42757177 basic networking

7/27/2019 42757177 Basic Networking

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Basic Networking Questions

What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255

Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

What is difference between ARP and RARP?

The address resolution protool !A"#$ is used to assoiate the 32 %it address'ith the 48 %it ph(sial address) used %( a host or a router to *ind the ph(siaaddress o* another host on its net'or+ %( sendin, a A"# uer( pa+et thatinludes the address o* the reeier. The reerse address resolution protoo!"A"#$ allo's a host to disoer its &nternet address 'hen it +no's onl( itsph(sial address.

What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocolsuite?

The data unit reated at the appliation la(er is alled a /essa,e) at thetransport la(er the data unit reated is alled either a se,/ent or an userdata,ra/) at the net'or+ la(er the data unit reated is alled the data,ra/) atthe data lin+ la(er the data,ra/ is enapsulated in to a *ra/e and *inall(trans/itted as si,nals alon, the trans/ission /edia.

What is ICMP?

&C# is &nternet Control essa,e #rotool) a net'or+ la(er protool o* theTC# suite used %( hosts and ,ate'a(s to send noti*iation o* data,ra/pro%le/s %a+ to the sender. &t uses the eho test repl( to test 'hether adestination is reaha%le and respondin,. &t also handles %oth ontrol and erro/essa,es.

What is Protocol Data nit?

The data unit in the C leel is alled the protool data unit !#D$. The #Dontains o* *our *ields a destination serie aess point !DA#$) a soureserie aess point !A#$) a ontrol *ield and an in*or/ation *ield. DA#) A#are addresses used %( the C to identi*( the protool sta+s on the reeiin,and sendin, /ahines that are ,eneratin, and usin, the data. The ontrol *ieldspei*ies 'hether the #D *ra/e is a in*or/ation *ra/e !& - *ra/e$ or asuperisor( *ra/e ! - *ra/e$ or a unnu/%ered *ra/e ! - *ra/e$.

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Difference between bit rate and baud rate!

Bit rate is the nu/%er o* %its trans/itted durin, one seond 'hereas %aud ratere*ers to the nu/%er o* si,nal units per seond that are reuired to represent

those %itsBaud rate %it rate 6 'here 6 is no-o*-%its represented %( eah si,nal shi*t

"ow #ateway is different fro$ Routers?

A ,ate'a( operates at the upper leels o* the & /odel and translatesin*or/ation %et'een t'o o/pletel( di**erent net'or+ arhitetures or data*or/ats.

What is passi%e topology?

:hen the o/puters on the net'or+ si/pl( listen and reeie the si,nal) the(are re*erred to as passie %eause the( don;t a/pli*( the si,nal in an( 'a(E


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as D6) >ate'a( and other net'or+ settin,s to the lient o/puters. D=C#redues the ad/inistratie tas+ o* /anuall( assi,nin, the addresses to thelar,e nu/%er o* the o/puters in a net'or+.

What is D&* and how it wor+s?

D6 stands *or Do/ain na/e s(ste/ and it translates !onerts$ the host na/einto the address and address into to the host na/e. Eer( do/ain and theo/puter on the internet is assi,ned a uniue address. The o//uniationon the internet and in the net'or+ is %ased on the addresses. addressesare in this *or/at 10.1.1.100) 220.12.1.22.3) 1.1.1.1 et. addresses an?t %ere/e/%ered %ut the host na/es are eas( to re/e/%er instead o* their addresses.

What is a ,irewall?

@ire'all is a protetie %oundar( *or a net'or+ and it preents the unauthoriedaess to a net'or+. ost o* the :indo's operatin, s(ste/ suh as :indo's# #ro*essional has %uilt-in *ire'all utilities. There are the lar,e nu/%er o* thethird part( *ire'all so*t'are and the %asi purpose o* all the *ire'all so*t'areand hard'are is sa/e i.e. to %lo+ the unauthoried user aess to a net'or+.

What is WA&?

:A6 stands *or 'ide area net'or+ and it oers the %roader ,eo,raphial areaBasiall( there are three t(pes o* a o/puter net'or+ A6 !oal Area6et'or+$) A6 !etropolitan Area 6et'or+$ and :A6 !:ide Area 6et'or+$. Theo//uniation in a :A6 is %ased on the "outers. A :A6 net'or+ an oer ait() ountr( or ontinents.

