic storage:3 S For further detailq of such a storage see nmv co-Dending Application No 1537773 ( 50 (Serial jo. 786,021, The difference hetwen the pitch of the toothed wheel 31 and

the coils O 130 786 041 the figure, character or the like to be represented, the sets of coils 28 -6 contain either a simple connecting wire without effective inductive action, connecting the input with the output of the coil, or a 70 determined number of windings whose inductive effect is sufficient on excitation to provide an effective output The Example illustrated in Fig la shows the windings of the assembly of Fig lb, 75 namely the windings for the digit " 4 shown in Fig lc. A switch is 5 provided with seven contact positions 37 1-7 over which moves a wiper arm 39 The several contact positions are 80 connected to the respective windings in each of the sets of coils 28 -9 For example contact position 371 is connected to the first (uppermost) winding in each set position, 372 is connected to the second winding of 85 each set, and so on In Fig la windings are shown only at those positions at which for the printing of the digit " 4 " they would be energized For the printing of other characters, other combinations of 90 wihdings in each set would be energized. The set of coils 281 contains, according to the diagram of Fig lb, the energized windings for the first vertical row of the digit " 4 " The two topmost fields of the 95 coil set 231 in Fig lb provide no effective windings and are therefore marked by a stroke within the coil, whereas the third to the sixth field indicated by a cross in the vertical row provide an effective wind 100 ing and the seventh field of those rows provides again no effective winding The second vertical row of Fig lb is represented accordingly by the set of coils 282, the third row by means of set of coils 283, 105 and so on. The difference between effective and non-effective windings is shown also in Fig la, where effective or energized windings are for instance provided iii the 110 fields 3, 4, 5 and 6 of coil system 28 ' for the first vertical row of the diagram shown in Fig lb The seventh field of the first vertical rows of the diagram of Fig lb corresponds to the last (ineffective) wind 115 ing of coil set 28 ' for the digit " 4 " Coil set 282 contains the effective windings cor. responding to the second vertical row of the winding diagram of Fig lb of the digit " 4 " On comparison the further 120 set of coils 283 in Fig la show also conformity with the following vertical rows of the diagram in Fig lb for the digit "g 4 ". The windings of the primary coils 28 125 are excited by means of the current from the discharge tubes 360-9 The coils 28 are provided with several windings for each of the tubes, which are associated with the character to be represented, e g 130 has the advantage of alllowing a great clearance between the coils in spite of the little distance between the signals on the magnetic layer, especially if the coils and the teeth are arranged on the entire peripherv of the stator and rotor

By means of this arrangement all the sectors of the storing tracks are sensed successively in the course of one rotation of the storage, because the sensing of a sector with all its field takes place during the period between the passage of one edge of a yoke e.g of the tooth 27 of the toothed wheel 31 over the edges of the cores 320 and 33 , and the passage of the next edge of a yoke e.g the tooth 271 over the edges 325 33 , all coil systems having been passed during this period successively by the respective teeth 27 -0 of the toothed wheel 31. Z O The sensing of the signals (e g computing signals) of the signal carrier 38 is effected as follows The magnetic signals of the signal carrier representing a diwit are sensed by means of the signal head 34 and are amplified by the pentode 35 The windings of the primary coils 250 9 are connected together in series within the plate circuit of the pentode 35. The excitation of all primary windings 025 takes place at the moment at which the digit signal in the magnetic second passes under the slot of the sensing head 34 The edge of tooth 270, svmbolized in Fig la by a line, when facing the edges of the associated cores 32 and 33, produces a relatively strong magnetic flow in that pair of cores, which are magnetically connected at this moment by said tooth The arrangement of the teeth and the connection with the sighal carrier is realized in a manner to create an associative relation between the magnetically connected pairs of coils 25 O and 26 -9 and the fields of the signal carrier provided for the respective digits The amplified sgnal can become effective therefore only in that one of the secondary windings 26 which corresponds to the sector of the record 38 in which the digit signal was sensed, i e. corresponds in the last denomination of for instanee a stored number " 1058274 " to the digit " 4 ", and in the penultimate denomination to the digit " 7 " etc The pulse induced in the corresponding secondary winding 26 ignites the associated gas discharge tube 3,60-9, in the case of the first example assumed the gas discharge tube 364. Each of the sets of primary coils 28 'of the second series of coils in the wiring diagram of Fig la and in the elevation shown in Fig lb is provided with a plurality of windings being connected each with one of the ends of the diseharge relays 36 According to the shape of 7,86,041 786,041 the digit " 4 " The windings having the same position in the several coil sets 28 are connected in series, the free endings at the input end of the coil series being jointly connected with the output of the associated discharge tube 36 The other ends of the windings at the output end of the last coils in series are connected with the said switch contacts 3717. A comparison of the horizontal rows of the diagram of Fig lb with the coils 28 6 of Fig la show that the first windings of said coils 2816

collectively correspond to the horizontal row 1 of the winding diagram Correspondingly the first winding of coil 281 is shown as an ineffective winding corresponding to the stroke in the first field of the first horizontal row in Fig lb The upper winding of the coils 282 and 283 are effective corresponding to the winding represented by a cross in the second and third fields of the first horizontal row of Fig lb The three last fields finally of this horizontal row are ineffecfive and are shown as direct connections. The control of a printer, without intermediate storage, will be described at first in the following, the printer being for example provided for one printing column and printing the character in vertical direction and being arranged as a dot printer with 6 levers controlled in parallel as in my co-pending Application No. 372011/64 This example is chosen because it gives the best possibility to explain the principle of inductive converting Other variations of the application of this embodiment will be shown subsequently. The inductive converter works in such a manner that during the movement of tooth 270 from the edges of a pair of coils to the edges of the next pair eight stages of the rotation movement are necessary to represent a letter, the first stage of rotation serving to admit a sighal from the storage means representing the figure to be printed and the next seven stages of rotation inducing the conversion of the signals for the progressive imprinting on seven horizontal lines disposed one beneath the other by means of six printing levers operating vertically in parallel. In this manner it is possible in every rotaton, to print one character in every field. The sector I of the signal carrier 35, each sector representing a denomination, and sector I beinog the last or least significant denomination is sensed during the first partial rotation After amplification of the sensed signal " 4 " by means of the pentode 35, an excitation of the gas discharge tube 364 is caused through the inductive disstributor 25 -9 and 260 ', because by the time the sighal " 4 " is under the sensing head,4 the yoke 27. is opposite the (oils 2;-9-264. In the course of the second partial rotation the switch arm 39 of the stepping switch comes into steady contact, lasting 70 throughout such partial rotation, with contact 371 The windings of the coils 281-6 which are connected in series with the switch 37, cause during this second partial rotation an excitation of the 75 secondary coils 29 ' and 29 ' No signals are induced in the coils 291 45,6 the uppermost winding in the respective primary coils 281456 being connected directly and remaining ineffective The discharge tubes 80 402 and 403

are therefore ignited in the course of this second partial rotation, bv means of the said secondary coils 992 and 29 ', whereas the discharge tubes 401 45,6 are not ignited 85 The magnetic coils 411-6 of the printer which has to be controlled or in a modified arrangement with indirect control, the relays, are arranged in the discharge circuit of the tubes 4016 the selective ienit 90 ing of the tubes causing therefore the printing of the elements of a character according to the first horizontal row of the diagram in Fig lb. In the course of the third partial rota 95 tion, the same operation is repeated with the position 372 of the switch arm 39, with the difference howeverthattintthisease the second windings (which are always shown as the second from the top) of the coils 10 28 cause the control of the gas discharge tubes 401 for the digit " 4 " an excitation being provided again in the second and third places only of the second horizontal row of the diagram in Fig lb and 105 conseniuentlv, in the arrangement of the windings of the coils 281-6, onlv in the second and third fields the gas discharge ftues 402,3 being ignited also in this ease, whereas the gas discharge tubes 401,4,5,5 110 are not ignited. For each operation these gas discharge tubes 401-6 are operated separately, the tubes being extinguished IW means of a contact swithli 42 after each partial 115 rotation said switch being, controlle l in dependence on the rotating parts. In the course of the subse Quent fourth partial rotation the third horizontal line 120 to be printed is converted into printing signals The excitation will take place in the position 37 ' of the switch arm 39. which provides effective windings only in the coils 28 ' and 28 ', whereas in the next 1 'a following positions no effective connections exist Thuns, the pulses for one printing line after the other are supplied by the converter to the discharge tubes 401 which, atfer a seven-fold operation, have 130 with an effective winding in the uppermost row The coils 28 456 are however provided with an effective winding, and the coil 28 ' contains an ineffective winding, according to the first vertical row of Fig 70 lb, and so on for the remaining vertical rows With this arrangement the printing with seven printing means which are operative in parallel is possible per partial rotation 75 It is easily comprehensible that maintaining the above described arrangement of the windings, the operation of a line printer with only one excitation for the printing magnet is possible, but naturally 80 with a corresponding diminution of capacity Such printing lever apparatus are described for instance in my co-pending Application Noo 37203154 (Serial No. 7 b 5,028) In this case only one gas dis 85 charge tube 4 l( is

necessary, connected to the secondary coil 29 '', which may themselves be connected in series For the reproduction of digits the arrangement of the coils 28 and 29 may finally be executed go with ten parts, the converter being thus effective containing for all the figures 0-9 " one pair of coils respectively which receives the digits necessary for one digit and contains the respective digit 95 windings. Instead of the direct control of a singleline, one-digit, dot or line parallel printer by means of said converting means, as has been described, the con 100 verter may, for increased efficiency, operate together with a storage means, for instance for the control of multi column dot or line printers In this case there are two fundamental possibilities for record 105 ing the resulting signal sequences In one case the signal sequences of the first horizontal row of the diagram of Fig. lb on each sector (second partial rotation) are recorded on the storage means By this 110 converting and storing, the gas discharge tube 361 is ignited in accordance with the signal " 4 " in sector I, and is extinguished at the end of this sector Thereupon, in sector II the signal " 7 is 115 sensed and after amplification through pentode 35, aided by the primary windings 251 through the secondary winding 267, ignites the respective gas discharge tube 367 As during the first rotation, the 120 switch arm 39 occupies still the position 371, the signal sequences of the first vertical row of the digit " 7 " are recorded in said storage during the first partial rotation (relative to sector II) At the 125 passage of the sensing head 34 of pentode over sector III, with the magnetic signal " 2 " during this first rotation, the gas discharge tube 30 ' is ignited by means of the amplifying pentode 35, tho 230 effected the printing of all signal sequences for the corresponding character. Subsequently the process may begin again, the signals of digit " 7 " in sector II on the computing signal carrier 38 causing during the first part of the second rotation of the toothed wheel 31 the ignition of the gas discharge tube 367 causing the same process during the seven following partial rotations as the process just extensively described for the digit " 4 ", but releasing a sequence of pulses appropriate to the digit " 7 ". The current supply is not interrupted during the passage of the switch aria 39 from one position to another the arm having switched already to a succeeding contact before it leaves the preceding contact; the current is therefore not interrupted and the gas discharge tubes 36 -9 are thus not extinguished during the switching of the arm 39 over contacts 371 but are extinguished only when the switching and the printing of the character are terminated. To indicate that a difference may exist between the time period for

