5041 5045.output

* GB785448 (A)

Description: GB785448 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Electrolytic production of aluminium

Description of GB785448 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,448 Date of Application and Filing Conplete Specification: May 10, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 4 A, B(IC: 14: 17). International Classification:-C 23 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Electrolytic Production of Aluminium. 1, ALFRED VANG, of Carmel, California, United States of America, a citizen of the United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to an improved process for the electrolytic production of aluminium. An object of the invention is to provide an improved process for the production of aluminium using a known type of electrolytic cell and in which the time required for the production of a given weight of aluminium metal is reduced. A further object of the invention is to increase the current and energy efficiency of the cell being used. According to the invention there is provided a process for the electrolytic production of aluminium comprising the electrolysis in a fused halide salt bath of an aluminium compound by the application of surges of unidirectional voltage having a substantially square wave form, to the electrodes of the cell in which the electrolysis takes place. The process is carried out by means of a cell or pot supplied by current, as shown in the accompanying drawing, in which: Fig 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a cell; Fig 2 illustrates a

wave form of a voltage: while Fig 3 a and 3 b are diagrams illustrating wave forms of power. The application of electrical energy is commonly discussed in terms of DC or AC power and time, with no attempt to indicate the quality of the energy In many instances the quality of energy is of no importance, such as in the heating of water for laundry purposes It is of little consequence when or how fast the water is heated, as a tank full will have a uniform heat content in nearly all portions. When energy is to be supplied to decomposing molecules the conditions are, 50 however, different. A given molecule need not absorb more energy than that for its decomposition, since additional energy is dissipated in the form of heat 55 I have, therefore, introduced a new term for energy to indicate "packages" of energy which are delivered in a given space of time, and at repeated intervals. Contrary to the concept of an average 60 amount of energy, the new term must imply an intensity of constant magnitude over the period of time in question. I employ the term "magna quanta" to indicate such an amount of energy, and it 65 may be translated into kilowatt microseconds, but it is definitely to be understood that the number of kilowatts (or other power units) is constant. The energy for the decomposition of a 70 molecular weight of alumina is constant. However, the speed at which decomposition is effected is determined by the time factor during which the magna quanta are applied to the molecule In order to in-75 crease the speed of decomposition the magna quanta are applied in large units acting over a period of time to produce a sudden impact of energy on the molecule, giving the molecule sufficient energy of 80 activation for complete decomposition, rather than depending on a slow absorption of energy of activation from other molecules. This action is accomplished in the pre 85 sent invention by the use of a relatively high voltage applied over a length of time depending on such voltage. The voltage, the time of increasing the same, the time of more or less steady volt 90 No 1 3540/54. (Price p-l,) H-o age and rate of decay of voltage are all occurs After the period t, the voltage is chosen to keep the electrolyte active, with suddenly interrupted and rapidly, but not phases all in a timed relationship instantaneously, falls to zero down a steep In the production of aluminium, alumina slope 17 During this action similar heatSis decomposed in a pot cell containing ing occurs The motion causing such heat-70 molten cryolite, the pot serves as the cath ing

results from a tendency of the strained ode and the anode is carbon particle to revert to its normal state No As alumina decomposes, there is a tend external voltage is required to cause the ency for gases to form at the anode To particle to reach, or nearly reach, its norl 1 remove these gases from the surface of the mal state, and it is a waste of available 73 electrode, where they are held largely by energy to expend it to supplement a normal electrostatic action, I apply a voltage of action over the extensive period of time. opposite polarity This will free the The shutting off of the current allows bubbles of gas, so that they are out of the the particules to continue in their motion zone of the stagnant film in contact with and such interruption of current produces 80 the electrode and permit rapid rise and a capacity effect similar to the discharge of escape of the gases to give a maximum con a condenser, and the atoms are continued ductive area of the electrode and increase in their course of separation by the effect operating efficiency of the collapsed field. The period between a D Dlication of the The action is analogous to allowing a 83 magna quanta may be varied according to pendulum to "swing down" where there is the condition of the electrolyte no need to help gravity. It is shown, for example, as 10 milli Due to the capacitance of the particle. seconds in Fig 3 a with a pulse height of the effect by the falling voltage does not 2510 kilowatts and a pulse duration of 200 result in the potential of the particle im 90 microseconds In Fig 3 b the period be mediately becoming zero In fact the potween the pulses is shown as 5 milliseconds tential becomes reversed as at 18 analogous with a pulse height of 10 kilowatts and a to the discharging of a condenser against pulse s=econil T Iw resistance The reverse potential he cell comprises a pot 10 of conven (and hence current) is utilized for a very 93 tional construction containing an electro important purpose, namely offsetting unly te 11 the greater part of which is in a desirable excess voltage effects, as demolten condition Carbon electrodes 12 scribed below. which serve predominantly as anodes are The abnormally high voltage applied, connected to a current source 13, such as even for short durations, results in deposi 100 shown in my United States Patent No tion of undesired elements, particularly 2.432 218 as is the pool 14 of molten metal sodium from the bath, on the cathode. lic aluminum which serves as the corre This disadvantage is obvious; yet this sponding cathode high voltage is necessary to "force" the 4 o As electrolyte, I may employ alumina cell to rapid performance 103 dissolved in cryolite or a suitable mixture Due to reverse voltage at

18, the sodium of fluorides, or any suitable carrier for is dissolved and removed from the alumialumina nium, The wave form 15 of the voltage applied My process is particularly adapted to 4 S to and developed in the cell is nearly installations where space is at a premium, 110 square (on the positive side of the time and when anode by-products, such as caraxis) As the voltage increases sharply bon tetrachloride, chlorinated and fluorin(with nearly vertical slope, as at 16) par ated hydrocarbons, and phosgene are in tides of alumina (particularly unionized demand, as these may be recovered, by so particles) are subjected to great electro known procedures, from the anode gas 115 static strain, as are other portions of the along with -the usual oxides of carbon. electrolyte Not only does this tend to pro The current source 13 may be of any mote ionization, but the increasing voltage known type capable of producing magna causes abrupt movement of the particles quanta The time lag Z between positive which have an appreciable diapole moment, voltages may be of the same order as the 120 be they neutral molecules or ions capable duration of the time t, but can be varied of further ionization This abrupt -move in accordance with the requirements of ment generates beat within the particles as purity of the aluminium metal and the opposed to heating the bath en mnass nature of the anode products desired The When the voltage has risen to a value voltage V also has an -effect-on these var 125 which may be above 6 to 10 volts, and even ables, but adjustments can be readily made or, 150 volts, it is maintained for a time by one skilled in the art to permit optimum t, which may range from a period of a accomplishment of all objectives.