Define -)IP Co$$unication Technology

stands *or oie oer and this tehnolo,( is used *or trans/itted theoie oer the %ased lon, distane net'or+ to /a+e phone alls. phone

alls are er( heap and a lar,e nu/%er o* the orporate o**ies and ho/eusers are usin, tehnolo,( to /a+e lon, distane phone alls.

What is Wi Ma. Technology?

:i a< is a 'ireless %road%and tehnolo,( and it is a adane shape o* the :@i !'hih 'as a %ase %and tehnolo,($. :i a< supports data) ideo and audioo//uniation at the sa/e ti/e at a er( hi,h speed up to 70 %ps.

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Define &etwor+ #ateway

6et'or+ >ate'a( an %e so*t'are or a hard'are. A ,ate'a( is usuall( a oinin,point in a net'or+ i.e. it onnets t'o net'or+s. A o/puter 'ith t'o A6 ardsan at as a ,ate'a(.

What is a Router?

A router routes the tra**i to its destination %ased on the soure and destination addresses) 'hih are plaed in the routin, so*t'are +no'n as routin, ta%le.

"ow ,iber )ptic Cable Wor+s

@i%er optis proides the *astest o//uniation /ediu/ *or data and oieData an trael at the speed o* li,ht throu,h the *i%er opti a%les. s andorporate o**ies are usuall( onneted 'ith eah other 'ith the *i%er opti

a%les to proide hi,h speed onnetiit(.

What is ,ile *er%er?

A *ile serer is a o/puter in a net'or+ that authentiates the user aess in anet'or+ suh as :indo's 20002003 erers.

Define *e%en ayers of )*I Model

There are seen la(ers o* the & /odel. The %asi purpose o* these la(ers is tounderstand the o//uniation s(ste/ and data trans/ission steps. The seen

la(ers are Appliation) #resentation) ession) Transport) 6et'or+) Data in+ and#h(sial. ou an re/e/%er the na/e o* these la(ers %( this phrase. FAlpeople see/s to need data proessin,F.

Define #*M Technology

> is a short ran,e 'ireless tehnolo,( and is usuall( used in the /o%ilephones) hand help deies) #3 pla(ers) aptops) o/puters and in ars.

What0s the difference (etween an Intranet and the Internet?

There?s one /aor distintion %et'een an intranet and the &nternet The &nternetis an open) pu%li spae) 'hile an intranet is desi,ned to %e a priate spae. Anintranet /a( %e aessi%le *ro/ the &nternet) %ut as a rule it?s proteted %( apass'ord and aessi%le onl( to e/plo(ees or other authoried users.

@ro/ 'ithin a o/pan() an intranet serer /a( respond /uh /ore ui+l(than a t(pial :e% site. This is %eause the pu%li &nternet is at the /er( o*tra**i spi+es) serer %rea+do'ns and other pro%le/s that /a( slo' the

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net'or+. :ithin a o/pan() ho'eer) users hae /uh /ore %and'idth andnet'or+ hard'are /a( %e /ore relia%le. This /a+es it easier to sere hi,h-%and'idth ontent) suh as audio and ideo) oer an intranet.

Define the ter$ Protocol!

#rotool is a standard 'a( o* o//uniatin, aross a net'or+. A protool is theFlan,ua,eF o* the net'or+. &t is a /ethod %( 'hih t'o dissi/ilar s(ste/s ano//uniate. TC# is a protool 'hih runs oer a net'or+.

Define ,ile Transfer Protocol!

@ile Trans*er #rotool !@T#$) a standard &nternet protool) is the si/plest 'a( toe


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ayer 85 Transport layer

&t proides transparent trans*er o* data %et'een end users.

ayer 95 *ession layer

&t ontrols the sessions %et'een o/puters. &t onnets) /ana,es andter/inates the onnetions %et'een the loal and re/ote appliation.

ayer :5 Presentation layer

&t trans*or/s data to proide a standard inter*ae *or the Appliation la(er.

ayer 35 Application layer

&t proides a /eans *or the user to aess in*or/ation on the net'or+ throu,h

an appliation.

