APUSH Semester 1 Exam 2015

“Their world, quite literally, changed before the Indians’ eyes as European colonists transformed the forest into farmland. . . . In the Southeast, hogs ran wild. Sheep and goats became permanent parts of the economy and culture of Pueblo and Navajo peoples in the Southwest. Horses transformed the lives and cultures of Indian peoples on the plains. Europeans also brought honeybees, black rats, cats, and cockroaches to America.”

— Colin G. Calloway, historian, First Peoples: A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, 2012

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“English expectations of the New World and its inhabitants died hard. America was supposed to be a land of abundance, peopled by natives who would not only share that abundance with the English but increase it under English direction. Englishmen simply did not envisage a need to work for the mere purpose of staying alive. The problem of survival as they saw it was at best political and at worst military.“Although Englishmen long remained under the illusion that the Indians would eventually become useful English subjects, it became apparent fairly early that Indian labor was not going to sustain the founders of Jamestown [Virginia].”

— Edmund S. Morgan, historian, “The Labor Problem at Jamestown, 1607–18,” published in 1971

“The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; [but] it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. . . . Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy.”

— Alexander Hamilton, speech at the Constitutional Convention, 1787

“The bow of God's wrath is bent, and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all, that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk with your blood.” ― Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

“For in Jesus Christ there is neither male nor female, bond nor free; even you may be the children of God, if you believe in Jesus.” -- George Whitefield

“It is very remarkable, that in the book of life, we find some almost of all kinds of occupations, who notwithstanding served God in their respective generations, and shone as so many lights in the world. -- George Whitefield

“On the subject of slavery . . . I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. . . . On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest—I will not equivocate—I will not excuse—I will not retreat a single inch—AND I WILL BE HEARD.”

— William Lloyd Garrison, first issue of abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, January 1831

Courtesy of the Library of Congress.

“Much of the national harmony had rested upon the existence of a kind of balance between the northern and southern parts of the United States. The decision to fight the [Mexican-American War] had disturbed this balance, and the acquisition of a new empire which each section desired to dominate endangered the balance further. Thus, the events which marked the culmination of six decades of exhilarating national growth at the same time marked the beginning of sectional strife which for a quarter century would subject American nationalism to its severest testing.”— David M. Potter, historian, The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848–1861, (1976)

“[G]ranting all their mistakes, the radical governments were by far the most democratic the South had ever known. They were the only governments in southern history to extend to Negroes complete civil and political equality, and to try to protect them in the enjoyment of the rights they were granted.”

— Kenneth M. Stampp, historian, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877, published in 1965

“The Fourteenth Amendment had far-reaching consequences. Section 1 has become the most important provision in the Constitution for defining and enforcing civil rights. It vastly expanded federal powers to prevent state violations of civil rights.” -- Murrin, Johnson, McPherson, Gerstle, Rosenberg and Rosenberg, Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 2009

Elastic Clause: “The Congress shall have Power ... To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof…”Supremacy Clause: “This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.” -- Constitution of the U.S.

“It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases, must of necessity expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each. So if a law be in opposition to the constitution: if both the law and the constitution apply to a particular case, so that the court must either decide that case conformably to the law, disregarding the constitution, or conformably to the constitution, disregarding the law: the court must determine which of these conflicting rules governs the case…If then the courts are to regard the constitution; and the constitution is superior to any ordinary act of the legislature; the constitution, and not such ordinary act, must govern the case to which they both apply.” --Chief Justice John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, 1803

“The government of the United State, then, though limited in its powers, is supreme; and its laws, when made in pursuance of the constitution form the supreme law of the land, ‘any thing in the constitution or laws of the any State to the contrary notwithstanding.’…Among the enumerated powers [in the Constitution], we do not find that of establishing a bank or creating a corporation. But there is no phrase in the instrument which, like the articles of confederation, excludes incidental or implied powers; and which requires that every thing granted shall be expressly and minutely described…[A constitution’s] nature, therefore, requires that only its great outlines should be marked, its important objects designated, and the minor ingredients which compose those objects be deduced from the nature of the objects themselves.” -- Chief Justice John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

“The making of the New York canals did not really cost the people of the state the value of one cent, except so far as foreign materials may have been employed in the construction of them,…On the contrary, they gave a large and wholesome circulation to money, and enriched many individuals; and the increased value of property, and of profit, resulting from them, must be supposed by counting up hundreds of millions of dollars, if indeed, the benefits of them be within supposition at all!”

--Hezekiah Niles, newspaper reporter, “Great National Interests,” 1826

“The religious history of the early republic’s Second Great Awakening encapsulates two contradictory tendencies: a rising value on women’s special piety and enthusiastic participation, coupled with an ever-louder chorus of admonitions about women’s God-ordained subordination to men.”

-- Patricia Cline Cohen OAH Magazine, Winter 2000

“Everyone acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts. Judge Smith…said in an emergency he would rely upon his own slaves for his defense—he would put arms into their hands, and he had no doubt they would defend him faithfully. In the late Southampton insurrection, we know that many actually convened their slaves and armed them for defence, although slaves were here the cause of the evil which was to be repelled.”

Thomas Dew, President of the College of William and Mary, 1832William Harper, James Henry Hammond, William Gilmore Simms, and Thomas Roderick Dew, The Pro-

Slavery Argument (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1853)

“Sherman’s men destroying railroad”, Atlanta, Georgia, 1864

Harpers Weekly Magazine, 1840

Complaint of a Lowell Factory Worker (1845):“Much has been written and spoken in woman’s behalf, especially in America; and yet a large class of females are, and have been, destined to a state of servitude as degrading as unceasing toil can make it. I refer to the female operatives of New England--the free states of our union--the states where no colored slave can breathe the balmy air, and exist as such;--but yet there are those, a host of them, too, who are in fact nothing more nor less than slaves in every sense of the word! Slaves to a system of labor which requires them to toil from five until seven o’clock, with only one hour to attend to the wants of nature…”

The banner reads:

“William Henry Harrison,

The Farmer of North Bend”

“The resolution of the house of commons, …asserting their rights to establish stamp duties, and internal taxes, to be collected in the colonies without their own consent, hath much more, and for much more reason, alarmed the British subjects in America, than anything that had ever been done before. These resolutions, carried into execution, the colonies cannot help but consider as a manifest violation of their just and long enjoyed rights.

- -Hopkins, colonial governor of Rhode Island, 1764

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

Art. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or religious sentiments, in the said territory.

Art. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted: Provided, always, That any person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid.

SECONDARY SOURCE -- Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

In 1799, several defendants were indicted in Massachusetts for violating the Sedition Act by the erection of a “liberty pole.” The pole had an inscription attached: “No Stamp Act; no Sedition, no Alien-Bill; no Land Tax; Downfall to the Tyrants of America; Peace and Retirement to the President.” A wealthy and well-connected defendant charged only with assisting in the erection of the pole pled guilty and received a small fine plus six hours imprisonment.

--Free Speech, “The People’s Darling Privilege”, Struggles for Freedom of Expression in American History, Michael Kent Curtis, p. 88, Duke University Press, Nov. 17, 2000