4-basics of english grammar

8/6/2019 4-Basics of English Grammar

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PRESENT TENSE ( BE),DEMONSTRATIVES,

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES,PRESENT CONTINOUS (CAN),

PREPOSITIONS

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PRESENT TENSE (BE) The verb BE has three forms: AM, IS, ARE,

which we have to use according to thepronoun or subject.

TO BE

Occupations Nouns Adjectives Places


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AFFI RM ATIVE SENTENCES

Subject Verb Form Example

I AM I am a teacher .

You ARE You are a st ud ent.

H e IS H e is in the lab.

SheIS S

he is my sister.It IS It is a city.

W e ARE W e are frien d s.

They ARE T hey are do ct o rs.


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NEG ATIVE SENTENCES

You can make negative sentences similar to the

sentences before . The only different is to add NOTafter am, is, are, as you can see in the followingchart.

She is not sad They are not in the school


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NEG ATIVE SENTENCES

I am not I`m not

H eShe is notIt

H e `s not = H e isntShe s not = She isntIts not = It isnt

W eYou are notThey

W e re not = W e arentYou re not = You arentThey re not = They arent


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Y ES / NO QUEST IONS

In English we have two kind of questions:Yes/No questions and W h-questions.

TheY

es / No Questions are called thatbecause the answers always start with Yesor No

Remember to answer Yes/No questions youhave to pay attention to the subject.


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Y ES / NO QUEST IONS Affirmative Statement:Yes / No question:

Short Answers:Full /Complete

Answers:

John and Peter students.John and Peter students?

Yes, they are / No, they arentYes, they are students. / No theyare not students.

Affirmative Statement:Yes / No question:Short Answers:Full /Complete

Answers:

Mary tall and thin.Mary tall and thin?

Yes, she is / No, she isntYes, she is tall and thin. / No, sheis not tall and thin

are Are

isIs


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WH - QUEST IONS

The wh-questions look for informationaccording to the question word.

In this kind of questions you never answer Yes or No, because they are asking for some information. The answer is astatement with the information according to

the question word.


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WH - QUEST IONSWh-word Inf ormatio n

aboutEx ample

W hat ThingsNameOccupations

Activities

W hat is this? It is a book.W hat is your name? Robert.W hat do you do? I am a driver.W hat is he doing? H es working

W ho People W ho is the director of the school?Carlos Samaniego.

W here Places W here is he? In the house.

H ow StateForm / manner

H ow are you? I am sad.H ow is Loja? It is small.


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D EMONSTR ATIVES

W e use TH IS / T H ESE when the objects are near to the speaker.

This is a blackboard These are papers

TH IS +Singular Nouns TH ESE + Plural Nouns


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D EMONSTR ATIVES

W e use TH AT / T H OSE when the objects are far from the speakers.

That is a lake.

Those are mountains

TH AT + Singular Nouns

TH OSE + Plural Nouns


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D EMONSTR ATIVES

Q uestio n s W hat is that?That is an airplane. Is that a bird?No, it is an airplane.

W hat are those?Those are books Are those books?Yes, they are books.


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PLUR AL NOUNS

Noun ending Forming the plural Examples

s, x, ch or sh Add -es boss - bossestax - taxes

bush - bushesconsonant + y Change y to i

then Add es

fly - fliestry - tries

curry curries

most others Add -s cat - catsface - facesday days


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IRREGUL AR PLUR ALNoun type Forming the plural Examples

Ends with -fe Change f to vthen

Add s

knife - kniveslife - lives

wife - wivesEnds with f Change f to v

then Add es

half - halveswolf - wolvesloaf - loaves

Ends with - o Add es potato - potatoestomato - tomatoes

volcano -volcanoes


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IRREGUL AR PLUR AL

Noun type Forming the plural Examples

ALL KINDS Change the vowelor

Change the wordor

Add a differentending

man - menfoot - feet

child - childrenperson - people

tooth - teethmouse - mice

Unchanging Singular and pluralare the same

sheepdeer

fish (sometimes)


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POSSESS IVE ADJ ECTIVES

I MyYou Your H

eH

isShe H er +It ItsW

e Our They Their NOUN


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POSSESS IVE ADJ TECTIVES

This is our house

H er pants are blueH is shirt is new

This is her cat


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POSSESS IVE F ORM S

Kevins wife is Rose.

H is wife is Rose.Charlies book is black.

The Childs mother is happy


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PREPOS ITION O F PLACEIN In the house in a shop

In a room in a town

In a car in a gardenON On a shelf on a wall

On a plate on the tableOn a balcony on a door

AT At the bus station at home At the door at the top At work at the end of


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PRESENT CONT INOUS

The present continous

tense is used todescribe activities thathappen now, thatmeans activities thatare developed in the

moment of speaking

Subject BE -ING

FORMI Am Sing ing

H eShe

It

Is Sing ing

W eYouThey

Are Sing ing


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PRESENT CONT INOUS

AFF IRMAT IV E NEGAT IV E Y ES/NO QUESTIONS

I am dancing I am not dancing Am I dancing?You are eating You are not eating Are you eating?

H e is sleeping H e is not sleeping Is he sleeping?

She is reading She is not reading Is she reading?

It is raining It is not raining Is it raining?

W e are walking W e are not walking Are we walking?

They are studying They are not studying Are they studying?


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RULESVerb ending in...

H ow to make the -INGform Examples

1 vowel + 1consonant

Double the consonant,then add ING

swim - swimming hit - hitting

get getting

1 vowel + 1

consonant + E -

Remove E, then add ING c o me - c o ming

l o se - l o sing live living

[anything else] Add ING say - saying g o - g o ing

walk - walking


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CAN / C ANT

Can is used to show ability

They can dance H e cant play the pianoH e can play football

H e can swim H e can skate


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NEG ATIVE AND QUEST IONSAFF IRMAT IV E NEGAT IV E

Y ES/NOQUESTIONS

SHO RT AN SW ER S

I can cook I can not cook Can I cook? Yes, you can / No ,you cant

You can dance You can not dance Can you dance? Yes I can / No I cant

H e can play H e can not play Can he play? Yes, he can / No , he can`t

She can swim She can not swim Can she swim? Yes, she can / No , she cant

It can run It can not run Can it run? Yes, it can / No , it cantW e can sing W e can not sing Can we sing? Yes, we can / No , we cant

They can walk They can not walk Can they walk ?Yes, they can / No , they

cant

4-basics of english grammar

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