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* GB785449 (A)

Description: GB785449 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Subtiltryptasin and its production


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PATENT SPECIFICATION 7851449 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 29, 1954. No 19036/54. Application made in Germany on Aug 8, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 81 ( 1), B 8, F. International Classification:-A 6 lk C 12 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Subtiltryptasin and its Production ERRATA SPECIFICATION No 785,449 Page 1, line 81, for " var," read " var ") Page 4, line 90, after " agitator " insert ", " Page 8, in the Table, for "Adenite" read " Adonite " Page 8, in the Table, for " ion" read "iron' I Fage 8, at end of Table, insert "Sch" THE PATENT OFFICE, 16th December, 1957. an intial p H value of from 6 5 to 8 and containing at least one carbon source selected from the group consisting of dextrose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sorbose, sucrose, maltose, xylose, arabinose, starch dextiines, glycerol, glycerol aldehyde, mannite, sorbite, inulin, inositol and citrates and mixtures thereof, and at least one nitrogen source selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, amino acids, amino acid salts, aliphatic amino alcohols containing an oxy group bonded to the carbon atom adjacent the amino group and an amino nitrogen having at the most two, substituents, preferably aminopropylene glycol, ethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine and ethylene diamine and mixtures

thereof, the cultivation forming such therapeutically valuable substance containing at least 10,000 bacilli per c c and being continued until substantially complete consumption of at least one of the said nutrients in the medium. The nutrient culture medium may contain up to 0 1 % by' weight of at least one amino acid. The therapeutically active substance is lPrice 3 s 6 d l detailed characterisation of Bacillus subtilis var indolasus The horizontal listings give the reactions of the bacillus observed' in a nutrient medium, the characteristic component of which is given in the vertical listing For example, the term " acetyl methyl carbinol " designates the formation of that substance in a specified solution given by Voges-Proskauer The formation of acetyl methyl carbinol is proved by colour reaction, given by Voges-Proskauer, too. We have found as a further characteristic of Bacillus subtilis var, indolasus that it produces practically no toxically acting substances when it is cultivated on a nutrient medium free from protein By these means there are obtained directly products which are non-toxic in therapeutic doses Inorganic ammonium salts may be mainly employed as the source of nitrogen, but the addition of small quantities of amino acids or salts thereof, for example, asparagine and alanine, in quantities of not more than 0.1 % by weight, calculated on the culture medium, is also possible, depending on the l:,'' t. v X PATENT SPECIFICATION 7859449 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: June 29, 1954. No 19036/54. Application made in Germany on Aug 8, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 81 ( 1), B 8, F. International Classification:-A 61 k C 12 k. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Subtiltryptasin and its Production We, BYK-GULDEN LOMBERG CHEMISCHE FABRIK G M B H, a German Company of Konstaniz/Bodensee, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to, be performed, to be particularly described in and by tht following statement: This invention is concerned with Subtiltryptasin, and its production Subtiltryptasin is effective against various diseases, more especially against inflammations, especially of a chronical kind, or degenerative processes of the liver, bilary tracts and intestines as well as. against inflammations exhibiting poor healing tendencies. According to the present invention, there is provided a process for obtaining a therapeutically valuable substance herein designated

subtiltryptasin, wherein Bacillus subtilis var. indolasus or a mutant thereof is cultivated in a protein-free nutrient culture medium having an initial p H value of from 6 5 to 8 and containing at least one carbon source selected from the group consisting of dextrose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sorbose, sucrose, maltose, xylose, arabinose, starch dextnines, glycerol, glycerol aldehyde, mannite, sorbite, inulin, inositol and citrates and mixtures thereof, and at least one nitrogen, source selected from the group consisting of ammonium salts, amino acids, amino acid salts, aliphatic amino alcohols containing an oxy group bonded to the carbon atom adjacent the amino group and an amino 3.5 nitrogen having at the most two, substituents, preferably aminopropylene glycol, ethanol amine, diethanol amine, triethanol amine and ethylene diamine and mixtures thereof, the cultivation forming such therapeutically valuable substance containing at least 10,000 bacilli per c c and being continued until substantially complete consumption of at least one of the said nutrients in the medium. The nutrient culture medium may contain up to 0 1 % by weight of at least one amino acid. The therapeutically active substance is lPrice 3 s 6 d l formed during the culture and growth of the Bacillus subtilis var indolasus, which has been isolated from grasses on a meadow A sample of the Bacillus has been deposited in the Culture Collection of the Vienna University In. stitute of Health and has been given the number 1147/56 The description and identification of the micro-organism according to the key of Bergey's " Manual of Determinative Bacteriology," VI Edition, with inclusion of some tests not provided therein, is as follows: Bacillus subtilis var indolasus belongs to Family XIII, baciillaceae Fischer; genus bacillus, species bacillus subtilis, var indolasus. The appearance of a rough form and of a smooth form is frequently observed When one of these forms is isolated and cultivated, the other form is practically always also formed' again Both forms, both individually and alsol mixed with one another, are therapeutically active. The attached' Table I serves for a more detailed characterisation of Bacillus subtilis var indolasus The horizontal listings give the reactions of the bacillus obseivedj in a nutrient medium, the characteristic component of which is given in the vertical listing For example, the term " acetyl methyl carbinel " designates the formation of that substance in a specified solution given by Voges-Proskauer The formation of acetyl methyl carbinol is proved by colour reaction, given by Voges-Proskauer, too,. We have found as a further characteristic of Bacillus subtilis; var,

indolasus that it produces practically no, toxically acting substances when it is cultivated on a, nutrient medium free from protein By these means there are obtained directly products which are non-toxic in therapeutic doses Inorganic amnuonium salts may be mainly employed as the source of nitrogen, but the addition of small quantities of amino acids or salts thereof for example, asparagine and alanine, in quantitiesl of not more than 0.1 % by weight, calculated on the culture medium, is also possible, depending on the composition of the other constituents of the nutrient medium On the other hand, if Bacillus subtilis var indolasus is cultivated on material containing protein or in solutions containing protein it forms toxic substances which make it impossible to use it as a medicine. The use of protein-free solutions for the cultivation of Bacillus subtilis var indolasus is accordingly a particular feature of the invention Suitable nutrient solutions or media contain, for example, grape sugar, fruit sugar, maltose, cane sugar, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, potassium phosphate, sodium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, alanine, asparagine, calcium chloride, citrates, glycerol, dextrines, mannite, sorbite, vitamins, hormones or purines. Cultivation of the bacilli in those nutrient media is carried out until a substance is obtained containing at least 10,000 bacilli per c.c, the cultivation being continued until substantially complete consumption of at least one of the said nutrients in the medium. The p H value of the nutrient media is 6 5-8 before inoculation with the microorganisms Desirably, the media contain compounds which have a buffering effect Despite such buffering, the medium becomes acid during the culture and may have a p H value of 6-7 at the conclusion thereof Preferably the cultivation is carried cut at a temperature in the range of 25-50 C. Cultures of Bacillus subtilis var indolasus prepared according to the invention on solid culture media are washed away by means of distilled water or physiological salt solution; the suspensions thus obtained may be used as therapeutic agents Likewise, liquid cultures prepared according to the invention may be directly used as therapeutic agents Both agents are made preservative by the addition of p-hydroxy-benzoic ester. A powder containing subtiltryptasin and showing the advantage of higher preservability -compared to the liquld form-is obtained by removing the water from liquids containing subtiltryptasin (prepared as above) by means of spray-drying, drying by freezing, or by drumdrying Fillers, e g carbohydrates such as lactose, may be added for better dosing The addition may be made prior to the removal of water. Killing the bacteria does not decrease the therapeutical efficiency,

