5 giai doan 2 phan tich he thong - ch5 mo hinh hoa doi tuong
TRANSCRIPT
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 1Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Giai on 2Phn tch h thng
Chng 5
M hnh ha i tng
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 2Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Ni dung
Gii thch phn tch hng i tng cthc dng m t mt HTTT nh thno.
nh ngha cc khi nim v cc thut ngca m hnh ha i tng, bao gm i
tng, thuc tnh, phng thc, thngip, lp v th hin.
Gii thch cc mi quan h gia cc i
tng: ph thuc, lin kt, bao gp vtha k.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 3Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Ni dung
V s lin kt i tng. M t cc k thut v cng c ngn ng
m hnh ha hp nht (UML): use case, suse case, s lp, s tun t, s chuyn trng thi v s hot ng.
Gii thch cc u im ca vic s dngcc cng c CASE trong pht trin mhnh i tng.
Gii thch cch thit lp m hnh i tngnh th no.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 4Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Phn tch hng i tng l mt cchtip cn nhn h thng trn quan im cci tng.
Sn phm cui cng l m hnh i tng.
Tng quan
S dng Ngn ng m hnh ha h p nht(UML) pht trin cc m hnh i tng.
Cc i tng bao gm d liu v cc qu
trnh nh hng n d liu ny. Lp l mt nhm cc i tng ging nhau.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 5Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
i tng object
Mt i tng c th biu din mt ngi, vtr, s kin hoc giao dch.
UML biu din mt i tng bng hnh chnht c tn i tng trn, theo sau l ccthuc tnh v cc phng thc ca itng.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 6Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.1. i tng Child c 4 thuc tnh v 4 phng thc. JamesSmith,Amelia Aliv Misty Greene l cc th hin ca i tng Child.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 7Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.2. i tng Parentc 5 thuc tnh v 3 phng thc. Mary
Smith, Ahmed Aliv Anthony Greene l cc th hin ca i tngParent.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 8Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.3. i tng Dogc 6 thuc tnh v 3 phng thc. Budy,Annie v Megan l cc th hin ca i tng Dog.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 9Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.4. i tng Studentc 7 thuc tnh v 6 phng thc. itng Instructorc 8 thuc tnh v 6 phng thc.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 10Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.5. i tng Fitness-Class Schedule c 7 thuc tnh v 7phng thc.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 11Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.6. i tng Registration Recordc 5 thuc tnh v 5 phngthc.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 12Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Thuc tnh attribute
Thuc tnh l c im dng m t i
tng. S lng cc thuc tnh cn thit ph thuc
vo cc yu cu nghip v v ngi s dng
ca HTTT. Cc thuc tnh c thit k trong qu trnh
thit k h thng.
Cc i tng c th tha k hoc c ccc thuc tnh t cc i tng khc. Trng thi ca mt i tng l mt tnh t
dng m t trng thi hin ti ca itng.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 13Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.7. Trng thi ca i tng l mt thuc tnh cho bit trngthi ca i tng.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 14Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Phng thcmethod
Mt phng thc xc nh cc cng vic cth m i tng c th thc hin.
Phng thc m t mt i tng lm gvlm nhthno.
Phng thc constructor to mt th hinmi ca mt i tng.
Phng thc cp nht dng thay i dliu hin ti.
Phng thc truy vn cung cp thng tin v
cc thuc tnh ca mt i tng.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 15Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.8. Phng thc More Fries yu cu thc hin 7 bc c th.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 16Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.9. Phng thcAdd Studentyu cu thc hin 9 bc c th.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 17Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Thng ipmessage
Thng ip l mt lnh bo cho mt itng thc hin mt phng thc no .
Tnh a hnh (polymorphysm) l khi nim mcng mt thng ip gi cho hai i tngkhc nhau c th to ra cc kt qu khcnhau.
Khi nim hp en l mt v d v tnh ngbao tt c d liu v cc phng thc uc ng kn.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 18Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.10. Thng ipAddthng bo lp Studentthc hin phng
thc Add Student. Thng ip Delete thng bo lp Student thchin phng thc Delete Student.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 19Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.11. V d v tnh a hnh. Thng ip Good Nightto ra cc ktqu khc nhau, ty thuc vo i tng no nhn thng ip ny.
