4G e além & seus Desafios

Alberto Boaventura 2014-11-12

V1.0

… VIDEO, SOCIAL, CLOUD & GAMES BECOME CROWD DENSITY TRAFFIC.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

1000

1800

Voice

Data

Tota

l (U

L+D

L) t

raff

ic (

Pe

taB

yte

s)

Source: Cisco VNI 2012

12

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

6

Mobile File Sharing

Mobile M2M

Mobile Web/Data

Mobile Video

Exab

yte

s p

er

mo

nth

In 2016, Social Newtorking will be second

highest penetrated consumer mobile service

with 2, 4 billion users – 53% of consumer

mobile users - Cisco 2012

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014*

MBB Developing MBB Developed FBB Developing FBB Developed

Wo

rld

Bro

adb

and

Su

bsc

rip

tio

ns

(Bill

ion

s)

Source: ITU/ICT/MIS 2014

VIDEO BECOMES SOCIAL …

DATA BECOMES VIDEO … MOBILE BECOMES DATA … TELECOM BECOMES MOBILE …

Changes ...

On the market demand in dense urban areas during business hours, it has been

calculated that 800 Mbps/km2 are required (BuNGee and Artists4G Projects).

The Convention Industry Council Manual guidelines recommend 10 square feet

per person. It represents 1 Million persons per km2. If all persons upload video

with 64 kbps, it represents 64 Gbps/km2!

INTERNET OF EVERYTHING

By the end of 2014, the number of mobile-connected

devices will exceed the number of people on earth, and

by 2018 there will be nearly 1.4 mobile devices per

capita. There will be over 10 billion mobile-connected

devices by 2018, including machine-to-machine (M2M)

modules—exceeding the world’s population at that time

(7.6 billion) – CISCO VNI 2014

Source: Ericsson 2013

ITU-R M.2034 Spectral Efficiency

DL 15 bits/Hz UL 6.75 bits/Hz

Latency User Plane < 10 ms Control Plane < 100 ms

Bandwidth ITU-R M.2034 40 MHz ITU-R M.1645 100 MHz

LTE Advanced

ADVANCED

Coverage

Cap

acit

y

SmallCells

High order MIMO Carrier Aggregation

Hetnet/CoMP

LTE

LTE –A

Carrier Aggregation Intra & Inter Band

Band X

Band y

Multihop Relay

Multihop Relay

Smallcells Heterogeneous Network

Colaboration MIMO (CoMP) e HetNet

High Order DL-MIMO & Advanced UL-MIMO

3GPP TR 36.913

3GPP Release 8

3GPP Release 10

Release 8/9 Release 10/11 Release 12/13

20 MHz OFDM SC-FDMA DL 4x4 MIMO SON, HeNB

Carrier Aggregation UL 4x4 MIMO DL/UL CoMP HetNet (x4.33) MU-MIMO (x1.14)

Small Cells Enh. CoMP Enh. FD-MIMO (x3.53) DiverseTraffic Support

LTE Roadmap

5G Vision and Timeframe

METIS PROJECT PREMISES (SOURCE: ETSI/ERICSSON)

ITU-R´s docs paving way to 5G:

IMT.VISION (Deadline July 2015) - Title: “Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2020 and beyond” Objective: Defining the framework and overall objectives of IMT for

2020 and beyond to drive the future developments for IMT

IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS (Deadline Oct. 2014) To provide a view of future IMT technology aspects 2015-2020 and

beyond and to provide information on trends of future IMT technology aspects

EU (Nov 2012)

China (Fev2013)

Korea (Jun 2013)

Japão (Out 2013)

2020 and Beyond Adhoc

Exploratory Research Pre- standardi.

Standardization activities Trials and Commercialization

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

WRC15 WRC12 WRC19

Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society

5G Potential Technologies

Native M2M support A massive number of connected devices

with low throughput; Low latency Low power and battery consumption

hnm

h21

h12

h11

Higher MIMO order: 8X8 or more System capacity increases in fucntion of

number of antennas

Enables systems that illuminate and at the same time provide broadband wireless data connectivity

Transmitters: Uses off-the-shelf white light emitting diodes (LEDs) used for solid-state lighting (SSL);

Receivers: Off-the-shelf p-intrinsic-n (PIN) photodiodes (PDs) or aval anche photo-diodes (APDs)

C-plane (RRC)

Phantom Celll

Macro Cell

F1 F2

F2>F1

U-plane

D2D

Phantom Cell based architecture Control Plane uses macro network User Plane is Device to Device (D2D) in

another frequency such as mm-Wave and high order modulation (256 QAM).