since the effective substance is a product of the metabolism of the bacteria which is heat-resistant and not affected by sterilization The cultures may therefore easily be sterilized in any known manner, e g in an autoclave, and the therapeutic agents may be used as described, in liquid or solid form. The effective substance is water-soluble It is therefore possible to, separate the bacilli by a centrifuge or by filtration, and to use the filtrate as well as the mass of bacilli as a therapeutic agent, the mass of bacilli containing the subtiltryptasin as a product of metabolism in substantial amounts The mass of bacilli may be administered in the form of a suspension, or, similarly to the culture filtrate, 70 it may be dried in the above-described manner Dosing is dependent on the application of the preparation According to the definition of antibiotics by Waksman in an article by Regna (Chemistry and Industry 67 75 ( 1948) p 275) antibiotics are chemical substances produced by micro-organisms which have the capacity to inhibit the growth of, and even to destroy, bacteria and other microorganisms It is also mentioned that each anti 80 biotic is characterized by a specific antimicrobial spectrum In Table 2, attached to the Specification, subtiltryptasin is tested with four completely different classes of bacteria, the growth c those bacteria not being in 85 hibited by subtiltryptasin This fact showed conclusively that subtiltryptasin has no antibiotical action and therefore we did not think it necessary to carry out those tests with all known strains of bacteria However, it is 90 believed certain that subtiltryptasin has an entirely different action to that of the products of the Metabolism of other strains of Bacillus subtilis, e g Bacitracin, an antibiotic of high efficiency which is often used The bacilli may 95 be cultivated on solid nutrient media, more especially those which contain agar-agar, but may also be cultivated in liquid culture solutions A cultivation of Bacillus subtilis var. indolasus is possible under anaerobic condi 100 tions, but the therapeutic efficacy of such cultures S lower than if the cultivation is effected under aerobic conditions, for which reason the latter method is to be preferred, especially since the development and multiplication of 105 the bacilli to a point of therapeutic efficiency of the culture solutions proceeds more rapidly than under anaerobic conditions With cultivation in a static culture solution under aerobic conditions, Bacillus subtilis var indolasus 110 grows, diffusing cloudily and forming a surface skin, so that culture flasks and the like are advantageous for cultivation on a relatively large scale A preferred method for the production of relatively large quantities of the 115 medicine in liquid nutrient solutions is the cultivation of Bacillus subtilis var indolasus in a submerged culture, sterile air

being blown into the culture solution with simultaneous thorough stirring of the culture solution The 120 injection of ailr in a quantity of 0 1-1 5 vol. of air each minute per vol of culture solution. has been proved to, be particularly favourable. When using the submerged process, it is desirable for the culture solutions to have added 125 thereto a froth-preventing agent, more especially a silicone having a froth-preventing action. The most favourable cultivation temperature, both with a surface culture and with a submerged culture is between 25 and 50 C, but 130 785,449 785,449 3 it is also possible to employ higher or lower temperatures, even if the result is somewhat less favourable According to the composition of the nutrient solution and the temperature employed during the cultivation, the most favourable cultivation period is 3 to 10 days 1 Therapeutically active substances, however, are 1 already obtained after a cultivation period of 24 hours; after a fortnight, growth of the bacilli decreases, and after a cultivation period of about one month, further cultivation will neither be required nor necessary In practice, the cultivation is continued until only about %NO of the nutrient or the nutrients remain in the culture medium For submerged cultures the time is generally somewhat shorter, especially with abundant flow of air therethrough It has been found that it is particularly desirable to extend the culture period to such an extent that practically all nutrient substances, more especially the carbohydrates, are consumed An even longer period, until consumption of the nutrient solution, is, possible for it has been shown that the action with reaitively long standing is not impaired as regards efficacy, as is frequently the case with the cultivation of other micro-organisms. The solid or liquid cultures of Bacillus subtilis var indolasus which are thus obtained may be used directly as therapeutic agents, especially after they have had added to them a preserving agent, more especially a mixture of phydroxybenzoic acid esters However, it is better, more especially for reasons of stability, to dehydrate the product, for example, by atomisation drying or by freeze drying, or to concentrate it in a roller drier or evaporator, and for the purpose of better dispersion, the solution may also, have added to it inert watersoluble or water-insoluble substances, more espeatally carbohydrates, before or after the drying It is not necessary to kill the bacilli in the medicine or to remove them However, killing by physical or chemical means is quite possible without a decrease in efficiency, for example, by heat sterilization Furthermore, the bacilli present in the culture solution may be separated and both these separated bacilli, after previous killing if desired, and also

the culture solution in fluid or dehydrated form, can be employed as therapeutic agents Purification of the active principles of the culture solution is in principle possible, but no particular advantage has been shown as a result of this. Which is the effective substance responsible for the therapeutic action in the medicines prepared in this manner has not yet been determined According to the experiments, the solutions contain no known antibiotic, as will be apparent from the attached Table II The culture solutions contain a series of ferments, more especially tryptic ferments, but the effect cannot be attributed to these, for their removal or destruction does not impair efficacy It is worthy of note that the effective substances contained in the culture solution and in the bacilli are not made ineffective by heating for a relatively long period at higher tempera 70 tures, e g heating to 130 C during a period of 2 5 hours did not affect them. In some cases it will be advantageous to purify the culture solution by dialysis with distilled water after cultivation The residue 75 of the dialysis contains the effective substance which is processed and used in the usual manner The 24-hour dose of the therapeutic agents amounts to 0 18-27 mg, preferably to 0.9-4 5 mg of the dried residue of the 80 dialysis. It is extremely difficult to give the approximate amount of bacilli necessary for inoculating the culture Generally it will be most favourable to inoculate the culture 85 medium with 10 % of the amount of bacilli which is to be contained in the final culture solution If for instance 1 litre of the final, culture solution is to contain 1000 million germs, it is advisable tol inoculate with approx 90 imately 100 million germs. As a matter of course, a greater as well as a smaller amount of germs may be used. Theoretically it would be possible to inoculate only with one single germ; but the culture 95 periods become the longer, the smaller amounts of germs will be inoculated. For example, if a culture period of eight days is necessary when inoculating 10 % of the germs to be contained in the final culture 100 solution, it is likely that a fortnight will be needed if inoculation is effected only with 1;% of the final amount, because a multiplication of 102 is necessary; and if inoculation is effected by 0 1 % three weeks will be taken because a 105 multiplication of 103 is necessary These figures are of course merely estimated and are given only as an illustration The effective substance is likely to grow even if a small amount of germs is inoculated, but it will take 110 a correspondingly longer time until the product has got its full efficiency According to Inventor's experiences the efficiency depends

on the amount of germs contained in a certain amount of solution A critical limit, therefore, 115 can hardly be stated If the cultivating period had been not long enough; i e if no sufficiently large amount of bacilli is in the solution, the final product is less efficient, and a larger amount per dose has to be applied 120 As regards ithe dose which is necessary from a therapeutic point of view the toxicity of the medicine is exceptionally low A sterilized dry residue obtained by evaporation of a 10-day culture solution possessed a dosis letalis 50 125 according to Kirber with parenteral injection of 175-200 mg/kg of mouse ( 100 mg contained 13 300 000 000 germs) Subtoxic doses can be delivered over a relatively long period of time without deleterious effect on the health 130 785,449 of the animals and without significant changes of the liver, spleen, kidneys and blood With peroral application, for example, with the aid of stomach tube, even much higher doses can be applied to the test animals without any kind of toxic phenomena becoming apparent. The dose necessary for healing diseases of the liver, bilary tracts and intestines using the same preparation perorally, is a quantity containin about 250 000 000 to 50 000 000 000, preferably 1250000000 to 6000000000 bacilli per day for an adult of about 60 kg. It is particularly interesting and valuable that the medicines prepared from the Bacillus subtilis var indolasus are fully effective with oral application, although parenteral or rectal application is also possible For parenteral application, the use of a culture filtrate is generally preferred The more advantageous use is consequently the oral application. The therapeutic value of the medicines obtained from bac subt var ind is shown by the fact that up to the present very good results were produced with them in connection with chronic cholangitis and cholecystitis, conditions following heptatitis epidemica acuta, resulting conditions after previous cholecystectomy, chronic hepatitis, precirrhosis and cirrhosis with and without ascites, chronic gastro-enteritis, colitis ulcerosa gravis The percentages of successes is substantially higher than with the methods of treatment and preparaticns normally used hitherto and a successful treatment has also been frequently produced when the patient had previously been treated in accordance with known methods without success The results are deternined clinically and inl the laboratory, for example, by the known liver tests, such as paper electrophoresis of the serum, thymol test, TakataAra or cephalin flocculation test The imaprovement which can be determined in the laboratory lags behind the clinical improvement throughout by a more or less relatively long time interval. For success in therapy, an absolutely certain diagnosis is necessary