the operation of the mechanical printing arms, and the time period for the igniting and controlling processes by means of the converter, the coils are arranged on a half only of the stator shown in Fig Id During a rotational process an accommodation to the movement of the printing levers is thus obtained, whereas during the progression of the printing levers movement no additional control is necessary because the thyratrons or the like have already effected the control. It is obviously possible, without changing the principle of the procedure, instead of using vertically moving printers, printing simultaneously horizontal rows of dots one beneath the other, to use horizontally operating printers comprising (for characters as in the present assembly, composed of elements according to Fig. lb) seven printing levers printing horizontally in parallel In this case seven pairs of coils 28, 29 would be provided instead of 6 coils. On the diagrammatic design of Fig Id as many as ten pairs of coils are provided, thus making it possible to convert by means of this converter, patterns composed of nine lines and thereby permitting the reproduction for example of both capital and small letters The switching processes are the same but with the sole difference that the mutual connection of the coil windings is provided according to the vertical sensing of the wiring diagram of Fig lb, the coil 28 ' having as before, no effective winding in the uppermost row but the coil 28 ' also not being provided 786,04 786,041 primary windings 2 2 and the secondary winding 26 '. The digit signals of all sectors provide therefore the recording of the vertical row of the figures, letters or other characters, which have to be printed with one continuous pulse line, the extent of which corresponds to the dot printing line which should be printed during the first printing line of a multi column printer according to my co-pending Application No. 37203154 (Seral No 786,024). In Fig 3 a of my co-pending Application No 37208/54 (Serial No 7-56,028) converted printing signal sequences for the expression " multi-column printing unit by " are shown as stored on a drum If such a drum were used with the present converter, during the first partial rotational switch 39 would move to contact 372 In this case the same cycle is repeated which has been described above for the recording of the printing pulse sequences of the first row on the drum, except that during this rotation the printing signal sequences of the letters of the second vertical row of the diagram of Fig. lb are recorded At the third rotation the printing signal sequences of the third vertical row are recorded magnetically according to the diagram of Fig lb. The recording is effected by means of one or several sensing heads

controlled by the gas discharge tubes 40 -' First, the recording on storage means by means of a signal head instead of the direct control of the printer is described In this case the discharge tubes influence a recording head If the recording head is moved step by step along a path on the storage means, the printing signal sequences, for instance for the said expresion " MultiCblumn Pr ' are recorded, as shown in Fig 3 a of the said co-pending application These printing signal sequences are all recorded after seven rotations and with the step-by-step movement of the switch arm 39 over all the switching contacts 3 X 1-7} and the movement of the signal head taking place step by step along the drum Instead of the drum a tape storage could be used The recorded signal sequences correspond completely to the letters, which may then be represented either by printing, for instance with a multi-column printer according to my said co-pending applications, or by a multi-column visual indication by means of a cathode ray tube, as is described below. If a complete conversion into printing signal sequences has to be effected during one rotation, seven recording heads are provided on paths conveniently disposed side by side on the storage medium In this case of parallel tracks and with multi-column dot or line printers, seven series of coils 28 l and 29 " nad seven gas discharge tubes 401-7 are used, each controlling the recording per partial 7 movement of the signal carrier, and they may also be used again, tracl by track, to control the printer when the recorded signals are being sensed. Completing' the above description, the 7 conversion of signals by means of a crossing field system will now be explained, with reference to Figs 2 a and 2 b The ensuing description deals however with the fundamental explanation of the con 8 & version of signals by means of the crossing coil system In Fig 2 b the conversion and sebsequent visual indication of the number -28 " is shown by way of example 8 ' The cathode ray in the cathode ray tube 44 moves linewise horizontally in the direction of the arrow 45 shown in Fig. 2.b The movement, of this ray is synchronized with the movement of the record 9 ( means a, which in this case is considered as a track on a rotating magnetic record means, and bo that for each rotation of the record means the cathode ray moves along one line That is to say, in the first rota 9 ' lion of the record means the cathode ray would move from the right to the left (Fig 2 b) in the top most line of a seriesof lines passing thiough through ali the denominations capable so being indicated 10 and, alter instant returning, would during a second rotation of the record means again move from the right co the left on the second line and so on, and in the last rotation of the record means the cathode 10 ray would move from right to left in the

lowermost line of the series. The distributing switch 46 moves synchronously with the further distributing switch 47, and both move step-by-step in 11 l synchronism with the rotation of the record means That is to say, after each rotation of the record means the distributing switches move forward one step. Referring now to Fig 2 a there is a series 1 jj of yokes 27 rotating mechanically, and connected with the said magnetic storage ineans provided with the signal track a. The yokes of the series 2 '> 9 are arranged staggered by steps equal to a digit field on 12 the record means, the yoke 2 a 7 ' for instance passing the cores of the primary coil 2 '9 and the secondary 2 6 ' at the niomient at which the magnetic field " 9 " of the track a on the record means passes 12 ' under the sensing' head 34, and the yoke 27 passes the cores of the respective coils 250 and 2 W as the field " O " of the track a passes under the slot of the sensing head 34, the yoke 27 ' passing thereafter the 1 X B ignited, a signal " 8 " being sensed in sector I of the record means, and a magnetic flux of double intensity is generated in the coils of first vertical row a, which are marked in the drawing with a cross, 70 since the windings of the vertical row a and the windings in the discharge circuit of the discharge tube 368 are crossing within these coils these being the only coils in row a in this digit In all the 75 other rows b, C of this digit series of windings only a one-fold magnetic flux is effected. According to Fig 2 a each of the crossing systems 5 { 0-59 is always provided in 80 each row with so many windings (insulated from each other) as the outline of the character to be controlled by the system requires Beginning from the bottom, cores 599 and 598 of the crossing 85 field system for the digit " 9 " have no windings at all The core 597 is provided with two windings insulated from each other the first lying in the vertical row b and being connected with one end to the 90 distributor contact 46 b The second winding of this core (third horizontal row from the bottom) is connected in the vertical row c ending at the distributor contact 46 c The two windings represent the 95 anterior mosaic row of the outline of digit " 9 ". Corresponding cores 596-5-4 each contains the windings in the rows ac I/dg The core 59 ' contains the vertical windings 100 b/c/die/f, and cores 591 and 59 contain no windings In this description, the expression " no windings ", means " no effective windings ", and includes connected windings not made effective; they 105 may exist because of the simplicity of the fabrication of standardised coils, and for the possibility of the variation of their use by different connections when required.

All these coils in the cross-fields 59 110 contain a supplementary winding connected into the discharge circuit of the discharge tube for the digit " 9 ", namely tube 3 G 6 and insulated from all other windings 115 No windings are provided on the cores 58 and 581 (first and second horizontal rows of the crossing system 68) Core 582 contains the windings b/clel/, the cores 5836 contain the windings connected in 120 the vertical rows afd/g Cores 587 contain windings in the vertical row b/ole/f The last two cores 588 and 589 contan no windings The cores of the crossing field system 58 for the digit " 8 " each are 125 provided with an additional winding lying in the discharge circuit of the discharge tube 368. Each of the other crossing field systems 7 "-' O " is similarly provided with 130 cores of the coils 251 and 26 ' at the sensing of field " 1 ", and so on. If for example the number " 28 " has to be indicated, the magnetic signal " 8 " on sector I of track a will excite the primary coils 25 -9 at the moment at which the yoke 278 passes between the primary coil 258 and the secondary coil 268, the discharge tube 368 being ignited therefore at this same moment. At the passing of the magietic signal 2 " contained in field 2 of sector II, discharge tube 36 ' will be ignited, the yoke 2 i' lying at this moment between the cores of the coils 25 ' and 262 Thus, during the passage of each sector, that one of the ten discharge tubes 36 -9, which corresponds to the digit of the signal contained in and sensed from said sector, will be ignited and will remain ignited so long as the same sector continues to pass the signal head. The illuminating of the cathode ray tube to show the digits is effected by means of the so-called crossing field system permitting the production of a transformed series of signals The principle of this system is illustrated with reference to Fig 2 a Windings are provided on inductively excitable bodies 50-59 The bodies 60-69, provided with ten teeth, which are inductively excitable too, are arranged facing the bodies 50-59 Each of the bodies 50-59 is provided with a plurality of windings, being differently connected corresponding to the figure to be represented The vertically connected windings have a different significance f rom the horizontally connected windings. In Fig 2 a the positive pole 48 is connected via distributor switch 46 to the windings of one or other of the vertical rows a,b,c,d k of the series of cross coil fields 50-59, one series for each character to be indicated, these windings in all the vertical rows terminating at the negative pole 49 The distributor switch 47 is connected to the deflecting plate 70 of the cathode ray tube 44 for vertical deflection of the cathode ray Its contacts 471 lead to tappings of the resistance

73 which effect the vertical deflection of the cathode ray from line to line. During the first rotation of the record means the distributing switches 46 and 47 are in the extreme left position a In this case the windings of the vertical rows a-59 a in the cross field systems 50-59 are excited, as the distributor switch 46 connects the positive pole 48 to the distributor contact 46 a, and thereby to the vertical row a of the said windings, terminating in the negative pole 49 Since within the first sector, at the rotation of the record means, the discharge tube 368 is Vi 86,041 windings in the same way as the two crossing coil systems " 9 " and " 8 " described, the windings being connected in vertical rows a /blc/dle Iflg and each coil system 9-0 O being connected horizontally by an additional winding in the discharge circuit of the co-ordinated discharge tube 36 ' , to define the required digit where coils in horizontal and vertical rows coincide. Each of the vertical row connections a/b/c/ct/e/flg is therefore " crossed " by the supplementary windings connected into the discharge circuit of the respective dicharge tubes 36 -. Although no connection by actual contact exist between these vertical and horizontal rows of windings it is possible to utilise this crossing magnetically by means of a more intensive magnetic flow at the crossing fields of two windings. This fact may be very useful for the generation of reliable high intensity pulses by means of this simple device, for the control of other operations, for instance indicating operations and also computing and printing operations, without the necessity of supplementary amplifiers, sychronizing generators, or the like. The difference between the one-fold and the doubled magnetic flux is used for the control of the transforming or coding of the signals In order to make this difference especially effective, all the coils contain a constant complementary winding (not shown in the drawings) by which a constant magnetic negative flux is biassed with an intensity some degrees higher than the positive magnetic flux generated within the core of a coil when excited in onie winding only The negative bias of the magnetic flux is on the other hand far lower than the doubled positive magnetic flux generated with the core of a coil of which two windings are excited, and of which the core is saturated Therefore, at the passing of yokes 71 between the primary cores 50 'u- 59 ' and the secondary cores 60 '' 69 '-', only at these places where the two windings are excited can an effective induction in the secondary windings 60-G 6 t be generated Ten yokes 71 are provided, which pass between the respective cores 5009-9-5900 and 60 '-'-69 '-', but in such a way, that yoke 71 passes the cores W O -' and 60 '-9, whilst yoke 711 passes by the cores 51 -9 and 61 Q', yoke