Hnh 5.12. Sales Transaction gi mt thng ip cho mt th hinca lp Customer.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 20Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Lp class
Mt i tng thuc mt nhm hoc mtloi, loi ny c gi l lp.
Cc i tng trong mt lp c th cgom nhm thnh cc nhm con.
Mt lp c th thuc mt loi chung hn, loiny c gi l lp cha.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 21Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.13. LpVehicle cha ccthuc tnh v cc
phng thc chung.Car, Minivan, Truckv School Bus l cc
th hin ca lpVehicle.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 22Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.14. Lp Employee cha cac thuoc tnh va cac phngthc chung. Manager, Office Staffva Instructorla cac lp con
cua lp Employee.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 23Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc khi nim hng i tng
Hnh 5.15. Lp cha Person cha cc thuc tnh v cc phng thc
chung. Employee l lp con ca lp Person. Instructor l lp conca lp Employee.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 24Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng vcc lp
Cc mi quan h cho php cc i tnglin lc v tng tc vi nhau.
Cc mi quan h m t cc i tng cng bit ln nhau.
Cc loi mi quan h
Mi quan h ph thuc (dependency)Mi quan h lin kt (association)
Mi quan h bao gp (aggregation)
Mi quan h tha k (inheritance)
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 25Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng vcc lp
Mi quan h ph thuc dependency
Xy ra khi mt i tng phi c thngbo v mt i tng khc.
Hnh 5.16. Mi quan hph thuc tn ti giacc i tng SchoolBus v Bus Route. Mithay i ca Route Buss nh hng nSchool Bus.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 26Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng vcc lp
Mi quan h lin kt association
Mnh hn mi quan h ph thuc v xy rakhi cc thuc tnh no ca mt i tngc xc nh t s tng tc ca n vimt i tng khc.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 27Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
q g gcc lp
Hnh 5.17. Mi quan h lin
kt tn ti gia cc itng Student vRegistration Record. Cc
thay i ca RegistrationRecord c th nh hng
n trng thi ca Student.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 28Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
q g gcc lp
Mi quan h bao gp aggregation
Tn ti khi mt i tng l mt b phn camt i tng khc.
Hnh 5.18. Mi quan hbao gp tn ti gia cci tng Department
v Employee. Tt c ccthnh vin caDepartment l b phnca Employee.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 29Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
q g gcc lp
Mi quan h tha k inheritance
Cho php mt i tng tha k cc thuctnh v cc phng thc ca mt i tngkhc.
Hnh 5.19. Mi quan h thaktn ti gia cc i tng
Instructor v Employee. itng Instructortha k ccc tnh ca lp Employeev c th c thm cc thuc
tnh ring.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 30Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
q g gcc lp
S lin kt i tng object relationship diagram
Cung cp ci nhn tng qut ca h thng.
Hng dn pht trin cc s v ti liutip theo.
Cc mi quan h gia cc i tng v
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 31Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
cc lp
Hnh 5.20. Mt v d v s lin kt i tng.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 32Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Ngi phn tch h thng s dng UMLm t h thng hng i tng.
S dng cc k hiu biu din hacc thnh phn v cc mi quan h khcnhau bn trong h thng.
c s dng ch yu h tr phn tchh thng hng i tng v pht trincc m hnh i tng.
Object Management Group nghUML lmt chun m hnh i tng.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 33Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Suse case S use-case biu din trc quan s
tng tc gia nhng ngi s dng vi
HTTT. S tm lc trc quan ca nhiu use
case lin quan vi nhau trong h thng.
Phm vi ca h thng cho thy ci g ca vo trong h thng v ci g khng ca vo trong h thng.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 34Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Suse caseMt use case biu din cc bc trong mt
chc nng hoc qu trnh nghip v c th.
