49china country paper
TRANSCRIPT
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Traditional Medicine & HerbalTechnology
COUNTRY PAPER
(INDIA)
Dr. P. Pushpangadan, Director
National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow226 001
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Traditional Medicine
The tradition of health management/ treating ailments
practiced by traditional communities or medicinal
practices prevalent before the emergence of modern
medicine (18th/19th century) are generally termed as
Traditional Medicine
Traditional medicine has almost now dissappeared in
developing countries but still a living tradition in Third
World Nations.
The biodiversity-rich Third World nations have an
associated medicinal knowledge systems using the
various medicinal plants of the region.
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Traditional Medicine in India (Contd)
2. Classical streamOrganized systems
(1) This comprises of the codified and organized medicinal
wisdom with sophisticated theoretical foundations andphilosophical explanations expressed in several classical
texts like Charaka Samhita, Susrutha Samhita, Bhela
Samhita, and hundreds of other treatises (including some in
the regional language) covering all branches of medicine
and surgery. Systems like Ayurveda, Sidha, Unani, Amchi
or Tibetan are expressions of these classical streams.
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Local Health Traditions (LHT)
The folklore medicine or LHT is again at two levels:
Rural village based: This involves home remedies practiced at almost
every home, mostly by the mothers and grand motherstospecialized individuals, healers or family traditions treating single
or general ailment. This system is mostly oral in tradition except in
certain cases mostly in Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat where some
written tradition maintained through hand written transcripts in
local languages, some of which are now been available in printedform. Such village folklore medicine or LHT involve the use of
about 5000 plant species with about 25,000 or more formulations
for treating a variety of human ailments.
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Traditional Carrier Subjects Nos.
Housewives andelders
Home remedies, Food andnutrition
Millions
Traditional birthattendants
Normal deliveries 7 lakhs
Herbal healers Common ailments 3 lakhs
Bone-settersVisha Vaidhyas (Snake,Scorpion, Dog)
Orthopedics
Natural poisons
60,000
60,000
Specialists*Nethra
*Skin*Respiratory*Dental*Arthritis*Mental Diseases*Liver*GIT*Wounds*Fistula Piles
*1000 in eacharea
SourceFoundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT), Bangalore
Folk-medicine carriers of village-based health traditions in India
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2. Tribal based: This is practiced by the tribal communities who inhabit in and
around the forests. This tradition is currently fast eroding due to the changeof life style of the tribal people. India has over 67.8 million tribal people
belonging to 550 communities of 227 ethnic groups as per the classification
made by anthropologists on linguistic basis. They inhabit in about 5000-
forested villages or lead a nomadic life in the forest. Each tribal community
has a distinct social and cultural identity of its own and speaks a commondialect. There are about 116 different dialects and 227 subsidiary dialects
spoken by tribals in India. According to a recent study conducted by the
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, under the All
India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology (AICRPE- 1992-1998;
Pushpangadan 1994), over 10000 wild plants are reported to be used bytribals for meeting their primary health care, food and material requirements
(Figure 1). About 8000 wild plant species are used by the Indian tribes for a
variety of medicinal purposes, which cover about 1,75,000 specific
preparations/applications (Pushpangadan 2002); of these 2000 species are
found to be new claims and worthy of scientific scrutiny.
Local Health Traditions(Contd.)
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Indian System of Medicines
The promotive, preventive, corrective and curative approach in health care and
the medicinal plants possessing such properties are indeed the strength of theIndian Systems of medicine (ISM). The ancient masters of Ayurveda and
Siddha had organized, codified and synthesized the medical wisdom with
sophisticated theoretical foundation and philosophical explanations. They
adopted the fundamental doctrines of Darshana philosophy, particularly the
Nyaya, Sankhya and Vaiseshika, which encompassed all sciences physical, chemical, biological and spiritual. While Darshana philosophers
discussed and debated their theories, Ayurvedic masters put them to practical
test and applied them successfully to interpret the laws governing the material
objects of the universe and the dynamics of biological evolution. The modern
physicists and biologists are now demonstrating the precision and exactness ofmany such cosmological theories and other rationale and hypothetical
assumptions intuitively discovered and developed by the ancient Indian sages.