712 by the cores 52 '-9 and 620-9 the yoke 713 by the cores 53 and 63 '-9, and so on. Since during the passing of sensing head 34 over sector I of the record means in the first rotation only the discharge tube 36 ' has been excited, only the cores '5 S to 58 have the double excitation required for the induction of voltage pulses within the secondary coils 68 by which amplifier 72 is opened The amplifier feeds a pulse to the control grid of the 70 cathode ray tube 44 so that in the upper deflection line of the last (least significant) denomination, four fluorescent-points appear (see Fig 2 b) whilst the cathode ray is deflected horizontally in that line 75 by the deflecting plate system 70 in dependence on the tappings of resistor 73 connected to distributor 47 As at the passing-over of the sensing head 34 to sector II during the first rotation phase, i e 80 during the deflection of the cathode ray in the top line, discharge tube 362 will be ignited because of the sensing of a signal " 2 " in that sector, and four fluorescent-points will appear as the 85 upper row of the shape of the digit " 2 " (see Fig 'b) just as has happened earlier for digit 8 " in the first denomination. As the succeeding sectors of the record means are without signals, at the switch 90 ing position of distributing switch 46, no further fluorescent points will appear in the upper row on the cathode ray screen These fluorescent points are marked black on the drawing although in actuality 95 they are small bright points on a dark screen. In the second rotation phase, namely during the second rotation of the record means, the same proceedings are repeated 100 but with the difference that now the distributor 46 has switched over to the contact 46 b, so that the windings of the vertical row b in coils 50-59 are pre-excited, and also the cathode ray has been 1-s deflected downwards by one line Since within the first sector discharge tube 36 ' will again be ighited, and in the second sector discharge tube 362, in this position of the 110 distributor switch 46 and the deflecting distributor 47 the cores 58 and 58 ' have a double excitation, and the cores -523 and 5.2 ' are double excited for the respective denominations Therefore, during this 115 second cycle of the movement of the record means, the bright small fluorescent points in the outlines of the digits 22 " and " 8 " appear on the cathode ray screen, in the second deflection line 120 During the third phase of the movement of the record means and at switch position c of distributor switch 46 and deflecting switch 47, the bright fluorescent points of these digit outlines appear 125 in the third deflection line, and eventually, at the end of the seventh phase of rotation, the complete number ' 28 appears in full size on the screen of the cathode

ray tube 44 130 786,041 o 86,041 The persistence of vision in human eyes, and the remanence of signals on fluorescent screen of the cathode ray tube, have the effect that at the repeated runningthrough of the cathode ray over the screen, and with bright fluorescent points at the same spots, the digits " 2 " and " 8 " are seen clearly as apparently continuous images on the screen. The same effect can be used for other purposes for other characters than digits and also for other purposes than visual indication, for example for printing and for computing purposes It will be seen 1 S that any number of the denominations of a number or a word can be indicated at the same time by means of only one signal converter, the various characters in the respective denominations being built up line by line This arrangement therefore allows that a multi-denomination transforming of symbolized magnetic or other signals corresponding to the complete content of whole lines of characters is possible with the use of a converter for only one denomination. Other forms of converter or transformer may be employed instead of the cross field system Also, instead of the characters in all the denominations being built up line by line simultaneously, the arrangement may be that the numbers or other characters are each formed complete, one after another, that is to say first the character in one denomination (e g the lowest denomination) and then the character in the next denomination and so on. It is possible also for one cathode ray to indicate a number of rows of characters instead of one row only, the ray after scanning the bottom line of characters in one row then being deflected still further downwards to write the top line in the following row. Fig 3 shows one way in which the printing of characters may be realised with the same device which was described with reference to Figs 2 a and 2 b for their visual indication The difference between the two arrangements is the provision of a supplementary distributor 74 and a multicolumn-mosaic-printing unit 75, both of which are controlled by means of the crossing field systems 50-59. The pulse sequences generated in the secondary coils 60-69 and amplified by means of the capacity-discharge circuit 6177 are, in the case of printing, delivered to the primary coils 78 of the additional distributor 74 instead of being delivered to the control grid of the cathode ray tube 44 If both printing and indicating are to take place simultaneously the control grid and the cathode of the cathode ray tube are connected in parallel to the primary windings 78 of the distributor 74. The distributor 74 differs from the distributor of the crossing field systems 50- 59 in that it is provided with only one 70 yoke 80 instead of a series

of yokes The windings of the secondary coils 79 of the additional distributor are connected via a plug panel, or an interchangeable control unit 81 and containing little dis 75 charge relays 82 (for instance glow lamps with a cold cathode and a supplementary ignition electrode-see Fig 4) to the control coils of the parallel printing levers of the printer 75 This printer may, for 80 example, be as set forth in either of my co-pending Applications for Patent Nos. 37201/54 and 37206/54 (Serial Nos. 786,02 W and 786,0127) In the example shown, the sectors of the distributors and 85 the printing levers are connected in parallel by means of the plug board 81, the digits of the magnetic pulses on sector I being printed as the lowest denomination by the first printing lever group, the 90 magnetic pulses on sector II as the penultimate denomination by the second printing lever group, and so on. The printing phase shown in Fig 3 represents 5 lines of the number " 28 " 95 The same phase of visual indication will appear as bright points on the screen of the cathode ray tube 44, corresponding fully to those of the black dots on the paper 83 In this multi-column mosaic 100 printer the continuous movement of the paper 83 in direction of the arrow 84 corresponds to the vertical deflection of the cathode ray for the different lines on the screen of tube 44 105 The principle by which it is possible to dispose the printing levers of the printer in very strictly spaced relation, perinitting a very close contact of the printing dots of the levers on the paper with 110 very high frequencies as well as a reliable control by means of their coils, has been described in my co-pending Application No 37206/54 (Serial No 786,027) The present invention allows of the conversion 115 of the magnetic pulses of the storage means or the like, into pulse sequences adapted to build up mosaic characters both for visual indication and for printing This mosaic printing is possible if 120 the printing levers can follow with the rhythm of their up and down movement the pulse sequences of the pulse-converting device of the crossing field system. A similar arrangement is shown in Fig 125 4 differing from the one previously described only by the use of a single coluoinin mosaic printing unit 85 having 1 printing levers 86 which are controlled by the respective coils 87 9 In Fig 4 the 130 780,041 track of the storage means (track a), the sensing head 34 and its amplifier 88, the primary coils 250 ', the yokes 27 '-9 the secondary coils 26 and the discharge tubes 36 are absolutely identical with the arrangements shown in Figs la-3, but the crossing field systems 90-99 differ in that the vertical connection of the windings in the different rows a-h, is such that the outlines of the digits represented are rotated

by 900 ' with respect to the arrangement of the coils in the systems 50 -59 of Figs 2 and 3 The yokes 71 ', the secondary windings 6069, and the capacity discharge circuit 76 and 77 are again identical with those in Figs 2 and 3 In the arrangement of Fig. 4 however the control of the capacity discharge circuit is effected via an amplifier 89 The primary coils 78 9 and the secondary coils 79 -9 of the additional distributor 74 are similar to those in Fig 3 with the sole difference that according to the modified arrangement of the crossing field system 90-99, the set of yokes 80 and the ten-fold arrangement of secondary coils 79 ', the discharge tubes 82 _U, are excited with another rhythm. The single column mosaic printer 85 contains ten printing levers 861-1 ' only with the printing points 1 G 00, and the paper 8-3 is moved past said printing points 100 in direction of the arrow 84 Instead of moving the paper 8 3 relatively to the printing levers 86, these levers may be moved in relation to the paper, with the same effect. The process is similar in principle to that described above with reference to Fig 3 On each rotation of the rotating record means the printing points 100 are moved downwards into printing contact with the paper once in responce to any signals on the record means While with the process described with reference to Fig 3 the mosaic pulses corresponding to one horizontal line were printed simultaneously for all sectors of the storage means, the ignition of the discharge tubes 36 -9, being changed from sector to sector during one rotation of the storage means or the like, in the arrangement shown in Fig 4 the gas discharge tube is ignited in the first of ten rotations of the record means and is extinguished only after the completion of ten rotations, the mosaic character outline of one column or denomination being written entirely during one ignition of one of the discharge tubes 36 -9, that is to say during ten rotations of the record means. If the outlines of the characters are printed denomination by denomination from the left to the right-hand side as shown by the movement of the paper 83 in relation to the printing points 100 of the printing levers 860-10, the storage means will be sensed beginning with the highest sector, i e the most significant sector, the sensing finally ending with the 70 sensing of sector I. In each rotation, the distributor 46 switches from one row to another of the rows a-k of the vertical rows of the crossing field systems 90-99 If for 75 instance the lowest denomination " 8 " representing the digit of a magnetic signal " 8 on sector I of the storage means is to be printed, the discharge tube 36 ' is ignited by sensing head '34 via 80 amplifier 88, primary coil 25 and secondary coil 26 ' connected magnetically by means of the yoke 278 in the series of yokes 27 i these yokes being staggered each by one field as described above In 85

Fig 4 the ignition of tube 36 ' is indicated by a closer hatching of the tube symbol. As at the crossing points between the excited windings of the vertical rows a-7 k" and the horizontal additionally 90 excited windings, an increased magnetic flow is created in the co-ordinated cores 98 9 of the crossing field system " 8 ", voltage pulses are produced in the relative secondary coils 68 -9 each time a 95 more strongly excited core is passed by a yoke 71. The relay tube 82 ' is ignited by means of this distributor 74 when the secondary coil 79 ' is excited, relay tube 821 isignited 100 on excitation of secondary coil 791 relay tube 822 on excitation of secondary coil 792 and so on The first vertical row of the digit " S " was written mosaic-like by printin, points 100, when the printina' levers 105 862, 863, 86 and 860 had moved downwards, the windings of the row a of the crossing coil system 98 having produced voltage pulses, namely through the secondary coils 6823 6, by which, via amplifier 110 89 primary coils 780 and secondary coils 792, 793, 793 and 796, by which the relay tubes 822,250 were ignited and controlled the associated printing coils 872, 872, 87 and 870 115 During the printing phase shown in Fig 4 the second vertical row in the digit " 8 " has just been printed, the distributor 46 having switched to the vertical row b of the rows " a-k " In the next 120 position c of the distributor 46, the double excitation will take place in this vertical row c in the cores 980 98 and 956 the respective relay tubes 82, 823 and 82 ' being ignited via, the secondary coils 79 ', 125 7 X 92 and 796 exciting the co-ordinated printing coils 870, 87 " and 570 Thus all different characters can be printed by the mosaic-like arranoemient of the dots on the paper, from single magnetic signals, 130 a O 786,041 one for each character, in the second means 38. While the above description dealt with the conversion of digits into signal sequences adapted to be indicated and/or printed on the dot and line principle, the description now following deals also with the conversion of symbols for alphabetic and other characters into signal sequences for representation in a similar manner, either by printing or by cathode ray visual indicating means Figs '5 a and 5 b indicate how various characters may be built up, including digits, alphabetic characters and punctuation marks. In Fig 5 a the mosaic outlines of the digits 0-9 are shown in the left-hand vertical row The next vertical row shows the capital letters A-J and the third row shows the capital letters K-T, whilst the fourth row shows the capital letters U-Z. By this disposition of the characters into rows, a crosswise relation between the characters in the rows (for instance OIAIKITJ) can be indicated by adding to a fundamental symbol taken in the first

