50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the...

63
50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environment IRSN/DEI/STEME/LMRE

Upload: others

Post on 03-Jul-2020

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environment

IRSN/DEI/STEME/LMRE

Page 2: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 2/37

1. IRSN

2. Radioactivity levels in the environment

3. Methodologies

4. 50 years of aerosolsampling

Page 3: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

IRSN, Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety Institute

Page 4: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 4/37

Position of IRSN

Public expert

in charge of the scientific evaluation

of radiological and nuclear risks

In France

Public expert

in charge of the scientific evaluation

of radiological and nuclear risks

In France

The expertise is based on scientific researchThe expertise is based on scientific research

Page 5: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 5/37

Main missions

• public information in the field of radiological and nuclear risks,

• support public authorities in nuclear safety and radiation protection for civil and defense activities,

• expertise available to numerous French and foreign partners and customers.

Page 6: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 6/37

Page 7: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 7/37

Page 8: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 8/ 40

Human Radiological Protection

Environment and emergency operations

Fuel cycle transportation and facilities

Reactor Safety

Prevention of Major Accidents

Nuclear Defense Expertise

~ 1 700 specialists: engineers, researchers, medical doctors,agronomists, vets and technicians, competent in all the fields of nuclearsafety, radiation protection and inspection of sensitive nuclearmaterials.

~ 70 PhD students

Page 9: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 9/37

Study (on-site monitoring, experiments, modelling) on behaviour and effects of radionuclides in biosphere or geosphere due to controlled or accidental releases, waste storage (disposal) or natural sources

Quantifying, monitoring and interpreting the radiological state of the environment

Radiological protection operations and assistance (radiological control in facilities, radioactive sources recovery, emergency assistance, etc.)

Crisis management (Emergency Technical response Center, emergency tools development, etc.)

Study of seismic risks

Missions of the Division

Page 10: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- - 10/37

Study of radionuclides behaviour in Ecosystem

Main objectives :to understand and quantify the transfer mechanisms of the natural and artificial radionuclides (eventually associated with chemical pollutants) in the ecosystem as well as their effects

Development of numerical models to explain and quantify the behavior of radionuclides in biosphere, soil or sea

Synthesis of knowledge and methods to develop IRSN expertise ability concerning the radionuclides-related risk on environment

Page 11: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 11/ 37

Rôle et missions de l’IRSN

Radioactivity levels in the environment

…or the need of low level measurements

Page 12: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 12/ 40

Logarithmic scale of radioactivity concentrations in air in France

France (may 1986, Tchernobyl accident)

60 Co, 90Sr, 131I, 137Cs

40K 210Pb 7Be

134Cs

137Cs

131I 132Te

10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 10 102

Artificial radioactivity in airNowadays

Natural radioactivity in air

Sea Continent Grantic region

radon decay products 214Pb, 214Bi

10-810-9

239+240Pu

1

22Na

Research Regulatory monitoring60Co, 137Cs 106Ru

becquerel percubic meter of air

Page 13: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 13/ 40

137Cs in air at Orsay

Russian and american tests1960 to 1963

17 juin 1967 à 14 octobre 197017 juin 1974

17 novembre 197616 octobre 1980

Chinese tests

Algesiras

Page 14: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 14/ 40

137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from 1992 à 2002

0,1

1

10

100

mars-92

janv-9

8jui

l-98

janv-9

9jui

l-99

janv-0

0jui

l-00

janv-0

1jui

l-01

mou

le C

s-13

7 Bq

/kg

cend

res

Fos St Gervais Ponteau Carteau

Page 15: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 15/ 40

Algue dans la Manche - bioindicateurFucus Serratus - Herquemoulin

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

02/01/1983 01/01/1985 02/01/1987 01/01/1989 02/01/1991 01/01/1993 02/01/1995 01/01/1997 02/01/1999 01/01/2001 02/01/2003 01/01/2005 02/01/2007

Sampling date

Act

ivity

[Bq.

kg-1

dry

wei

ght]

40K 137Cs 241Am 154Eu 40K 137Cs 241Am

Seaweed in the English Channel (Fucus Serratus - Herquemoulin)

Page 16: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 16/ 40

Algue dans la Manche - bioindicateurFucus Serratus - Herquemoulin

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

02/01/1983 01/01/1985 02/01/1987 01/01/1989 02/01/1991 01/01/1993 02/01/1995 01/01/1997 02/01/1999 01/01/2001 02/01/2003 01/01/2005 02/01/2007

Sampling date

Act

ivity

[Bq.

kg-1

dry

wei

ght]