It is quite logical to say that a serious and in-depth study and research on the
vast treasure - trove of Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, particularly
their theoretical bases and philosophical explanations may open up new
exciting avenues of knowledge in understanding diseases and health.
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Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
Rasayana
Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) is a speciality of Ayurveda,
which mainly deals with the preservation and promotion of
health. It promotes longevity and prevents or delays the agingprocess. Rasayana promotes rsistance against infections and
other causative factors for the disease by maintaining the
equilibrium of Vata, Pitta and Kapha. The Rasayana, if
administered at an early age, also helps the body metabolism in
such a way that he genetic predisposition for a particular disease
is avoided and the intensity of the symptoms of a particular
disease is greatly reduced.
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PanchakarmaPanchakarma (Purification Therapy) deals mainly with theremoval of toxins and waste materials from the body to purify thebiological system from gross channels to eradicate the disease
completely. It is helpful in the prevention of disease andpreservation and promotion of health, as well as the managementof psychosomatic, neurological, gastrointestinal, cardiovascularand many other chronic, degenerative diseases and iatrogenicconditions. Panchakaram plays a vital role in Ayurvedic
therapeutics and occupies an important place in the Ayurvedicsystem of medicine. This five-fold purification theraphy, aclassical form of treatment in Ayurveda, includes Vamana(emesis), Virechana (Purgation), Asthapana (Decoction enema),
Anuvasana (Oily enema) and Nasya (Nasal Insufflation).
Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
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Indian System of Medicines (Contd)
Pizhichil
In this therapeutic measure, warm medicated oil is poured all over the body
followed by massage, in seven positions in a systematic manner for the
treatment of diseases of the nervous system like paralysis, sciatica,
osteoarthiritis, musculo-skeletal, neuro-muscular and degenerative diseases.
Pizhichil is very useful as a health restorative measure for elderly persons
when it is regularly used once a year or so. This treament cleanses the minute
channels in the body of morbid substances.
Shirobasti
This is an oil treatment applied to the head in which a leather belt is tied to ht
clean shaven scalp. The junction of scalp and leather beld is sealed with paste
prepared from wheatflour or black gram. Medicated oil is then poured into it
and kept for the stipulated time. This is recommended for headaches, myopial
conditions, insomnia, psychiatriac illnesses, epilepsy, hair fal, etc. It improves
the functioning of the sensory systems and removes exhaustion.
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Indian System of Medicines(Contd)
Shirodhara
This therapeutic measure is carried out by pouring oil or medicated
liquids on the forehead for treating headaches, vertigo, insomnia,
anxiety, etc. It is also useful in many psychosomatic disorders and
hypertension.Ksharasutra
This Alkaline Thread threpy is a popular herbal treatment for ano-rectal
diseases likes fistula-in-Ano and haemorrhoids (piles) under the
speciality of Shalyatandra are prepared from plants like Arka and Snuhiby using their milk or herbal alkaline material and typing a the site. The
advantage of this therapy is that the patients may remain mobile during
the treatment. It can also be carried out on patients for whom modern
surgery is contra-indicated.
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1. Determine PRAKRUTI(Constitution) by -history taking
-Observations
2. NIDANA(Diagnosis)
Nature, degree and extent of imbalance of Tridoshas. Library of
5800 clinical signs and symptoms in Ayurvedic texts
3. Chronobiology: Impact of season, time and environment on
Tridoshas.
4. SWASTHAVRUTA: Life style modification
5. AHARA: Dietary modifications
6. PANCHAKARMA: Purification of the body
7. AUSHADHI: "Designer Medicine" unique for the particular
patient prepared from a Pharmacopoeia utilising 1200 plants, 100
minerals and 100 animal products in numerous formulations.