and it seems that a previous local sanitation, rest in bed and adherence to a fixed diet, more especially complete avoidance of protein and fat, with the exception of milk and limited quantities of butter. is to be recommended, or may perhaps be absolutely necessary. In accordance with experiences in various clinics, it may be advantageous to effect cures with the aid of the new medicine using quantities of about 150 mg dry residue of a culture (corresponding to 20000 000 000 germs) or some more of a corresponding culture filtrate, or 40000000000 to 50000000000 separated germs, preferably in the form of an aquecus solution or aqueous suspension, which are applied orally during 5 to 6 days According to the gravity of the case, and following previous results, such cures should be repeated twice or more often until healing is complete. The intervals between the cures should be increased, depending on how chronic the complaint is. It is to be understood, that for the produc 70 tion of Subtiltryptasin we do not wish to limit ourselves to Bacillus subtilis -var indolasus but we especially wish to, include the use of organisms which are mutants produced from the described organism by mutating agents 75 such as X-radiation, ultraviolet radiation and nitrogen mustards. The invention is illustrated by the following Exam Dles; EXAMPLE 1 80 A sterilized solution of 5 g primary potassium phosphate, 0 6 g sodium chloride 0 1 mg zinc sulphate, 0 8 g ainmonium chloride and 3 2 g glucose in 1 litre of water, which was adjusted to a p H value of 7 2 by addition 85 of sodium hydroxide solution, was inoculated with Bac subt var ind The solution was incubated for 7 days at a temperature of 350 C By stirring with an effective high-speed agitator the surface skin which was formed was go dispersed extremely finely in the solution (such a dispersion also being possible in a vibrator apparatus by addition of glass balls or with the aid of supersonics) 2 g of a mixture of equal parts of p-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl 95 ester and propyl ester were then dissolved in the solution while heating The solution thus obtained was used directly as medicine It contained approximately 1000 000 000 000 germs in the total quantity of liquid 100 In a modification the solution was not mixed with benzoic acid esters but was sterilized by heating The solution was then evaporated to dryness by spray or roller drying, or by evaporation at normal pressure or in vac Uo The 105 residue obtained was adjusted to a predetermined weight by grinding with a carbohydrate such as grape sugar, milk sugar or cane sugar. EXAMPLE 2. A sterilized solution of O 8 g ammonium 110 sulphate, 05 g sodium chloride, 0 8 g sodium citrate 0 55 g citric acid, O 5 g prim sodium

phosphate and 4 g fructose in 1 litre of water, with a p H adjusted to, a value of 6 6 with the aid of sodium hydroxide solution was inocu 115 lated with Bac subt var ind and incubated for 61 days at a temperature of 36-37 C. The culture formed was further treated in accordance with the procedure of Example 1. EXAMPLE 3 120 A sterilized solution of 1 35 g prim potassium phosphate 565 g sec sodium phosphate, 0.06 g magnesium chloride, 0 0005 g calcium chloride with water of crystallisation, 0 45 g. sodium chloride, 0 9 g alanine and 4 g 125 sucrose rin 1 litre of water, with a p H value adjusted to 7 0 was inoculated with Bac subt. var ind After an incubation period of 5 days, the formed surface skin was homogenized, the solution sterilized by heating to 120 C and 130 785,449 EXAMPLE 6. g asparagine, 0 5 g aneurine, 0 5 g. lactoflavine, 0 5 g diethyl dioxystilbene propionate, 5 0 g ferrous sulphate, 0 1 g copper sulphate, 5 g sodium chloride, 55 g citric acid, 430 g sec sodium phosphate and 400 g. fructose were dissolved in 100 litres of distilled water After addition of 5 g of a frothpreventing agent (Bayer defrothing agent E conc), the solution was sterilized by heating and inoculated after cooling with Bac. subt var ind The solution was then kept at a temperature of about 36-370 C and incubated for 4 days while blowing in sterile air into the bottom end of the container The solution formed was then sterilized by heating and, after addition of a mixture of equal parts of sodium chloride and milk sugar, dried on a roller drier. EXAMPLE 7. A culture solution prepared according to Example 1, was sterilized by heating it for one hour to 1200 C after cultivation 1 litre of the solution was then introduced into a dialysing bag and was dialysed with distilled water The residue of dialysis containing the effective substances was evaporated to dryness in vacuo; the dry residue amounted to, 0 78 g. and was then ground with 14 22 g of lactose. Instead of drying the dialysed solution by evaporating it in vacua, other convenient drying methods such as roller-drying, spray-drying or the like may also be used. then evaporated to dryness in vacuo The dry residue was ground with 22 5 g milk sugar to produce a substance which was used as such. EXAMPLE 4. A solution of 0 001 g p-amino benzoic acid, 0.05 g adenine, 0 05 g cytidine, 0 05 g manganesesulphate, 0 85 g asparagine, 0 5 g.

potassium chlc Tide, 1 35 g prim potassium phosphate, 5 65 g sec sodium phosphate and 4 g maltose in 1 litre of water was sterilized, its p H adjusted to, 7 5, inoculated with Bac. subt var ind and incubated for 4-t days at a temperature of 37 5-38 C The culture solution formed was filtered through a bacteria filter, the filtrate evaporated to, dryness and ground with milk sugar. The separated bacilli were likewise dried and ground with milk sugar Both grindings with milk sugar were employed therapeutically. EXAMPLE 5. g agar-agar were dissolved in a nutrient solution prepared in accordance with Example 3 The sterilized culture medium was inoculated with Bac Subt var ind and incubated in dishes for 7 t days at a temperature of 380 C The surface skin formed was removed from the agar-agar dishes, dried, the bacilli killed by heating and then ground together with cane sugar The solution of Example 3 was first adjusted to a determined p H value which remained stable even after the addition of agaragar, due to the presence of the buffer system primary potassium phosphate secondary sodium phosphate. 785,449 TABLE I Acetyl Iron per Urea Nutrient culture Gas Acid Liqui Pepton Haemo Growth Ni NH 3 methyl chloride decom H 25 media factions isation lysis trite carbinol blackening position Blood agar and + blood broth (Haemo + lysis) Gelatine + + Loifier serum + ++ Serum agar + ++ Milk ++ Nitrate broth + + Grape sugar peptone solution according + + to Voges Proskauer Beef gall Dextrose in Barsiekow solution + + Fructose in Barsiekow solution + + Saccharose in Barsiekow solution + + Maltose in Barsiekow solution + + Mannose in Barsiekow solution + + on) OP 97 -P> TABLE I (continued) Acetyl Iron per Urea Nutrient culture Gas Acid Liqui Pepton Haemo Growth Ni NH 3 methyl chloride decom H 25 media factions isation lysis trite carbinol blackening position Xylose in Barsiekow solution + + Starch in Barsiekow solution + + Dextrin in Barsiekow solution + + Glycerine in Barsiekow solution + + Mannite in Barsiekow solution _ + + Sorbite in Barsiekow solution (+) + Galactose in after Barsiekow solution 60 h + Lactose in Barsiekow solution + Rhamnose inBarsiekow solution + Raffinose in Barsiekow solution + Dulcite in Barsiekow solution + 4 \ O TABLE I (continued) Acetyl Iron per Urea Nutrient culture Gas Acid Liqui Pepton Haemo Growth Ni NH, methyl chloride decom H 25 media factions isation lysis trite carbinol blackening position Adenite in Barsiekow solution _ + 3 % Na Cl broth + 6 % Na CI broth + Kligler ion agar + Esculin broth + + Urea agar ()little Inulin in after Barsiekow solution 108 h + l + Inositol in after Barsiekow solution 108 h + Serum + Liver broth ++ l 1 % gelatine solution with indole supplement +F The decomposition of the carbohydrates (apart from Esculin) was tested in Barsiekow nutrient

