4841 4845.output

* GB785248 (A)

Description: GB785248 (A) ? 1957-10-23

New therapeutically active derivatives of barbituric acid

Description of GB785248 (A)

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CH367175 (A) CH367175 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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PATENT SPECIFICATION 785,248 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug 26, 1955. No 24569/55. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. Index at acceptance:-Class 2 ( 3), C 2 83 (A 1; F; G 1), C 2 B 20, C 3 A 14 C( 3: 5: AA: 8 D), C 3 CS(A 4: C 7; ES). International Classification:-CO 7 d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION New Therapeutically Active Derivatives of Barbituric Acid I, WILLIAM TAUB, a citizen of Israel, of 43, Ben Zionstrasse, Rehovoth, Israel, do hereby declare the invention, for which 1 pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to new therapeutically active substances being 5-(bicyclooctenyl)-5-alkyl barbituric acids of the general formula

bicyclo l 1 2 3 l octenyl-( 2)-C-X C = A OC-N-H in which X stands for a saturated or unsaturated alkyl group with 1-3 carbon atoms or 2-3 carbon atoms respectively, Y stands for hydrogen or a methyl group, and A is an oxygen or sulphur atom In the following description, the bicyclo l 1 2 3 l octenyl-( 2) radical will always be understood by the term " bicyclo-octyl " The preparation of these new derivatives of barbituric acid is analogous to that of known substances of this series and comprises the condensation between a functional derivative of bicyclo-octenyl cyanoacetic or malonic acid such as, for example, an ester, amide, nitrile, chloride, and urea or a derivative or related compound such as guanidine, thiourea, dicyanodiamide or isourea ethers, or the saturated or unsaturated alkyl derivatives of such compounds The alkyl groups, saturated or unsaturated, of the CQ-atom referred to as X in the above formula, may be introduced into the cyanoacetic or malonic acid prior to such condensation, or into the barbiturates resulting from the condensation The free bicyclo-octenyl barbituric acids may be converted into their salts with inorganic or organic bases The following examples to which-the invention is not limited, illustrate how bicyclooctenyl barbituric acids may be prepared: lPsce 3 s 6 d l EXAMPLE 1: Bicyclo-octenyl cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester is prepared by condensing bicyclo-1,2,3 45 octan-2-one with cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid. For this purpose a mixture of 124 grs of Bicyclo-1,2,3-octan-2-one (cf Ber 71 p 50 2407, Alder, Windemuth), 125 grs of cyanoacetic ethyl ester, 40 grs of ammonium acetate, 50 cc of glacial acetic acid and 350 cc of dry benzene is refluxed in a 2 1 flask provided with a condenser and a water 55 separator for several hours until no more water separates from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is now washed with water in order to remove the remaining ammonia acetate, the solvent is distilled off at 60 reduced pressure and the rest is subjected to fractionation in vacua The fraction distilling at 145-50 C under a pressure of 2 mm is collected separately and forms the desired bicyclo-octenyl cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester 65 The bicyclo-octenylcyanoacetic acid ethyl ester is a colourless liquid. Into this compound, a saturated or unsaturated alkyl radical such as methyl, ethyl or allyl is introduced at the same C-atom to 70 which the bicyclo-octenyl radical is connected. This is done, for example, in the following way: 21.9 grs of the said ester are added to a solution of 2 3 grs of sodium metal in 50 cc 75 of absolute ethanol To this mixture 14 3 grs of methyl iodide are gradually added while cooling, and the whole is

heated under reflux until the reaction has become neutral After distilling off the ethanol the mixture is taken 80 up in water and the oily layer taken up in ether After removing the solvent at reduced pressure the (bicyclo-octenyl methylcyanoacetic acid ethyl ester distils at 125 C under a pressure of 2 5 mm 85 23.3 grs of this latter substance are dissolved in a solution of 4 6 grs of sodium in cc of absolute methanol, 9 2 grs of urea are further added thereto, and the mixture is refluxed for about 4 hours The methanol is then dissolved off in vacuto, the residue is dissolved in cold water To this solution 100 cc of 25 % sulphuric acid are added and the -5 mixture refluxed for 2 hours After cooling the organic layer is taken up in ether, the ethereal solution is extracted with a slight excess of % Na OH solution 5-(Bicyclo-octenyl)-5methyl barbituric acid is precipitated from this aqueous alkaline solutioni by means of diluted hydrochloric acid The precipitate is recrystallised from isopropanol and forms colourless needles of faintly bitter taste showing a melting point of 266 C. A salt of this compound with an organic base may be prepared in the following way: 25.0 grs of the aforesaid barbituric acid are dissolved in 400 cc of pure methanol, and to this solution 11 7 grs of diethylaminoethanol, dissolved in 60 cc of methanol, are added in the cold The mixture is evaporated to dryness in vacuo at 40 C The salt so formed is advantageously used, for therapeutic purposes, in aqueous solution which is to be protected against the access of carbon dioxide. A salt of this compound with an inorganic base may be prepared in an analogous manner by the reaction of 25 0 g of the aforesaid barbituric acid dissolved in 400 cc of pure methanol with a methanolic sodium hydroxide solution containing 4 0 g of sodium hydroxide. EXAMPLE 2. Instead of (bicyclo-octenyl)-methyl-cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester (bicyclo-octenyl)-ethylcyanoacetic acid methyl ester is prepared in an analogous manner, by the condensation of bicyclo-1,2,3-octan-2-one with cyanoacetic acid mathyl ester and subsequent introduction of an ethyl group, such as by means of ethyl bromide An equivalent amount of this compound is condensed with urea in the manner described in example 1 The 5-(bicyclooctenyl)-5-ethyl barbituric acid so obtained forms colorless needles melting at 213 C. after recrystallization from isopropanol. EXAMPLE 3. 25.9 grs of (bicyclo-octenyl)-allyl-cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester prepared similarly as the corresponding ethyl compound, are dissolved in a solution of 4 6 grs of sodium in cc of absolute methanol to which 9 grs of dicyanediamide are added The mixture is refluxed for 5 hours