vertical row, a supplementary signal indicating which character in another vertical row is intended For instance, using the supplementary signals a, b, c, d, the signiification of the of the basic symbol " 0 " of the first row is indicated (by symbol 0-a) to be 0 The additon of a symbol b to the basic symbol 0 (symbol 0-b) gives the signification of A; the addition of symbol c to basic symbol 01 gives the symbolizing of K, and the addition of symbol d to basic symbol O gives the significance of -U If a further supplementary symbol e is used, the addition of both symbols b and c to the basic symbols 0-9 gives the signification of the equivalent symbols of the row a-j of small letters a-j (Fig 5 b) instead of a symbol in the row of capital letters A-J The addition of the two symbols a and e to the basic symbols 0-9 gives the signification of the equivalent symbol in the row of small letters k-t (Fig 5 b) instead of the capital letters K-T Finally the addition ol the two symbols d-ie to the basic symbols 0-9 designates the small letters U-Z instead of the capital letters U-Z. The addition of the supplementary symbols a and e to the basic symbols 0-9 gives rise to the respective punctuation marks,;:? l()-= Further symbolisms may be added. Fig 6 a shows a computing signal carried in the foirm of a magnetizable tape The tape 103 is provided with the usual feeding holes, for instance holes 104, similar to those in photographic films Instead of a photographic (photosensitive) layer this tape is provided with a magnetizable layer and the layer is divided into imaginary rows (beginning from above: e-a and 0-9) This imaginary subdivision corresponds to 70 signal tracks transversed by sensing and recording heads arranged conveniently as a multi-head-system, between which and the tape there is a relative movement lengthwise of the tape The vertical 75 columns have the signification of denominations for digits as well as of columns or letter spaces for letters. To symbolize for example the expression " Radio 1950 l" with this tians 80 formation scheme, the first vertical or transverse column 105 ' of the magnetizable tape, containing the letter " R ", contains magnetic signals at the crossing points of the tracks 7 and c with the ver 85 tical column 1051 The next letter " a " is symbolized in the next column 1015 ' by the basic symbol 0, and the supplementary symbols b and e (compare Fig 6 b and Fig 5 b) The other characters are imdi 90 cated correspondingly The subdivision of the columns 1051-n may be provided according to the different tasks of printing, computing, storing and other organizing operations similarly to the columns of 95 punched cards. Fig 6 b shows diagramatically the distribution of the different signal combinations to be converted into mosaic pulses. The lower horizontal rows 0-9 show the 100 relationship of all the

characters of Figs. a and 5 b to the fundamental characters 0-9, whilst the upper horizontal rows a-h indicate which of the vertical columns is to be selected, according to the 105 supplementary signals used The operations for the transformation or conversion of individual magnetic signals 0-9 with supplementary signals a-e into sequences of pulses will now be described 110 with reference to Figs 7 a and 7 b These figures differ from Figs 2 a and 2 b only by including supplementary rows of crossing field systems and the associated supplementary discharge tubes 107-111 115 which are provided to receive the supplementary pulses a-e. The discharge tubes 3609 in Fig 7 a correspond completely to those with the same reference numbers in Fig 2 a The 120 crossing field systems 1120 differ from the systems 50-59 of Figs 2 a only by two additional windings excited by means of the gas discharge tubes 107 and 111 With the same mode of distribution as in Figs 125 2 a the row of yokes 71 causes a connection by magnetic flux between the crossing field systems 112 and the secondary coils 120 '9, which are absolutely identical with those indicated 130 1.1 by reference numbers 60-69 in Figs. 2-4. The same can be said for the distributing switch 46, the amplifier 89 with capacity discharge circuit and the cathode ray tube 44 The deflecting distributor, not shown in Fig 7 a, causes a line-wise deflection of the cathode ray, indicating by bright points on the screen 128 the letters represented by the sensed signals. In this case, the magnetic signals are not carried by rotating storage means as was the case in Fig 2 a, but on a magnetic tape as described above with reference to Fig 6 a The different characters are symbolized by magnetic signals in the transverse columns 1051-n and are sensed by the signal heads 1299-a 0-9 which are arranged over the length-wise rows or tracks e-a and 0-9 The signal heads are for sensing, recordihg and erasing, but in the example shown only sensing heads are indicated Each of these sensing heads 199 e-a - is connected via a co-ordinated amplifier tube 1300 a,09 to corresponding co-ordinated discharge tubes 36 9 and 107-111, one for each of the lines or tracks e-a, 0-9. The feeding holes of the tape 10-3 are identical with those of Fig 6 a Between said tape and the sensing heads 1290-a -9 there is a relative movement in order to produce voltage pulses in those sensing coils passing for instance over a point of remanent magnetism representing mag-netic signals These voltage pulses are fed by means of the respective amplifiers e-a,0-9 with separate tubes to the respective discharge tubes 36 and 107-111.

While the discharge tubes 360-9 excite the horizohtally-connected windings of the crossing field systems 112-11 ' by means of the distributors 46, as in Fig 2 a, the discharge tubes 107-111 excite the before-mentioned supplementary windihgs of these crossing field systems by means of the same distributor. Ignition of the discharge tube 107, correspondiig to the additional pulse a in the case of the symbolization of digits, causes the excitation of the supplementary windings of the first two rows of crossing fields 112 '-9 and 113 '9, the first containing the crossing field systems for digits and the latter the systems for the punctuation marks to = (compare Figs 5 a and b). Ignition of the discharge tube 108, corresponding to the additional pulse b causes the excitation of supplementary windings in the crossing fields 1140-9 alnd 115 i-', producing by means of the consequent double excitations the printing signal sequences for the capital letters A-T and the small letters a-j Ignition of the discharge tube 109, by meahs of a supplementary magnetic symbol pulse c on the tape 103 causes the excitation of supplementary windings in the rows of crossing fields 116 9 and 1170-9, generating the 70 pulse sequences for the capital letters K-T and the small letters k-t anid ignition of the discharge tube 110 by means of a supplementary excitation of supplementary windings in the crossing 75 fields 118 and 119 " 9, generates the pulse sequences for the capital letters U-Z and the small letters u-a. Obviously, a pair of coil systems is always excited by means of these supple 80 mentary windings in the vertically connected rows, said pair corresponding with regard to a cross-wise disposition of the characters as in Figs I 5 a and -5 b one row always being provided with the supple 85 mentary windings for the digits or capital letters and the other contains those for the punctuation marks and small letters, e.g row 114 9 contains the coils for the capital letters A-J and row 115 9 those 90 for the corresponding small letters a-j Excitation of the discharge tubes 36 -9 corresponds to the basic symbols O O-9 of the symbol schemes in Figs 5 a, 5 b ahd 95 Gb and excitation of the discharge tubes 107-111 corresponds to the supplementary symbols a-d of these schemes. Which one of the simultaneously excited vertical rows 1121113, 114/115, 100 116/117 and 118/119 will be chosen for the excitation of the desired pulse sequences will be determined, according to the system of symbolization in Figs 5 a, b and 6 b, by the supplementary symbol 107 e A symbolization, for instance, without the supplementary symbol e signifies e g. A, whereas the same symbolization with the supplementary symbol e has the signification of a The vertical crossino 110 coil rows in each

second vertical row 11-3, 115, 117 and 119 of these pairs therefore contain additional positive windings, and in the rows 112, 114, 116 and 118 there are additional negative windings, i e 115 reversed windings These additional windingxs are excited by means of the discharge tube 11 controlled by the magnetic signals within row 1310 of tape 103. On symbolizing letters instead of figures 120 the determination whether a pulse shall be produced by the crossing field system or not in the embodiment of Figs ea does not depend on a double magnetic flux as in Figs 2 a, but depends on a three-fold 125 magnetic flux The first excitation is given in the vertical rows a-It by means of the distributing switch 46, as in Fig 2 a, determining the excitation of the comiponent parts of the different letters only 130 78 B,0,41 786,0411 The second excitation is produced by means of the discharge tubes 360 corresponding to the bsaic or fundamental symbols 0-9, and the third excitation of the crossing coil rows is produced by means of the discharge tubes 107-111 inserting the supplementary symbols a-J. As the crossing field systems according to the processes for indication of the digits have a negative magnetic bias, i e in the embodiment illustrated a double negative flux in the vertical rows of the systems 112, 114, 116 and 118 and a three-fold negative flux in the vertical rows of the systems 113, 115, 117 and 119, only those crossing field systems have a positive magnetic flux in their inductively efficient fields, which lie in the crossing field of an ignited discharge tube 3 G 9 and its horizontally influenced line, and in the inserted vertical row of the rows a-h, switched by means of distributor 46 during each rotation, and in the vertical row of one of the ignited discharge tubes 107-111, and which are connected with the vertical rows of the systems 112, 114, 116 and 118 when the discharge tube 111 is ignited and to the rows of the systems 113, 115, 117 and 119, when the tube l 11 is not ignited. If the crossing field systems are to be excited, the process will be similar to the one described above with reference to Fig. 2 a, with the sole difference that a supplementary excitation is produced by means of the additionally connected vertical windings in the crossing coil row 112 and the discharge tube 107 corresponding to the supplementary signal a in row 131. of tape 103, and this excitation is reduced again if the crossing field row 112 is provided with an initial magnetic flux of double intensity. The vertical rows of crossing coils in the respective systems 113 " having a magnetic bias of three-fold intensity, no positive magnetic flux can originate in this vertical row if discharge tube 111 is not ignited A positive magnetic flux therefore will be produced at the

place of figure " 8 " in phase 5 (corresponding to the indication of the 5th line) in the cores of the crossing field systems 1128 by means of the excitation of the discharge tube 107 (horizontally), 368 (vertically) and the position e of switch 46 according to phase 6 This magnetic flux being reduced by the double magnetic flux of the bias, a positive magnetic flux " l " is left, for the inductive excitation of the secondary coils 60-69 etc during the passage of the yokes 71. If for example the capital letter " S represented by symbols is to be converted into mosaic signals the process differs only in the excitation of discharge tube 109 instead of discharge tube 107, by means of its symbolization including a supplementary magnetic signal in the row 1310 70 of the magnetic tape 103. If, instead of the capital letter " S ", the small S is to be converted from symbols into mosaic signals, the process differs by the addition ignition ignition of discharge 75 tube 111 by means of another magnetic signal on the magnetic tape in row 131 e. By means of the ignition of tube 111 the crossing fields in the vertical rows of systems 113 115, 117 and 119 are addi 80 tionally excited, intensifying by one unit their magnetic flux, and the rows of systems 112, 114, 116 and 11,8 are diminished in their magnetic flux by one unit Therefore, only the crossing field 85 system " S " 1178 in vertical direction satisfies the requirements of a positive magnetic flux necessary for the production of signal sequences in the co-ordinated row of secondary coils 90 With reference to Figs 3 and 4 it was explained, that mosaic-like outlines of figures can be printed by means of a printer provided only with printing points on the ends of their printing levers, if a 95 rhythmic control of the single printing levers could be provided by means of such a crossing field transforming system or the like With reference fo Fig 3 the possibility was described of controlling a 100 multi-column printer by means of the same arrangement as was used for the visual indicating, by distributing the signal sequences to the eontrol coils of the different printing levers by means of a dis 105 tributor and discharge relay or the like. The visual indicating by means of cathode ray tubes may be used with the converter or coding arrangement described above with reference to Fig 7 a, being 110 the same process of a line-by-line representation on the screen, beginning fronm the top line and ending at the bottom line, as was necessary for multi-column printers with letters when the paper is moved in 115 relatively to the printers (in Fig 3 in the direction of arrow 84) of the multi-column printer 7,5 A multi-column printing of letters etc is executed similarly by the printer, independently of the 120 form of the letters, digits or other characters The process is completely similar to that described with