solution Growth: + + Very good + good (+) little, only after some days (A-) just traceable after some days (-) undetectable 785,449 TABLE II Dry culture residuum (containing 133 million germs per mg) in y/cc. 500 250 125 62 5 31 25 15 5 Control Strain /cc /cc /cc /cc /cc /cc 0 /cc Micrococcus pyogenes varaureus SG 511 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Micrococcus pyogenes var aureus B ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Micrococcus pyogenes varaureus H ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Micrococcus pyogenes varaureus W ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ E coli Bl ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ E coli H ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ E coli W ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ E coli 526 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Streptococcus Gr A No 807 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Streptococcus Gr B No 779 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Streptococcus Gr C No 895 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Streptococcus Gr D No 816 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Diplococcus pneumoniae Type I No H ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Diplococcus pneumoniae Type I No 1231 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ Diplococcus pneumoniae Type II No Knoop ++ ++ ++ ++ A ++ ++ Diplococcus pneumoniae Type III No Kohler ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + = good growth


* GB785450 (A)

Description: GB785450 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in or relating to facsimile telegraph scanning mechanism


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PATENT SPECIFICATION 7859450 ivenztors:-J O HN VICTOR FOLL, PETER WILLIAM SIEBER and ALAN ARTHUR KIRCHEL. Date of filinq Complete Speci cation: June 3, 1955. Application Date: June 29, 1954 No 19056 /54. Complete Specification Piibli she(d: Oct 30, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 3), B 3, F 1 A. International Classification:-HO 2 p H 04 n. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements in or relating to Facsimile Telegraph Scanning Mechanism. We, MUIRHEAD & Co LIMITED, of Elmers End, Beckenham, in the County of Kent, a Comipany registered under the laws of Great Britain, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to facsimile scanning mechanisms, such as are employed in facsimile telegraph transmitters or receivers wherein the sheet containing the matter to be transmitted, or the sheet upon which the reproduction is to be made, is mounted on a drum for the purpose of being scanned, the drum being driven rotationally and arranged for relative axial movement with respect to an optical system The sheet is usually attached to the drum either by longitudinal clips which engage its ends or by means of a transparent spring-tensioned wrapper In either case it is desirable that the drum be held in a particular rotational position during the unloading and loading operations in order that the clips may be placed in their correct positions or, in the case of a transparent wrapper, that the free end of the wrapper is presented in a convenient position for manipulation and loading. During the scanning operation it is essential that the drums in the transmitter and receiver be rotated in correct angular relationship with respect to each other and in exact synchronism Consequently the drums and the related mechanism must be manufactured to a high degree of precision. Facsimile transmissions normally involve the use of a trunk telephone line or a radio link, or both, and to ensure the most efficient use of the particular communication channel being used and to provide for

rapid and convenient operation of the transmitting and receiving apparatus it is desirable that the lPrice 3 s 6 d l drums of the transmitter and receiver should be stopped automatically in their correct positions for unloading and loading at the end of the transmission Each drum with its clamping arrangements or wrapper is of substantial weight and in order to avoid heavy mechanical shocks on the mechanism, which would inevitably lead to deterioration in the precision with which it operates, it is highly desirable that during the automatic stopping operation the speed of the drums should be reduced to a low level before they are stopped in the required position for unloading and loading. The power required to rotate the drum at the normal scanning speed is quite small, and it is preferable to use a small driving motor since its power supply is often derived from a source built into the machine, such as a thermionic A C generator whose frequency is controlled by a tuning fork A small motor is also desirable from the point of view of compactness. In certain applications of facsimile telegraph machines it is required that the motors of the transmitter and receiver should run continually in synchronism and that either drum should be capable of being stopped, re-started and brought into exact angular and rotational synchronism with the other drum by automatic means The acceleration and synchronization of the drum which is being started must be carried out without imposing sufficient load on its driving motor to pull it out of synchronism. Whilst highly complicated mechanical and electrical arrangements could be devised to meet all these requirements, it is a principal object of the present invention to provide a simple scanning arrangement for a facsimile telegraph transmitter or receiver in which the rotational speed of the drum is reduced to a low level before the locking 3 dio <,G, SO arrangement operates to stop, the drum automatically in the desired position for unloading. In an extension of this invention by which the drum may be stopped without stopping the motor, the drum has its speed reduced to a predetermined low level before being stopped in the desired position and, upon operation of the starting mechanism, is accelerated at a rate insufficient to impose such a load upon the motor as to pull it out of synchronism and is automatically brought into synchronism with the drum of the remote facsimile telegraph machine without the need for synchronizing pulses or other assistance from the remote machine. The invention consists of a facsimile scanning mechanism comprising a scanning drum, an automatic stopping mechanism, manual actuating means, and means the operation of which is initiated by the manual actuating means whereby the speed of the drum is automatically reduced