5G Non-Orthogonal Waveforms for Asynchronous Signalling (5GNOW)

Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier (UFMC) : Potential extension to OFDM ;

Filter Bank Multi Carrier (FBMC): Sustainability fragmented spectra.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) Sparse-Code Multiple Access (SCMA) High modulation constellation

MASSIVE MIMO COGITIVE RADIO NETWORKS VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION

DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE NATIVE SUPPORT FOR M2M NEW MODULATION SCHEME

New protocol for shared spectrum rational use

Mitigate and avoid interference by surrounding radio environment and regulate its transmission accordingly.

In interference-free CR networks, CR users are allowed to borrow spectrum resources only when licensed users do not use them.

... Challenges

SPECTRUM TECHNOLOGY SPLIT CELL

New Spectrum identification

Interference with exiting services: cleanup cost, interference mitigation

High spectrum license cost

Spectrum Refarming

Spectral Efficiency

New infrastructure investment

Technology life cycle and adoption

Market Scale

New site legal barriers

Tax barriers

New site investment

Interference control and mitigation

Backhaul capillarity

About Spectrum

Spectrum Requirement

According to Rysavy Research, there will be needed over than 200 MHz per operator by 2016.

FCC: Make 500 MHz of spectrum newly available for broadband within 10 years

European Comm.: 1200 MHz (incl. exist. 625 MHz) to be allocated to mobile broadband by 2015

Shared spectrum, Unlicensed spectrum:, Unlicensed secondary usage or Licensed Secondary Access (LSA) e.g. in TV white space,

Sensing and Cognitive radio technologies for spectrum sharing

WORLD SPECTRUM FORECAST SPECTRUM IN BRAZIL

531 MHz 749 MHz

971 MHz

749 MHz

557 MHz 723 MHz

997 MHz

723 MHz

587 MHz 693 MHz

1027 MHz

693 MHz

Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Band UL (MHz)

DL (MHz)

Width (*) WRC 3GPP (LTE)

Anatel

450 MHz 451-457 461-468 14 MHz 2007 Band 31 Res 558/2010

700 MHz 703-748 758-803 90 MHz 2007 Band 28 Res 625/2013

850 MHz 824 - 849 869 - 894 50 MHz 2000 Band 5 Res 454/2006

900 MHz 898,5 - 901; 943,5 - 946

907,5 - 915; 952,5 - 960

10 MHz 2000 Band 8 Res 454/2006

1800 MHz 1.710-1785 1805-1880 150 MHz 1992/2000 Band 3 Res 454/2006

2100 MHz 1920-1975 2110-2165 110 MHz 2000 Band 1 Res 454/2006

2600 MHz 2500-2570 2620-2690 140 MHz 2007 Band 7 Res 544/2010

3500 MHz 3400-3600 (TDD) 200 MHz 2007 Band 42 Res 537/2010

Brazil: 330 MHz (Res 454/2006) , 204 MHz (Res 544/2010) and 80 MHz (Res 625/2013)

But due CAP constraint, only 140-160 MHz per operator is allowed.

ITU-R M.2078 projection for the global spectrum requirements in order to accomplish the IMT-2000

future development, IMT-Advanced, in 2020.

NEW SPECTRUM

UL DL

Frequency

FDD

DL UL

Time

TDD

Different frequency schemes and bandwidths;

FDD vs TDD;

Supplemental Downlink;

Spectrum aggregation;

FLEXIBILITY

20 MHz 15 MHz 10 MHz

5 MHz 3 MHz

1,4 MHz

Spectrum Management

Frequency under 1 GHz has a good Indoor

propagation. But lack bandwidth for

capturing mobile broadband traffic.

90 MHz 150 MHz

200 MHz

13 GHz

700 MHz 1800 MHz 3500 MHz mmWave

Better propagation

Ban

dw

idth

Amount of Bandwidth

The high cost of spectrum and the consolidation of

mobile broadband with the decline and migration of

legacy voice services on 2G to 3G in the coming

years, raises the possibility of immediate use

bands of GSM as the 1800 MHz for LTE.