reference to Fig 3 for printing digits, letters and other characters no further illustrations 125 being necessary It may only be mentioned that, instead of inductive distributors, electronic distributors may be provide, comprising a cathode ray tube with subdivided layers instead of a continuous 130 78 G,041 luminous screen A single column printing may be executed with the converter of Fig 9 a similarly to the arrangement described with reference to Fig 4, with the sole difference, that the crossing field signal transforming arrangement comprises crossing field systems for letters and also correspondingly additional rows of fields as shown in Fig 9 The connection of the windings of the vertical rows is to be changed in such a manner, that they are rotated by 90 ' as shown in the wiring diagram of Fig 4. When the printing levers 86 -9 are actually printing they contact the paper through an inking ribbon or the like, with a rhythm controlled by means of the dis. charge tubes 82 - (Fig 4) The paper being moved in direction of the arrow 84 (Fig 4) in relation to the printing points of the printing levers 86 -9 or inversely, the characters are printed according to the signal sequences fed by the signal transforming system, when coming from a converting device according to Figs 7 a and 7 b. If several groups of printing levers 86 are arranged one upon another according to the arrangement of the printing levers 86 '9, several lines may be printed simultaneously The control differs from the one described with reference to Fig 4 in that the speed of the distributor 71 is increased and the discharge tubes 36 are extinguished after each sector has been sensed. This arrangement may be advantageous with same types of addressing machines, printing devices for specifications of materials and the like. Referring now to Fig 8, the converting device therein shown differs from the contact converting device and the converting by means of crossing fields already described. The variation of the magnetic field is provided in contrast to the above described methods by varying the yoke connection between a primary and a secondary by means of discs shaped in correspondence to the desired printing signal sequences. This variation may also be in a form having recorded signals sensed by means of magnetic sensing heads. In Fig 8, rotatable discs 132 - on a shaft 133 driven by means of motor 134 are provided as converting elements They are, for instance, stamped from sheets or blanks and are provided with groups of teeth corresponding to the pulse sequences for the shapes of the characters for which printing signals must be converted. Around the periphery of the discs 132 primary and secondary coils 135

and 13 G are arranged, on open iron cores 137, which cores are closed by the teeth of the discs as they pass through The primary windings 13 o 9 of the magnetic coil systems are excited by means of the ignition of the relative as discharge tulle 138 -9, (compare with tubes 36 in Figs 7 C 2 a and 7 a) The teeth of the rotating discs 132, cutting the magnetic fields of the excited primary coils 13 U-9, induce signals in the respective secondary windings 1:36 -9 Dependent on an excitation 75 of the primary windings 133 5 by means of the co-ordinated discharge tubes 138, another signal sequence is induced in the secondary windings 1-36 ' corresponding to the sequence of the teeth on the discs 80 1-32 -9 Thus, by means of the form of the individual discs computing signals for example may be converted into printing signals or into whatever other signals are 85 desired The ignition of the gas discharge tube 1380 exciting the primary winding 1305 signifies for instance a O ", an excitation of coil 1351 by means of the gas discharge tube 1381 signifies a 'I " and 90 so on. For the conversion of letters in addition to digits a supplementary primary winding is provided (not shown) connected with a respective gas discharge tube, 95 relav or the like If for instance the letter "A " is represented by means of a digit " 1 " and a supplementary symbol ") ", and the letter " B " is represented by means of a digit " 2 " and a supple 100 nientary symbol " 0 ", the letter " C by means of a digit " 3 " and the supplementary symbol " O ", the printing signal sequence for the latter "' A 'a is induced in the co-ordinated secondary 105 coils by means of the excitation of the two primary windings for " 1 " and " 0 during the rotation of disc 13 '. By means of a negative bias voltage in the tubes 1338, or other suitable switching 110 members (corresponding to the magnetic bias according to the description of the crossing field systems in Fig 7 a), effective secondary signals are produced only if both windings are excited Thus 'by 115 means of a combination of ten relav tubes for digits and five relay tubes for supplementarv symbols, signals for the whole alphabet and all digits can be converted. by means of additional supplementary 120 symbols the printing of the small letters can be provided for in the same manner. compare Figs 5 and 6. The use of the converter shown in Fig. 8 as a single central converter for mult 125 denominations is also possible In this case the control of the different cases is eliminated Each of the discs 132 excites a co-ordinated typical connection or bar, from which the contact sequences may be 130 means of a calling selector switch, a printing' signal sequences of figures or letters or, in the case of a variation of {he embodiment provided with ninefold subdivision into nine ( 2 + 4 + 1) fields, or small letters

70 and characters, will be provided in the heads 140 - By means of these sensed signal sequences, digits and characters may be represented, either controlling visual indicating or printing means 75 directly, or controlling storage means from which the signal sequences can be taken effectively for instacee in parallel for a number, a word, a line or a page for the control of said means 80 If the magnetic converter is to be used for multi-column printers, provided for direct control or control by means of storage means, a different subdivision of the sectors is convenient If a multi 85 column printer is to be controlled having only one printing magnet per column, each 50th part of the periphery of the storage means has to be subdivided into ten fields for the control of a ten columni 90 printer, one continuous signal being fixed according to the schematic subdivision of the character, for each of the head tracks to be called of these ten fields, always in one of the ten sectors During the control 95 of the ten column printer, tracks are called within this sector one after the other according to the characters to be printed, and the distribution to the different columns of the signals sensed dur 100 ihg the passage of the ten fields, is varied to control a printer directly andlor for the recording by means of a storage means On the other hand when using a multi-column printer provided with 105 several levers per column, a division is convenient recording the respective signals for one horizontal printing line of the respective character on one sector. A subdivision of the principal sectors 110 according to the division of the sector would be convenient The description shows that the magnetic converter may satisfy all possible necessities The division of the fields, sectors and tracks is to 115 be chosen according to the operating conditions. Printing signal sequences from the converter may be recorded on record means, the converter effecting a direct recording, 120 on to record means feeding the recorded signal sequences, drawn column-wise froin the converter, to magnetic, optical or electronic signal carriers at determinablh places, the converting means for printing 125 signal sequences being conveniently operable by means of a key board or equivalent means and operating to record the output sequences immediately, and thfi record means may, in addition to the 130 used for the control for instance of a multi-column printer Instead of slotted or toothed or other shaped iron discs, circular discs of nonmagnetic mat erial may be used containing maghetizable parts or magnetized parts at the places where closing of the magnetic field is to be effected. Referring now to Fig 9, the sensing of printing signal sequences from a selective storage on a magnetic drum is illustrated and can be used

for the conversion of symbols for digits, letters and other characters into printing signal sequences. The tracks, sectors and fields of the selective storage means 139 arranged for example as explained in my co-pending Application No 37214/54 (Serial No. 78 G,033) are sensed selectively by means of the set of sensing heads 1400-9 The effectiveness of the respective sensing heads is brought about by means of a co-ordinated pentode (not shown) opened by means of an electronic switch As a variation, so called modulator-switches may be provide comprising a ring of copper oxide, or selenium rectifying cells, permitting the passage of signal sequences only if connected into a voltage drop in the direction of the current, the voltage drop being caused for instance by the ignition of a relay tube Also, contacts and relays may be employed for this purpose: The printing signal sequences may be arranged either on different tracks or on different sectors or fields in a track of the rotating drum (Instead of a drum a disc may be used) If for the magnetic drum 139 ten sensing heads 140 9 are provided, which can be switched on selectively by means of digit switches 0-9, with a converting device for the representation of printing signal sequences of digits only, the printing signal sequences conveniently will be provided for each track corresponding to the digits 0-9, by means of for instance 50 signals per digit. If however the signals for letters and other characters are to be recorded too, they are provided conveniently by dividing (imaginatively) the periphery of the drum into 50 sectors, one sector for each single signal of the 50-f old printing signal sequences, and dividing each sector by a calling connection scheme for instance into five fields one of which always contains the printing for the digits 0-9, the next the printing pulses for the letters A-J, the next those for the letters K-T, and the fourth the signals for the letters 1 T-Z The last field is provided for operation time for the interpretation of the sensed signals Depending on the rendering effective of one or other of the five ( 4 + 1) fields, which arein turn selected by 786,041 786,041 recording of printing' signal sequences also record computable and sortable symbolized signals in determinable areas of the signal carrier, corresponding in a determinable way to areas in which the relative printing signal sequences are recorded. The advantage of this method lies in the fact, that owing to the symbolized signals of letters, figures or characters, no further conversion is necessary The disadvantage of this method lies however in the fact, that for instance the input signal carriers are already limited in their recording area to the printing signal sequences of the different characters.

Instead of a direct recording of printing symbol sequences and/or printing signal sequences on the storing means a subsequent conversion of symbolized signals into printing signal sequences may also be provided In this case a converter is conveniently provided, which furnishes for figures, letters or characters of a column, printing signal sequences depending on symbolized signals, and a storing means is conveniently provided, to which the printing signal sequences converted per column are fed columnwise one after the other and from which they are used to control one or more dot or line printers. It is convenient to use herewith as a storing means a magnetic storing means feeding the printing signal sequences for one printing element row of a line at a time through a column distributor to multi-column dot or line printers. With apparatus of very high efficiency it may be convenient to feed the printing signal sequences columnwise successively to the recording screen of a cathode ray tube, feeding the printing signal sequences for one printing element row of a line at a time through a column distributor to multi-column dot or line printers It would besides be advantageous if the apparatus comprised a cathode ray converter provided with printing signal sequences for digits or letters on different deflection areas of its screen and a cathode ray storing screen fed with the different printing signal sequences for the different characters, from which they are drawn to control line printers according to the dot line printing method.