60Co 40K 137Cs 241Am 154Eu 106Rh 60Co 40K 137Cs 106Rh 241Am

Seaweed in the Channel

Page 17: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 17/ 40

Algue dans la Manche - bioindicateurFucus Serratus - Herquemoulin

0,1

1

10

100

1000

10000

02/01/1983 01/01/1985 02/01/1987 01/01/1989 02/01/1991 01/01/1993 02/01/1995 01/01/1997 02/01/1999 01/01/2001 02/01/2003 01/01/2005 02/01/2007

Sampling date

Act

ivity

[Bq.

kg-1

dry

wei

ght]

60Co 40K 137Cs 129I 241Am 154Eu 106Rh 60Co 40K 129I 137Cs 106Rh 241Am

129I half life 15 106 ans

Seaweed in the Channel

Page 18: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 18/ 40

What is the aim to study radionuclides in the environment at the trace level ?

• Transfer studies in natural (not contaminated) environments• From one compartment to another (atmosphere/oceanic/terrestrial)• From an organism to the other (grass->meat or milk, …)• From a compartment to an organism (water >Mussels, …)• -> Development / validation of models (that can explain, and predict)

• Background levels existing in the environment – away from nuclear facilities• in all compartments of the environment

• The overall objective : improving the prevision of the impact of the effluents in a post accidental situation

• => best available methods in order to quantify, a detection limit is not enough

Page 19: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 19/ 37

Methodologies

Page 20: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 20/ 40

Huge “vacuum cleaner”+ filter =sample

Collecting the sample

Page 21: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 21/ 40

Gamma spectrometry air samples

Cristal de Ge

Amplificateur(un des éléments électroniques)

Capot protecteur

Canne support plongeant dans un réservoir

d’azote liquide

Cristal de Ge

Amplificateur(un des éléments électroniques)

Capot protecteur

Canne support plongeant dans un réservoir

d’azote liquide

40K60Co

60Co511 keV137Cs

500 1000 1500

500 1000 1500 Ener

1500106

105

104

103

102

101

100

sample

IdentificationQuantification

Page 22: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 22/ 40

• For this monitoring we have a

• Signal / Noise problem !!!

Page 23: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 23/ 40

Standards detectors at Orsay

•Shielded room, large spectrometers (50% relative efficiency)• Sous 3 m de béton (~ 10 mee)

Page 24: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 24/ 40

Special detectors

Anti Cosmic

Anti Compton

Page 25: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 25/ 40

Ultra low background detectors installed in theunderground laboratory of Modane

Le laboratoire est situé à 1700 m sous la pointe du Fréjus au milieu du tunnel routier

- Ge coaxial type-N 50%

- Détecteur puits 860 cm3

Page 26: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 26/ 40

Page 27: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 27/ 37

Rôle et missions de l’IRSN

50 years of aerosol sampling

Page 28: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 28/ 40

Historical aims of the aerosol study

Algesiras

Military

Human protection

Understanding the environment

Page 29: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 29/ 40

Compréhension des phénomènes de transport

Page 30: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 30/ 40

Historical aims of the aerosol study

Algesiras

Military

Human protection

Understanding the environment

Page 31: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 31/ 40

Air at Orsay (20 km south of Paris)

Saclay

Page 32: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 32/ 40

1966

Page 33: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 33/ 40

Page 34: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 34/ 40

Page 35: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 35/ 40

Page 36: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 36/ 40

Page 37: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 37/ 40

Page 38: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 38/ 40

137Cs !

Page 39: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 39/ 40

•From 1960 to 1980, the volume of sampled air x 50Nowadays : 70 000m3/5 days.

•From 1970 to 1986 measuring times x 5

•From 1980 to 1986 measuring efficiency x 4Then again x2 between 1986 and 2002

•From 1993 to 2004 detector backgrounds / 10

• All this improvements were required : from 1960 to 2008 artificial radioactivity is / 10 000

Page 40: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 40/ 40

Page 41: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 41/ 40

Page 42: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 42/ 40

• The low level monitoring of the radioactivity in the aerosols allows ton understand and anticipate the contamination of the environment, as the atmosphere is generally the first vehicle of this contamination.

• These observations are particularly interesting over long periods as the reference to a previous state is possible.

• The knowledge acquired in the routine situation allows to betterforecast the behaviour of radionuclides in incidental situations

• The possibility to measure the “radioactivity background” is part of the environmental monitoring program of IRSN

Page 43: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 43/ 40

Page 44: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 44/ 40

Dominant impact of atmospheric Nuclear testing

Nowadays it is still the dominant component – even if it has largely decreased

Exception for a few samples taken close of nuclear facilities

The “research monitoring” job is getting tough !

even with the best available tools it is getting difficult to measure the radioactivity in the environment

good thing, isn’t it ?