THE AYURVEDIC THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY
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Some Ancient Treatise
1. Agni Purana: treatment of cattle and horse2. Garuna Purana:treatment of horse and elephants
3. Shalihotra Samhita:Treatment of diseases of horse4. Matasya Purana:mentions older treatise by Pakapya
muni and Somaputra Budh for treating fishes
5. Shyama Shastra:Middle ages. Treatment of birds,
specially pigeons
Veterinary Physicians in Mahabharat
Dronacharya specially trained Nakula and Sahdev in
treatment of horsesNakulais said to have authored a treatise on horsesNala was an expert in treatment of horses and also called
Ashwavid
[Prachin Bharat Mein Vigyan aur Shilpa; S.N. Kapur, 1998]
TREATMENT OF ANIMALS IN AYURVEDA
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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES
Hospitals 3004 with 60666 beds
Dispensaries 23028
Hospitals & Dispensaries of ISM & Homeopathy in India
Medical education facilities in India
System Colleges
Undergraduate Post graduate
Ayurveda 198 55Unani 39 5
Siddha 2 2
Homeopathy 166 17
Total 405 77
Admission capacity 16845 821
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MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.)
Number of Ayurveda colleges
Statewise
No.
Name of State No. of College No. Name of State No. of College
1. Andhra Pradesh 4 12. Karnataka 47
2. Assam 1 13. Kerala 5
3. Bihar 12 14. Madhya Pradesh 9
4. Chhattisgarh 1 15. Maharashtra 57
5. Delhi 1 16. Orissa 6
6. Goa 1 17. Punjab 11
7. Gujarat 10 18. Rajasthan 4
8. Haryana 5 19. Tamil Nadu 4
9. HimachalPradesh
1 20. Uttaranchal 3
10. Jammu-Kashmir 1 21. Uttar Pradesh 12
11. Jharkhand 1 22 West Bengal 2
TOTAL 198
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Registered practitioners of ISM & Homeopathy in India
MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN
INDIAN SYSTEM OF MEDICINES(Contd.)
Ayurveda 427504
Unani 42445
Siddha 16599
Naturopathy 429
Homeopathy 194147
Total 681124
Acts administered in the ISM Sector
1. Central Council of Medicine Act of 19732. Central Council of Homeopathy Act 1973
3. Drugs & Cosmetics Act of 1940 and the rules there under
4. Medicinal & Toilet Preparation Act & Rules 1995-96.
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Statutory Regulatory Bodies for ISM under Government of India
Central Council of Indian Medicine
Central Council of Homeopathy
(for regulating standards of Medical Education and registering practitioners)
Drug Technical Advisory Board (ASUDTAB) for advising on all aspects related to drug
standardization and quality control of Indian Systems of Medicine
Engaged in clinical research activities on drugs of Indian Systems, survey on Medicinal
Plants, drug standardization, tribal and family welfare research carried out through unitssetup in different parts of the country
Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha 36 unitsCentral Council for Research in Unani Medicine 32 unitsCentral Council for Research in Homeopathy 52 unitsCentral Council for Research in Yoga & Naturopathy
Research Councils under Central Government
MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF
MEDICINES(Contd.)
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National Institutes set up by Department of
Indian Systems of Medicine & Homeopathy, Government of India
MEDICAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH IN INDIAN SYSTEM OF
MEDICINES(Contd.)
For producing graduates and post-graduates of high quality for conducting
research and to provide quality medical care
National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur
National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore (under establishment)National Institute of Homeopathy, CalcuttaNational Institute of Naturopathy, Pune
Moraji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New DelhiNational Institute of Siddha, Chennai (under establishment)Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth, New Delhi
Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian MedicineGhaziabad Pharmacopoeia Laboratory, Ghaziabad
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The role of herbal medicine in effectively meeting the primary health careneeds of the rural people, particularly of the Third World countries is now
well appreciated. This has led to the widespread interest in placing herbal
medicine in a appropriate scientific framework, by assessing their safety,
efficacy and quality, according to modern standards. WHO guidelines for
assessment of herbals address the following:
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE TRADITIONAL
INDIAN SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE
1. Pharmaceutical assessment (crude plant material, plant preparations,
finished products, stability).
