제40회 keris 연구개발역량 세계화도전과 기회
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도전과기회 2011.06.01 아프리카교육개발협회(ADEA)서울주재특명대표, 국경없는교육가회(EWB)공동대표, 서울대글러벌교육협력학과김기석 MASON: MAking Something Out of Nothing I. GNIUS$ 931.4 Billion (FY08) GNI per capita : US$21,570 Area99.6 K Sq. Km (107 th ) Population49.0 Million (26 th) Broadband diffusion (2nd) Home PC diffusion (3rd) Export volume 410 Billion (9th) 2011.KOREA 1950’s KoreaTRANSCRIPT
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KERIS 연구개발역량 세계화:도전과 기회
2011.06.01아프리카교육개발협회(ADEA) 서울 주재 특명대표,
국경없는교육가회(EWB) 공동대표,서울대 글러벌교육협력 학과 김기석
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I.
MASON:
MAking
Something
Out of
Nothing
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Area 99.6 K Sq. Km (107th)
Population 49.0 Million (26th)
GNI US$ 931.4 Billion (FY08)
GNI per capita : US$21,570
Export volume 410 Billion (9th)
Broadband diffusion (2nd)
Home PC diffusion (3rd)
- OECD member since 1996 &
DAC member from 2009
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2011.KOREA
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1950’s Korea
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Humiliated by an American soldier in 1948
General Helmick, the Acting Military Governor of South Korea, reported to Washington, stating:“Korea cannot attain a high standard of living. ...
When the US Occupation forces withdraw and stop sending supplies to South Korea, some nine million non-food producers would face starvation.”
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.
copyright: John Rich, Korean War in Color
Determined to survive during the war
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We Never Ever Give up!
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II. Education & Economic
Development in Korea
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Non-formal education in the midst of
the Korean War
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Even the war failed to stop teaching
Teaching on an earth torn by bombs
Children at a village school built with raw wood planks
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Rapid Expansion in Education, 1894-2005
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
70000001894
1899
1904
1909
1914
1919
1924
1929
1934
1939
1944
1949
1954
1959
1964
1969
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
Primary Secondary Tertiary Letter Hall
source: Kim, Ki-seok(2008). Studies on Higher Education in Korea, Seoul: Educational Science Publishing Co., p.207
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• Korean Economy Growth– GDP Growth : 338 times increase (US$ 60 → US$ 20,265)
– Export Growth : 13,666 times increase (US$ 0.03B → US$ 410 B)
60
2,000 3,000
6,306
11,350
20,265
0.0 0.817.5
65.0
172
410
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1인당 GDP(S)
수출액 (B$)
Progress of Korean Industrial Development
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Knowledge makes the Difference Knowledge makes the Difference between Poverty and Wealth...between Poverty and Wealth...
Rep. of Korea
Ghana
Thousands of constant 1995 US dollars
Difference
attributed to
knowledge
Difference
due to
physical
and human
capital
Korea vs. Ghana GDP since 1958:According to The WBI
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GDP per capita, 1960-2008: A Comparison
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Korea vs. Ghana in the 2010 WC
KOREA
Red Devils
GHANA
Black Stars
Made it to
the quarter-
finals after
emerging 2-1
victors over
the USA
Fail to make
the quarter-
finals,
defeated 2-1
by Uruguay
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“World-best” Academic Achievement: IAEP
469504Ireland
475474U.S.A
504512Spain
520510England
551540Canada
550568Korea
ScienceMathCountry
Math & Science Scores of 12-year-olds
ETS (1998), A World of Difference, IAEP
An indictor of Korean kids’ academic achievement in math & science in 1998
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Mathematics vs. Social Background: PISA 2003
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mean GDP GDP&Ed ESCS Ed Exp
Korea
Filand
Japan
USA
sourse: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/1/60/34002216.pdf
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Rank School Papers Rank School Papers
1 HAVARD 9,421 21 UCD 3,685
2 TOKYO 6,631 22 YALE 3,683
3 UCLA 5,232 23 OXFORD 3,647
4 UW-SEATTLE 5,193 24 DUKE 3,558
5 MICHIGAN 4,951 25 MIT 3,511
6 TRONTO 4,942 26 FLORIDA 3,506
7 KYOTO 4,751 27 COLUMBIA 3,489
8 STANFORD 4,633 28 SAN-PAULO 3,454
9 JOHNS HOPKINS 4,468 29 UMM 3,371
10 Upenn 4,446 30 UNC 3,211
11 CAMBRIGE 4,129 31 SNU 3,116
12 UCB 4,049 32 PENN ST. 3,063
13 OSAKA 4,040 33 OSU 3,061
14 UCSD 3,979 34 NW 2,999
15 UCSF 3,959 35 WU 2,989
16 CORNELL 3,915 36 MCGILL 2,955
17 WISCONSIN 3,846 37 UBC 2,893
18 TOHOKU 3,809 38 UIU 2,755
19 PITTSBURGH 3,805 39 Univ-Coll-London 2,629