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* GB786042 (A)

Description: GB786042 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Apparatus for re-arranging digital-data sequences on a magnetic storage tapeor the like

Description of GB786042 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 4 ' 786,042 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification June 23, 1950. No 37223/54 Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948. (Divided out of No 786,021). Conplete Specification Published Nov 13, 1957. Index at Acceptance: -Class 106 ( 1), S. International Classification: -GO 6 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Apparatus for Re-Arranging Digital-Data 'Sequences on a Magnetic Storage Tape or the like I, GERHARD DI Ri Cs, a German citizen, of 44, Morfelder Landstrasse, Frankfurt-amMain, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to means for changing the order of sets of signals recorded on a magnetisable storage medium and read therefrom sequentially, such sets may include signals representing digit values, alphabetic characters or the like The sets of signals are comparable to the side-by-side columns in a punched card. The arrangement of the different columns on a storage means (punched card, tape, drum or the like) frequently does not comply with the arrangement needed for use of the stored information, say in a computor or a printer. Column changing means for side-by-side columns have been proposed in my co-pending Application for Patent No 37204/54 (Serial No 786,(j 25) In that application the columns of information are transferred from one disposition to another by a distributor, in a timed instant of a relative movement between a distributing element and contacts from a pre-set programme device such as a cross-switching board or panel. The present invention provides a means for rearranging magnetically recorded digitaldata signals arranged to be sensed in succession to a new predetermined order or sequence by a programme device controlling selective switching, the device indicating the extent to which the respective signals must be retimed for the newr order. According to the invention, apparatus for recording in a re-arranged predetermined sequence signals recorded on a magnetic storage element in an original sequence, has means for sensing in sequence, and repeatedly, said signals recorded in the original sequence, to generate corresponding electrical signals, and switching means, operating in synchronism with said sensing, to which said electrical

signals are applied and which is adapted to pass said electrical signals selectively to a recording means to cause said signals or representations thereof to be recorded in said re-arranged sequence. According to another feature of the invention, the signals are recorded in an intermediate storage with a lateral displacement relatively to a zero line equal to the forward or backward displacement involved in the new sequence, and the laterally displaced signals are sensed by signal heads which, for each lateral displacement, have also the corresponding forward or backward displacement. The'invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:Figs 1-5 are diagrams representing in a symbolic way the manner in which transposition is effected according to the invention; Fig 6 is a wiring diagram illustrating one means of carrying the transposition into effect; Fig 7 a illustrates diagrammatically one example of transposition; Fig 7 b is a circuit diagram illustrating the use of a plug board with distributors; and Figs 7 c and 7 d are side view and cross section respectively of parts of a distributor shown in Fig 7 b. In all these examples the signals are assumed to be in sets, those in each set being sensed serially also Complete duplication of apparatus shown would be required for every signal element of a set if the sets were to be sensed in parallel. As shown, the transfer of sets is realised by means of a kind of sorting process, which may take place between the different areas of a storage means, e g a drum or a disc, or between one tape and another Thus, the transfer of sets recorded in a determined sequence on a storage means, for instance a storing tape, on to another storage means, for instance another 2 7086,042 storage tape, may be attained, whereby the sets contain the same signals as before, but the sets have a different sequence relatively to each other It is also possible to omit some sets, so that the sequence recorded at the end of the process will correspond for instance, to a completely different scheme, determined in its arrangement by means of the said switching board or other interchangeable control element. The operation of the improved transfer device will first be described with reference to the example illustrated by means of the diagrams of Figs 1-5. Fig 1 shows in the top row the original sequence of 29 sets of signals the signal content of each of the 29 sets being indicated merely by the respective number 1-29 The sets are in series end to end, and in each set the signals are in series in the same direction. In Fig 2 is shown to what new places the sets of signals are to be transferred by means of the transferring dcevice Thus, in the

successive storage areas used in the original sequence there are indicated in Fig 2 the new sequence to which a transfer is to be made For instance, the 1st original set become the third set; the second set become the fifteenth set; the third set become the second set and so on. In the second and third rows of Fig 1, the arithmetical differences between the positions in the orginal and final sequences are indicated, the " units " denomination of such arithmetical difference being marked in row 2, and the "tens" denomination of the difference being marked in row 3 The difference, for instance between the position of the origmial set " 1 " (Fig 1) and its position in the new sequence (Fig 2) is " + 2 ', namely two units (see row 2) and no tens (see row 3). The original set " 2 " (Fig 1) is to be transferred to the fifteenth position (Fig 2) These positions have an arithmetical difference of " 13 ", namely by three " units " (row 2) and one " ten " (row 3) The original position " 3 " (Fig 1) differs by "-1 " units (row 2) and by no tens (row 3) from the position " 2 " to which it has to be transferred, and so on. The transfer of sets according to the present invention calls for two related steps, the transfer by the " units " differences (if any) and thie transfer by the "tens" differences (if any) Both functions are established by means of the switching panels 4 and 5 (Fig 6), whose interconnections for operating the present example (Fig 1) shown diagrammatically in Fig 3. The "units" of the arithmetical differences between the original and final positions of the sequence of sets are marked as crosses in the vertical columns of the diagram in Fig 3 The extent of the differences which are effected by means of the switching panel, are indicated in the vertical column 6 A cross is therefore indicated in field " + 2 " of the first vertical column 7 ', in field " + 3 " in the second vertical column 72, in field "-1 " in the third vertical column 7 ', and so on These crosses indicate that a contact has been made in the corresponding places in the switchboard 4 of 70 Fig 6. An intermediate storage of the original signals on a tape or a drum or the like is shown in Fig 4 The storage means 10 is made large enough to accommodate a plurality of longi 75 tudinal rows or tracks, corresponding to the several extents of difference of position possible in the switchboard represented by Fig 3, and these tracks are sensed respectively by the sensing heads 8 wvhiich transfer signals to the 80 single recording head 9 in Fig 5 Thus, the pulses, for instance of the original set in position " 1 " (Fig 1), will be found in the first vertical column of the diagram of Fig 4 but now in the horizontal row " 2 " instead of in 85 horizontal row 1 the numeral " 3

" in Fig 4 indicating the signal content o the original set in position " 1 " and simultaneously that it shall be transferred to the final position ' 3 ". According to Fig 2 the signal content of the 90 second original position is to be transferred to position " 15 " Therfore, the second row in Fig 1 indicates that tae signals are to be transferred by " + 3 " in tne " units ', and the third row indicates that they are to be transferred by 95 " + 1 " in the " tens " The transposing by ten posit Gns is effected e g during the transfer to the intermediate storage means either by sensing heads ten positions apart on the original record medium and selected by switcihing, or 100 by heads displaced ten positions after each passage as described later The intermediate storing area 10 (Fig 4) contains therefore the " 15 " of the switching panel according to the diagram of Fig 5, to which the original pulses 105 of column " 2 " have to be transferred, in the horizontal row " -r 3 " And in the vertical column ( 2 + 10 = 12) The signals of the original position " 3 ", which are to be transferred finally to position " 2 ", are transferred within 1 In the intermediate storing area 10 to the horizontal row -1 "; in the third vertical column etc. The signals thus recorded on the tracks are sensed during the further steps of the process 115 by means of the sensing heads 8 ' -8-'9 each staggered by the distance occupied by one set relatively to the next, and all connected in parallel The signal sequences are fed to the recording head 9 disposed in the " O " position 120 relatively to the final tape By means of the staggered arrangement of the signal he-ads 8, a transposition of the signal sequences of the column of each track by the length of one column according to the " + " or " " dis 125 tance from the 0-track is originated This transmission corresponds operatively to the computing signal transposition of digit value signals of the computing process described in my co-pending Application No 15773/50 filed 130 786,02 23rd June 1950 (Serial No 786,021) concerning computing devices. The final arrangement of the pulse sequences is obtained by means of the transfer according to the respective column diagram. The pulse of the first vertical column of the intermediate storage means 10, being recorded (represented by numeral " 3 ") in the horizontal row " + 2 " will be sensed by means of the sensing head 8 2 staggered by the distance occupied by two sets to the left with regard to the " O " sensing head 80 They will therefore be transmitted to the final storage means 11 (Fig 5) through recording head 9 in the moment at which the recording head lies over the set " 3 " of the storage means 11, the signals thus being recorded in the appointed position The signals of the third vertical column of the intermediate storage means area 10 (Fig 4), containing the signals represented by " 2 ",

are transmitted in the moment at which the recording head 9 is situated over the second set position of the final storage means 11 The signals sensed on the intermediate storage means 10 containing the signals represented by numeral " 1 " are transmitted at the moment at which recording head 9 lies over the first set position of the storage means 11, the signals of the intermediate storage means 10 row "-3 " being sensed by means of isensing. head 8- staggered by " 3 " set units to the right from the zero-position, so that the sensing takes place " 3 " sets before " 0 ". In this way the signals " 1 " of horizontal row " -3 ", vertical column " 4 " of the intermediate storage means 10 are sensed first, second the signals " 2 " of row " -1 ", vertical column " 3 " and third the signals " 3 " of row " + 2 ", vertical column " 1 " by means of the respective sensing heads 8, and transmitted through recording head 9 to the storage means 11 in the final desired order In the illustrated example of the device according to the invention the displacement by ten set positions is effected during the transfer of the signals to the intermediate storage means, by the methods described below, namely, either repeated passages, each passage dealing with a particular ten units shift, or single passage with multiple reading heads 10 units apart on the original tape 12. The wiring diagram of one example of the displacement device is shown in Fig 6 The displacement of the signals sensed from tape 12 is effected via an intermediate storage means and the new arrangement of the sets of signals is recorded on tape 13 The transfer from tape 12 is effected in different tracks of the tape 10 according to the scheme of Fig 4. This transfer is effected in single passages (single runs), namely one transfer at each passing of the intermediate storage After each passage the set of recording heads 14 + 9 to 14- is shifted mechanically by ten set positions and the effectiveness of a transfer during the passage corresponds to a displacement by tenunits according to the numerals of line " 3 " (Fig 1). The tapes 12 and 13 can form a permanent 70 component of the apparatus or they can be removable and interchangeable Above the tapes the sensing and recording heads are arranged The sensing heads 20 and 21 are for the original tape 12, the head 20 effecting the 75 sensing of the signals within the position, while head 21 is for sensing signals on the tape which effect synchronisation The recording on the intermediate storage means (tape 10) is effected by the recording heads 14-' to 14 + 9, 80 while the synchronisation signals are recorded by signal head 22. The transfer from tape 10 to tape 13 is effected by the sensing heads

8- to 8 + 9 and 23, and the recording heads 24 and 25 85 During the first passage of the tape the set of sensing heads 8-' to 8 + 9 is in its starting position, corresponding to a transposing of the sets by " 0 " In synchronism with the sensing of the tapes in direction of the arrow 15 90 there is the movement of a distributor element namely, in the example shown, the movement of a cathode ray distributor 16, the deflection of the cathode ray distributor being controlled or synchronised by synchronisation signals of 95 the tape 12 After amplification the signals sensed by sensing head 21 are fed to the deflection plate systems 26 and 27 via a phase shifting device effecting phase shifting by 90 degrees, thus effecting a rotation-wise deflec 100 tion of the cathode ray. Instead of an electronic distributor some other distributor can be provided, for instance inductive distributors corresponding to Fig 7 b to 7 d This is referred to more particularly 105 below By the synchronisation signals the deflection of the cathode ray is controlled in that during the sensing of each set of signals the ray impinges on the corresponding field 17 of the screen 18, the fields 17 being co-ordin 110 ated to the respective sets The intensity of the cathode ray is such that by means of the electronic current or by means of release of secondary electrons the potential of the selected field is altered in such a way, that 115 tubes, for instance gas discharge tubes can be controlled. Each of the fields 17 is connected with one co-ordinated vertical row of the switching board 4 and is connected with one co-ordin 120 ated vertical row of the switching board 5 The signals released by the impinging of the cathode ray on the field 17 are fed via the switching board 4 to the grid of the gas discharge tube 28 thereby igniting it By this ignition the 125 pentodes 29- to 29 + 9 are provided with the necessary plate voltage In the drawing, only the pentodes 29-D and 29 + 9 are shown. The signal fed from the effective one of the fields 17 to the switching board 5 ignites that 13 Q -786,042 one of the gas discharge tubes 30-9 to 30 i-9 selected by a contact of a switching board marked by a cross in Fig 3 The co-ordinated condenser 31 connected in parallel to the disS charge circuit is discharged via the corresponding resistor 32-9 to 32 +' the voltage drop from which is fed to the screen of the co-ordinated one of the pentodes 29 and effects the screen voltage and -opens the pentode The signals sensed by signal head 20 are fed to the grids of all pentodes 29, the grids of which are connected together in parallel Only that one of the pentodes which is effective by means of the screen voltage of the co-ordinated discharge tube 30 is operative for recording signals in the corresponding track of tape 10 by means of the co-ordinated