2. Safety assessment (toxicological studies, documentation of safety based
on experience).
3. Assessment of efficacy and intended use (pharmacological activity,
evidence required to support indication).
4. Product information to consumers.
5. Marketing
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54
321
Flowering plants used in Traditional Systems of
Medicine in India
Modern Medicine 30 spp.
Amchi 300 spp.
Unani 700 spp.
Siddha 800 spp.
Ayurveda 900 spp.
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Compound Plant Species
Acetyl digoxin Digitalis lanata
Ajmalicine Catharanthus roseus, Rauwolfia sp.
Ajmmaline Rauvolfia serpentina
Andrographolide Andrographis paniculata
Artemissine Artemisia annua
Asiaticoside Centella asiatica
Berberine Berberis spp.
Caffeine Camellia sinensis
Caffeine Camellia sinensis
Cocaine Erythroxylum cocoa
Codeine Papaver spp.
Codiene Papaver somniferum
Colchicine Colchicum autumnale, Gloriosa superba
Curcumin Curcuma longa
Digitoxin, Digoxin, Digitoxigenin Digitalis spp.
Emetine Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Ephedrine Ephedra gerardiana
Ergometrine, Ergotamine, Ergotoxin Claviceps purpurea on Rye plants
Glycyrrhizin, Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycyrrhiza glabra
Hesperidin Citrus spp. Mentha spp.
Examples of some important plant derived drugs
Contd..
E l f i t t l t d i d d (C d )
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Hyoscine Duboisia spp.
Hyoscyamine Datura spp, Hyscyamus spp.
L-Dopa Mucuna pruriens
Menthol Mentha spp.
Morphine Papaver spp.
Papain Carica papaya
Podophyliotoxin Podophyllum emodi
Quinine, Quinidine Cinchona spp.
Reserpine & Deserpidine Rauvolfia serpentina,
Rutin Eucalyptus spp, Fagopyrum spp, Sophora japonica
Scopolamin Datura sp.
Sennosides A&B Cassia angustifolia, C. acutifolia
Silymarin Silybum marianum
Strychnine Strychnos nux-vomica
Taxol Taxus baccata
Thymol Thymus vulgaris
Vinblastine, Vincristine Catharanthus roseusXanthotoxin Ammi majus, Heracleum candicans
Chemical Intermediates
Citral Lemon grass
Diosgenin Dioscorea spp. Costus spp.
Phytosterols (Stigmasterol & Sitosterol) Soya & Calabar Beans
Solasodine Solanum
Hypercin, Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum
Examples of some important plant derived drugs(Contd..)
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1. Agarkar Research Institute. Pune
2. A. K. Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh
3. B. H. U. Varanasi (CCRAS Unit)
4. B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education & Research
development Centre, Thalteji, Ahmedabad
5. Capt. Srinivasmurthi Drug. Res. Instt. For Ayurveda,
(CCRAS), Chennai
6. CCRAS, New Delhi
7. CCRUM, A. G. Colony, Hyderabad
8. Central Instt. Of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Lucknow
9. College of Pharmacy, New Delhi
10. Deptt. of Chemistry Univ. of Delhi
11. Deptt. of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia
Hamdard, New Delhi
12. Dr. Y. B. Tripathi, B.H.U. Varanasi
13. Drug Standardisation Unit, Rishikul Ayurvedic College,
Hardwar
14. Drug Testing lab. Joginder Nagar, Mandi (H. P.)
15. Drugs Standardisation Res. Project, Gujrat Ayurved
University, Jamnagar
16. Faculty of Pharmacy (CCRUM) Drug Standardisation
Unit Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
17. Govt. Ayurvedic & Unani Pharmacy Nanded
18. Indian Instt., of Chemical Technology (CSIR),
Hyderabad
19. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, Lucknow
20. Institute of Himalayan bio-resources technology,
Palampur (H. P).