What is a networ+? What are the different +inds of networ+? '.plainthe$

A net'or+ is a ,roup o* o/puters or nodes onneted to,ether. The( areonneted 'ith eah other %( o//uniation paths.

Types of &etwor+s5

A&G oal Area 6et'or+ onnets a ,roup o* nodes oerin, a s/all ph(sia

area. A6;s are /ost o//onl( seen in o**ies) %uildin, et. A6;s ena%lehi,her trans*er rate o* data) s/aller oera,e o* area and hene less 'irin,.

WA& G :ide Area 6et'or+ onnets a ,roup o* nodes oerin, a 'ide area.:A6 t(piall( onnets and allo' o//uniation %et'een re,ions or nationa%oundaries. The /ost o//on e


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'.tranet G &t is a net'or+ that restrits itsel* 'ithin a sin,le or,aniation. &t an%e ate,oried as :A6) A6 et. ho'eerH it annot hae a sin,le A6. &t /usthae a onnetion !at least one$ 'ith e


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pa+ets are sent ia di**erent routes. &t is a onnetionless o//uniationprotool at the third leel !net'or+$ o* the & /odel.

DPG ser Data #rotool is a o//uniation protool. &t is nor/all( used as analternatie *or TC#. =o'eer there are a nu/%er o* di**erenes %et'een

the/. D# does not diide data into pa+ets. Also) D# does not send datapa+ets in seuene. =ene) the appliation pro,ra/ /ust ensure theseuenin,. D# uses port nu/%ers to distin,uish user reuests. &t also has ahe+su/ apa%ilit( to eri*( the data.

What is $ulticasting?

ultiastin, allo's a sin,le /essa,e to %e sent to a ,roup o* reipientsE/ailin,) teleon*erenin,) are e.

'.plain the core na$ing $echanis$; Do$ain &a$e *yste$ 1D&*2!

A Do/ain 6a/e s(ste/ is used to onert the na/es o* the 'e%site on theinternet to addresses. The do/ain na/es *or eah addresses are stored in

a data%ase that is distri%uted aross di**erent serers. A do/ain na/e spaeonsists o* a tree o* do/ain na/es. The tree has ones. Jones onsist o* aolletion o* onneted nodes. These nodes are sered %( a na/e serer. Ado/ain na/e is usuall( in the *or/ o* /(do/ain.o/. =ere) .o/ is the topleel do/ain. :here as /(do/ain is the su% do/ain or su%diision. A hostna/e is a do/ain na/e that has one or /ore addresses assoiated 'ith it.

Define D&*

The D6 translates &nternet do/ain and host na/es to addresses. D6auto/atiall( onerts the na/es 'e t(pe in our :e% %ro'ser address %ar to

the addresses o* :e% serers hostin, those sites. D6 i/ple/ents adistri%uted data%ase to store this na/e and address in*or/ation *or all pu%lihosts on the &nternet.

Define Telnet

Telnet is the /ain &nternet protool *or reatin, a onnetion to a re/oteserer.

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Define *MTP!

T# - hort *or i/ple ail Trans*er #rotool) a protool *or sendin, e-/ai/essa,es %et'een serers.

What Is a MAC Address?

AC !edia Aess Control$ addresses are ,lo%all( uniue addressed that are'ritten into hard'are at the ti/e o* /anu*ature. The AC address is a uniuealue assoiated 'ith a net'or+ adapter. AC addresses are also +no'n ashard'are addresses or ph(sial addresses. The( uniuel( identi*( an adapter ona A6. AC addresses are 12-di,it he


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trans/itted oer this pu%li net'or+. Een thou,h the data is trans/itted oera pu%li net'or+) enr(ption and der(ptin, data to ensure seurit(

"ow would you define IP address?

address or &nternet #rotool address is the address o* a deie attahed to an net'or+ !TC# net'or+$. &t is a /ust *or eer( lient) serer and net'or+deie to hae a uniue address *or eah net'or+ onnetion !net'or+inter*ae$. Eer( pa+et ontains a soure address and a destination address. As a deie /oes *ro/ one net'or+ to another) its addresshan,es.