below a predetermined level before the automatic stopping mechanism is engaged to stop the drum in a desired position for unloading and loading. The invention further consists of a facsimile scanning mechanism comprising a scanning drum, an automatic stopping mechanism, manual actuating means, and means the operation of which is initiated by the manual actuating means whereby, at the end of a scanning sequence, the speed 3.5 of the drum is automatically reduced below a predetermined level before the automatic stopping mechanism is engaged to stop the drum in a desired position for unloading and loading and further means whereby, when the drum is to be re-started, it is accelerated at a predetermined rate to a speed in excess of synchronous speed until its angular position corresponds to that of a remote scanning drum and its speed is then reduced to synchronous speed. The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification. Figure 1 shows one arrangement for carrying the invention into effect, Figure la shows a possible addition to the arrangement of Figure, 1 Figure 2 shows another arrangement for carrying the invention into effect, and aa Figure 2 a is an enlarged sectional detail of Figure 2. Figure 1 illustrates the arrangement applied to an elementary scanning mechanism where the message drum 1 rotates upon a stationary lead-screw 2 and is driven rotationally by means of a gear wheel 3 fixed to the drum, and driven by a pinion 4 which is in turn driven by a synchronous motor 5 When the drum rotates it is moved endways by a part nut 6 pivotally mounted on one end of a rod 6 a extending through the drum engaging with the lead-screw 2, in order that the drum surface may be scanned by the optical head 7 When the part nut 6 runs off the thread of the lead-screw 2 70 the drum will have reached the end of its traverse. A start-stop lever 20 has an extension 21 to operate rod 23 against the contacts of a changeover switch shown diagrammatically 75 With the start-stop lever 20 in the start position, current is fed to the motor 5 to rotate the drum 1 in the direction shown by arrow A Meshing with the pinion 4 is an auxiliary gear wheel 24 which rotates in the same 80 direction and at the same speed as the drum. Pivotally mounted on the side of gear wheel 24 is an abutment lever 25 which is urged against stop 25 a by tension spring 26 A stop latch 27 is mounted on pin 28 and is 55 urged into the path of abutment lever 25 by tension spring 29 While scanning is in progress gear wheel 24 revolves in the direction shown by arrow B and at each revolution abutment lever 25 forces stop latch 27 90 out of its path against the tension of spring 29 When scanning is finished start-stop lever 20 is moved to the stop position and rod 23 actuates the change-over switch

to reverse the direction of rotation of motor 5 95 The reversed torque applied by motor 5 rap Idly brings drum 1 to a standstill and then reverses its direction for part of a revolution until abutment lever 25 engages stop latch 27 Tension spring 26 absorbs 100 the kinetic energy of the revolving parts and the drum and motor are brought to rest. Druni 1 will now be held in its rest position by the turning movement of motor 5 acting against stop latch 27 This position is con 105 venient for fixing clips or operating a wrapper and for operating nut-release lever 13 to restore the drum to its starting position. Movement of the start-stop lever 20 to the start position to commence scanning, 110 will operate the change-over switch to cause the motor to drive the drum in the scanning direction and to feed along the lead-screw 2. In the arrangement shown in Figure la for operating the start-stop lever 20, the 115 drum 1 is covered by hinged lid 30 during the time that scanning is taking place, in which case the hinged lid is provided with a cam projection 31 which moves the startstop lever 20 into the start position when the 120 lid is closed and allows lever 20 to move to the stop position under influence of spring 32 when the lid is raised. The operational sequence will be that in the rest condition, the lid 30 will be raised 125 in the open position, and drum 1 will be stationarv and at the right-hand end ready to be loaded. After loading the lid is lowered to the closed position which will actuate the start 130 785,450 rate equivalent to the difference between the initial speed of gear 39 and the speed of gear 46. The outer face of gear 43 runs against the thrust face 40 a provided on the fixed struc 70 ture of the machine and when lever 51 is moved to the left pin 42 a moves to the left with it, thus transferring the pressure of spring 50 from clutch plates 41 to gear 43 and thence to thrust face 40 a In this way 75 the friction drive to gear 40 is removed so that drum 35 stops. Associated with the lever 51 is an arresting lever 52 which when the lever 51 is moved to the stop position, is free to engage with a 80 rectangular hole 53 in the gear wheel 39 under the influence of a spring 54. In the rest position of the drum, gear wheel 39 is held by the arresting lever 52 so that drum 36 is in the convenient position 85 for fixing the message clips or operating the wrapper In this position the drum can be moved endways to the start-traverse position, the release of the nut 37 being effected by pressing tail 55 against spring action to 90 wards the stop 56 mounted on the end of the drum Motor 47 will uninterruptedly be driving gear 46 at the synchronous

speed and in the correct phase corresponding to the associated remote telegraphic machine 95 To commence scanning, the lever 51 will be moved to the start position allowing spring 50 to exert its thrust on friction plates 41 to drive gear wheels 40 and 39 At the same time the arresting lever 52 will be dis 1 oo engaged from the gear wheel 39 Hence the drum 35 will accelerate and rotate at a slightly faster speed than the gear wheel 46 until the lug 48 abuts against the latch 49 after which time the drum will revolve at 105 the speed of gear wheel 46 and in correct phase and synchronism with the drum of the remote facsimile telegraphic machine. Lead-screw 34 associated with part nut 37 will traverse the drum past the lens system 110 57, When scanning is complete and it is required to stopi the drum for reloading and resetting, movement of the lever 51 to the stop position will release the driving clutch 115 plates 41 and move the arresting lever 52 towards the gear wheel 39 to engage with hole 53 to stop the drum as it comes around by its own momentum to the required position 120 In order that the impact of stopping the drum 35 is reduced to an acceptable amount, Provision is made so that the speed of the drum will have been reduced considerably before the arresting lever 52 engages with 125 the slot 53 to stop the drum suddenly and hold it in its rest position (see Figure 2 a(). The arresting lever 52 is chamfered as shown at 62, and clearance 64 is provided between the length of slot 53 and the length 130 stop lever to drive the drum in the normal direction and traverse When scanning is complete the drum continues to rotate without further traversing The lid is opened, a the motor reverses and the drum is held in its rest position and is re-set manually to the right hand end ready for unloading and re-loading. Figure 2 illustrates the arrangement applied to a scanning mechanism where it is a requirement that the driving motor continues to rotate uninterruptedly during periods when the drum is stopped for loading purposes, in order that rotational synchronism of the scanning mechanism with a distant receiver or recording machine is maintained. The figure shows an elementary scanning mechanism, in which the drum 35 is slidably mounted on a hollow shaft 36 and is moved in the direction of the axis of rotation by part nut 37 pivotally mounted in one end of the drum engaging the lead-screw 34, extending within the hollow shaft, through a slot 38 in the hollow shaft; the lead-screw being driven by gear wheels 58, 59, 60 and 61, at a speed different from that of the drum to effect an endways movement of the drum The part nut 37 may act as a key to cause the drum to rotate at the speed of the hollow shaft or alternatively other axially-slidable, keying means may be provided. Attached to the hollow shaft is gear wheel 3.5 39 driven by gear wheel

40, which is mounted for free rotation on an extension of gear wheel 43 Two clutch plates 41 keyed to the extension of gear wheel 43 are pressed into contact with gear 40 by spring 50 which acts against an abutment on shaft 42, thus urging it to the right on the drawing Its movement in this direction is limited by a pin 42 a fixed in the shaft and acting against the inner clutch plate 41 The pressure of spring 50 thus provides a friction drive between gear 43 and gear 40. Gear wheel 43 is driven by synchronous motor 47 through gears 45 and 44 and in turn drives gear 46 When motor 47 is running at synchonous speed, gear 46 is driven at the required operating speed of drum 35 while gear wheel 39, fixed to the hollow shaft, is driven in the same direction at a slightly greater speed since it has a slightly smaller number of teeth than gear wheel 46. Gear wheel 39 has attached to it a lug 48 which operates in conjunction with permissive latch 49 mounted on gear 46 so that while gear 46 can rotate when gear 39 is stationary, gear 39 can only overtake gear 46 up to the point at which lug 48 catches up with latch 49 Once this engagement takes place gear 39 is compelled to rotate at the same speed as gear 46 and gear 40 slips continuously between clutch plates 41 at a 785,45 ^J of the projecting lug of lever 52, so that when the arresting lever 52 approaches gear wheel 39 rotating at its working speed, the arresting lever will fall partially into the slot 53 and the edge 63 will engage with chamfer 62 to cam out the arresting lever. This action will be repeated once per revolution until such time as the speed of the drum has reduced to such an extent that the arresting lever falls into the slot sufficiently for leading edge 65 to engage slot end 63. In this circumstance the shock will be small enough so as to not damage the arresting lever projection as it enters the slot and holds the drum in the desired rest position. In alternative arrangements the friction clutch may be replaced by other types of clutch capable of slip e g employing a viscous liquid, an eddy current, or a magnetic or hysteresis torque. Various modifications may be made within the scope of the invention.