21. Institute of pharmaceutical sciences, Punjab Univ.,
Chandigarh
22. National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow
23. National Instt. of Pharmaceutical Education & Research,
Mohali
24. Pharmacognosy Research Unit (CCRAS), University of
Calcutta
25. Pharmacognosy Research Unit JNMPG&H, Pune
26. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine (CCRUM),
Aligarh
27. Regional Research Instt. of Unani Medicine, Chennai28. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Bhubaneshwar
29. Regional Research Laboratory (CSIR), Jammu
30. Shri Ayurveda Mahavidalaya Nagpur
31. Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Instt. Trivandrum
32. National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur
Institutions operating Central scheme for development of
Pharmacopoeial standards for ASU drugs by ISM, Govt. of India
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Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs
List of plants allocated to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
1. Acorus calamus Linn.
2. Albizia lebbeck Benth.
3. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd.
4. Optis teeta
5. Anogeissus latifolia Bedd
6. Arnebia nobilis Reichb.
7. Butea monospelma (Lamk.) Taub.(syn.B.frondosa Roxb.)
8. Cinnamoum tamala
9. Coscinium fenestratum
10. Allium cepa(syn.Psychotria ipecacuanhaStokes )
11. Crataeva magna (Lour) DC. (syn.C.nurvala Buch.Ham)
12. Curcuma amada Roxb.
13. Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.
14. Enicostemma hyssopifolium (Willd.)Verdoran (syn.E.littorale Blume.)
15. Euphorbia prostrata Linn.
16. Euphorbia thymifolia Linn.
17. Euphorbia tirucalli Linn.
18. Ficus lacor Buch. -Ham.
19. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br.
20. Hemldesmus indicus R.Br.
21. Jatropha glandulifera Roxb.
22. Leucas cephalotes spreng.
23. Mesua ferrea Linn.
24. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. ,
25. Onosma bracteatum Wall.
26. Operculina turpethum Linn.
27. Pueraria tuberosa DC.
28. Rubia cordifolia Linn.
29. Streblus asper Lour.
30. Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.)
31. Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.
32. Wedelia calendulacea Less.
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List of plants allocated to National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education &
Research, Mohali, Punjab
Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs
1. Abutilon indicum (Linn. ) Sweet
2. Asparagus adscendensRoxb.
3. Asparagus racemosusWilld.
4. Berberis aristata DC.
5. Bergenia ligulataEngl.
6. Caesalpinia bonducella (Linn.) Roxb. (syn.C.cristata Lim1.)
7. Canscora decussata Schult.
8. Catharanthus roseus G.Don.
9. Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker
10. Cissus quadrangularis (Linn. ) Schr .
11. Citrullus colocynthis (Linn.) Schr.
12. Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.
13. Cyperus rotundus Lim1.
14. Embelia ribes Burm.F.
15. Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.
16. Hibisus rosa-sinensis Linn.
17. Hypericum perforatum Linn. lnula racemosaHook. F .
18. Lawsonia inermis Linn.
19. Momordica charantia Linn.
20. Nigella sativa Linn.
21. Ocimum basilicum Linn.
22. Ocimum grasissimum Linn.
23. Piper longum Linn.
24. Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiem.
25. Potentilla sundaica Kuntze
26. Sida acuta Burm.
27. Sida rhombifolia Linn.
28. Syrnplocos racemosa Roxb.
29. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers ex hook f.& Thorns.
30. Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.
31. Tylophora indica Burm.f. & Merill
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List of plants allocated to Tropical Botanical Garden & Research Institute,
Thiruvananthapuram
Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs
1. Adhatoda beddomei C.B. Clarke
2. Allium cepa Linn.
3. Allium sativum Linn.
4. Alstonia scholaris (Linn. ) R.Br.
5. Argemone mexicana Linn.
6. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. (syn.A.integra auct. non Merrill, A.integrifolia Hook.non Linn.)
7. Azadirachta indica Juss.
8. Cichorium intybus Linn.
9. Cinnamomum camphora Nees ex Eberm
10. Cinnamomum tamala Nees
11. Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn.