Co/puters usin, the TC# *or o//uniation are uniuel( identi*ied %( a 32%it address alled as an address. The routers use the address in*or/ationto *or'ard the pa+et to the destination o/puter.

IP addresses are categori=ed as5

Pri%ate address these addresses are used e


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needs. 6et'or+ address translation desri%es the re'ritin, o* the &nternet#rotool !$ addresses o* data pa+ets so that /ultiple trans/issions reuireonl( one address.

Define IP $ulticast!

/ultiast tehnolo,( redues tra**i %( sendin, strea/ o* in*or/ation to/an( reipients at one ,o. ideo on*erenin,) sto+ uotas are the e


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'ill %e addressed %( the rest o* the three nu/%ers) or three %(tes. The addresses identi*( a /ahine to delier pa+ets and load 'e% pa,es.

'.plain how na$es are translated 1resol%ed2 into IP address!

Do/ain 6a/e serer or D6 is used to resole na/es into addresses. :hena 'e% address is entered into the %ro'ser) the D6 lient sends a reuest tothe D6 serer to *ind the orrespondin, address *or the na/e. The D6serer reeies this reuest and searhes *or the orrespondin, address inthe data%ase. &* at this point the resolution *ails) this serer sends this reuestto the parent serer. The reuest +eeps ,oin, up the hierarh( to the parentserers or the losest authoritatie o* the D6 serer to resole the address. &*the reuest ti/es out an error is retuned to the lient. &* the serer is a%le toresole the na/e reuested) it passes the in*or/ation %a+ to the lient. Thene


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router is onneted to at least t'o net'or+s and deter/ines 'hih 'a( to sendeah in*or/ation pa+et %ased on its understandin, o* the state o* the net'or+sit is onneted to.

Define gateway

A ,ate'a( is a net'or+ point that proides entrane into another net'or+. nthe &nternet) a node or stoppin, point an %e either a ,ate'a( node or a host!end-point$ node. Both the o/puters o* &nternet users and the o/puters thatsere pa,es to users are host nodes. The o/puters that ontrol tra**i 'ithin(our o/pan(?s net'or+ or at (our loal &nternet serie proider !$ are,ate'a( nodes.

What is firewall?

A *ire'all is a hard'are or so*t'are installed to proide seurit( to the priate

net'or+s onneted to the internet. The( an %e i/ple/ented in %oth hard'areand so*t'are) or a o/%ination o* %oth. All data enterin, or leain, the &ntranetpasses throu,h the *ire'all 'hih allo's onl( the data /eetin, thead/inistrators; rules to pass throu,h it.

What are the types of firewalls?

Pac+et ,iltering ,irewall5This t(pe o* @ire'all detets pa+ets and %lo+ unneessar( pa+ets and /a+esnet'or+ tra**i release.

*creening Router ,irewalls5&t?s a so*t'are %ase *ire'all aaila%le in "outer proides onl( li,ht *ilterin,.

Co$puter


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Data enr(ption ensures data sa*et( and er( i/portant *or on*idential orritial data. &t protet data *ro/ %ein, read) altered or *or,ed 'hiletrans/ission.

What is &et(I)* protocol?

6etB& !6et'or+ Basi &npututput (ste/$ #rotool allo's appliations onseparate o/puters to o//uniate oer a A6. &t runs oer TC# ,iin, eaho/puter in the net'or+ a 6etB& na/e and address. E.,. &t an %e used *oro/puters runnin, :indo's 2000 !or %e*ore$ to oin a o/puter net'or+runnin, :indo's 2000 !or later$.

What is I#MP protocol?

&nternet >roup ana,e/ent #rotool) allo's internet hosts to /ultiast. i.e. tosend /essa,es to a ,roup o* o/puters. There /a( %e a ,roup o* internet

hosts interested to /ultiast. &># allo's router to deter/ine 'hih host,roups hae /e/%ers on a ,ien net'or+ se,/ent. &t helps to esta%lish ,roup/e/%erships. &t is o//onl( used *or strea/linin, ideos and ,a/in,. Theprotool an %e i/ple/ented %oth as a host side and router side. The host sideis responsi%le to noti*( its /e/%ership in a ,roup. The noti*iation is /ade to aloal router. This loal router !router side$ in turn sends out ueries.

