4.2 understanding the target gabriele bammer. 2 overview target structure target processes
TRANSCRIPT
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4.2 Understanding the target
Gabriele Bammer
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Overview
Target structure
Target processes
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Recognising diverse levels and forms of research impact… 3. Targets
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This relates to Q2: What is needed?
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• taking a systems view• scoping & boundary
setting• framing• taking values into
account • harnessing and
managing differences
Synthesisingdisciplinary
and stakeholderknowledge
Understanding and managing
diverse unknowns
Providingintegrated
research supportfor policy
and practicechange
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Taking a systems view
Problem as a system
Policy or practice system
Ultimately the system is the real world – how do we get a handle on it?
All systems view are partial, therefore no systems view is perfect
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Government policy making as example
Two dimensions:
-Organisational structures, how they operate and how they are interconnected
-Processes by which decisions are made and actions taken (value of political science theory)
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Structure: We often don’t think carefully enough about who to target…
• which organisations and individuals
• how are they interlinked? Eg
- Ministers and departments
- departmental organisational charts ie who’s who
- committee structures etc
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Need to understand where people sit in the organisation
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Need to understand where committees and other processes fit
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Exercise
Which organisational structures are relevant in your case study?
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Process: We often don’t think carefully enough about when, how and where to target
This is where theory is useful
It can help us get handles on a messy system
Different theories emphasise different aspects of the system
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Key question
How are decisions made and actions taken and where can research have influence?
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There’s no mega-theory, but partial views are helpfulTechnical-rational policy cycle
Entrepreneurship & windows of opportunity
Response to interest group pressure
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Policy making as a technical rational process… 1
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1. Issue comes onto agenda
2. Examine existing policy, identify options
3. Identify possible ways of intervening
4. Consult affected parties5. Coordinate between
relevant departments6. Make a decision7. Implement the decision8. Evaluate the decisionAlthaus, C., Bridgman, P. and Davis, G. (2007). The
Australian Policy Handbook. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin.
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Policy making as a technical rational process… 2
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Too simple by itself, but elements occur in much policy making
Useful for timing of intervention
Combine structure & process
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Response to interest group pressure… 1
“public policy is the outcome of the pressures of society’s many and diverse interest groups” *
Interest groups often combine into Advocacy Coalitions
*Fenna A. Australian public policy, 2nd edn. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Longman, 2004.
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Response to interest group pressure… 2
Policy change occurs when:• Perturbation upsets balance
between existing advocacy coalitions
• New advocacy coalition gains power
• Existing powerful advocacy coalition changes beliefs
Sabatier, P. A., 1988. An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-orientated learning therein. Policy Sciences 21 (2/3), 129-168; Sabatier, P. A., 1999. The need for better theories. In: Sabatier, P. A. (Ed.), Theories of the policy process. Westview, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 3-17; Sabatier, P. A., Jenkins-Smith, H. C., 1993. Policy change and learning: An advocacy coalition approach. Westview, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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Response to interest group pressure… 3
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Policy change occurs when:
Use research findings to:
Perturbation upsets balance between existing advocacy coalitions
Strengthen an existing advocacy coalition to tip the balance
New advocacy coalition gains power
Form a new powerful advocacy coalition
Existing powerful advocacy coalition changes beliefs
Change the beliefs of an existing powerful advocacy coalition
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Response to interest group pressure… 4
Structural issues are still important, but now concern issues like:
• who are the members of the advocacy coalition?• who is most likely to be receptive?• what opposing advocacy coalitions are there
and who is in them?
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Entrepreneurs and windows of opportunity… 1
Policy making occurs in a ‘cauldron’ where ‘problems’, ‘politics’ and ‘policy processes’ are swirling around.
Kingdon, J. W., 2003. Agendas, alternatives, and public policy, 2nd ed. Longman, New
York.
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Entrepreneurs and windows of opportunity… 2
Policy change occurs when:• Unexpected opening• Right political context• Action must be feasible
and practical
Entrepreneur role in making it happen
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Entrepreneurs and windows of opportunity… 3
Policy change occurs when:
Gun control in Australia:
• Unexpected opening • Port Arthur massacre 1996 and public outrage
• Right political context • Early in Howard term; willing to wear opposition
• Action must be feasible and practical
• Gun buy-back scheme workable
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Entrepreneurs and windows of opportunity… 4
Structure: relationships & know what’s workable
Policy change occurs when:
Research:
• Unexpected opening • Long-term interest, recognise opening
• Right political context • Relationships cultivated, so that called; available
• Action must be feasible and practical
• Have workable proposal(s) ready
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Messages
Government (also business and civil society) are systems
Need to understand this to input integrated research support
Structure and process
Theory can help illuminate
All systems views (theories) are partial
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Likelihood of Research Influencing Policy Change…
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Exercise
Which processes are relevant in your case study?
What is your assessment of immutability of the policy and irrefutability of the evidence?