12. Desmodium gangeticum DC.
13. Elettaria cardamomum Maton
14. Gmelina arborea Linn.
15. Hedychium spicatum Linn.
16. Mallotus philippensis Muell.-Arg
17. Melia azedarach Linn.
18. Murraya koenigii Spreng.
19. Musa paradisiaca L.
20. Myristica fragrans Houtt.
21. Myristica malabarica Lam.
22. Oroxylum indicum Vent.
23. Premna integrifolia Linn.
24. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
25. Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.
26. Rhus parvif1ora Roxb.
27. Santalum album Linn.
28. Sesamum indicum Linn. (syn. S.orientaleLinn.)
29. Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
30. Syzygium cuminii (Linn.) Skeels.
31. Tecomella undulata (G.Don.) Seem
32. Uraria picta Desv.
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List of plants allocated to B.V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research
Development Centre, Ahmedabad
Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs
1. Aristolochia indica Linn.
2. Boswellia serrata Roxb.
3. Calotropis gigantea (Linn. ) Dryand.
4. Capparis decidua Edgew.
5. Cassia angustifolia Vahl.
6. Cassia fistula Linn.
7. Cassia occidentalis Linn.
8. Cinchona officinalis Linn.f.
9. Cissampelos pareira Linn.
10. Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon
11. Commiphora myrrha (Nees)Engl.syn.C.mukul Engl.
12. Commiphora wightii Bhandari
13. Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall.
14. Leptadenia reticulata Linn.
15. Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Am. I
16. Moringa oleifera Lam.(syn.M.pterygosperma Gaertn.)
17. Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC (syn.M.pruritaHook.)
18. Phyllanthus maderaspatensis Linn.
19. Plantago ovata Forsk.
20. Plumbago indica Linn.
21. Plumbago zeylanica Linn.
22. Punica granatum Linn.
23. Randia dumetorum Lam.
24. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.
25. Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De Wilde
26. Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f.
27. Solanum indicum Linn.
28. Solanum torvum Swartz.
29. Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers.
30. Terminalia arjuna Wight & Am.
31. Terminalia bellerica Roxb
32. Terminalia chebula Retz..
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List of plants allocated to Regional Research Laboratory, Jammu
Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs
1. Achillea millefolium Linn.
2. Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf. Ex Holmes
3. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.
4. Aesculus hippocastanum Linn.
5. Ammi majus Linn. ,
6. Anacyclus pyrethrum DC.
7. Anethum sowa Kurz.
8. Angelica archangelica Lilm.
9. Angelica glauca Edgew.
10. Apium graveolens Linn.
11. Argyreia nervosa (Burm F .) Bojer svn.A.
speciosa Sweet
12. Artemisia annua Linn.
13. Cannabis sativa Linn.
14. Carum carvi (Linn.) DC.
15. Coptis teeta Wall.
17. Costus speciosus (Koenig) Sm.
18. Crocus sativus Linn.
19. Cuminum cyminum Linn.
20. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.
21. Digitalis purpurea Linn.
22. Ferula foetida Regel
23. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke
24. Fumaria parviflora Lam.
25. Gloriosa superba Linn.
26. Mentha arvensis Linn.
27. Podophyllum hexandrum Royle
28. Psoralea corylifolia Linn.
29. Saussurea lappa Spreng.
30. Taxus baccata Linn.
31. Valeriana Wallichi DC.
32. Vetiveria zizanioides Linn.
33. Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb.
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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH ON AYURVEDIC DRUGS
Improved formulations and reduced number of Ayurvedic drugs
Use of GMP procedures and QC
Certified shelf life and improved dosage form
Validated indications and contraindications Deletion of obsolete or toxic formulations
Use of Ayurvedic drugs in modern clinical practice Inclusion in essential list of drugs Adjunct to existing drugs
Treatment of diseases where modern drugs not available or unsatisfactory Development of suitable formulations, standardized extracts or active
constituents IPR protection wherever feasible Inclusion in Pharmacopoeias.
