51 daftar pustaka 1. sinatra rs, jahr js, watkins-pitchford jm

51

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

1. Sinatra RS, Jahr JS, Watkins-Pitchford JM, editors. The Essence of Analgesia

and Analgesics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011. p. 229-231.

2. Laine L. Approaches to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the high-

risk patient. Gastroenterology. 2001; 120:594-606.

3. IMS Health. IMS MIDAS Quantum based on selected markets (ATC = M1A

oral solids form only. US$ Actual, growth in US$ CER). Q4. 2008.

4. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar

(RISKESDAS) 2013. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Kesehatan; 2013.

5. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar

(RISKESDAS) 2007. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan

Kesehatan; 2007.

6. Meinicke J, Danneskiold-Samsøe B. Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) and

ibuprofen in rheumatoid arthritis. A randomized double-blind study. Scand J

Rheumatol Suppl. 1980; 35:1-8.

7. Burke A, Smyth E, FitzGerald GA. Analgesic-Antipyretic Agents;

Pharmacotherapy of Gout. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL, editors.

Goodman & Gillman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed.

California: The McGraw Hill Companies; 2011. p. 698.

8. Aronson, JK. Meyler's Side Effects of Analgesics and Anti-inflammatory

Drugs. San Diego: Elsevier Science 702; 2010. p. 225-226.

9. Griffin MR, Yared A, Ray WA. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and

acute renal failure in elderly persons. American Journal of Epidemiology.

2000; 151:488–496.

10. Harris RC. COX-2 and the Kidney. Journals of Cardiovascular Pharmacology.

2006; 47:S37–S42.

11. Satoskar RS, Bhandarkar SD, Rege NN. Pharmacology and

Pharmacotherapeutics 21st ed. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan; 2009.

52

12. Koepke JA, Koepke JF. Guide to Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis. Michigan:

Appleton & Lange; 1987.

13. Ronco C, Bellomo R, Kellum JA. Critical Nephrology 2nd ed. Philadelphia:

Saunders Elsevier; 2009. p. 252-254.

14. Yasmeen T, Qureshi GS, Perveen S. Adverse effects of Diclofenac sodium on

renal parenchyma of adult albino rats. Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Journal.

2007; 57(7):349-351.

15. Taib NT, Jarrar BM, Mubarak MM. Ultrastructural Alterations in Renal

Tissues of Rabbits Induced by Diclofenac Sodium (Voltaren). Saudi Med J.

2004; 25(10):1360-1365.

16. Aprioku JS, Uche FI. Renal Effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory

Drugs in Albino Rats. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2013; 3(3):

314-325.

17. Payne RB. Tests of Kidney Function. Scientific Foundations of Biochemistry

in Clinical Practice. 1994; 325-337.

18. Jacobson RH, Striker EG, Klahrs S. The Principles and Practice of

Nephrology. Philadelphia: Decker Inc; 1991.

19. Witjaksono, Villyastuti YW, Sutiyono D. Masalah Nyeri. In: Soenarjo,

Jatmiko HD, editors. Anestesiologi ed 2. Semarang: PERDATIN Cabang

Jawa Tengah; 2013. hal. 309-321.

20. Dorland. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 32nd ed. Philadelphia:

Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 252-254, 403-407.

21. International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP Taxonomy [Internet].

c2015 [updated 2012 May 22; cited 2015 Jan 9]. Available from:

http://www.iasp-pain.org/Taxonomy/

22. Bull E, Archard G. Simple Guide Nyeri Punggung. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga;

2007. hal. 11.

23. World Health Organization (WHO) Ladder [Internet]. Iowa City: Geriatric

Pain; 2015 [updated 2014; cited 2015 Jan 9]. Available from:

http://www.geriatricpain.org/Content/Management/Interventions/Documents/

WHO%20ladder.pdf/

53

24. Parnham MJ. Non Opioid Analgesic in the Treatment of Acute Pain. Sweden:

Springer Basel AG; 2012.

25. Ganiswarna SG, editor. Farmakologi dan Terapi ed 5. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit

FK UI; 2012. hal. 208, 218.

26. Katzung BG. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2004.

hal. 688-689.

27. Witjahjo RBB. Sistem Urinarius. In: Susilaningsih N, Ismail A, Armalina D,

Saktini F, editors. Lecture Notes Histologi 2. Semarang: Bagian Histologi

Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro; 2012. hal. 68-82.

28. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran Edisi 11. Jakarta: EGC;

2007. hal. 324-326.

29. Van de Graff. Human Anatomy 6th Edition. California: The McGraw Hill

Companies; 2001. p. 677.