Page 45: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 45/ 40

Page 46: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 46/ 40

Page 47: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 47/ 40

Page 48: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 48/ 40

Page 49: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 49/ 40

Page 50: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 50/ 40

Page 51: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 51/ 40

Spectrométrie alpha 241Am,238Pu, 239+240Pu

3 à 4 semaines de préparationpuis électrodéposition

50-200 g d’échantillon sec

LD ~ 1 mBq/kg cendres

Extraction sélective (minéralisation, co-précipitations, purification sur colonnes)

Comptage 2 semaines

Page 52: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 52/ 40

Transformation du carbone de l’échantillon en benzène pour la mesure 14C par scintil. liq.

C + O2 CO2

2CO2 + 10Li Li2C2 + 4 Li2O carburation

Li2C2 + 2H2O C2H2 + 2LiOH hydrolyse du carbure de Li

3C2H2 C6H6 trimérisation(polymérisation de l’acétylène en benzène par catalyse)

catalyseur contenant Cr3+

+ scintillant

Mesure par scintillation liquide

Page 53: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 53/ 40

Analyse de 14C au LMREPrise d’essai de 5 à 20g secSynthèse de benzène et mesure par scintillation liquide

Difficulté rencontrée pour les solides à faible teneur en MO

=> mise en œuvre de la mesure par accélérateur au LMC14 (prise d’essai de 10 à 100 mg)

-> hétérogénéité des échantillons pour les faibles prises d’essais (<<1g)

230

235

240

245

250

255

260

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Act

ivité

Bq/

kg C

arbo

ne (1

sig

ma) Benzène SL Graphite SMA

Lierre LierreLierre

Page 54: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 54/ 37

Rôle et missions de l’IRSN

Etudes récentes

Page 55: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 55/ 40

Compréhension de l’environnement

Page 56: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 56/ 40

Recherche « fondamentale » : moules Hydrothermales

• Organismes dans les fumerolles des fosses vivent dans des milieux radioactifs

• Objectifs : • - Compréhension de leurs modes de vie• - Impact de la contamination chronique, mécanismes de

protection

Page 57: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 57/ 40

Impact des installations Nucléaires

Page 58: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 58/ 40

T=95 ans

R2 = 0.95

T=95 ans

R2 = 0.93

240

245

250

255

260

1993 1995 1998 2001 2004

Year

Bq14

C.kg

-1C

(ann

ual m

ean)

NI ZI Exponentiel (NI) Exponentiel (ZI)

Diminution du 14C en milieu terrestre

L’activité spécifique diminue avec une constante de temps équivalente à une période apparente de 95 ans

Le niveau moyen (NI) est en 2003 de 242 +/- 6 Bq 14C.kg-1C

L’hypothèse d’équilibre des rapports isotopiques 14C/C est confirmée

Page 59: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 59/ 40

Rapports dRapports d ’’activitactivitéés s 238238Pu/Pu/239+240239+240Pu mesurPu mesuréés dans les s dans les mousses terrestres prmousses terrestres préélevlevéées autour de Marcoulees autour de Marcoule

238Pu/239+240Pu

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

Échantillons de référence

Échantillons prélevés à proximité de Marcoule

Calcul de dispersion atmosphérique pour des rejets chroniques

Mousses terrestres : bioindicateurs

Page 60: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

99,9

48,3

22,8

14,1

15,3

34,8

▲64,1

130

30,8

99,9

48,3

22,8

14,1

15,3

34,8

▲64,1

130130

30,8

▲Figure 2

Activité en Tritium organique dans l’Eau de Combustion de phanérogames immergés en Bq.L-1

inf à 2 Bq.L-1

de 2;1 à 10 Bq.L-1

de 10,1 à 30 Bq.L-1

de 30,1 à 80 Bq.L-1

sup à 80 B.L-1

▲ Sites nucléaires

Kilomètres600 3015

Figure 2Activité en Tritium organique dans l’Eau de Combustion de phanérogames immergés en Bq.L-1

inf à 2 Bq.L-1

de 2;1 à 10 Bq.L-1

de 10,1 à 30 Bq.L-1

de 30,1 à 80 Bq.L-1

sup à 80 B.L-1

▲ Sites nucléaires

Kilomètres600 3015 Kilomètres600 3015 600 3015

Tritium organique dans le Rhône

Page 61: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 61/ 40

Sala

dsC

erea

lsW

ine

Milk

Mea

tFi

shM

usse

ls

Page 62: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 62/ 40

Page 63: 50 years of radioactivity monitoring of the environmentesc.u-strasbg.fr/docs/2009/talks/Saturday/R_Gurriaran.pdf · Chinese tests Algesiras - 14/ 40 137Cs: mediterranean Mussels from

- 63/ 40