New indications for Ayurvedic drugs
Development of new drugs for Ayurvedic practice
Utilizing leads from other countries
Study of unscreened flora, specially endemic or threatened species
Studies on Ayurvedic drugs for veterinary use
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AYURVEDIC PROTOCOLS FOR DRUG EVALUATION(Yogyamapi Aoushdam Evam Pariksheta)
A. Pharmacognostical Study
1.Nama Name of the Drug
2.Rupam Botanical features3.Desa jatam Habitat4.Ritu grhitam Season of collection
5.Grhitam Species and part used6.Nihitam Way of storage and prevention
Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India
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Sl.No. Bio-Geographic Zone Biogeographic Provinces Estimated No. of Med. Plantspp.
1. Trans-Himalayan - 700
2. The Himalayan 2A- North-West Himalaya
1,700
2B- West Himalaya
2C- Central Himalaya2D-East Himalaya
3. Desert 3A-Kutch5003B Thar
4. Semi-Arid 4A- Punjab10004B-Gujarat-Rajwar
5. Western Ghats 5A-Malabar Coast
20005B-Western Ghats Mountains6. Deccan Peninsula 6A-Deccan Plateau South
3000
6B- Central Plateau
6C-Eastern Plateau
6D- Chhota Nagpur
6E- Central High land
7. Gangetic Plain 7A- Upper Gangetic Plain
10007-B Lower Gangetic Plain8. North-East India 8A-Brahmaputra Valley
20008B-Assam Hills
9. Islands 9 A - Andaman Islands10009 B - Nicobar Islands
9 C - Lakshadweep Islands
10. Coasts 10-A West Coast 500
Distribution of Medicinal Plants across the biogeographic zones/provinces of India
Source FRLHT, Bangalore
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1. Aquilaria malaccensis
2. Butea monosperma var. lutea
3. Chloroxylon swietenia
4. Commiphora wightii
5. Euodia lunuankenda
6. Hydnocarpus macrocarpa
7. Mangifera indica
8. Ochreinauclea missionis
9. Pinus gerardiana
10. Pterocarpus indicus
11. Pterocarpus santalinus
12. Santalum album
13. Saraca asoca
14. Tabernaemontana gamblei
15. Tabernaemontana heyneana
16. Taxus wallichiana
The 2000 IUCN Red List of Threatened Indian Medicinal plants
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Extinct (Ex): A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that its last individual has died.
Extinct in the Wild (EW): A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivityor as a naturalized population well outside the past range.
Critically Endangered (CR): A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of
extinction in the wild in the immediate future (80% decline in the last 10 years, 100km2 of area of occupancy or 10
sq. km in fragmented area: estimated 250 mature individuals or subpopulation of not more than 50 individuals).
Endangered (EN): A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critical, but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the
wild in the near future (50% decline in the last 10 years; estimated
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Development of Standards of Medicinal Plants andPreparation of Monographs
Species Name No. of Accessions
Achilleaspp. 17
Andrographis paniculata 20
Cassiaspp. 22
Catharanthus roseus 11
Daturaspp. 26
Digitalisspp. 16
Matricariaspp. 11
Mucunaspp. 117
Ocimumspp. 187
Papaver somniferum 288
Plantagospp. 19
Psoralea corylifolia 50
Salviaspp. 11
Species Name No.of Accessions
Solanum spp. 17
Tagetes spp. 56
Trichosanthes spp. 11
Trigonella foenum-graecum 37
Withania somnifera 19
Aconitum balfourii 1
Costus speciosus 1
Eremostachys superba 1
Picrorhiza kurrooa 1
Rheum australe 3
Saussurea costus 4
Misc.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants 307
Total 1253
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Sl.No.