* GB785451 (A)

Description: GB785451 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements in and relating to the separation of coal, ores or otherminerals into three or more fractions


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 1, 1954, Application made in Germany on July 6, i 953, Complete Speclftcaticn Publishes Oct 3 C, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 82 ( 2), H( 3: 4). International Classification:-BO 3 b, COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to the Separation of Coal, minerals into three or more fractions. SPECIFICATION 'NO 785,452 785,451 No 19295/54. Ores or other Page 1, Index at Acceptance: for " 1 Class 381 read O Class 37 n. 1 ( 15; THE PATENT OFFICE, 25th Nflovember, 1957 lightejr material floated, whilst the sinking material was separated in a stream pipe into middlings and shale It has also been proposed and carried into effect to jig the material to be dealt with in a jig washer and to use a heavy liquid instead of water The mode of operation of such jigging machine in no way differed from that of an ordinarv 2 a jigging machine using water, as the fractions obtained accrued as layers of the jigging bed. In contradistinction thereto, the invention consists in a combination of the floating and sinking process with the jigging process (stratifying process) The invention is characterised in this that the material to be dealt with is fed into a separating bath of a specific gravity corresponding to the lowest separation cut, i e a specific gravity greater than that of the lightest of the fractions to be separated and less than that of the record lightest of said fraction so that the floating material can float upwards and be discharged by overflo-wing or by means of a scoop wvhecl, whilst at the same time the sinking material is deposited on a jigging surface, the top lal

jigging bed being kept clear of the bottom layer of the floating material Such separation of the layer of firrating materi(Price 3/i,) DB 00840/1 ( 9)/3606 150 11/57 2 The borderline constituents of the middlings, i e those pieces that are neither pure coal nor pure middlings, require a long time and a large space to enable then finally to sink Both of these of these re 65 uuirements are fulfilled by the pjresent invention. 3 The machine requires only one jiggginw bed, and the stratifying process takes place more rapidly and more satisfactorily in a 70 heavy liquid than in water. 4 As a result of the higher density of the liquid used in the jigging process the frequency and amplitude of the pressure liquid pulses can be made less than if water 75 were used. In accordance with the invention the separation of middlings from shale is efected on a jig This is more satisfactory than a second dense medium separating op-80 eration in which it would be necessary to use a separating liquid of greater density: a denser mediumc would also be more viscous and the heavier fraction would not sink quickly 85 In the accompanying drawing a jigoi'g machine for carrying out the mett acording to the inventioni is shown by wav of exam Die. T "igin machine consists o' thego i t1 'kl 1 1 ? i 4 a PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,451 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 1, 1954. Application made in Germany on July 6, 1953. Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. No 19295154. Index at Acceptance:-Class 82 ( 2), H( 3: 4). International Classification:-BO 3 b. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in and relating to the Separation of Coal, Ores or other minerals into three or more fractions. We, WESIFALIA DIENNENDAHL GROPPEL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Bochum, Germany, a Germany Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to a method of separating coal, ores or other minerals into three or more fractions by means of a dense medium It has already been proposed, for solving this problem, to introduce the material to be dealt with into a separating bath of stable specific gravity, in which the lighter material floated, whilst the sinking material was separated in a stream pipe into middlings and shale It has also been proposed and carried into effect to jig the material to

be dealt with in a jig washer and to use a heavy liquid instead of water The mode of operation of such jigging machine in no way differed from that of an ordinary jigging machine using water, as the fractions obtained accrued as layers of the jigging bed. In contradistinction thereto, the invention consists in a combination of the floating and sinking process with the jigging process (stratifying process) The invention is characterised in this, that the material to be dealt with is fed into a separating bath of a specific gravity corresponding to the lowest separation cut, i e a specific 33 gravity greater than that of the lightest of the fractions to be separated and less than that of the record lightest of said fraction so that the floating material can float upwards and be discharged by overflowing or by means of a scoop wheel, whilst at the same time the sinking material is deposited on a jigging surface, the top layer of the jigging bed being kept clear of the bottom layer of the floating material Such a separation of the layer of floating material from the sinking material bed has hitherto not been carried into effect From the constructional point of view, according to this proposal a jigging machine is used, in which the space above the jigging sieve is So of such a height that the distance between the layer of float and the surface of the sink lying on the jig screen amounts to at least 300 mm. The invention offers the following ad 55 vantages: 1 Separation by a heavy liquid process is most satisfactory, as is well known, and gives almost 100 % separation of coal from middlings 60 2 The borderline constituents of the middlings, i e those pieces that are neither pure coal nor pure middlings, require a long time and a large space to enable them finally to sink Both of these of these re 65 quirements are fulfilled by the present invention. 3 The machine requires only one jigging bed, and the stratifying process takes place more rapidly and more satisfactorily in a 70 heavy liquid than in water. 4 As a result of the higher density of the liquid used in the jigging process the frequency and amplitude of the pressure liquid pulses can be made less than if water 75 were used. In accordance with the invention the separation of middlings from shale is effected on a jig This is more satisfactory than a second dense medium separating op-80 eration in which it would be necessary to use a separating liquid of greater density; a denser medium would also be more viscous and the heavier fraction would not sink quickly 85 In the accompanying drawing a jigging machine for carrying out the method according to the invention is shown by way of example. The jigging machine consists of the 90 (Price 3/e) separating box 1, the bottom of which is in the form of a jig screen divided into two

sections 2 and 2 a The space above the screen 2, 2 a is considerably higher than in 5the normal jigging machine For the removal of the float a scoop wheel 3 is provided in front of the overflow 4, which wheel consists of bent bars and delivers the discharged product over the weir 5 The middlings piling up on the jig screen is discharged over the weir 6, whilst the shale is removed at 7 Middlings and shale are conveyed on to a divided plate conveyer arranged at an inclination and are conveyed is by it out of the separating box The plate conveyer can also be replaced by a belt conveyer provided with slats or by the usual discharging devices and conveying means, such as bucket elevators or sco Qp wheels. For regulating the removal of shale, the inclination of the jigging surface or a portion thereof may be changed. The arrangement operates as follows: The material to be dealt with is fed at 9 into the separating box I which is filled with a heavy medium, the density of which corresponds to the lowest cut, i e is greater than the density of the coal and less than that of the middlings When coal is being dealt wih, it rises so as to form a floating layer which is taken up by the scoop wheel 3 and discharged over the weir 5 Middlings and shale sink down to the screen 2, 352 a and are stratified here in the usual way by the pulsating medium The middlings layer is discharged over the weir 6 on to one part of the plate conveyer 8 vwhilst the layer of shale passes through the outlet 7 on to the other part of the same plate con_veyer 8. The embodiment illustrated and described above shows a jigging machine which produces only three products, i e pure coal obtained as floating material, middlings discharged over the weir 6, and shale. However, it would also be possible in a known manner so to construct the machine that the shale would be removed near the end of the first screen section 2 above a vertical wall 10; for this purpose it would be necessary to provide a further weir not shown in the drawing, but extending above the screen section 2 and in prolongation of the wvall 10, and an outlet, not shown in the 55 drawing, for the shale at this point; then, a first intermediate product would be removed at 7 at the end of the second screen section 2 a and a second intermediate product would be discharged over the weir 6 60 It is thus easily possible to obtain four products Further products may be obtained in a manner similar to that of obtaining the fourth product as described above 65