The methanol is then evaporated at reduced pressure and the (bicyclo octenyl) allyl cyaniminobarbituric acid which can be isolated as an intermediary product, is saponified by boiling with eight times its amount of 25 % sulfuric acid for six hours The 5-(bicyclo-octenyl)-5-allyl barbituric acid thereby formed is allowed to cool down, filtered off and recrystallized from diluted isopropanol It forms colourless needles and melts at 206 C. EXAMPLE 4. 23.3 grs of bicyclooctenyl-methyl-cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in a solution of 4 6 grs of sodium in 100 cc of absolute methanol to which 9 grs of dicyanodiamide are added, and the mixture is heated to about 700 for 6 hours When the mass has cooled down, 24 grs of dimethyl sulfate are added dropwise, care being taken that the temperature does not rise above 503 C Hereafter the methanol is evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue is boiled by eight times its amount if 25 %-,' sulfuric acid The 5-(bicyclo-ocrenyl)5-methyl-i-methyl barbituric acid thereby formed is allowed to cool down, filtered off and recrystallized from diluted methanol It forms colourless crystals of m p 1740 C. EXAMPLE 5. 24.7 grs of (bicyclo-octenyl)-ethyl-cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in a solution of 4 6 grs of sodium in 120 cc of absolute ethanol to which 8 grs of thiourea are added. The mixture is refluxed for about 5 hours. The alcohol is then evaporated, the residue dissolved in about 150 cc of water and saponified by refluxing with eight times its amount of 25 % sulfuric acid After purification by dissolving in an excess of aqueous alkali and by reprecipitating by means of acetic acid, the crude 5-(bicyclo-octenyl)5-ethyl thiobarbituric acid is recrystallized from diluted methanol. It forms colourless crystals of m p 198 ' C. EXAMPLE 6. 21.9 grs of (bicyclo-octenyl)-methyl-cyanoacetic acid methyl ester are dissolved in a solution of 4 6 grs of sodium in 100 cc of absolute methanol To this solution 8 grs of thiourea 100 are added and the mixture is refluxed for about 4 hours The methanol is evaporated and the residue dissolved in water and saponified by refluxing with an excess of 10 % hydrochloric -acid The crude 5-(bicyclo-octenyl)-5-methyl 105 thiobarbituric acid is recrystallized from isopropanol and melts at 227 ' C. EXAMPLE 7. 24 7 grs of (bicyclo-octenyl)-ethyl-cyanoacetic acid ethyl ester are dissolved in a solu 110 tion of 4 6 grs of sodium in 100 cc of absolute ethyl alcohol to which 16 0 grs of N-methylacetyl urea are

added The mixture is refluxed for about 5 hours The alcohol is then evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue is 115 saponified by refluxing with 10 % hydrochloric acid in excess for 2 hours The crude product is recrystallized from isopropanol Tle pure 5-(bicyclo-octenyl) 5 ethyl 1 methyl barbituric acid forms colourless crystals and melts 120 at 173 C. EXAMPLE 8. 24.5 grs of (bicyclo-octenyl)-allyl-cyanoacetic acid methyl ester are dissolved in a solution of 4 6 grs of sodium in 100 cc of absolute 125 785,245 OC NH l l CSH 11 C-C^H CO 00 NH 9 As a new product, 5-(bicyclo-octenyl)-5 40 methyl-l-methyl barbituric acid of the formula OC N-CH, l l CSH 11-C-CH, CO OC-N-H As a new product, 5-(bicyclo-octenyl)5-ethyl thiobarbituriq acid of the formula OC NH methanol To this solution 8 grs of thiourea are added and the mixture is gently refluxed for about 4 hours The methanol is evaporated and the residue dissolved in water and saponiS fied by refluxing with an excess of 10 % hydro. chloric acid After recrystallisation from alcohol the 5-(bicyclo octenyl)-5-allyl thiobarbituric acid melts at 1950 C.

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* GB785249 (A)

Description: GB785249 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to writing instruments


A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available amongst the following family members:

BE541267 (A) CH351864 (A) DE1724337 (U) FR1169028 (A)

BE553666 (A) BE567595 (A) FR1195668 (A) BE541267 (A) CH351864 (A) DE1724337 (U) FR1169028 (A) BE553666 (A) BE567595 (A) FR1195668 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip



PATENT SPECIFICATION' Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Sept 13, 1955. Application made in Austria on Sept 14, 1954. Application made in Austria on Feb 8, 1955. Application made in Austria on Mar 17, 1955. Abblicatinn meldg in t- t; an H A_ to norr 78 n,249 No 26114/55. SPECIFICATION NO 785,249 By a direction given under Section 17 ( 1) of the Patents Act, 1949 this application proceeded in the names of Jacob Ritter, citizen of the German Federal Republic, trading as Jacob Ritter K G, of 20 Waldstrasse, Brensbach/Odenfwald, in the German Federal Republic, and Alfred Dottlinger, citizen of Austria, of 7, Steleinarkerstrasse, Kirchdorf on the Krems, Austria. THIE PATENT O OFF 1 ICE, DB 64227/1 ( 6)13578 100 9/57 R SPE CIFICATIO;I NO 785,249 Paga 1, Heading, f or, "Miarch 17, 1955 t read 1 Feb 17, o 1 ss'. THE PATENT OFFICE, 28th April, 19585 DB 04462/2 ( 6)13604 150 4156 R mentioned locking arrangement with the aid of a ball clamped between two shoulders could heretofore be achieved only by the acceptance of two disadvantages which have so far prevented the full success of the ball as a locking member in spring loading mechanisms, particularly for writing instruments such as ball-point Dens In the first place the writing_ instrument had to be held at different inclinations when the reservoir was to be locked or released by means of fin-er pressure on the plunger because the ball locked only under the action of its weight, and the actuation by inertia forces was possible only by imparting differently directed motion impulses to the writing instrument for locking and releasing This involved a complicated operation and required a special manual skill In the second place all constructions heretofore proposed and using a ball have had the disadvantage that the free movement of the very small and light ball (

1-2 mm in diameter) was (Price 3/6) inoerav-p s' uis up eralve anri inoperative positions, said locking means comprising a ball the travel of which is restricted by opposed recesses formed in the 70 reservoir-actuating plunger and in said body or a sleeve in said body, said recesses cooperating to engage said ball therebetween and hold it, under the action of said spring in either of two alternative positions corre: 75 sponding to the operative and inoperative positions of the reservoir. Thus, the ball as locking member is nc. longer freely movable and exposed only to the influence of its weight or inertia but 80 is positively guided along predetermined paths with each of its two halves received in one of two particularly suitable recesses. which may be variously shaped and one of which is formed in the body, or a sleeve in 85 the body of the writing instrument whereas the other recess is formed in the plunger. These recesses consist more particularly of a transverse slot or groove and a loneitudinal slot or groove which slide past each 90 PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Sept 13, 1955. Application mode in Austria on Sept 14, 1954. Application made in Austria on Feb 8, 1955. Application made in Austria on Mar 17, 1955. Application made in Austria on Mar I 8, 1955. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. 7 g 35249 No 26114155. I ndex at Acceptance:-Class 146 ( 3), P 1 M: International Classification:-B 43 c. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Writing Instruments. 1, ALFRED DOTTLINGER, of 7 Steiermarkerstrasse, Kirchdorf on the Krems, Austria, a citizen of Austria, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- This invention relates to writing instruments, especially ball point pens Mechanisms have heretofore been proposed for enabling a return spring loaded reservoir of a writing instrument, particularly a ball point pen, to be locked in and released from its writing position under the influence of inertia forces and/or by thumb pressure on a plunger, such locking and release being effected by means of a ball adapted to be moved between two alternative positions corresponding to the operative and inoperative positions of the reservoir. The unusual simplicity of the abovementioned locking arrangement with