30. Faiz O, Moffat D. Anatomi at a Glance. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2002. p.

49.

31. Ellis H. Clinical Anatomy Applied anatomy for students and junior doctors

11th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2006. p. 105-107.

32. Anatomy & Physiology [cited 2015 26 Jan]. Available from:

http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46429.html.

33. Bagian Anatomi. Systema Urogenital. Semarang: Bagian Anatomi Fakultas

Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro. hal 1-9.

34. Harris RC, Neilson EG. Adaptation of the Kidney to Renal Injury. In: Longo

DL, Fauci AS, Loscalzo J, Hauser SL et al, editors. Harrison’s Principle of

Internal Medicine. 18th ed. California: The McGraw Hill Companies; 2011. p.

2289.

35. Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Basic Histology. California: The McGraw Hill

Companies; 2002. p. 332-342.

36. Sherwood L. Human Physiology From Cells to Systems. California: Yolanda

Cossio; 2010. p. 512.

54

37. Effendi I, Markum HMS. Pemeriksaan Penunjang pada Penyakit Ginjal. In:

Sudoyo AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S, editors. Buku

Ajar Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. ed 5. Jakarta: Interna Publishing; 2009. hal. 938.

38. Selim MI. Ammonia, Urea Biosynthesis, Ammonia Intoxication [published

lecture notes]. Available from:

http://osp.mans.edu.eg/medbiochem_mi/Cources/Biochemistry/2nd_year_med

icine/Protein_metabolism/files/Lecture_03.htm/

39. Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW, Mayes PA. Harper’s Illustrated

Biochemistry 26th ed. California: The McGraw Hill Companies; 2003. p. 260.

40. Blood Serum Chemistry - Normal Values [Internet]. Maryland: US FDA;

2015 [updated 2015 Jan 8; cited 2015 Jan 12]. Available from:

http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ICECI/Inspections/IOM/UCM135835.pdf/

41. Weir MR. Renal Effects of Nonselective NSAIDs and Coxibs. Cleveland

Clinic Journal of Medicine [Internet]. 2002. [cited 2014 October 4]; 69(1):53.

Available from: PubMed.

42. Modi CM, Mody SK, Patel HB, Dudhatra GB, Kumar A, Avale M.

Toxicopathological overview of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs in

animals. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science [Internet]. 2012. [cited

2015 January 8]; 02(01):149-157. Available from: www.japsonline.com.

43. Are cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitors safe for the kidneys? Joint Bone

Spine [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2015 January 8]; 70(2013):237-241. Available

from: www.sciencedirect.com.

44. Musu M et al. Acute nephrotoxicity of NSAID from the foetus to the adult.

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences [Internet]. 2011

[cited 2015 January 8]; 15(2011):1461-1472. Available from:

www.sciencedirect.com.

45. Claria J, Arroyo V. Prostaglandins and other cyclooxygenase-dependent

arachidonic acid metabolites and the kidney in liver disease. Prostaglandins &

other Lipid Mediators [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2015 January 8]; 72(2003):19-

33. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com.

55

46. UpToDate [Internet]. NSAID: Acute renal failure and nephrotic syndrome;

c2001 [updated 2001 May 10; cited 2015 January 8]. Available from:

www.uptodate.com.

47. Naughton CA. Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity. American Family Physician

[Internet]. 2008 [cited 2015 January 8]; 78(6):743-750. Available from:

www.aafp.org/afp.

48. Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL. Buku Ajar Patologi Robbins Volume 1.

Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC; 2004. hal. 8-9.

49. World Health Organization (WHO). General Guidelines for Methodologies on

Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. Geneva: WHO. 2000.

50. Laurence DR et al. Evaluation of Drug Activities. London: Academic Press.

1964.

51. Dilger K et al. Effects of celecoxib and diclofenac on blood pressure, renal

function, and vasoactive prostanoids in young and elderly subjects. J Clin

Pharmacol [Internet]. 2002 [cited 2015 June 11]: 42(9):985-994. Available

from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed.

52. Evenepoel P. Acute toxic renal failure. Best Practice & Research Clinical

Anaesthesiology [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2015 June 8]: 18(1):37-52. Available

from: www.sciencedirect.com.

53. Bolat D, Selcuk ML. Stereological and biochemical evaluation of diclofenac-

induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. Revue Med. Vet. [Internet]. 2013 [cited

2015 January 8]: 164(6):290-294. Available from: www.revmedvet.com.

54. U.S. National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Maryland: U.S. National Library

of Medicine; c1993 [updated 2015 June 19; cited 2015 June 29]. Available

from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov.

