4. the right technology for the right application by mr. nick leach, scania[1]
TRANSCRIPT
Nick Leach – Regional Director
The right technology for the right The right technology for the right
applicationapplication
Today’s issues for operators
What about
– Reliability and uptime?
– Operating cost?
– Fuel economy?
– Load/passenger capacity?
– Fuel quality?
– Resale value?
– Convenience?
– Purchase price?
– Investment?
– Environmental performance?
European emission legislation
Nitrogen
oxides
Particulate matter
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
PM g/kWh
NOx g/kWh
Euro 1 1992 8
6
4
2
0
Euro 3 2001
Euro 2 1996
Euro 4 2006
Euro 5 2009
Euro 6 / EPA10 2012?
0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
PM g/kWh
NOx g/kWh
Euro 1 1992 8
6
4
2
00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
PM g/kWh
NOx g/kWh
Euro 1 1992 8
6
4
2
0
Euro 1 1992 Euro 1 1992 8
6
4
2
0
Euro 3 2001
Euro 2 1996
Euro 4 2006
Euro 5 2009
Euro 6 / EPA10 2012?
Euro 3 2001
Euro 2 1996
Euro 4 2006
Euro 5 2009
Euro 6 / EPA10 2012?
g/kWh
Likely Euro 6 levelsLikely Euro 6 levels
NOxNOx 400 mg/kWh400 mg/kWh
PM PM 100 mg/kWh100 mg/kWh
Revised test cycleRevised test cycle
Particulate emissions(smoke and soot)
One vehicle from 1990
35 vehicles from 2005
Nothing beats
the diese
l engine prin
ciple!
Nothing beats
the diese
l engine prin
ciple!
Scania philosophy – start in the combustion chamber
One combustion chamber
12-litre 340 360 380 400 420
DT 12-litre 420 470
9-litre 230 270 310
1616--litre V8 500 580 620 (only truck)litre V8 500 580 620 (only truck)
11-litre 330 340 380
400,000 cylinders per year
1995 2000 2005
How to reduce Nox
• Combustion temperature
• Injection timing
• Intake air temperature
• Injection rate
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
• After-treatment (SCR)
NOx Production
Engine development
Nitrogen oxidesNOx= NO + NO2
Fu
el
co
nsu
mp
tio
nC
O2
em
issio
ns
Engine development
Nitrogen oxidesNOx= NO + NO2
Fu
el
co
nsu
mp
tio
nC
O2
em
issio
ns
Engine development
Engine development is to shift the curve
Nitrogen oxides
0.5% per year
NOx= NO + NO2
Fu
el
co
nsu
mp
tio
nC
O2
em
issio
ns
EGR SCR
Technical solutions
Enginecontrol
unitUrea
Air
CatalyticconverterEngine
Exhaust gas
NH3 + NOx → N2 + H2O
Attacking emissions at source Aftertreatment
Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas
Intake air Exhaust gas
* Exhaust gas recirculation ** Selective catalytic reduction
***
Effect of SCR
Nitrogen oxides
NOx= NO + NO2
Fu
el
co
nsu
mp
tio
n
Euro 4 Euro 1
Euro 3
NOx removed with aftertreatment
+ urea
Technical solutions – SCR
• Aftertreatment method
• New technology for automotive use
• Relies on added reagent
• Requires heating system, extra tank and
filling
• Needs infrastructure for urea solution
• Operating cost dependent on costs
for urea which often outweigh any
fuel saving
• Best choice if fuel quality in doubt
• Relies on high exhaust temp.
• Works best under higher load, e.g.
long-haulage
EngineManagement
System Urea
Air
CatalyticconverterEngine
Exhaust gas
NH3 + NOx → N2 + H2O
Scania SCR
500 hp
2500 Nm at 1000-1350 r/min
560 hp2700 Nm at 1000-1400 r/min
620 hp3000 Nm at 1000-1400 r/min
15.6-litre V8 Euro 5
Exhaust temperatures
City bus DC9 05
April 2001
0
100
200
300
400
500
09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00Time
Tem
p inle
t cata
lyst,
C
Measured
Mean
Citybus
Scania EGR
Technical solutions - EGR
Attacking emissions at source
Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas
Intake air Exhaust gas
• Refined combustion, attacks NOx-
emissions at source
• Tried-and-proven
• Works at any load
• Operational in urban stop-and-go
traffic
• Fuel economy retained through
other engine developments
• Just fill with good quality diesel
Effect of EGR
NOx= NO + NO2
Fu
el
co
nsu
mp
tio
n
Euro 4
Nitrogen oxides
NOx removed with
improved combustion technology
Euro 3
Operating economy(Comparable Scania engines)
Fuel
Euro 3
Scania SCR
Fuel
Euro 4
Fuel
Euro 5
Urea solution
Fuelsaving
3-4%(V8)
Euro 4
3-4%
Scania EGR
Fuelsaving
3-4%(V8)
Urea solution
5-6%
Euro 5
Cost ?