the aid of a ball clamped between two shoulders could heretofore be achieved only by the acceptance of two disadvantages which have so far prevented the full success of the ball as a locking member in spring loading mechanisms, particularly for writing instruments such as ball-point Dens In the first place the writing instrument had to be held at different inclinations when the reservoir was to be locked or released by means of finger pressure on the plunger because the ball locked only under the action of its weight and the actuation by inertia forces was possible only by imparting differently directed motion impulses to the writing instrument for locking and releasing This involved a complicated operation and required a special manual skill In the second place all constructions heretofore proposed and using a ball have had the disadvantage that the free movement of the very small and light ball ( 1-2 mm in diameter) was prevented by the entrance of dirt or dust into the mechanism so that the function of the spring loading mechanism (based on this free movement of the ball) became impaired particularly after prolonged use so The primary object of the present invention is to obviate or mitigate the two disadvantages aforesaid and to enable the balls, constituting the simplest and, owing to its being produced by a grinding operation, the 55 least expensive and most precise form of locking member with minimum friction, to achieve full success in spring loading mechanisms, responding equally to pressure and inertia forces, particularly for use in ball 60 point pens. According to the invention, I provide a writing instrument, especially a ball-point pen, comprising a body, a plunger-actuated spring-loaded reservoir mounted for sliding 65 movement in said body, and locking means for locking said reservoir in operative and inoperative positions, said locking means comprising a ball the travel of which is restricted by opposed recesses formed in the 70 reservoir-actuating plunger and in said body or a sleeve in said body, said recesses cooperating to engage said ball therebetweeni and hold it, under the action of said spring in either of two alternative positions corre 75 sponding to the operative and inoperative positions of the reservoir. Thus, the ball as locking member is no longer freely movable and exposed only to the influence of its weight or inertia but 80 is positively guided along predetermined paths with each of its two halves received in one of two particularly suitable recesses. which may be variously shaped and one of which is formed in the body, or a sleeve in 85 the body of the writing instrument whereas the other recess is formed in the plunger. These recesses consist more particularly of a transverse slot or groove and a longitudinal slot or groove which slide past each 90 (Price 316) 785,249 3ther during actuation of the plunger to effect

displacement of the ball in the slots 9 r grooves, transversely of the movement of the plunger and practically free of fricStion and wear, from one abutment to another (writing and inoperative positions). As a result of the invention, the locking and release of the reservoir may now be effected by finger pressure on the plunger in 10the same, substantially vertical position of the writing instrument because the return movement of the ball member does not take place under the influence of the weight thereof alone but under the influence of 15the return spring when released, or may be effected by longitudinal shaking actions imparted by hand to the instrument in the direction of the writing tip In the latter case the tension of the spring is of such a reduced nature that the reservoir will spring forwardly into its writing position at the first longitudinal shaking action and at the second shaking action it will spring back to its inoperative position; in no case is it necessary to change the direction of shaking. One of the recesses may be a groove extending longitudinally with respect to the :nstrument, said groove being of general Ushape with unequal limbs. Several illustrative embodiments of the invention are shown in enlarged views in the accompanying drawings, in which:Fig 1 is a sectional view of a springloading mechanism in a threaded clip-retainfg sleeve to be mounted in a ball-point pen, with plunger ball, and a longitudinal groove in the form of a U-shaped ball guide channel having unenual limbs formed in the inside wall of the clip-retaining sleeve. This mechanism is particularly suitable for actuation by longitudinal shaking actions imparted to the pen in the direction of the writing tip. Fig 2 is a sectional view showing a ballpoint pen with a spring loading mechanism for actuation by thumb pressure, using a longitudinal groove as is shown in Fig 10 in the inside wall of the clip-retaining sleeve and an annular transverse groove in the plunger. Fig 3 is a sectional view of a springloading mechanism responsive only to actuation by longitudinal shaking actions irparted to the pen and having a longitudinal slot (U channel) in the wall of the clip-retaining sleeve and a closed peripheral transverse groove in a correspondingly shortened plunger, with the clip-retaining sleeve closed at the top. Fig 4 is a sectional view of a similar spring loading mechanism, the body of the writing instrument being closed at the top. Fig 5 is a sectional view of a modified spring loading mechanism The longitudindl groove (U-shaped channel) is in the plunger and the transverse groove may be in the clip-retaining sleeve or, as shown.

is formed by the lower rim of the clip-retaining sleeve, the inner wall of the body of the pen and the upper rim of an inserted 70 sleeve. Fig 6 is a sectional view of a sprinc loading mechanism having a longitudinal groove in a threaded internal sleeve and an annular transverse groove in the plunger 75 which is tubular and receives the reservoir. Figs 7, 8 and 17 show forms of longitudinal slots or grooves which mav be formed in the body of the pen or in the threaded clip-retaining sleeve or other in 80 ternal sleeve: these grooves are particularly suitable for actuation by longitudinal shaking actions imparted to the pen. Figs 15 and 16 show forms of simnilir longitudinal slots which may be formed in 85 the plunger. Figs 9 and 10 show forms of lon 7 gitudin 1 l slots in the pen body or in the threaded clip-retaining sleeve or other internal sleeve. for thumb pressure actuation of the plunger 90 Fig 11 shows a threaded clip-retaminel sleeve having a round or aneular (sq',uare) inner cross-section and an upwardly raised and tapered end collar, and a slot or groove extending only over part of the periperyn 95 of the wall thereof. Fig 12 is an elevation of a threaded clinretaining sleeve according to Fin 11 bu with a circular ball-guidinq recess in the outside or inside wall 100 Figs 13 and 14 show a square Dlune-r. whose transverse groove emtends onal over part of its periphery or which has,nlv hemispherical recess. The reservoir 20 slidably arranged in the 105 body 1 of a ball-point pen is acted anon by a coil-shaped return spring 19 and es connected at its upper end to a plunger 3. which is guided in a guide sleeve 2 which is inserted in the body 1 as a threaded clip 110 retaining or internal sleeve 4 designates a locking element in the form of a ball one half of which is accommodated and guided in a transverse recess, slot or groove extending transversely in the periphery of plunger 115 3 and the other half of which is accoanmodated and guided in a longitudinal recess, longitudinal groove or longit:udinal slot which is formed in the inside wvall of the threaded clip-retaining sleeve 2 and pro 120 vides two abutments for the ball on levels spaced in accordance with the stroke of the reservoir 20 The abutment for the ball 4 in the inoperative position of the reservoir is designated 7 and that for the writing 125 position is designated 8. According to Fig 1 the longituidnal guide for the ball 4 consists of a U-shaped groove 21 disposed in the inside wall of the threaded clip-retaining sleeve 2 and shown 13 o 785,249 in Fig 7 The two limbs