F1 F2

Scenario 1

Same coverage F1 = F2

Scenario 2

F2 has smaller coverage F2> F1

Scenario 4

F2 Is used to hot spots F2>F1

Different azimuth F1 = F2 or F1 F2

Scenario 3

Current 1800 MHz used for GSM/GPRS

Carving for LTE utilization

BCCH MA LIST BCCH MA LIST

BCCH MA LIST BCCH MA LISTLTE

REFARMING LOW DENSITY TRAFFIC

0,058

0,121

0,684

450 MHz

700 MHz

1800 MHz

Bands below 1 GHz, such as 700 MHz are applicable for low

density traffic, like: M2M; product in initial lifecycle;

suburban and rural areas;

When traffic is becoming more density, there is no difference

between high and low spectrum band

SPECTRUM DILEMMA: COVERAGE VS CAPACITY DUAL LAYER & CARRIER AGGREGATION

About New

Technology

2600 MHz (B7)

700 MHz (B28)

450 MHz (B31)

4G (LTE)

CDMA/ TDMA

Equation:

Data

Voice 2G (GSM)

3G (HSPA+)

900 MHz (B8)

1800 MHz (B3)

2100 MHz (B1)

850 MHz (B5)

The Mobile Operation Planning involves the assessment of the complex equation:

Service (demand characteristics for voice and data) vs Technology (2G, 3G and 4G or

otherwise) vs Spectrum (900, 1800, 2100, 2600 MHz or otherwise), where should seek cost

optimization not only present but future disruptive scenario with lack of fundamental

resource: spectrum.

Service Technology Spectrum

Technology Life Cycle Ecosystem

Total Cost Ownership Customer Experience

Terminal Penetration & Cost Capacity&Spectral Efficiency

Service Support Level of Terminal Subsidy

License & Network Cost License Obligation

Ecosystem Bandwidth Limitation Coverage & Capacity

Interference Level of Terminal Subsidy

Constrains &

Decision Criteria

Spectral Efficiency & Cost

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

200kHz

25 TRX

3,84MHz

1 WCDMA Carrier Codec FR D = 4 / Sector = 3

Reuse = 4 x 3 #Ckt/Sector= 2x7=14

Codec AMR 12.2 127 Walsh Codes

Reuse = 1 %SHO=20%

#Ckt/Sector = 64

24 Erl/BTS 160 Erl/NodeB

...

7 S

ymb

ols

12 subcarriers

25 Resource Blocks

700 Erl/eNB

Codec AMR 12.2 25 PRBs - 300 REs 200 -250 users/

Sector

2G (GSM) 3G (UMTS) LTE

Spectral Efficiency (Voice Capacity @ 5 MHz)

NEW CELL SITE CAPEX SPECTRUM COST

25% 45% 50%

52% 38% 35%

23% 17% 15%

Rooftop 30m Tower 50m Tower

Infra BTS Transport

Source: Planning Area, Oi, 2012

New Cell Site represents a huge impact in Wireless Operation total cost.

System capacity (Spectral Efficiency) in single site is the most important attribute.

The 2G spectrum consumption is faster than 3G as voice traffic increases. Spectrum is a lack and valuable resource. 10 MHz can cost

500-1 Billion of Reais.

0 MHz

10 MHz

20 MHz

30 MHz

10 Erl/BTS 50 Erl/BTS 90 Erl/BTS 130 Erl/BTS

2G

3G

+14 MHz

Cost Perspective

Customer Experience & Technology Lifecycle

QoE is the main motivation of churn and it will remain a key challenge for mobile operators and may in fact rise as the

wireless value chain becomes increasingly decentralized.

ITU-T Rec. P.10/G.100: The overall acceptability of an application or service, as perceived subjectively by the end-user.

QOE DEFINITION

Req. SLA QoS

QoE SLA KQI KPI

t t+ t- throughput

u(t)

u(t+)

u(t-)

u”(t) <0

Utility=QoE

Utility function perfectly captures user satisfaction in terms of what they are

willing to expect and pay.

UTILITY FUNCTION VS QOE

Users have more sensibility when lose than when win.

Competitive Pressure

Delighted

Extremely Dissatisfied

Fully Functional Dysfunctional

Attractive

Time Expected

KANO´S MODEL

Customer satisfaction has a positive correlation with how the product is functional. I.e., dysfunctional => bad experience; functional => Delighted

Customer Experience

Technology Lifecycle Management

Network Planning

Demand

Voice & Data

Scenario A Expand with

existing technology

Scenario B Start to change to a

new technology

Scen. A Scen. B

Year X

Ecosystem Cost

Spectrum Cost

Choosen Scenario must be which will

minimize PV of TCO.

ASSET MANAGEMENT LIFECYCLE & TERMINAL SUBSIDY

Utility Budget Restriction

LTE

HSP

A+

Utility Function

Budget Restriction

Subsidy level can minimize the TCO and it must be calculated as a function of how user is willing to pay

for more throughput (Utility Function) and cost of spectrum and network (Asset Management)

About Split Cell

High Density Traffic

2013 2014 2015 2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

0,0 Mbps/km2

500,0 Mbps/km2

1000,0 Mbps/km2

1500,0 Mbps/km2

2000,0 Mbps/km2

0,250 km 0,350 km 0,450 km 0,550 km

DOWNTOWN: HIGH DENSITY TRAFFIC

Coverage Radius

Capacity 2015

Capacity 2016

Capacity 2017

A +63%

C

D

+61%

+54%

B

TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES AND TOTAL COST OWNERSHIP

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

$$$

1 x 3 x 5 x 7 x 9 x 2600 MHz (10) +1800 MHz (5) +1800 MHz (10) SmallCell

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

TIMES BASIC SCENARIO COVERAGE CAPACITY

TCO

A B C

Green line represents the system capacity density.