What is TCP / IP protocol?

Trans/ission Control #rotool &nternet #rotool - &t is a *a/il( o* protoolsused *or o//uniation and onnetion %et'een hosts on the internet. &t is the

/ost 'idel( used standard *or trans/ittin, data oer the internet. The *ourla(ers in the protool are !*ro/ %otto/ to top$- #h(sial la(er) Data lin+ la(er)6et'or+ la(er) transport la(er and appliation la(er) also alled as the /odel. &n TC# ) is responsi%le *or *or'ardin, pa+ets 'hile TC# ensures theorret delier( o* data *ro/ lient to serer. TC# detets loss o* data as 'ell.

What is "TTP 1"yperte.t Transfer Protocol2?

=TT# or =(per Te


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##3 deletes it *ro/ the serer. rdinal nu/%ers are used to identi*( spei*i/essa,es.

What is *&MP 1*i$ple &etwor+ Manage$ent Protocol2?

6# or i/ple 6et'or+ ana,e/ent #rotool is t(piall( used *or /ana,in,the net'or+. ana,in, the net'or+ inludes /ana,in, the nodes present in thenet'or+. These nodes /a( %e serer) routers) %rid,es and hu%s. 6# a,entsare used to ahiee this. ana,in, the net'or+ is essential %eause it helps to/onitor net'or+ per*or/ane) detet net'or+ *aults or *ailures) audit net'or+usa,e et. the 6# /essa,es li+e T"A#) >ET or ET /a( %e ino+ed %(net'or+ ele/ents or net'or+ /ana,e/ent s(ste/.

What is Routing table?

A routin, ta%le stores the routes o* the arious nodes in a net'or+. 6odes an%e an( eletroni deie onneted to the net'or+. The ta%le is usuall( storedin a router or the net'or+ o/puter as a data%ase or *ile. This in*or/ation helpsto *ond the %est possi%le path. The routin, ta%le has at least 3 *ields thedestination net'or+ id) ost o* the path) ne


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*ite to *ite -P&G &ntranet %ased This t(pe o* #6 an %e used 'hen/ultiple "e/ote loations are present and an %e /ade to oin to a sin,lenet'or+. ahines present on these re/ote loations 'or+ as i* the( are'or+in, on a sin,le net'or+.

*ite to *ite -P&G E


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-oluntary Tunneling

sers o/puter is an end point o* the tunnel and ats as tunnel lient. =ere thelient or user issues a reuest to on*i,ure and reate a oluntar( tunnel. The(reuire a dial up or A6 onnetion. E


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%uild routes *or the/. Distane etor ultiast protool is one o* the/. Thereeier) to 'ho/ the /ultiast pa+et is sent to) needs to Koin; the ,roupLoinin, the ,roup is ena%led and /ana,ed %( &>#. ultiast routers are usedto trans/it the /essa,es *ro/ one net'or+ to another.

Describe how to control the scope of $ulticast trans$issions!

Controllin, the sope o* /ultiast trans/ission restrits the ran,e o* ,roup/e/%ers. TT !Ti/e To ie$ is one o* the /ehanis/s to li/it the sope. &* theTT alue is s/all) pa+ets 'ould onl( %e /ultiast to s/aller distanedestinations. ore the alue o* TT) /ore 'ould %e the sope o* trans/ission toa lar,er nu/%er o* /ahines. Ad/inistratie sopin, is another /ehanis/. &nthis) trans/ission is restrited to a spei*i address spae o* an or,aniation oa site.

'.plain why use Multicasting!

:hen the sa/e /essa,e or pa+et needs to %e sent to /ultipledestinations) /ultiastin, is used.

:ithin a/pus and o**ies) usin, /ultiastin, *ile distri%ution an %edone.

(ste/ /essa,es) ne's and ideos an %e sent at the sa/e ti/e. ore o//onl( used *or audio and ideo strea/in,.

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42757177 basic networking

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