of the U are of different length The two limb ends formed as abutments 7, 8 for the ball 4 have a height difference which corresponds to the Sstroke of the reservoir 20 The plunger 3 is guided by its collar 22 in sleeve 2 and by its top part in a bore of the closing cap of the sleeve 2 A cylindrical annular cavity 23 is left free between the upper part of the plunger and the cylindrical wall of the threaded clip-retaining sleeve In the writing position the step formed by the collar 22 urges the ball 4 against the groove end 8 under the action of the return spring. To release the mechanism from and to lock it in the writing position, a longitudinal shaking action is imparted to the pen in the direction of the writing tip so that after the pen has been arrested, plunger 3 and reservoir 20 will continue to move under inertia until ball 4 is arrested by the foremost part of groove 21 Owing to its inertia the ball 4 will be shifted in either case from one limb of Proove 21 to the other. whereafier the reservoir and plunger are urged upwards by the return spring until the ball abuts the corresponding abutment 7 or 8 This embodiment is primarily suitable for actuation by longitudinal shaking actions imparted to the pen It may also be acuated however, by thumb-pressure in a substantially vertical position of the pen. 28 designates a stop which may be used to limit downward movement of the plunger. The spring loading mechanism shown by way of example in Fig 2 comprises a continuous groove 24 disposed in the inside wall of the threaded clip-retaining sleeve 2 as a guide groove for the ball 4 The exact basic form of groove 24 is shown in Fig. A transverse groove 25 is formed in the periphery of the plunger 3 This embodiment of the mechanism is suitable only for pressure actuation by hand In the spring loading mechanism shown in Figs. 3 and 4, which is responsive only to inertia forces, produced by longitudinal shaking actions imparted to the pen, 26 designates a U-shaped guide slot provided in the info side wall of the sleeve 2 and 27 designates an annular transverse groove in the plunger 3 In Fig 3 the threaded clip-retaining sleeve 2 and in Fig 4 the body I are closed at the top These two embodiments are fully protected against dust which is a special advantage for improved function of a spring loading mechanism Another advantage resides in the fact that an unintended depression of the plunger is precluded go where such an unintended depression could otherwise easily happen in view of the weak return spring, particularly when the writin S instrument is carried in a pocket. According to Fig 5 the U-shaped longi. tudinal guide groove is provided in a re.

verse arrangement in the plunger and is designated 29 The transverse groove 30 for the ball may then be disposed in the threaded clip-retaining sleeve or, as is shown in said Figure, groove 30 may be 70 formed as a transverse slot by leaving a space between the lower rim of the correspondingly shortened threaded clip-retaining sleeve 2 and the upper rim of an inserted sleeve 31 75 In the embodiment shown in Fig 6 upper and lower parts 32 and 33 of the body of the writing instrument are connected by a middle sleeve 34 having a standardized screw thread and formed with longitudinal 80 guide groove 35 The upwardly extended plunger slidably arranged in said sleeve is formed with an annular transverse groove 36 The return spring 37 bears against the upper rim of the threaded middle sleeve 34 85 and against collar 38 of the extension of the plunger The reservoir 20 is clamped in the pluneer Figs 7 8 and 17 show some forms of longitudinal slots or longitudinal grooves which may be provided in the bodv 90 l or in the threaded clip-retaining sleeve 2 or middle sleeve 34 and are particularly suitable for spring loading mechanisms actuated by inertia forces produced by longitudinal shaking actions imparted to the 95 instrument All these forms are based on the U-channel having limbs of unequal height A combination of two of said channels to form a continuous groove is shown in Fig 10, which represents the basic form 100 of the longitudinal grooves for spring straining mechanisms according to Fig 2. to be actuated by manual pressure on the plunger In this case, the two U-shaped channels having unequal limbs are provided 105 with their upper and lower abutments for the ball coinciding and provide a closed race for the ball The groove forms shown in Figs 15 and 16 are used when the longitudinal guide grooves for the ball are ar 110 ranged in the plunger. In the embodiment according to Fig 11 a clip-retaining sleeve is provided which has an upwardly raised and preferably tapered end collar 39 and below said collar 115 either a transverse slot 40 or a transverse groove 41 formed in the wall of the threaded clip-retaining sleeve and extending only over part of the periphery This embodiment has special advantages by virtue of 120 its manufacture from thermoplastic svnthetic materials on injection-moulding machines and its assembly (introduction of ball and plunger) The sleeve including transverse slot 40 or transverse groove 41 may 125 be injection-moulded in one operation The assembly is performed in one case by laterally inserting the ball into the slot 40, in the other case by forcing the ball 4 to the transverse groove 41 where the ball is then 130 785,249 held captive. If the transverse slot 49 or tho transverse groove 41 is transformed into a circular recess 42, as is shown in Fig 12, the disadvantage

(for manual pressure actuation of the plunger) results that the plunger will be rotated during actuation In the case of the actuation by inertia forces that rotation is an advantage because it promotes and assists the locking and release Figs 13 and 14 show the arrangement of a transverse groove 43 extending around part of the periphery of the plunger, and of a hemispherical recess 44 In the two embodiments last mentioned the longitudinal guide slot or groove is formed in the threaded clip-retaining sleeve. The function of the spring locking mechanism when the plunger is depressed by hand is -as -follows: When a movement of the plunger is initiated by pressure thereon. the ball will move according to Figs 2 and 10, first from its nosition at the unner abutment 7 (shown in both Figures in dashand-dot lines) downwardly in the right-hand section of the slot or groove 24 accordin 7 to Fig 10 while it is at the same time transversely displaced in and positively guided by the transverse groove 25 of the plunger 3 When the ball has reached the lower abutment 8 and the plunger is released the ball will be urged against said lower abutment to lock the reservoir 20 in its writing position During a subsequent second depression which is somewhat stronger, the ball is pushed to the bottom of groove 24 and is further transversely displaced thereby in the transverse groove right section of the groove. Upon release of the plunger, the ball is lifted out of said lowermost position by the transverse grooves 25 in the plunger, and is guided back in the left-hand section of groove 24 while moving back in the transverse groove 25 to its initial or inoperative position The ball thus follows a closed path in -the longitudinal groove 24 and oscillates back and forth in the transverse groove 25. The function under the action of inertia forces requires a longitudinal groove having the basic shape of a U-channel having unequal limbs and is performed as follows: 53 As a result of the first longitudinal shaking action imparted to the pen in the direction of the writing tip, both the ball and the plunger are moved from one of the abutments towards the arcuate portion of the U-channel, where the ball is deflected from one channel limb into the other owing to its inertia while it is simultaneously transversely displaced in the transverse groove. Thereafter the ball is urged by the lower wall of the transverse groove under the influence of the return sprime to ti e o 1 _ abutment A second shakn xwtion d:rected towards the tip causcs tiat o ratua: to be repeated but the ball nowy runs back to lock the reservoir again in Its original 70 position In order to provide in the arecate portion of the U-channel that play fothe ball which is sufficient to enable it tc move from one limb to the other under the action of its inertia,

the transverse groove 75 is made higher than would be necessary for a rolling movement of the ball therein. For the same purpose a stop for the plunger is provided in the form of the inserted sleeve 45 (Figs 3 and 4) 80