20Univ-London-Imperial-Coll-SCI-Thchnol-MED3,721 40 Munich 2,617
Higher Education: Seoul National University
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Productivity among top schools adjusted for expenditures, 2004
Money unit: I B KW
Research funds
Running costs incl. R funds
SCI # papers
SCI ranksSCI #/RF
SCI #/RC
SNU 2,701 6,466 3,116 31 1.15 0.48
KAIST 977 2,600 1,136 187 1.16 0.44
Postec 810 1,834 823 272 1.02 0.45
Harvard Univ. 6,481 28,574 9,421 1 1.45 0.33
Tokyo Univ. 4,257 17,327 6,631 2 1.56 0.38
UC Los Angels 6,107 36,510 5,232 3 0.86 0.14
Stanford Univ. 8,602 26,024 4,633 8 0.54 0.18
UC Berkeley 4,395 16,910 4,049 12 0.92 0.24
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• Korean Industrial Policy with HRD: Timeline of Industrial Progress with HRD
PeriodStrategic
industry
Technology
CapacityWorkforce HRD system
1960’·Agriculture·Light industry
Foreign Technology assistance Skilled labor workforce
Vocational training schools
1970’Heavy & Chemical
industry
Turn-Key based technology out-
sourcing
- Skilled technical workforce of technical high school and college level- Operation of production
line
Technical high schooland University of
science & engineering
1980’High-tech industry
Electric and electronics
Reverse engineeringCollege and University
level engineersCollege and University of science & engineering
1990’Globalization of
advanced industry
Core technology acquisition through
R&D
R&D workforceOf Master and Ph.D level
Research driven university
2000’~IT, BT, NT, GT, etc.
New growth engines
Basic and core technology acquisition
·Highly professional R&D workforce
·Creative workforce
Research driven university
Industrial Development Progress in Korea
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Industrial advance is closely influenced by timely technology competence.The core element of technology competence is the capacity of human resource.
Ruralenlightenmentcampaign
1960’ 1970’ Early 1980’ 1990’ 2000’
Agriculture Promotion
Heavy & Chemicalindustry
IT, BT, NT, CTFuture growth industry
High-tech industryEx) Digital Electronics
Technology assistance
Tech. out-sourcing
Export-driven industrialization
Since 2010’
Green Tech. & Global Leading
Vocational training school,Skilled workforce
Technical high school, Skilled technical workforce
R&D workforce
Highly professional creative workforce
Tech. copy
Core Tech. development
Technology innovation
Industrial Development Progress with HRD in Korea
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Cultivation System Period Motivation and Development Progress
Vocational training center
ex) Institute of industrial
technology education
1960’
· Established by assistance of the US
· Training institutes for light industry such as
textiles, sewing, shoes, etc.
· Legislation of vocational training discipline law
Agricultural & Technical
high school
1960’
quantitative
expansion
· Quantitative expansion of skilled technical workforce,
education focused on practical exercise
· Planning for heavy & chemical industry workforce
· Operation of institute for cultivation of practice teachers
· Improvement and development of curricula & contents
·Promotion of Technical college
·Expansion of no. of university of
science & engineering
· Human resource cultivation of
science and technology (KAIST)
1970’
quantitative
expansion
· Cultivation of production technicians through conversion
from vocational training institute to technical college
· Cultivation of human resources for heavy &
chemical industry through specialized education
program of science & engineering university
· Classification of 3 major education programs for
scientists, engineers, and manufacturing technicians
Construction of education
system dedicated for cultivation of
human resources of advanced
science and technology
(Research core university)
1980’~
present
· Education for cultivation of gifted youngsters in science
- Cultivation of leading human resources for future
advanced industry by creative education
· Specified Education System : Science high School
→ University of Science and Technology
→ Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
Progress of human resource cultivation in Korea
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BMC teaching of “The unbounded power of Education.”
Education changes human behaviors:thinking power, Values,innate capacity, & even character.
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농사꾼 一家,
農軍 창건
내부의 적
빈궁과 싸우다
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1. Education: privatized, the ladder of social prestige, power and
wealth, & the “plank schools”, shacks built with raw wood
planks on “an earth torn by bombs.”
2. The expansion of education was not necessarily pursued by
economic development.
3 Experience of compulsory military service for all males.
4. Stable & determined political leadership.
5. The rise of a group of ambitious entrepreneurs: SS,
Hyundai/Kia, LG, SK and others.
