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Workings of aWorkings of a

Nuclear ReactorNuclear Reactor

Reactor BasicsReactor Basics

PWRPWRBWRBWR

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Key Reactor Power TermsKey Reactor Power Terms

AvailabilityAvailability Fraction of time over aFraction of time over areporting period that the plant isreporting period that the plant is

operationaloperational If a reactor is down for maintenance 1 weekIf a reactor is down for maintenance 1 week

and refueling 2 weeks every year, theand refueling 2 weeks every year, the

av

ailability factor of the reactor would beav

ailability factor of the reactor would be(365(365--3 * 7) / 365 = 0.943 * 7) / 365 = 0.94

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TermTerm

VisualizationVisualization

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Piecing Together a ReactorPiecing Together a Reactor

1.1. FuelFuel2.2. ModeratorModerator

3.3. Control RodsControl Rods4.4. CoolantCoolant5.5. Steam GeneratorSteam Generator

6.6. Turbine/GeneratorTurbine/Generator7.7. PumpsPumps8.8. HeatExchangerHeatExchanger

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Basic Reactor ModelBasic Reactor Model

1.

Fuel

3.

Controlrod

5.Steam

generator

4. Coolant

6.

8.

7.

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Nuclear Power in the United StatesNuclear Power in the United States

ManufacturersManufacturers

General ElectricGeneral Electric

www.ge.comwww.ge.com WestinghouseWestinghouse

www.westinghouse.comwww.westinghouse.com

AREVANPAREVANP

www.framatomewww.framatome--anp.comanp.com

ABB Combustion Eng.ABB Combustion Eng.

www.abb.comwww.abb.com

http://www.chemsoc.org

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World Nuclear PowerWorld Nuclear Power

443 Nuclear443 NuclearReactors in 30Reactors in 30Countries inCountries inOperation, JanuaryOperation, January20062006

Provided ~16%Provided ~16%World Production ofWorld Production of

Energy in 2003Energy in 2003 24 Nuclear Power24 Nuclear Power

Plants underPlants underConstructionConstruction

http://www.insc.anl.gov

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Reactor GenerationsReactor Generations

Gen IGen I Prototypes in 50s & 60sPrototypes in 50s & 60s

Gen IIGen II

70s & 80s70s & 80s Todays OperationalTodays Operational

ReactorsReactors BWR, PWR, CANDU, BWR, PWR, CANDU,

Gen IIIGen III ABWR, APWRABWR, APWR Approved 90sApproved 90s Some Built around theSome Built around the

WorldWorld

Gen III+Gen III+ CurrentAdvanced DesignsCurrentAdvanced Designs

in the Approval Processin the Approval Process Pebble Bed ReactorPebble Bed Reactor

Gen IVGen IV Deploy in 2030Deploy in 2030 EconomicalEconomical SafeSafe Minimize WasteMinimize Waste

Reduce ProliferationReduce Proliferation

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Reactor GenerationsReactor Generations

http://www.whitehouse.gov/

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Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

Pressure VesselPressure Vessel

Light WaterLight Water

3.2% U3.2% U--235 Fuel235 Fuel

22--4 Loops => Steam4 Loops => Steam

UOUO22 Pellets in ZircaloyPellets in Zircaloy

17 x 17 array17 x 17 array

12 foot long bundle12 foot long bundle

~32% Efficiency~32% Efficiency

External Pipe CorrosionExternal Pipe Corrosion

Lower Capital CostLower Capital Cost

AP600 WestinghouseAP600 Westinghouse

600 MWe600 MWe

Passive Safety CoolingPassive Safety CoolingSystemsSystems

Prefabricated andPrefabricated andAssembled OnAssembled On--SiteSite

Simple Plant Design =Simple Plant Design =

Reduced Volume andReduced Volume andCostCost

33--yearyearConstructionConstruction

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Basic Diagram of a PWRBasic Diagram of a PWR

http://www.nrc.gov/

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A PWR in PracticeA PWR in Practice

http://www.nukeworker.com/

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VVERVVER Russian PWR (WaterRussian PWR (Water--Cooled,Cooled,

WaterWater--Moderated, Energy Reactor)Moderated, Energy Reactor)

http://www.nucleartourist.com/

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Other LWR ReactorsOther LWR Reactors