Plants No. of accession
1. Aloe spp. (Aloe) 53
2. Asparagus spp. (Satavari.) 50
3. Cassia angustifolia (Sannsa) 5
4. Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed musli) 56
5. Commiphora wightii (Guggal) 67
6. Ocimum spp. (Tulsi) 41
7. Plantago ovata (Isabgol) 12
8. Phyllanthus spp. (Bhui amla) 12
9. Tinospora cordifolia (Gilo) 38
10. Tribulus terrestris (Gokhru) 6
11. Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) 11
Total 351
Germplasm status of field gene bank at NRCM & AP
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Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop(Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used
1. Jawahar Isabgol Plantago ovata JNKVV, Jabalpur Seeds, husk
2. Gujarat Isabgol-1 GAU-RC, Mehsana
3. G.I.-2
4. Niharika CIMAP, Lucknow
5. Sona Cassia angustifolia Leaves, pods
6. ALFT-2 GAU, Anand
7. Shweta Papaver
somniferumCIMAP, Lucknow Latex, seeds
8. Shyama
9. Sampada 10. Sanchita Straw
11. Shubhra
12. Sujata Seeds
13. Kirtiman NDUAT, Faizabad Latex, seeds
14. Trishna NBPGR, New Delhi
15. Rajhans RAU, Udaipur
16. NBRI-3 NBRI, Lucknow
17. Jawahar Afim-16 JNKVV, Mandsaur
18. Udaipur opium RU, Udaipur
19. Aela Hyoscyamus niger CIMAP, Lucknow Biomass
20. Aekla
21. IC-66 NBPGR, New Delhi
22. NP-41 H. muticus CIMAP, Lucknow Contd
Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions
Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions (Contd )
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Sl. No. Variety/Cultivar Crop (Plant species) Institute where developed Parts used
23. HMT-1
24. Hansa Chysanthemum
cinerariefolium
Flowers
25. Jhelum
26. Nirmal Catharanthus roseus Roots, leaves
27. Dhawal
28. Asha Artemisia annua Biomass
29. S-3 Dioscorea floribunda Rhizome
30. S-2-58 D. composita NBPGR, New Delhi
31. FB (C)I D. floribunda IIHR, Bangalore
32. Arka-Upkar
33. RS-1 Rauvolfia serpentina JNKVV, Indore
34. Jawahar Asgandh Withania somnifera JNKVV, Mandsaur Roots
35. Poshita CIMAP, Lucknow
36. RRL (Purple) Datura metel RRL, Jammu Biomass
37. RRL (Green)
38. SL-831 Asparagus officinalis Spears
39. RRL-20-2 Solanum khasianum Biomass berries
40. RRL-SL-6
41. Glaxo S. viarum Glaxo, India Berries
42. IIHR 2n-11 IIHR, Bangalore
43. Arka-Sanjivani
44. Arka-Mahima
45. EC-113465 S. lanciniatum YSPHU, Solan
Improved varieties of medicinal plants developed in India by various institutions(Contd.)
Source: Sharma, J.R. (2001)
Table 22. Improved Varieties of Medicinal Plants Developed by ICAR and SAUs
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Sl.No.
Crop Variety Developed by Year ofRelease
1 Cassia angustifolia (Senna) Anand Late Selection Anand 1989
2 Digitalis lanata (Foxglove) D. 76 Solan 19913
Glaucium flavum (Yellow HornedPoppy)
H47-3 Solan 1991
4 Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) Haryana Mulhatti-1 Hisar 1989
5Hyoscyamus muticus (EgyptianHenbane)
HMI-80-1 Indore -
6 Lepidium sativum (Cress) Anand 1998
7 Papaver somniferum (OpiumPoppy)
Jawahar Opium 539 Mandsur 1997
8Papaver somniferum (OpiumPoppy)
Jawahar Opium 540 Mandsur 1998
9Papaver somniferum (OpiumPoppy)
Chetak Aphim Udaipur 1994
10Papaver somniferum (OpiumPoppy)
Trisna Delhi -
11 Piper longum (Long Pepper) Viswam Trichur 199612 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Haryana Isabgol-5 Hisar 1989
13 Plantago ovata (Isabgol) Jawahar Isabgol-4 Mandsur 1996
14 Solanum laciniatum NH 88-12 Solan 1991
15Withania somnifera (Aswagandha)
Jawahar Asgand-20 Mandsur 1989
16 Withania somnifera (Aswagandha) Jawahar Asgand-134 Mandsur 1998