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* GB785452 (A)

Description: GB785452 (A) ? 1957-10-30

Improvements relating to sealed metal rectifier assemblies and methods ofsealing such assemblies


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of filing C'oiplete Specification: June 14, 19 55. Application Date: July 20, 1954 No 21089154. Comnplete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957. lndex at Acceptance:-Class 38, K(IA 1: 5). International Classification:-HO 1 l. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements relating to Sealed Metal Rectifier Assemblies and Methods of Sealing such Assemblies. We, WESTINGHOUSE BRAKE & SIGNAL COMPANY LIMITED, a Company, incorporated under the Laws of Great Britain, and LESLIE JOSEPH LOCKETT, a Subject of the Queen of Great Britain, both of 82 York Way, King's Cross, London, N 1, England, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to sealed metal rectifier assemblies and method of sealing such assemblies Such an assembly is to be understood herein to include as the active element a rectifier constituted by two metallic electrodes having a semi-conductor barrier layer between them The invention has for its primary object the provision of sealed metal rectifier assemblies of small size suitable, for example, for use as small instrument rectifiers and modulator rectifiers. With small rectifier assemblies such as these, which are desirably mounted in insulating housings, difficulty is found in effecting an efficient seal against the penetration of moisture into the housings

and thus to the rectifying elements themselves One method peviously employed is to inject a sealing compound into the casing, after assembling the several parts, by means of a syringe This method, however, owing to the small size of the assembly, is a somewhat intricate procedure and is not always effective in forcing the compound to all the regions where a seal is required. According to the invention, a metal rectifier assembly comprises an inner container having a base and containing at least one rectifier element, an outer box closed at one end within which the inner container fits closely in its entirety with the base thereof closing the open end of the box, and connectors passing to the rectifier element or elements between the inner container and the walls of the outer box, a seal being formed with a sealing compound between the inner container and the walls of the outer box The inner container referred to above is to be understood herein to be a receptacle having besides the base at least one pair of opposing side walls between which the rectifier element or elements is or are received. In this way the connectors benefit by the same sealing compound which effects the seal between the inner container and the wall of the outer box A method by which such an assembly may be sealed includes the steps of placing a quantity of sealing compound in liquid form in the outer box and sliding the inner container into said box so that the compound is forced around the rectifier element or elements and exudes through a hole provided in the base of the inner container. The outer box may be longer than the inner container, whereby a recess is formed by the base of the inner container and the open end of the outer box, into which recess is placed a quantity of a suitable sealing compound which is subjected to pressure applied through a disc or plate fitting closely into the open end of the outer box for that purpose, whereby the compound is forced between the inner container and the wall of the outer box. The invention is illustrated by way of example in the drawings accompanying the Provisional Specification, of which: - Figure 1 is a part cross-sectional view of one rectifier assembly embodying the invention; Figure 2 is a part cross-sectional view 85,452 785,452 taken in a plane at right angles to that of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a plan view of the assembly shown in Figures 1 and 2; and Figures 4 and 5 show an alternative arrangement. Referring now to Figures 1 to 3 of the drawings, the rectifier assembly shown therein to an enlarged scale consists of an inner assembly comprising a tubular housing 1 in the form of a rectangular box, closed at one end by a base, composed of suitable insulating material and having its closed end or base pierced by a vent hole 8 Within 1.5 the box I are a pair of rectifier elements 6 in the form of

coated discs and two resilient contact springs 2, 7 which make electrical contact with the rectifier elements 6 and extend outside the assembly for the purpose of making electrical connections to external circuits Contact pressure is supplied by the contact spring 2, one end of which is formed substantially in the shape of an inverted S and has a slightly domed conductins surface 5 which advantageously may be go Id plated The two contact springs clip over the sides of the box I, holding themselves and the rectifier elements in position and thus enabling the inner assembly to be 3 h handled as a single unit. The inner assembly is housed in an outer insulating box 3, also rectangular in shape and closed at one end, in which the inner assembly is a close sliding fit The outer box is, of sufficient length to accommodate the inner assembly in its entirety, the contact springs passing between the walls of the inner and outer boxes. The whole assembly is sealed in the following manner A quantity of a so-called "potting compound", such as a thermosetting resin for example, is placed in liquid form in the outer box 3 and the previously assembled inner assembly is then inserted into the open end of the box 3 and is pressed home to the bottom thereof This causes the compound to be forced around the rectifier elements and contact springs and between the walls of the inner box 1 and the 0 outer box 3, whilst air and surplus compound is exuded from the vent hole 8 The whole assembly is then subjected to a suitable heat treatment to set the compound. With the assembly located in this manner the rectifier elements have all exposed surfaces encased with the potting compound so that it is not necessary for the inner and outer boxes to be completely non-porous and they may conveniently be phenolic il;o mouldings. It is to be noticed that space 4 within the inner box I is made large enough to house two rectifier elements 6 If, however, one element only is required, then the contact i,,) spring 7 may be replaced by another in the form of contact spring 2 Such an arrangement is illustrated in Figure 4 In this way it is possible to use the same housing for both single and two element assemblies. Referring now to Figures 4 and 5, the 70 rectifier assembly shown therein comprises, once more, an inner assembly housed within an outer box In this arrangement, however, the inner housing 12, in which the rectifier element 6 and contact springs I l are 75 located is of channel section having a base portion 15 and arms 14, 16 In this case the inner assembly is not self secured, as is that of the previously described arrangement, and it is accordingly assembled in SO verted, the outer box 3 being fitted over it while in that position, thus compressing the contact s Drings 11 to provide the necessary contact

pressure between them and the rectifier element 6 85 The outer box 3 is longer than the arms 14, 16 of the inner housing 12 so that when the inner assembly is fully home within the outer box 3, the base 15 of the inner housing, together with the open end of the outer 90 box, forms a recess 17 into which a quantity of a suitable sealing compound such as, for example, that known as "E Dikote" (Rezistered Trade Mark) resin, is placed A plate 9 is then placed on ton of the sealing corm 9,5 pound and, by pressure applied to the plate, the sealing compound is forced into the joints which would otherwise form an entry for moisture The projecting taas of the contact springs 11 are set inwards and Pass 100 through slots 10 nrovided for them in the plate 9. With this form of sealing the rectifier elements are not themselves in contact with the compound but are contained in a sealed 105 chamber containing air and it is accordingly necessary that the outer box 3 should be of non-porous materia L such as for example. that sold under the Registered Trade Mark "Diakon" 110 It is evident that while in the foregoing description and in the drawing the assemblies are of rectangular shape, the invention is by no means limited to assemblies of that shape 115 One important feature of assemblies illustrated is the protection afforded the rectifier elements against damage by heat from the soldered joints when the assemblies are connected in the external circuits in which they 120 are employed This protection is obtained by the long thermal path afforded by the contact sorings and the comparativelv large surface over which thev are in contact with the casing 125