Republic of KoreaRepublic of Korea

Optimized Power Reactor, OPROptimized Power Reactor, OPR--10001000

Advanced Power Reactor, APRAdvanced Power Reactor, APR--14001400 SystemSystem--integrated Modular Advanced Reactor, SMARTintegrated Modular Advanced Reactor, SMART

(330 MWt)(330 MWt)

GermanyGermany

KONVOI, 1300 MWKONVOI, 1300 MW

FranceFrance

N4, 1450 MWN4, 1450 MW

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AREVA NPAREVA NP EPR (EuropeanEPR (European

PressurizedPressurized--Water Reactor)Water Reactor) 1600 MWe1600 MWe

3636 37% Efficiency37% Efficiency

Mixed Oxide (MOX)Mixed Oxide (MOX)FuelFuel

6060 yr Service Lifeyr Service Life

33 4 yr Construction4 yr Construction

Multiple Barriers andMultiple Barriers andSimple SafetySimple SafetySystemsSystems

http://www.framatome-anp.com/

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WestinghouseWestinghouse AP1000 ReactorAP1000 Reactor

11171117 1154 MWe1154 MWe

Improved AP600 DesignImproved AP600 Design Same Basic DesignSame Basic Design

Same Inherent SafetySame Inherent Safety

Optimized Power OutputOptimized Power Output

Reduced Energy CostsReduced Energy Costs

2 Steam Generators2 Steam Generators

3 year Construction3 year Construction

Final Design Approval inFinal Design Approval inDecember 2005!December 2005!

http://www.ap1000.westinghousenuclear.com/

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AP1000AP1000 Less PiecesLess Pieces

Nuclear News, November 2004

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Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

Direct BoilingDirect Boiling

10% Coolant = Steam10% Coolant = Steam

Similar Fuel to PWRSimilar Fuel to PWR Lower Power DensityLower Power Density

than PWRthan PWR

Corrosion Product

Corrosion ProductActivated in CoreActivated in Core

Higher Radiation FieldHigher Radiation Field

GEGE ABWRABWR

1350 MWe1350 MWe

(3926 MWt)(3926 MWt) UOUO22 FuelFuel

6060 yr Service Lifeyr Service Life

Internalized SafetyInternalized Safetyand Recirculationand RecirculationSystemsSystems

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Basic Diagram of a BWRBasic Diagram of a BWR

http://www.nrc.gov/

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ABWR in PracticeABWR in Practice

http://www.energy-northwest.com

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ABWR (Advanced BoilingABWR (Advanced Boiling

Water Reactor)Water Reactor) 1350 MWe1350 MWe

77% more compact than77% more compact thanBWR designBWR design

39 month construction39 month constructionperiodperiod

TOSHIBA, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Unit 6, Japan

GE

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ABWRABWR Less PiecesLess Pieces

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ABWRABWR--IIII Early 1990sEarly 1990s -- TEPCO, 5TEPCO, 5

other utilities, GE, Hitachiother utilities, GE, Hitachiand Toshiba beganand Toshiba begandevelopmentdevelopment

1700 MWe1700 MWe

GoalsGoals 30% capital cost reduction30% capital cost reduction

reduced construction timereduced construction time

20% power generation cost20% power generation costreductionreduction

increased safetyincreased safety

increased flexibility forincreased flexibility forfuture fuel cyclesfuture fuel cycles

CommercializeCommercialize latterlatter2010s2010s

PRCS PCCS

S/P

D/W

PHRS

S/P

D/W

PHRS

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GEGE ESBWR (Economic SimplifiedESBWR (Economic SimplifiedB

oiling Water Reactor)B

oiling Water Reactor) 1550 MWe (4500 MWt)1550 MWe (4500 MWt)

Passive CondenserPassive CondenserSystems for HeatSystems for HeatTransferTransfer

Standard Seismic DesignStandard Seismic Design

Improved EconomicsImproved Economics

Shorter ConstructionShorter ConstructionTimeTime

Reduced Plant Staff andReduced Plant Staff andOperator RequirementsOperator Requirements

Raised SuppressionPool

Decay Heat Heat Exchangers

Above Drywell

All Pipes/ Valves

Inside Containment

High Elevation Gravity

Drain Pools

Raised SuppressionPool

Decay Heat Heat Exchangers

Above Drywell

All Pipes/ Valves

Inside Containment

High Elevation Gravity

Drain Pools

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ESBWRESBWR