recording head ot the S of heads 14-9 to 14 + 9 The discharge circuit of the tubes 30 is of such dimensions that, after transfer of one signal set, the respective condenser 31- to 31 + 9 is discharged and therefore the screen potential of the co-ordinated pentode has broken down Gas discharge tube 28 supplying the plate voltage of the pentodes 29 is still ignited, and the cathode ray of the cathode ray distributor 16 releases a signal by impinging on the respective field 19, the said signal igniting gas discharge tube 33 via connection a The discharge current of the said tube 33 is connected via cathode resistor 34 of pentode 35 The voltage drop at this resistor at the ignition of the said gas discharge tube biasses the grid and the suppressor negative and breaks the plate current. As after extinction of one of the discharge tubes 30 none of the pentodes 29-' to 29 + 9 are open; after closing the pentode 35 also, the discharge current of tube 28 is broken down and the tube is extinguished The extinction of gas discharge tube 33 is ensured by the capacity of the capacitor in the discharge circuit. Instead of this very exact working wiring arrangement with tubes 28, 33 and 35 a more simple arrangement of gas discharge tube 28 can be adapted by reducing the arc voltages by means of a discharging condenser connected in parallel to the discharge tube as it is shown for the tubes 30 and 33. As gas discharge tubes 30 are continuously connected with the respective horizontal rows "-9 " to " + 9 " of switching board 5 according to the " unit-differences " of Fig 1, that one of the gas discharge tubes will be ignited, to which the vertical row is connected by means of a contact marked by a cross in Fig 3. These gas discharge tubes therefore are ignited at each set position on the passage of the cathode ray over the respective switching fields 17 independently of whether the pentodes 29 are provided with their plate voltages, via gas discharge tube 28, or not. During this first passage, there are transmitted to the intermediate storage means 10, the pulses of all those sets which have to be transferred to a new position not differing from the original arrangement in the " ten's ". In a simple arrangement, the plug board would be set up so that in a first passage of the storage, only those signals would be trans 70 ferred where the extent of displacement is 9 or less units, and it would then be re-set so that during a second passage those signals would be transferred which required more than 9 but less than 19 units of displacement 75 These two passages would correspond, in a more complex arrangement, to a first passage with the contact 36 in the position 371 in Fig. 6, and a second passage with that contact in the position 381 80 With

the arrangement of a transfer device as shown in Fig 6, the series of recording heads 14 to 14 + 9 will be shifted mechanically on tape 10 by 10 signal positions from recording position 37 to recording position 38 85 after the first passage, whereas the contact yoke 36 wvill simultaneously move from position 37 ' to postion 38 ' Thus a transfer by " + 10 columns" is attained for all positions, which are transferred from tape 12 to tape 10 dur 90 ing the second passage Within this passage the transfer by 10 units is attained for all the sets, which have to be transferred by amounts of 10 to 19 units It will be noted that this utilises only 140 to 14 + 9 heads 95 During the third passage the recording heads 14-9 to 14 +' are brought into position 39 effecting a transposition by 20 units, and the yole 36 moves to position 391 Thus the signals of all those sets are transferred which 100 have to be transferred to positions having a difference of " + 20 " to " + 29 " from the original position At the further passage the set of heads 14 are brought into position 4 (;, whilst the yoke 36 moves to position 401 Thus 109 the signals of all those sets are transferred, which differ with regard to the original positions by " + 30 " to " + 39 " etc. The signals for effecting synchronisation are sensed from tape 12 by sensing head 21 After 110 amplification via pentode 41 as shown above they are fed to the deflection plate systems 26 and 27 for the control of the cathode ray In parallel with the phase shifting device they are fed to the control grid of pentode 42 in the 115 plate circuit of which there is connected the recording head 22 for recording the synchronisation signals on to tape 10. After having transferred the signals of all the sets from tape 12 to tape 10, all the sig 120 nals are then transferred to tape 13 in one further passage The synchronisation signals are sensed by sensing head 23 and having been amplified by pentode 43 are fed to the recording head 25 for recording the synchronisation 125 signals on to tape 13 The signals of the columns are sensed from the tracks "-9 " to " + 9 " of the tape 10 by the signal heads 8-9 to 8 +' being connected in parallel and staggered arrangement as previously described, 130 786,042 The signals of these heads are amplified by pentode 44, in the plate circuit of which signal head 24 is arranged for recording the signals on to tape 13 Dependent on which track of tape 10 is being sensed, signals are transferred by means of the staggered arrangement of the sensing heads, from tape 10 to tape 13. For instance, in the example according to Figs 1, 2-5, at first set " 1 " of the fourth column is sensed by sensing head 8-3, then the signals " 2 " of the third column is sensed by sensing head 8-1, then " 3 " of the first column by sensing head 8 + 2, and so on As shown in Fig 6 the sensing heads are connected in parallel with the grid of the

pentode 44 and thus the transposing of the signal sets is effected by sensing by means of sensing heads displaced relatively to each other. Instead of the example of the transposing device as described in Figs 1 to 6 variations can be used according to the invention The number of the signal heads of the set of the sensing and recording heads, in the example shown 19, e g signal heads 8to 8 +', can be reduced to 10 when, instead of a transnosing of the "one's" columns in negative direction, e g by -1 " for instance, a transposing is effected in positive direction by the complementary value, in the exam ple of " -1 " by " + 9 " in the "one's " and "-10 ' (" -1 " in the " ten's "). Instead of 3 different tapes 12, 10 and 13 a single tape may be and usually will be used, the recording or intermediate storing of the signals requiring only 20 additional tracks, requiring only a width of 15 mm Thus the whole transfer is provided with a uniform motion of the tape namely during its tra'w'< from one tape reel to another. If a transfer with full speed and a single passage only is desired, additional series of pentodes 29 are necessary at the positions 37, 38, 39 and 40, the additional pentodes 29 each controlling separate heads 14 + 9 to 14- at the positions 38, 39, 40. Further modification can be obtained if there is arranged on the original tape 12 not one signal head 20, but a series of signal heads displaced relatively to each other by ten-units. The transposing of the sets by ten-units in this case can be effected during the sensing by using a different amplifier tube or by switching over the amplifier from one tube to another. Another transfer of signals may be attained with a device according to Figs 7 a-7 d if the transfer is effected for instance for operating a step by step printer such as a typewriter. Corresponding to line 1 of Fig 1 the storage positions of the upper line are numbered successively The positions are shown in the lower line of Fig 7 in the sequence in which the letters represented by the signals are to be printed by means of the step by step printer with coding device of the kind shown in copending Application No 37222/54 (Serial No. 786,041). In Fig 7 b the numbers marking the sequence of positions have been maintained in the same order as is shown in the lower line 70 of Fig 7 a The number 14 shown in the first position signifies therefore: " Print first according to the signals of the 14th stored position " The switching board 45 controlling this process is shown diagrammatically in 75 Fig 7 b Its vertical columns 461-n correspond to the column-arrangement (position) in which the letters represented by the signals have to be printed, while the horizontal rows 471-n correspond to the positions of a storage means 80 from which the signals of the

figures and letters to be printed are to be drawn. The vertical and the horizontal rows can be connected to each other by means of plugs 48 The device operates as follows: 85 The signal content of the card or the like containing the signals in their original columnar order is transferred serially to a tape or drum which can be sensed cyclically One sensing of all the sets of data deriving from 90 denominations of a card, or of a section of the tape, or of a drum, or the like, is effected by means of sensing head 50 The signals sensed by sensing head 50 are fed to the control grid of the pentode 51 and are amplified selectively 95 in dependence on the screen and cathode potentials of the tube, which are controllable respectively by the gas discharge tubes 52 and 53 The plate circuit of the pentode 51 in the example shown is connected to the control 100 element 49 of a printer, which may be the control relay or the like, of a printer or may be a decoding means such as is shown in my co-pending Application for Patent No 37222/ 54 (Serial No 786,041) 105 Pentode 51 is non-conducting until the signals stored on the magnetizable surface and representing a character to be printed are sensed The control for the pentode 51, according to Fig 7 b, is the distributing switch 110 55. The contacts of this distributor switch 55 are connected via the column 46 of the plug board, the contact 55 ' being shown in the drawing as connected with the column 461 115 and, by means of the plugs 48, in the example shown by means of plug 48 ', to the horizontal row 4714 and via primnary coil 561 ' to the positive pole 57 of the battery, the negative pole 58 of which is connected with distributing 120 switch 55. During the first sensing of the stored signals, primary coil 56 4 is excited by the current from the battery The inductive distributor yoke 59 passes once between the 125 primary coils 56 ' and the secondary coils 601-n, connecting the pairs of primary and secondary coils one after another At the first passage the yoke 59 induces a surge in the secondary coil 6014 because of the excitement 130 786,042 of the primary coil 56 All the secondary coils 60 '" are connected in series and the surge is fed to the control grid of the gas discharge tube 52 and ignites the tube The voltage drop at resistance 61 in the main discharge circuit of the said gas discharge tube provides the screen voltage in pentode 51 thus opening the pentode The data signals in position 14 just sensed by sensing head 50 are amplified and fed to the control element 49 The striking of tube 52 as described above, also energis es the primary coil 62. The said primary coil 62 is connected to the secondary coil 63 by means of the schematically shown yokes 64 '-649, the surge induced in the secondary coil 63 igniting the gas discharge tube 53 and thereby

closing pentode 51 by raising the voltage at the cathode By this means pentode 51 is effective only in the time interval between yoke 59 inducing a surge in dependence on the excited primary coil 5614 and the next passing of one of the yokes 64 -" at the secondary coil 63 igniting discharge tube 53 Therefore, in one position of switch 55 " signals representing a character, corresponding to the sensing of one column of a card or a section of a tape or thelike, are amplified and fed to a control element 49. For controlling according to the signals representing the next character to be printed, switch 55 a moves on to the next position 552 and, via plug 482, primary coil 56 ' is excited, effecting the transmission of the sensed signals only when the signals for the third character pass the sensing head 50 The mechanical arrangement of the distributor for the electronic switch is shown in Figs 7 c and 7 d This comprises the discs 67 with yoke 59 and for instance 80 pairs of primary and secondary coils 561-80 and 60 -50 the coils being mounted on iron cores and disposed in a circle around the disc 67. The disc 67 is mounted on a shaft 68, which is driven by a motor (not shown) On the shaft 68 is also mounted a second disc 69 which has at its circumference e g 80 yokes 64180 with an angular displacement relatively to each other of for instance three degrees, and with the same displacement between the yoke 59 of the disc 67 and the first yoke 64, if the angular distance between the tooth 59 of disc 67 is 3 6 degrees At the circumference of disc 69 the pair of coils 62 and 63 is mounted. The one disc operates as an igniting switch for a discharge tube and the other as an extinguishing switch for the same tube. In Fig 7 a a diagram of the transfer process is shown The original arrangement of the set of signals on a signal carrier is shown in the upper line of said fig, whilst the transpositions to be made for each set are shown in the lower line. If in some spaces of the printing line to be sensed, no characters are to be printed, a corresponding interruption of the operation of the printer will be caused by omitting at these sets a contact connection on the switching board 45 70 Each line is thus completely printed space by space or step by step (where signals indicate a printing) and with letters whose signals were drawn from the signal carrier according to the arrangement given by the contacts of 75 the cross switching board If for a data set to be printed no connection is provided between a column and a horizontal row no letter will be printed in this space, i e a blank space will appear on the paper 80 The signals used in carrying out this invention may be any of those set out in Figs 4 f-4 t of my co-pending application for Patent No. 15773/50 (Serial No 786,021).