The capacity associated to coverage grid can capture the demand from 2013 till 2014 – Point A;

However, for 2015 it is needed to increase 63% the number of sites, changing the exiting grid – Point B;

In 2016 and 2017, they require more 61% and 54% more sites respectivelly;

In that time, SmallCells are more appropriated infrastructure to save CapEx and OpEx;

Indifference between Macro

1800 & 2600 MHz

Macro LTE 1800 MHz for

coverage

Dual layer Macro LTE 1800

& 2600 MHz

181

265

890

SmallCell 2600 MHz

New Architetcture: CRAN

RRU/ RRH

Backhaul

Core Network

BBU BBU BBU

Internet

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

GbE

Existing Deployed Topology

Fronthaul

Internet

V-BBUs V-Core

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

RRU/ RRH

CPRI/ OBSAI

Cloud RAN Topology

DEPLOYMENT PARADIGM CHANGE

PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES

Elastic & liquid Resources

Operational Flexibility

Reduces space and power consumption

Reduces CapEx, OpEx and delivery time

Network Function Virtualization Software Defined Network

Creates an abstraction layer for: controlling; faster development ; system service orchestration and overall system evolution;

Creates an open environment for new development for SON & interference mitigation

Fronthaul Interface Hardware

Backplane

Backhaul Interface Hardware

Hardware Poll

Virtualization Layer (Ex.: Hypervisor/VMM)

VM BBU 1 VM BBU N Core

Network & Cache

...

O&

M/C

on

tro

l/O

rch

es

tra

tor

Fronthaul: CPRI, OBSAI, ETSI ORI

Internet

RRU/ RRH

Radio Unit

Network Datacenter

Only Radio Unit

Backhaul IP

ARCHITECTURE

Pain Points

Site aquisition: Given the limitation on the scope of the small cell, you have to know exactly where the traffic is generated and get the rights to install that exact spot.

New types of leases should be developed.

The expectation for the installation of Small scale is Cells that are an order of magnitude greater than the macro cells

Visual Polution: Due a number of SmallCells, the shape and format may impact in acceptance to install in building and public facilities.

Small cell radius of coverage is reduced compared to macro, it is necessary to locate accurately the traffic sources;

The installation of small cell (site acquisition) occurs with small error regarding the location planned.

Heterogeneous RF planning requires how traffic will be handled by each layer.

For maximum result from the limited range making the reuse of the spectrum.

Reuse requires a plan of distribution of the cells very well done.

IP Access (MPLS-TP, Metro Eth, MDU) , Giga-Ether over 150 Mbps per BTS

Required optical fiber, but Radio can be alternative for higher capillarity

New synchronism support (IEEE 1588, SyncE)

e-ICIC requires synchronism deviation around 1.5 s.

For CoMP, Latency must be below 1 ms New interface other than IP: CPRI

Backhaul & Fronthaul

Downlink: Terminal served by a small cell to connect the edge of cell will be interfered by the macro cell.

Uplink : one terminal connected in macro and close to the cell border creates strong interference in a small cell next.

They both are addressed with sofisticated mechanisms like ICIC, e-ICIC, Fe-ICIC, and CoMP

Interference Mitigation

Mobility device in idle state impacts the relative load between layers and battery consumption and frequency of handovers.

Increase in handovers due to the small size of the cells increases the risk of dropped calls (Dropped Call Rate),

Devices in connected state may need to HO to a small cell and, if they are on different frequencies, will need efficient scheme discovery of small cell that minimizes the impact on battery consumption.

Traffic/Capacity balancing with several resources and frequencies

Mobility Management

Planning Deployment and Rollout

The range in the number of radio stations in the layer of Small Cells should be an order of magnitude larger than the current one.

The way to optimize and operate should fit depending less manual intervention. Resources SON (Self Organizing Networks) will be important to maintain a good performance.

Service Availability: Internal battery must be required for accomplishing service SLA requirements.

The licensing cost (TFI/TFF) was a recent issue but still exist for SmallCells with higher power

Operational

Alberto Boaventura alberto@oi.net.br +55 21 98875 4998

THANKS!

OBRIGADO!