Five Factors Underpinning EconomicDevelopment
From Education & Development (2010)
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Supplying a cadre of “well educated and highly
disciplined laborers at low labor costs,”
Externalizing Han (deep seated pain & sorrow) as a
complex structure of feelings and a determination to
make something out of nothing: “We can-do-it!”
Koreans working on Libyan pipe line projects
shocked Libyan leaders, being told that they were
“not workers but soldiers,” working day and night
without complaint in the hottest desert areas.
Core Factors
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In Obama’s speech at The State of Union, 25 Jan. 2011
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The WB’s comments
• illustrates the significant difference a knowledge-based development strategy made for Ghana and Korea with similar GDP per capita in 1958
• estimates the relative contribution of two types of factors: tangible factors such as the accumulation of physical capital and additional years of schooling in the labor force,
• and other factors linked to the use of knowledge, such as the quality of education the strength of institutions, the ease of communicating and disseminating technical information, and management and organizational skill
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III. Transformation of Korea:
from beneficiary to donor
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• Peabody College performed technical assistance, called the
Korean Project, right after total ruins of War
• Spending app. 200 (1,500 today value) Million USD for 6
years
• Scaling up teacher training, education reconstruction and
restoring science education, libraries and labs of College of
Education, SNU
• Outcome(1): One PM, 3 Ed Ministers, 5 Presidents of
University, administrators, college professors &…
• Outcome(2): Globally competitive world-top class public
education system
US aid to Korean Education, 1956-62
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• Minnesota University, a leading public university in U.S.,
performed technical assistance, called the SNU-UMN
Project in war torn Korea
• Spending app. 300 (1,800 today value) Million USD
for 8 years
• Renovating Medical, Agriculture, Veterinary Medicine,
and Engineering, setting up Graduate School of
Administration and modernizing Central Library of
SNU
US technical aid to Seoul National University, 1954-62
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Korea as a Recipient, 1945-1990
Korea received a total of 13 billion USD
from U.S. and Japan in economic assistance
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여전히 빈곤, 무지, 질병에시달리는 지구촌
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낮은 소득으로 인핚 극심핚 빈곤상태
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UN 새천년개발 목표: 2015년 달성 ?
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보건 홖경 미비로 인핚 질병위험 만연화
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• 1억 명 어린이 학교 못 가고
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8 억 명 문맹
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non-profitglobal professional
“교육을 통핚 빈곤과 질병퇴치”
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과업의 범위핚국 ODA를 바라보는 국제사회의 시각
“G20 서울 정상회의를 선도하고고위급회담을 유치하는 것은 누구도흉내 못 낸다.”
“한국원조는 빈곤으로 교육받지못하는 사람들에게 기회를 줄 것이다.”
“한국 성공적인 스토리를 다른 국가에알리는 것이 매우 중요하다.”
[동아일보] 2011-03-26 윤완준 기자
브라이얶 애투드(OECD 개발원조위원회 의장)
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과업의 범위교육과학기술 ODA 선진화 방안
교육과학기술 ODA의 전략적 지원확대-교과부 총예산대비 ODA 비율 확대계획11년도 0.10%(451억)-> 15년 0.15%(951억)
분야별 교육과학기술 ODA 내실화-핚국교육발전경험 공유를 위핚 콘텐츠개발, 정책컨설팅, 연수를 강화함.
전략적 교육과학기술 ODA 추진기반 구축-국제개발협력 전문대학원을 도입하거나 기졲대학원을 전문대학원 교육과정 운영방식으로운영하는 방안 검토.
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Colleagues beyond borders: Korean &
African Bill, BF, Jan. 2007
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Burkina Faso 교육
여학생 초등교육 취학률 54%-> 중도탈락률은 40%
비형식 문맹퇴치센터를 적극적으로 홗용
2008년도까지 300,000명이 문맹퇴치교육 이수
후속 교육(보건교육, 소득증대, 자립지원 등) 에 대핚
요구가 증대 but, 재정부족의 어려움.
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non-profitglobal professional
The Fight against Poverty and HIV/AIDS
through Quality Education for All
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GAPA
• Global
• Alliance for
• Poverty
• Alleviation
• Pay Back
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10 K run for fund raising
: 14, 000 000 KRW in 2009
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GAPA
ADEA
APENF
KOICA
EWB
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Figure 1 EWB’s integrated approach
핚국형 “갚아” GAPA 모형
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2007. Need Assessment
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TIRR!:
The time is right & ripe! Ouagadougou, Burkina
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Micro-scholarship:
$10 per month
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2009. Feasibility Study
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2010. Project Launching
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Women-in-Learning
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3 Rs:
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Village classroom For literacy
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Knowledge is Power:“Lonni ye see ya”
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Five products from beans
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No Left Child Behind?
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Livestock for Lifelong Learning (L4L) Bank: A New Approach to EFA using Korean experience
Chicken Donkey Cow
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