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* GB786043 (A)

Description: GB786043 (A) ? 1957-11-13

Means for the visual indication of information selected from a data storage

Description of GB786043 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 786,043 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 23, 1950. No 37225154. Application made in Germany on Oct 1, 1948. (Divided out of No 786,021) Complete Specification Published: Nov 13, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Classes 40 ( 1), H 111 81 X; and 106 ( 1), C( 1 D: 2 81: 2 G: 3 D: 4 C: 5: 6). International Classification:-GO 6 f GO 8 c. QCOMPLETE SPECIFI'CAT 1 ON Means for the Visual Indication of Information Selected from a Data Storage I, GERHARD Di R Ks, of Moerfelder Landstrasse 44, Frankfurt on, Main, Germany, of German Nationality, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may he granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to the visual indication or representation of information including an indication in two or more places synchronously It may be employed for example for the representation of information stored as signal sequences in devices for computing, or

printing, in order that the recorded characters or group of characters or other information may be seen visually The improved visual indicating devices may be of a smaller kind and refer only to the visual indicating of single digits or other characters or groups of digits or other characters, or a few lines of characters, or they may be of a larger kind to allow of indicating simultaneously a larger number of lines, or drawings, sketches, pictures or the like. The invention makes possible the transfer of such information over low frequency networks such as telephone cables, and also allows of the indicated matter being restored or photographed for instance on an optical film. The visual indicating devices may be used also for the visual indication of centrally or decentrally stored numbers or characters, or groups of them, for information as to current balances at locally separated places (e g. balances relating to stocks of material simultaneously in storage and production, and material disposition cards, and the like). The invention provides an electrical means for the indication of information in readable manner comprising a cyclically-operating magnetic storage with means for recording the information as signals in the storage at a lower frequency of operation and means for sensing the stored signals repetitively at a higher frequency of operation in synchronism with a repetitively-operating indicating device, the sensed signals being made to actuate the indicating device to give the appearance of a continuous image. As used for the remote indication of information, the invention provides a cyclicallyoperated rotary drum storage at a transmitting station, with means for recording the information as signals in such storage, a second rotary drum storage at a receiving station synchronised with the first drum storage when operating at the lower frequency, with means at the receiving station for sensing such second storage repetitively at a higher frequency of operation in synchronism with the repetitivelyoperating indicating device to give the appearance of a continuous image in the indicating device. With selective signal storages used in combination with' visual indicating devices, there is accomplished a sort of electrical visual card index register If for instance there are stored records of the quantities of different materials in a store, and/or the quantities of materials used there can be always made visible by the pressing down of a key having a number indicating the respective material, an indication of the quantity then available Such quantities and/or the corresponding prices or total values may be indicated in as many places as the synchronised indications are provided, even if such places are distant from each other.

The visual indicating devices may furthermore be used in a co-operation between central and de-central planning departments for the ascertaining of new balances and new input numbers, for instance to indicate the current amount in the cash room of a 'bank and so on, only one operation being necessary for storing the information, regardless of the number of places at which an indication may be required. The large visual indicating devices mentioned may be used, also for the visual indicating of whole pages of matter, which can for instance be used during telephone-calls as a basis for discussions, say on a proposed agreement and so on. The connection wires are needed for a signal transfer to and from the storage for not more than a quarter minute or so, as the image is transferred in consequence of the narrow width of frequency in a telephone-cable allowing only of audio frequency. After terminating the transfer of the image to the storage it is to be seen at the synchronised receiver, or any of them, as an apparently continuous image, so that discussions, which can involve corrections or alterations of single lines or the like, can be effected by telephone. If corrections are to be made, the new text can be transferred to and, from the storage in the shortest time and after agreement can be recorded photographically from the visual indication or by a printing unit from the storage. These possibilities result if, for the visual indicating and for the printing device, there are used according to the invention signals of the same basic kind, so that there are required only alterations of speed which are easily accomplished It may 'be stated further, that a letter can be reproduced at the receiving end of the transmission also with the original signature in order to give the letter the appearance of being an original The signal transmitter for the signature may be a separate transmitter, or a particular part of the normal transmitter, but in each case put into operation only after the actuation of a security key Said indicating means may for example be stroboscopic elements and flashing tubes actuated in synchronizm with the cyclic sensing or may be cathode ray tubes the deflection frequency of which is synchonized with said cyclic sensing. Two examples of the invention are illustrated in the accompanying drawing, wherein:Fig I is a schematic arrangement involving synchronized stroboscopic discs and a magnetic storage; Fig 2 is an arrangement involving synchronized cathode ray tubes; and Fig 3 is a wiring diagram illustrating the operation of the example shown in Fig 2. Referring first to Fig 1, two synchronizing motors 1 and 2, drive

respectively the stroboscopic discs 3 andl 4, with the same speed and in the same phase, these synchronized motors being driven from the same alternating current system or from the same current network, or being synchronized by means of synchronizing signals The stroboscopic discs completely correspond, as to their optical layer and their sensing arrangements to those set forth in my co-pending application for Patent No 37205/54 (Serial No 786,026). In the slitted blinds 5 and 6 there are visually indicated by means of the stroboscopic lamps 7 and 8 the desired numbers, characters or the like The flashing of the high intensity lamps 7 and '8 is controlled by the discharge tubes 9 and 10, the discharge of these discharge tubes being effected for instance by a central selective storing means 11 with the sensing and recording heads 12 Other forms of selective storage may be employed, as set forth for example in my co-pending applica 70 tions for Patent Nos 37214/54 and 37215/ 54 (Serial Nos 786,033 and 786,034). The storage device shown is a magnetic drum, driven by the synchronized motor 13, which is synchronized with the motors 1 and 75 2 in any suitable way Voltage pulses induced in the sensing heads 12 are introduced to the amplifier 14 and effect, via transformers 15, 16 the ignition of the said discharge tubes 9 and 10 Further transformers 17, 18 in the 80 discharge circuits of the respective tubes transfer the discharge voltage surges to the high intensity lamps 7 and 8. For the inclusion of new numbers, letters or other characters into the storage 13, for 85 corrections, and for the selections of storage positions for recording, sensing and erasing of signals there are provided the keys of the keyboards 19 and 20 By means of such centralized recordings according to this invention, 90 for instance for the storing of stock records, progress reports and many other statistics considerable simplification of operating systems can be obtained There may of course be any number of the synchronized stroboscopic discs, 95 in near or distant localities. Instead of an indicating of the selected stored information by means of stroboscopic discs, this can also be achieved by means of cathode ray tubes Such an arrangement is 100 shown in Figs 2 and 3, wherein cathode ray tubes 21 and 22 are diagrammatically represented, housed in cabinets 21 a and 22 a The wiring diagram of Fig, 3 will be repeated for each of the synchronized tubes The deflection 105 of the cathode ray is controlled by means of the discharge tubes 23 a and 23 b, the discharge tubes for any one of the cathode ray tubes functioning synchronously wvith those of the other or others As shown, the discharge tube 110 23 a effects the horizontal deflection of the cathode ray by means of the deflecting plate system 24, whereas the vertical deflection is effected by the deflecting plate system 25

under the control of a switching way comprising the 115 pentode 26 and discharge tube 23 b. The operation of the several discharge tubes 23 a is effected synchronously via the wires c and d and the transformer 27, a control and synchronizing signal being effected as the yoke 120 28 of the induction wheel 29 passes the coils of a distributing switch co-ordinated to the magnetic storage drum 1 There can, of course, also be used other distributing means for instance contact distributors, or electronic 125 distributors Examlples of these are set forth in my co-pending application for Patent No. 157 i 73/50,(Serial No 786,021). The ignition of the discharge tube 23 a effects the line deflection of the cathode ray 130 786,043 3 A means according to claim 2, wherein the driving means for the stroboscopic device 65 and, the driving means for the repetitive sensing of the storage are synchronous motors energised from the same network. 4 A means according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the cyclically-operating magnetic stor 70 age is a rotating drum storage, the rotations of which are synchronised with the repetitions of the indicating device by synchronising signals. A means according to claim 1, wherein 75 the indicating device comprises a cathode ray tube the deflection frequency of which is synchronised with the cyclic sensing of the signal storage 6 A means according to claim 6, wherein 80 the deflection frequency of the tube is determined by the cyclic sensing of the storage device. 7 A means according to claim 6, wherein the deflection frequency of the tube and the 85 cyclic sensing of the storage device are synchronised by the signal frequency of a generator. 8 A means according to claim 1, and including a keyboard by which information in 90 the form of characters may be recorded in the storage. 9 A means according to claim 1, and including a keyboard by which information recorded in' the storage may be selected for 95 repetitive sensing and transmission to the indicating device. A means according to claim 1, for the remote indication of the information, comprising a cyclically-operated rotary drum storage 100 at a transmitting station, with means for recording the information as signals in such storage, a secondary rotary drum storage at the receiving station synchronised with the first drum storage when operating at the lower fre 105 quency, with means at the receiving station for sensing such second storage repetitively at a higher frequency of operation in synchronism with the repetitively-operating indicating device to give the appearance of a continuous 110 image in the indicating device.

11 A means according to claim 1 or 10, including an electronic switch to light a flash tube in the indicating device to effect the indication of the information and a key associ 113 ated with the indicating device to make such switch effective or ineffective. 12 Means according to claim 1 or 10, constructed and adapted to operate substantially according to either of the embodiments herein 120 described with reference to the accompanying drawings. For the Applicant, S Yi DNY E M'CAW'& CO, Chartered Patent Agents, 17, St Ann's Square, Manchester, 2. of the tube 20 and, via the transformer 31 a voltage surge at the grid of the pentode 26. The negatively biassed pentode is opened for a short while, and its anode current loads the capacitor 32; with a definite quantity of electricity, so that its voltage rises by a definable amount. The capacitor 32 is connected with the deflecting plate system 25, which deflects the cathode ray vertically into the next line, successively on a step-wise increase or decrease of the voltage. The transfer of signals for the characters to be indicated is effected via wires a and b, these signals differing from the control and synchronizing signals, preferably by different sequences, amplitudes, polarities or the like. Signals may be transmitted letter by letter (or number by number) under control of the keyboard, or may be transferred word by word, number by number or the like The character signals are transferred via the transformer 33 to the grid of the amplifier pentode 34, which through the transformer lying in the plate circuit, controls the intensity of the cathode ray as between a visually effective and a not visually effective intensity. By means of first storing the matter as signals on drums, discs or the like (e g the magnetic drum 1) there may also be effected a visual indicating of copies of documents or parts of documents, drawings or Ale like, for example over telephone wires On account of the limited frequency width in telephone systems, the signals for the indicating of various types of matter may be transferred with a low speed for recording on a storage device, and when at the receiving station with that storage operating at a lower frequency, and when the recording of signals is terminated, the speed of the storage can be increased in such a way, that the stored signals may be sensed repetitively at a higher frequency of operation synchronised with the repetitions of the indicating device or devices to give an apparently continuous image by means of the repeated indicating This may be done, for example, at a frequency of about fourteen to twenty real images per second.

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