55. Brenner BM. Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney Volume 1 8th ed. Philadelphia:

Saunders Elsevier; 2008. p. 783-786.

56

LAMPIRAN

LAMPIRAN 1. ETHICAL CLEARANCE

57

LAMPIRAN 2. SURAT KETERANGAN PENELITIAN

58

LAMPIRAN 3. DATA PENELITIAN

Kelompok Tikus Ke- Kadar Ureum (mg/dl)

Kontrol 1

2

3

4

5

51,8

49,9

60,1

68,9

66,0

Perlakuan 1 1

2

3

4

5

50

52,4

57,4

84,3

75,3

Perlakuan 2 1

2

3

4

5

65,1

66,4

48,4

77,3

56,9

59

LAMPIRAN 4. HASIL ANALISIS

Case Processing Summary

Dosis Natrium Diklofenak Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Kadar

Ureum

.00 5 100.0% 0 0.0% 5 100.0%

1.40 5 100.0% 0 0.0% 5 100.0%

2.80 5 100.0% 0 0.0% 5 100.0%

Descriptives

Dosis Natrium Diklofenak Statistic Std. Error

Kadar

Ureum

.00

Mean 59.3400 3.75694

95% Confidence Interval for

Mean

Lower Bound 48.9091

Upper Bound 69.7709

5% Trimmed Mean 59.3333

Median 60.1000

Variance 70.573

Std. Deviation 8.40077

Minimum 49.90

Maximum 68.90

Range 19.00

Interquartile Range 16.60

Skewness -.071 .913

Kurtosis -2.606 2.000

1.40

Mean 63.8800 6.75954


Mean

Lower Bound 45.1125

Upper Bound 82.6475


Median 57.4000

Variance 228.457


9

Minimum 50.00

Maximum 84.30

60

Range 34.30


Skewness .669 .913

Kurtosis -2.081 2.000

2.80

Mean 62.8200 4.85112


Mean

Lower Bound 49.3511

Upper Bound 76.2889


Median 65.1000

Variance 117.667


4

Minimum 48.40

Maximum 77.30

Range 28.90


Skewness -.037 .913

Kurtosis .001 2.000

Tests of Normality

Dosis

Natrium

Diklofenak

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Kadar

Ureum

.00 .215 5 .200* .913 5 .487

1.40 .266 5 .200* .878 5 .300

2.80 .183 5 .200* .982 5 .946

61

Test of Homogeneity of Variances

Kadar Ureum Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

1.982 2 12 .180

ANOVA

Kadar Ureum Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 56.409 2 28.205 .203 .819

Within Groups 1666.788 12 138.899 Total 1723.197 14

Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons

Dependent Variable: Kadar Ureum LSD (I) Dosis

Natrium

Diklofenak

(J) Dosis

Natrium

Diklofenak

Mean

Difference (I-J)

Std. Error Sig. 95% Confidence Interval

Lower Bound Upper Bound

.00 1.40 -4.54000 7.45383 .554 -20.7805 11.7005

2.80 -3.48000 7.45383 .649 -19.7205 12.7605

1.40 .00 4.54000 7.45383 .554 -11.7005 20.7805

2.80 1.06000 7.45383 .889 -15.1805 17.3005

2.80 .00 3.48000 7.45383 .649 -12.7605 19.7205

1.40 -1.06000 7.45383 .889 -17.3005 15.1805

62

LAMPIRAN 5. DOKUMENTASI PENELITIAN

63

LAMPIRAN 6. BIODATA MAHASISWA

Identitas

Nama : Lailitifa Windy Subekti

NIM : 22010111130116

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Kebumen/22 Januari 1994

Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Alamat : Dukuh Srasutan, RT 02/01, Desa Ungaran, Kec.

Kutowinangun, Kab. Kebumen

Nomor Telepon : -

Nomor HP : 085643308874

e-mail : [email protected]

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. SD : SD N 1 Ungaran Lulus tahun: 2005

2. SMP : SMP N 1 Kebumen Lulus tahun: 2008

3. SMA : SMA N 1 Kebumen Lulus tahun: 2011

4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun : 2011

Keanggotaan Organisasi

1. Sekretaris As-Syifa Medical Team Tahun 2013 s/d sekarang

2. Staf Bidang Diklat HIMA KU Undip Tahun 2012 s/d 2014

3. Staf Bidang KSKI Rohis KU Undip Tahun 2012 s/d 2014

4. Staf Bidang PMP KSM Undip Tahun 2013 s/d 2014

5. Sekretaris RHEU Tahun 2012 s/d 2013