Mt tc nhn (thc th ngoi) khi ng mtuse case bng cch yu cu h thng thchin mt chc nng hoc qu trnh.
Mt use case c th tng tc vi cc usecase khc.
Mi use caseu c phn m t.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 35Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Suse case Phn loi use-case da vo mc ch v
lng thng tin ca use-case. Use-case khi qut (overview use-case) v use-
case chi tit (detail use-case).
Use-case ch yu (essential use-case) v use-
case thc (real use-case). Cc thnh phn ca m tuse-case
Thng tin khi qut (overview information).
Cc mi lin kt (relationship). Dng cc s kin (flow of events).
Cc c tnh ty chn (optional characteristic).
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 36Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Use-case name: ID: Importance level:
Primary actor: Use-case type:
Stakeholders and interests:
Brief description:
Trigger:
Type:
Relationships: (Association, Include, Extend, Generalization)
Normal flow of events:
Subflows:Alternative/exceptional flows:
Hnh 5.21. Mu m tuse-case
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 37Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Use-case name: Make appointment ID: 2 Importance level: High
Primary actor: Patient Use-case type: Detail, essential
Stakeholders and interests:
Patient - wants to make, change, or cancel an appointment
Doctor - wants to ensure patients needs are met in timely manner
Brief description: This use case describes how we make an appointment as well
as changing or canceling an appointment.
Trigger: Patient calls and asks for a new appointment or asks to cancel orchange an existing appointment.
Type: External
Relationships:
Association: Patient
Include: Make Payment Arrangements
Extend: Create New Patient
Generalization:
Hnh 5.22. Mt v d ca m tuse-case
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 38Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Normal flow of events:
1. The Patients contacts the office regarding an appointment.
2. The Patient provides the Receptionist with his or her name and address.
3. The Receptionist validates that the Patient exists in the Patient database.4. The Receptionist executes the Make Payment Arrangements use-case.
5. The Receptionist asks Patient if he or she would like to make a new
appointment, cancel an existing appointment or change an existing
appointment.
If the patient wants to make a new appointment,
the S-1: new appointment subflow is performed.
If the patient wants to cancel an existing appointment,
the S-2: cancel appointment subflow is performed.
If the patient wants to change an existing appointment,the S-3: change appointment subflow is performed.
6. The Receptionist provides the results of the transaction to the Patient.
Hnh 5.22. Mt v d ca m tuse-case (tip theo)
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 39Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Subflows:
S-1: New Appointment
1. The Receptionist asks the Patient for possible appointment times.
2. The Receptionist matches the Patients desired appointment tiems with
available dates and times and schedules the new appointment.
S-2: Cancel Appointment
1. The Receptionist asks the Patient for the oldappointment time.
2. The Receptionist finds the current appointment in the appointment fileand cancels it
S-3: Change Appointment
1. The Receptionist performs the S-2: cancel appointment subflow.
2. The Receptionist performs the S-1: new appointment subflow.
Hnh 5.22. Mt v d ca m tuse-case (tip theo)
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 40Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Subflows:S-1: New Appointment
1. The Receptionist asks the Patient for possible appointment times.
2. The Receptionist matches the Patients desired appointment tiems with
available dates and times and schedules the new appointment.
S-2: Cancel Appointment
1. The Receptionist asks the Patient for the oldappointment time.
2. The Receptionist finds the current appointment in the appointment file
and cancels it
S-3: Change Appointment1. The Receptionist performs the S-2: cancel appointment subflow.
2. The Receptionist performs the S-1: new appointment subflow.
Alternative/exceptional flows:
3a: The Receptionist executes the Create New Patient use-case.S-1, 2a1: The Receptionist proposes some alternative appointment times
based on what is available in the appointment schedule.
S-1, 2a2: The Patient chooses one of the proposed times or decides not to
make an appointment.
Hnh 5.22. Mt v d ca m tuse-case (tip theo)
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 41Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.23. Cc
k hiu ca suse-case.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 42Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
Hnh 5.24. Suse-case ca h thng hn khm bnh
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 43Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
g g
Hnh 5.25. Suse-case vi cc tc nhn chuyn bit.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 44Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
g g
Hnh 5.26. Cc mi lin kt Extendv Include.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 45Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
g g
S lp class diagram
Biu din ci nhn chi tit ca mt use case.
