5-minute Bell WorkWhat was the most motivating or inspiring

speech, quotation or advice that you have heard, received or read?

Task: Write down both the question and today’s date in your notebook. Answer the question as concisely as possible.

HYDROSPHEREChapter Review

September 24 2012

Concept Map

Concept Map

Distribution

Fig. 1: McGill University ESYS 200 Winter 2011

Water Cycle

Fig. 2: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Water_cycle.png

Watershed

Fig. 3: http://www.recycleworks.org/kids/watershed.html

St. Lawrence River Watershed

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Surface RunoffEarth has ~1 part land and ~2 parts water. Due to surface

area, there is more evaporation from water than land. If 2.5 units are evaporated from each part of water and 1

unit is evaporated from land, we have 2.5 units*2 parts + 1 unit = 6 units evaporated in total.

Due to global climate circulation, water vapour gets equally distributed, resulting in 6 units/ 3 parts = 2 units of rainfall.

Since 2 units of rainfall > 1 unit of evaporation on land, there is more precipitation than evaporation on land, resulting in surface runoff.

Factors Topography: steep slopes drain easier Geology: water flows better through crushed rocks than

compact clay Climate: water flows quicker during a heavy downpour than

a drought Vegetation: water flows quicker in non-vegetative areas Human activities

o Agricultural: irrigation changes course of river flowo Industrial: dams prevent water from flowing freelyo Urban development: more surface runoff on concrete

sidewalks than unpaved ground

Ocean Temperature

Fig. 6: http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/earthscience/oceanography/OceanWater/Temperature/Temperature.htm

Ocean SalinityHigher salinity (more salt, less liquid) denser

solutiono Ocean circulationo Nutrients circulation

Fig. 7: Parc national du Fjord-du-Saguenay, 2012

Thermohaline Circulation

Gulf Stream affects climate of the east coast

Fig. 8: http://thewe.cc/thewe_/images_5/_/environment/global-thermohaline-circulation.jpg

Pack ice vs. GlacierPack Ice Glacier

Made from salty water (top layer of oceans)

Made from freshwater (compressed snow)

- Contains ~79% of world’s inaccessible freshwater

Formed near Russia Formed in various placesSmaller pieces: ice floes Smaller pieces: icebergs

Affected by global warming Affected by global warmingDoes not increase sea level Increase sea level and affects

thermohaline circulationTable 1: Differences between Pack Ice and Glacier

HydroelectricityBenefits (+) Disadvantages (-)

Renewable source Destroys ecosystemsRelatively little GHGs Contamination of soil leading to

toxicity in food websRelatively little energy loss Substantial GHGs released from

decompositionTable 2: Pros and Cons of Hydroelectricity Generation

Hydroelectricity

Fig. 9: http://www.txucorp.com/responsibility/education/generation/hydroelectric.aspx

PollutionsContaminants (point or non-point source):

Inorganic: Pb, As, Hg, NOX, POrganic: Insecticides, pesticides, etc.Microbial: Viruses and harmful bacteriaRadioactive: U, Pu, Rn, etc.

Effects/ consequences:EutrophicationContamination of water sourcesMarine life affected