* GB785250 (A)

Description: GB785250 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to electric cable terminations


PATENT SPECIFICATION Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept 19, 1955. Application made in Germany on Sept 20, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 23, 1957. 785,250 No 26756/55. Index at Acceptance:-Class 38 ( 1), E 7 D. International Classification:-HO 2 f. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Electric Cable Terminations. We, SIEMENS-SCHUCKERTWERKE AKTIEN9 ESELLSCHAFT, a German Company, of Berlin and Erlangen, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to an electric cable termination assembly. When electric machines or other equipment are delivered, it is frequently not known in adsance frcm what direction the cables are to be led to such equipment when it is in its place of erection

Therefore, the leading in guides for the cables mu't in many cases be bent to a considerable extent. If the cables are of large diameter, such practice causes difficulties and in the case of certain pressure-proof machines for installation in situations where they are exposed to the danger of explosions may not, in fact, be permissible. It is an object of the present invention to reduce the difficulties mentioned above. According to the invention there is provided an electric cable termination assembly intended to be attached to electric appara-; tus comprising a cable termination box which is arranged to engage with said apparatus at a first pair of engaging surfaces, an intermediate member which is arranged to engage with said box at a second pair of engaging surfaces in a plurality of possible relative positions, obtainable by rotation of the intermediate member relative to the cable termination box, and further comprising a cable socket which is arranged to engage with said intermediate member at a 40third pair of engaging surfaces, the first and second pairs of engaging surfaces being mutually inclined at an angle other than 90 ' and the second and third pairs of engaging surfaces being mutually inclined at an acute anule, the intermediate member being formed with an aperture through which a cable may pass from the cable socket to the termination box and means being provided to fix the intermediate member and the box in the relative position selected so that the 50 inclination of the axis of the cable socket to a plane on said electric apparatus depends up N which of said possible positions is chosen. For a better understanding of the inven-55 tion and to show how the same mav be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawing, in which: Fig 1 shows in part-section a cable termination assembly with the parts in one pos 60 sihle relative position, and f ig 2 shows in part-section the same cable termination assembly with the parts in another possible relative position. Referring now to the drawing, a cable 65 termination box 2 is mounted on the back of a pressure-proof electric machine 1, being secured thereto with the aid of four screws 5 arranged at the corners of a square. It will be appreciated that this arrangement 70 of the screws 5 in the box 2 and the machine 1, which have square or annular engagement surfaces, enables the box 2 to be assembled on the machine in four possible positions. two of which are shown in the drawing The 75 Tncsition shown in Fig 2 can be obtained from that shown in Fig I by rotating the box through 900 The box 2 comprises machine terminals 3 and a service lid 4, only part of which is shown 80 A cable socket 10 is connected to the box 2

via an intermediate member 7 through which a cable may pass from the socket to the box entering the latter through an aperture 6 in a wall 8 The surfaces at which 85 the intermediate member 7 and the cable termination box 2 engage with one another are inclined at an angle other than 90 ' to the surfaces at which the box 2 engages with the machine 1 In the illustrated examples 90 (Price 316) 785,250 n which the box 2 engages with a horizontal surface of the machine 1, this angle is obtuse The surfaces at which the cable socket 10 and the intermediate member 7 enSgage with one another are inclined at an acute angle to surfaces of engagement of the intermediate member and the box 2, so that the cross-section of the intermediate member is generally of a wedge shape. The intermediate member 7 has walls 11 and 12 and the ends of the walls 12 provide an annular surface for engagement with the box 2 A polygonal shape for this surface may be used as an alternative to the annular shape described It will now be apparent that the intermediate member with the socket attached thereto may be rotated with respect to the cable box and that it may be secured to the latter in anv one of a plurality of possible positions Each such positon will afford a different anle of inclina-. tion of the axis of the cable socket to a plane 9 of the machine so that cables leading to the machine from any direction may be in2stroduced into the termination box nithout undue bending Tlhe two positions illustrated are considered the most important. Movement of the intermediate member 7 from the frst to the second position involves rotation through 180 '.


* GB785251 (A)

Description: GB785251 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Improvements in or relating to probes for use in measuring the values of, or

indicating the presence of, a magnetic field


COMPLETE SPKIFICAbON Improvements in or relating to Probes for use in Measuring the values of, or indicating the presence of, a Magnetic Field. We, SIEMENS SCHUCKERTWERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAF r, a German Company, of Berlin and Erlangen, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement : This invention relates to a probe for use in measuring the value of, or indicating the presence of, a magnetic field. The magnetic field concerned may have been set up by, for example, a permanent magnet or an electric conductor. In the latter case, the value of the magnetic field is at the same time a measure of the current flowing through the conductor. For detecting magnetic fields it is known per se to utilise the dependence of the specific electric resistance of bismuth upon a magnetic field. In order to obtain measurement values of practical use it is necessary in such cases to wind thin, long bismuth wires into coils. In order in addition to be able to measure fields in narrow air gaps, it has been necessary to ensure a flat arrangement of the measuring coils, which have therefore generally been constructed in spiral form. Nevertheless, only relatively low measurement values are obtained with such bismuth coils. It is furthermore known to make magnetic field measurements on the basis of the Hall effect. For this purpose fiat strips of crystalline germanium have recently been employed, which are secured to small probes consisting of a handle surrounding electric leads and of a thin, flat holder fitted on the end thereof. It is also known to employ a quartz plate as the holder and to apply a germanium layer thereto by vapour coating, which is used as the Hall element. For the protection of the germanium layer, this layer has been covered by a quartz -plate. Despite the relatively high Hall voltage of germanium the known probe as also the aforesaid bismuth spiral-is of little practical use, because germanium has high specific resistanue. Therefore, only relatively strong, fields in air gaps of magnetic iron circuits could hitherto be measured without difficulty. In other cases, for example in the measurement of the earth's magnetic field, of stray fields or of the tangential field component on magnetic

plates, it has been necessary to employ amplifiers. However, the result is thus made dependent upon further influencing values, so that high reliability of measurement cannot readily be attained. It is an object of the invention to obviate the aforesaid difficulties. According to the present invention there is provided a probe for use in measuring the value of, or indicating the presence ot a magnetic field, comprising a semi-conducting resistance element consisting of a semi-conducting compound having a carrier mobility of at least 6000 cm2 V 1 sec-l. the element having a resistance variable in dependence on, or being capable of producing a Hall voltage in dependence on. the value of a magnetic field in which said element is disposed, electrodes and conductors for conveying current to and from said element, whereby an electric instrument connected to said conductors can measure the value of, or can indicate the presence of, said field, and a support member in, or on, which, and at one end tor- tion thereof, is located said element, whilst at least a part of the length of said conductors are disposed in, or on, said support member. In contrast to germanium, which has a carrier mobility of only 3,600 cm2 volt-l sec.-l, resistances consisting of the aforesaid kind of semi-conductor compound can be used to manufacture devices for measuring and indicating magnetic fields which are much more sensitive, while being of substantially smaller construction. Semi conducting compounds having carrier mo bilities higher than 6,000 cm volt-} sec.-l are also known per se. The invention, however, is based on the new observation that the use of such substances is essential. The high carrier mobility is essential be cause it results in a surprisingly large alter I ation in magnetic resistance and, in the case of arrangements employed as Hall arrange ments, particularly high efficiency. The efficiency of a Hall arrangement is defined as the ratio of the extractable Hall power to the primary Hall power. While an efficiency of only about 0.10; is obtained with germanium-based Hall arrangements, an efficiency of 10":. that is, two orders of magnitude high-an readily be attained with semi-conducting compounds having high carrier mobility, that is to say, a car