S lp l mt m hnh lun l, t chuyn thnh m hnh vt l v cui cng trthnh HTTT hot ng.
Lng s m t cc th hin ca lp nyquan h nh th no vi cc th hin ca lpkhc.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 46Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
g g
Hnh 5.27. K hiu UML cho thy loi lin kt gia cc th hin camt lp vi cc th hin ca mt lp khc.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 47Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
g g
Hnh 5.28. S lp cho use-case Sales Order(khng ghi cc thuctnh v cc phng thc).
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 48Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.29. S lpcho use-case Airline
Reservation.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 49Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S tun t sequence diagram
S tun t l m hnh ng ca mt use
case. S tun t cho thy s tng tc gia
cc i tng theo trnh t thi gian.
S tun t cho thy tt c cc tc ng cth c hoc ch tp trung vo mt tnh hungc th.
Tng tc i t trn xung dc theo ngthng ng thi gian.
M hnh ha i tng dng UML
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 50Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S tun t Cc mi tn nm ngang biu din cc thngip ti tng ny n i tng kia.
S tun t bao gm cc k hiu biu dincc lp, cc ng sng, cc thng ip vcc tiu im iu khin.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 51Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Tc nhn
(actor)
i tng
(object)
ng song
(lifeline)
Tiu im iu khin(focus of control)
Thng ip
(message)Hy i tng
(object destruction)
Hnh 5.30. Cc k hiu ca s tun t.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 52Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Normal flow of events:
1. Customersubmits a search request to the system.
2. The system provides the customera list of recommended CDs.
3. The customerchooses one of the CDs to find additional information.
4. The system provides the customerwith basic information & CD Reviews
5. The customercalls the maintain order use case.
6. The customeriterates over 3 through 5 until finished shopping.
7. The customerexecutes the checkout use case.
8. The customerleaves the website.
Hnh 5.31. Dng cc s kin ca use-case Place Order.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 53Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.32. S tun t ca use-case Place Order.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 54Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S chuyn trng thi state transition diagram
Cho thy mt i tng thay i nh th no
t trng thi ny thnh trng thi khc. Tt c cc trng thi c th c phi c th
hin trong s chuyn trng thi.
Bao gm cc k hiu biu din s tng tcban u, cc trng thi, cc s kin gy ra sthay i trng thi v trng thi cui cng
(kt thc).
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 55Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.33. V d v s chuyn trng thi ca mt ti khon ngn hng.
Hnh 5.34. S chuyn trng thi cho thy trng thi ca sinh vin. Mtsinh vin c khng ng k sau 12 thng c x l nh sinh vin mi.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 56Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
S hot ng activity diagram
Cho thy th t xy ra ca cc hnh ng v
xc nh cc ng i ra. Cc s tun t, s chuyn trng thi
v s hot ng l cc cng c mhnh ha ng gip ngi phn tch hiucc i tng i x v tng tc nh th
no bn trong h thng.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 57Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.35. S hot ng cho thy cc tc v v cc s kin khi
rt tin ti my ATM.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 58Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Cng cCASE Computer-Aided Software Engineering
Lm nhanh qu trnh lp s.
Cung cp khung thc (framework) cho viclp ti liu v cc thnh phn ca h thng.
Bo m tnh nht qun v cung cp cc milin kt chung.
H thng Architect 2001 l mt cng cCASE.
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 59Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
Hnh 5.36. System Architect 2001 ghi nhn use-case v s chuyn trng thi.
T chc m hnh i tng
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Chng 5. M hnh ha i tng 2006 60Nguyn Trung Trc- Khoa CNTT
T chc cc use case v cc s usecase chng c thc lin kt thchhp vi cc s lp, s chuyn trng
thi, s tun t v s hot ng. By gi chun b mt s d dng
thay i phn mm sau ny.