Cost balance – Euro 4/5
EGR
• Purchase price similar to SCR
• Just add diesel!
• Second-hand value
– Proven technology
SCR
• Purchase price similar to EGR
• How to fill/store urea solution?
– Filling station
– From local supplier
– Own installation
• Second-hand value
– New technology for automotive use
Main strategy: Scania EGR• EGR is a proven technology
– 250,000 heavy commercial vehicles per year in North America
– Millions of cars and light commercials
• No active aftertreatment – maintenance-free oxicat
– Eliminates diesel fumes, recovers from sulphur
• No additional maintenance
• Oil-change intervals unchanged
• Chassis installation unaffected
• Scania EGR – high customer value
– Just add diesel!
– Excellent operating economy
– High resale value
Scania EGRExhaust gas recirculation
Scania patented2-stage EGR cooling
Euro 4 Euro 5
EGR rate 15-20% 25-30%
Coolingrequirement 35 kW 70 kW
Temperatureafter cooling 150° 50°
How to reduce NOx
• Combustion temperature
• Injection timing
• Intake air temperature
• Injection rate
• EGR
How to reduce PM
• Complete combustion
• Increased injection pressure
• Multiple injection
• Controlled boost pressure
• Combustion chamber design
• After-treatment (SCR)
• After-treatment
• Oxicat
• Particulate trap
• Trap with burner
and improve fuel economy
Scania XPIExtra high-pressure injection
Injection pressure
Max. 2400 bar
Average 1800 bar
Min. 850 bar
3 injections per combustion
Scania XPI
Scania VGTVariable-geometry turbocharger
Scania VGT
Boosts response and low-speed torque
Speeds up Opticruise gearchanges
Supplies EGR
Scania engine management
140 in/out signals continuously
Scania XPI
Pressure control
3 injections per cylinder cycle
Scania EGR
1-stage cooling
2-stage cooling
Scania VGT
Electronic EGR control
Boost pressure forfaster gearchanging
Other vehicle systems
Integrated with up to 20 ECUs
Scania engine management
Performance – new inline enginesScania EGR Euro 5 and EEV
9-litre 13-litre
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
10501400
16001900
21002300
2500
230 280 320 360 400 440 480
Nm
hp
Torque peak1000-1500
1000-1350
1000-1350
1000-1300
1000-1300
1000-1300
1000-1300 r/min
Torque/power 5.25.25.35.35.05.04.6
Performance = torque, but power is what sells!
Torque and power300-500 hp Euro 5 engines, Europe
Torque-to-power ratio
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
Competitors Scania Euro 5 EGR
Average 4.8Average 5.2
Bestcompetitor
Choice of technologyEuro 5 and EEV
hp Nm litres emission level technology
230 1050 9.3 5-cyl Euro 5, EEV EGR
270 1200 8.9 5-cyl EEV ethanol EGR
280 1400 9.3 5-cyl Euro 5, EEV EGR
320 1600 9.3 5-cyl Euro 5, EEV EGR
360 1900 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR
380 1900 11.7 6-cyl Euro 5 SCR
400 2100 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR
420 2100 11.7 6-cyl Euro 5 SCR
440 2300 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR
480 2500 12.7 6-cyl Euro 5 EGR
500 2500 15.6 V8 Euro 5 SCR
560 2700 15.6 V8 Euro 5 SCR
620 3000 15.6 V8 Euro 5 SCR
Choice of technology
Euro 5Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management
Euro 6Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management
CO2 limitationDiesel engineRenewable fuelPre-mix technology (HCCI)
√Likely Euro 6 levels
NOx 400 mg/kWh
PM 100 mg/kWh
Revised test cycle
Choice of technology
Euro 5Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management
Euro 6Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management
CO2 limitationDiesel engineRenewable fuelHybrid technology
Euro …Diesel engineScania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management
Pre-mix technology (HCCI) VVT (variable valve timing)
HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition)
√Likely Euro 6 levels
NOx 400 mg/kWh
PM 100 mg/kWh
Revised test cycle
Scania HCCI
• Homogeneous charge compression ignition
• Technology mature around 2015
• Lean (cold) combustion gives low NOx
• Premix prevents formation of particulates
• High EGR rate
• Tricky combustion control
• High strength required
• High efficiency
Image from test cell
or in truck