rier mobility higher than 6,000 cm volt-l sec.-1. Moreover, by reason of the higher efficiency, it is possible to employ fewer and relatively robust indicating instruments. Special advantages exist in the case of the measurement of magnetic fields varying as a function of time. In this case, particular value must be attached to all inductionfree free arrangement in the known bismuth coils or spirals. The coils must be wound in bifilar fashion or astatically arranged in order to avoid the disturbing inductive component, which falsifies the measure ment result. The manufacture of the spirals or coils lias therefore been difficult. In comparison therewith, the danger of the random introduction of an inductive com ponent is considerably smaller in the case of or the resistance elements employed for the purposes of the invention, and it generally does not arise in practice. In special cases, above all in the case of the measurement of very lo,v field strengths substantially of the same order of magnitude as the earth's magnetic field, it is readily possible in ac cordance with a further feature of the in vention to eliminate an inductive compo nent which has a disturbing elect despite the fact that the resistance is constructed as a solid body, by twisting the conductors employed for electrical connection of the resistance element and by extending one of the electrode connecting conductors in a straight direction to the point of connection of the other. The present resistance element has two current electrodes and electric connecting conductors connected thereto, which are disposed on and preferably in the bar shaped holder. For better manipulation of the probe, a handle may be provided on the upper end thereof, for example in such manner as to form a rentilinear extension of the bar-shaped part. In addition to two current electrodes, which

are fashioned in the form of a line or surface in a manner known per Se, further electrodes may be provided, more especially so-called Hall electrodes known per se. in this case, a thin plate-shaped resistance element is preferred, on which the Hall electrodes may be disposed transversely in relation to the direction of riow of the current on opposite edges of the plate. By electrodes in the fonn of a line or a surface are meant electrodes which, in contrast to point-contact electrodes, extend along the respective connecting edge or face. more especially along the entire edge or face. in the case of very thin plates, linear electrodes are thus obtained, and in the case of thicker plates electrodes in the form of a surface are obtained. Of the resistance elements dependent upon a magnetic field and consisting of semi-conducting compounds of high carrier mobility, that is to say, having a carrier mobility higher than 6.000 cm volt-sec.-l, which come into qucstion, those coil- sisting of compounds of one of the elements aluminium, gallium and indium with one of the elements phosphorus, arsenic and antimc,n; are abode all preferred. The choice of the substance preferably depends upon the effect dependent upon magnetic field which is utilised at the resistance element. In the utilisation of :e dependency of the specific resied.lnce upon the magnetic field, semi-conducting compounds having a large specific resistance change are preferred, such for examole as indium antimonide. On the other land. for utilisir. the so-called Hall effect. ' h'ch will be further explained in the following. resistance elements consistina of indium arsenide are preferred because this substance exhibits. apart frorn low derendence of its specific resistance upon the magnetic field. a particularly low temperature dependence of its specific resistance and of its Hall constants. For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect. reference will now be made to the accompanying drawines in which: Fig. 1 illustrates a probe: Fig. la shows a portion of the probe illustrated in Fig. I but on a larger scale: Fig. Ib shows a resistance element of the probe shown in Figs. 1 and 1a; Fig. Ic shows a modified form of resistance element; Fig. Id shows a Hall generator resistance element: Fig. 2 shows a view of an instrument control unit; Fig. 3 shows circuitrv of the instrument control unit shown in Fig. o; Fig. 4 illustrates a further probe: Fig. 5 shows a cross-section of a probe; Fig. 6 shows a view of a further instrument control unit;

Fig. 7 shows the circuitry of a probe of the kind illustrated in Fig. 4; Fig. 7b shows the circuitry of the unit shown in Fig. 6; Fig. 8 shows a handle of a probe; Fig. 9 shows a further handle of a probe; and Fig. 10 shows the rear part of a handle of a probe. Referring now to the drawings, in Fig. 1 a support member in the form of a barshaped support for a probe is designated by 1, the latter consisting of, for example. a thin elongated strip having at its lower end an angled portion 2 and being formed of a synthetic resin glass such as that known under the Registered Trade Mark "Plexiglas". The portion 2 is angled so that it may be laid on plane surfaces without the entire holder 1 also having to lie thereon. Disposed in the lower end of the portion 2. which is illustrated on a larger scale in Fig. Ia, is a resistance element 3, the resistance of which is dependent upon the value of a magnetic field in which it is disposed. The element consists of a small thin, substantially rectancular plate of indium antimonide, which is secured in position with the aid of nun electrically insulating sealing compound more especially of casting resin. The resistance element is provided on two opposite edges with a current electrode 4 which covers the entire length cf the edoe. and from which two twisted connecting conductors extend through the interior of the bar-shaned support 1 to a handle 6 provided on the other end thereof. Extending from the free end of the handle is a cable 7, which is provided with a multi-prong. preferably noninterchangeable, connecting plug 8. In order to keep the measuring circuit of the probe as shown in Fig. 1 free from disturbing electrical comDonents, the resistance element 3 (see Fig. la) is disposed longitudinally in the portion 9 and is provided with an arrangement of connecting conductors 5 as more clearly shown in Fig. ib. The arrow designated by H indicates the direction of a magnetic field to be measured. In relation to the direction of the field, one of the connecting conductors 5 is so extended with respect to the point of connection of the other connecting conductor so that the area bounded by the two conductors 5 and by the imaginary line. drawn in broken form in Fig. 1 b. joining the two connecting points of the connecting conductors 5, is not intersected by the field. The current areas formed to the left and right of the connecting line in the resistance element 3 thus cancel one another out provided that the resistance element is symmetrical. On the other hand, the asymmetry may be balanced out by a small lateral displacement of the connecting conductor disposed above the resistance elemeat. The resistance element 3 may be round instead of angular. An example

of this is shown in Fig. ic. One of the current electrodes 4 is disposed at the centre and the other at the outer edge. The resistance element 3 may be secured in the portion 2 by any suitable means, for example by insulating cement. To measure a magnetic field with the probe of the kind illustrated in Fig. 1, it is merely necessary to place the portion 2 of the probe which is provided with a resistance element in the magnetic field concerned. It must be ensured that the lines of force of the magnetic field to be measured are as far as possible perpendicular to the surface of the plateshaned resistance element, because in this way the largest measurement values are thus obtained. The current is fed in through the connecting conductors 5. This current can be supplied from a source disposed in an instrument control unit illustrated in Fig. 2, which incliides an electric measuring instrument 10. The source may include a mains supply pack which in the caee ef alternatint current i;r;av comprise a rectifier arranaement for she veneration of idle measuring current. Alfernati'.elv. the measuring current may he produced bv al interchanP:eable current source disposed in the unit. In the present example. however, the unit 9 merely contains the !nea- siirinn instrument 10. a switch 11 and. to the right and left thereof, four connecting terminals. which terminals may be constructed as plut sockets. the upner left-hand terminals designated by 12 heine used for the connection to the current electrodes 4 of the resistance element 3 through the cable 7 and the plug 8 while the right- hand upper terminals designated by 13 serve for the connection of a current source for supplying the measuring current. This current may be switched on and off by a switch 11. In addition, balancing resistances or potentiometers may be provided within the unit for adjustment and for null balancing in the case where the resistance element is constructed as a Hall generator in a manner known ncr se. 14 designates a device. for example in the form of a screw threaded spindle, for the adjustment of such a balancing resistance 20 situated within the unit A plate shaped resistance element 3 designated as a Hall generator is shown in Fiz. ld. The resistance element, which is disposed in the lower end of a probe. e.t. in a portion 2 as in Fig. 1, has in addition to two current electrodes 4 two Hall electrodes 4' which, however, are substantially of point form and which are also connected te two connecting conductors 5'. The connecting conductors 5' as well as the connecting conductors 5, are twisted together and lead through the bar-shaped part 1 (not shown) into the handle 6 and through the cable 7 to the plug 8. In the utilisation of the Hall effect, the Hall voltage is set up at the Hall electrodes. This voltage may be employed directly. or after

amplification. as an indicating or measuring voltage. In the constructional examples illustrated by Fins. 1. Ia. Ih and le. on the other hand, only the current flowine through the resistance element is measured. This current is dependent upon the conductance of the resistance element 3 and the conductance is in turn dependent upon the strength of the magnetic field acting on the resistance element. An advantage of the utilisation of the Hall effect reside in that, with a zero magnetic field. the Hall voltage is also zero. so that there is then no auiescent deflection of the measuring instrument serving to indicate the Hall voltage. In addition, by reason of the mathematical relations governing the Hall effect, the Hall voltage is exactly proportional to the magnetic field to be measured, while the dependence of the resistance upon the magnetic field generally exhibits a somewhat curved characteristic. In this case, there, fore, the distance between the graduations on the scale of the indicating instrument must be made non-uniform. The resistance element 3 is turned through 902 in relation to Fig. la, so that the current electrodes 4 lie transversely and the Hall electrodes 4' longitudinally in relation to the direction of the connectinit conductors and of the bar shaped part 1. The reason for this rotation is that in this case the Hall circuit and in the other case the control circuit forms - the measuring circuit which is to bye lKept free from any inductive extraneous components. -In- -the example of Fig. id, therefore, the connecting conductors -5' of the Hall electrodes 4' -are- arranged to be free from induction. - The electric circuit arrangement -of the instrument control unit in the case~ of the connection of a probe with a Hall generator is shown in Five. 3. -The various narts illustrated and the reference numerals thereof are identical with those according to Figs. it and 2. Tlie Hall electrodes 4' of the resistance element are connected t6- The lower left-hand terminals designated- bv 15. - Connected in parallel therewith are the terminals 16. to which a voltmeter -17 is cdnnected, by which a Hall voltage Uis indicated. The unit shown in Fiz. 3 may in addition be employed for measurements in which the resistance chant~ is utilised. In this case, the current electrodes of a corresponding probe are merely connected to the terminals 12 and the source of measuring current is connected to the terminals 13. In Fig. 4 a probe is shown in which a resistance element 3 dependent upon th magnetic field is provided. In this case the element is designed as a Hall generator and thus has four electrodes in all. and is disposed in the lower Dart 2 of on elongated bar shaped support

member 1. In contrast to the probe illustrated by Fig. ]. the holder consists of a casting resin having good electric insulating capacity. The casting resin employed may be. for example, a substance known under the Registered Trode Mark as 'Araldit". The associated resistance element and the electric connecting conductor 5 connected thereto are simultaneously cast in the holder 1 durine the manufacture of the latter. In addition profiled bars may be simultaneously cast therewith for the purpose of reinforcement. Fig. 5 shows a cross-section through a probe 1 in which, for example. U-shaped reinforcing bars 17 are pro.-ided. These bars may in some cases be simultaneously employed as connecting conductors for a resistance element. Fig. 6 shows a further instrument control unit, a probe in this case being laterallv connected to the unit at 18' with the aid of a non-interchangeable plug 18 (Fig. The The electric connections of the unit to a probe of the kind shown in Fig. 4 are shown in Fig. 7a. while Fig. 7b shows the electric circuit arrangement of the unit. The connections provided with like Roman numerals correspond to one another. On one side (see Fig. 6), a connecting bar designated by 18 is provided to correspond to the plug 18. No ammeter is provided in the unit shown in Fig. 6, but an ammeter is connected to the terminals 19. The terminals 16 serve for the connection of the measuring instrument for the Hall voltage and the terminals 13 for the connection of the source of operating current. The balancing resistance 20 shown in Fig. 3 is also provided. The adjusting device 14 thereof is provided with a tum button which, as is shown in Fig. 6. extends from the top of the connecting set. In addition. a potentiometer 21 provided with an adjusting device 22 is provided. which serves to eliminate the so-called zero component. This component is a current component in the Hall circuit, which falsifies the result of the measurement, and it occurs when the Hall electrodes 4' (see Fig. 6a) are not arranged in the prescribed symmetrical fashion, this component being present even when only the operating current flows through the current electrodes 4, and no magnetic field is present. This disturbing zero component may be compensated for by actuation of the adjusting device 22. No separate unit is required if the parts necessary for the operation of the probe, such as switches, resistances, potentiometers and the like are provided in the handle portion of the probe. Fig. 8 shows an example of this. The resistance

20 contained in the attachment shown in Fig. 7 and the potentiometer 21, as also the switch 11, are disposed in the handle portion 6 in this case. The adjusting devices 14 and 21 of the parts 20 and 22 respectiely, which are disposed, for example longitudinally, in the handle are designed as rotatable screw threaded spindles, by means of which sliding contacts 30 and 31 respectively are pushed along the resistance paths. There extends from the free end of the handle portion 6 a cable 7, of which the connecting ends (not shown) may be connected to a current source or a measuring instrument. It is also possible to dispose the measur ing or indicating instrument 10 in the handle portion 6, as shown by way of example in Fig. 9. For exact measurements, however, a separate measuring instrument will be preferred. This instrument will generally be disposed in the handle portion only when it is merely desired to establish the presence of magnetic fields or of electric currents. The instrument 10 may then be employed as a relatively robust indicating instrument, for example a visual signal. If the current source necessary for the measurement is also disposed in the handle portion a probe is obtained which has no external electric lead. In Fig. 10, the rear part of a handle portion 6 is shown, which is internally hollow and has a closure cap 32 at its end. The current source (not shown), for example a small accumulator, is disposed in the cavity of the handle portion. The indicating instrument disposed in the handle portion, and the remaining associated parts, are not shown, since they can be seen from the preceding figures. What we claim is: 1. A probe for use in measuring the value of, or indicating the presence of, a magnetic field, comprising a semi-conducing resistance element consisting of a semiconducting compound having a carrier mobility of at least 6,000 cm2 W1 sec.-l, the element having a resistance variable in dependence on, or being capable of producing a Hall voltage in dependence on, the value of a magnetic field in which said element is disposed, electrodes and conductors for conveying current to and from said element, whereby an electric instrument connected to said conductors can measure the value of, or can indicate the presence of, said field, and a support member in, or on, which, and at one end portion thereof, is located- said element, whilst at least a part of the - length of said conductors are disposed in, or on, said support member, 2. A probe as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the resistance element is located in said end portion of said support member, which portion

forms a separate unit secured to said one end of the support member. 3. A probe as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the portion projects at an angle to the longitudinal extent of said support member. 4. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support member is provided with a handle lying at the end remote from said portion. 5. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the resistance element has a plate-like shape. 6. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the resistance element is provided with two current electrodes extending over the entire connecting faces or edges thereof, and at least two all electrodes engaging with the element transversely in relation to the direction of flow of current introduced bv the current electrodes. 7. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein one connecting conductor of an electrode pair (current or all electrode pair) forming part of a circuit in which the electric instrument is included is so extended in the direction of the other connecting conductor of the pair and twisted together with the said other connecting conductor that substantially no disturbing inductive component can appear in the circuit. 8. A probe as claimed in any one of the Claims 4 to 7, wherein variable resistances are provided which are connected to the electrodes or connecting conductors of the resistance element and are disposed in the handle. 9. A probe as claimed in Claim 8, wherein means for the adjustment of the resistances are accessible from the outside. 10. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support member has the form of a flat strip. 11. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the resistance element lies in said portion in a recess and is secured therein with the aid of an electrically insulating sealing compound. 12. A probe as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the support member consists of synthetic resin glass. **WARN


* GB785252 (A)

Description: GB785252 (A) ? 1957-10-23

Method of detecting pores in webs of artificial plastic

Description of GB785252 (A) Translate this text into Tooltip



COMPLETE SPECIFICAT1ON Method of Detecting Pores in Webs of Artificial Plastic. We, FARBWERKE HOECHST AKTIENGE SELLSCHAFT VORMALS MEISTER LUCIUS AND BRUNIG, a body corporate recognised under German law, of Frankfurt (M)- lElochst, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly de scribed in and by the following statement: Sheet material, such as foil, of polyvinyl chloride and other artificial plastics have recently been used, inter alia, for packing liquids, for example, in predetermined packed quantities for marinades. For this ;purpose the presence in the web of sheet material of extremely small pores, which could be tolerated in packing solid ma terials, is harmful. The webs must there fore be examined to ensure that they are free from pores. For this purpose it is known to pass the web between two electrodes arranged one

above the other and charged at a high volt age, and to observe, and, if desired, count the sparks which are produced wherever the layer of artificial plastic, which acts as an insulator, is broken by pores. As, for reasons of economy, such an examination must be carried out on a web moving con tinuously between the electrodes, this method gives only an approximate indication of whether a certain web has no Dores or few or many pores. However, it does not enable the pores to be located, and the de fective parts of the web to be identified and cut out. It is not economically feasible to arrest the feed of the web whenever sparking occurs and to seek out and identify over the whole width of the web between the two electrodes the pores which have caused the sparking. An object of the present invention is to enable, in the above method of control, every pore in the travelling web to be marked automatically. Accordingly, this invention provides a method for detecting the presence cf pores in a web of sheet material composed of an artificial plastic by passing the web between electrodes charged at a high voltage so that spark:' occurs wherever a pore is present, wherein the energy of the sparks is sufficiently higk to cause the edge of each pore and its vicinity to become visibly discoloured due to burning. In this manner not only can the sparks passing through the pores be transiently observed, but due to scorching of the edges of the pores and the consequent discoloration the positions of the pores are visibly and permanently marked. A web which has been treated in accordance with the invention exhibits in its uniformly tinted or coloured surface brownish or blackish coloured circular spots in the centre of which is a pore. By virtue of this visible marking of the pores the manufacturer of the sheet material is able to locate with certainty and in a very simple manner all those parts of the web which are impaired by pores, or the manufacturer may deliver the pore-containing sheet material unexamined to the user for further working up and the user can remove the parts impaired by pores. A web of sheet material composed of one of the usual artificial plastics does not become excessively punctured with pores, but in the normal method of manufacture it is possible that one pore occurs every

one or more metres along a web 50-100 centimetres wide. With such a low occurrence of pores it would be uneconomical to seek them out during manufacture. However, when, as hitherto, these relatively few pores are left unidentified, this constitutes an extraordinarily harmful and vexatious hazard in using the material for packing liquid products, because every now and again an unsealed package is formed and has to be discarded. Even when such losses represent only a small percentage of the total production, this trouble is very vexatious and is likely to bring into disrepute in the eyes of consumers the packing of liquids in foils of artificial plastic. Consequently, the new method which provides the user with a means for identifying with certainty and discarding the few parts of the web impaired by pores. provides a substantial advantage. The energy of the spark for the purposes of the present method must be sufficiently high to cause discoloration of the edges of the pores with certainty. Since considerable energy is required, there may be used. for example, condensers which are supplied in known manner from a constant source of current and are discharged at the instant a spark occurs. The power of the current must be such that the condensers are very rapid'liy charged in the intervals between succeeding pores, which in some cases may follow very closely one upon the other. On the other hand. the voltage must not be so high, depending on the thickness of the web to be tested, that sparks would be produced in the non-perforated parts of the web. I the case of a foil of polyvinyl chloride containing no plasticiser and having a thickness of 200 microns the method can be operated, for example, with an energy of about 5 x 10 watts per second at 5 kilovolts. The necessary electrical energy depends also on the speed of travel of the web between the electrodes. For any particular conditions the necessary electrical energy can easily be determined by preliminary tests. AAIhat we claim is: A method for detecting the presence of pores in a web of sheet material composed of an artificial plastic by passing the web between electrodes charged at a high voltage so that sparking occurs wherever a pore is present, wherein the energy of the sparks is sufficiently high to cause the edge of each pore and its vicinity to become visibly discoloured due to burning.

4841 4845.output

Law