SESSION 1: WHAT ENGLISH DO YOU KNOW

INDEX OF CONTENTS

ConceptPage

Personal pronouns1, 12

Simple present: affirmative, negative, question1

Word order1, 23, 29

Yes/No questions: Auxiliary DO2

Vocabulary: ordinal numbers3

Vocabulary: Parts of day, days of week, months3

Vocabulary: seasons of year, years4

There is / There are4

Some / any4

Short answers5

Basic verbs (vocabulary)5

Vocabulary: the family6,7

Vocabulary: daily objects8

Irregular plurals8, 47, 48

Speaking: small talk and introductions9, 10, 13

Speaking: personal information10

Possessive adjectives (my, your, his, her)12, 21

Possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, hers)12

Personal object pronouns (me, you, him, her)12

Reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself)13

The alphabet and spelling14

Vocabulary: jobs in English15, 16

Countable and uncountable nouns18, 46

Addresses in English19

Preposition s of time20

Adverbs of frequency21

WH question words22, 41, 42

Halloween23, 24

This/these, that/those25

Question tag (el modisme veritat?)25

Present simple and present continuous25

Telling the time in English (What time is it?)26

Ways to say goodbye in English 26

Prepositions of place28

Past simple29-34

Final ED pronunciation30

Irregular verb list31, 32, 33

ONLINE ENGLISH PRACTICE35

Comparatives and superlatives36-39

Quantifiers40

Connectors43

Verb tenses44-45

Future49

BASIC GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY1. Personal pronouns + verb TO BE + verb TO HAVE + other verbs

PRONOUMTO BETO HAVETO SPEAK

IAmHaveSpeak

YouareHavespeak

HeIsHasSpeaks

SheIsHasSpeaks

ItIsHasSpeaks

WeAreHaveSpeak

YouAreHaveSpeak

TheyArehaveSpeak

Most verbs in English take a final -s to form the third person singular (loves, works, plays). Verbs ending in /sh/, /ch/, /x/, /o/ or /ss/ add an -e before the -s (teaches, washes, goes, does, fixes, kisses)

Verbs ending in consonant + -y change -y to -ies (cry-cries, fly-flies, study-studies) and ending in vowel + -y they maintain the -y (play, stay, say)

Have is irregular (have-has)

The normal word order in English is SVO (Subject + Verb + Object):

SUBJECTVERBOBJECT

IamSpanish

Wehavedifferent services

The spacostsfifteen euros

Children under 12arefree

This is the order in AFFIRMATIVE or POSITIVE.For the NEGATIVE we use an AUXILIARY VERB and the particle NOT:

SUBJECTVERB 1NOTVERB 2OBJECT

IamnotSpanish

Wehavenotgotdifferent services

The spadoesnot costfifteen euros

Children under 12arenotfree

YoudonotspeakFrench

We usually contract the form:

Im not Spanish

We havent got different services

The spa doesnt cost fifteen euros

Children under 12 arent free

You dont speak French

We use HAVE differently in BrE (British English) and AmE (American English):

BrE:We have got two cats/ Have we got two cats? / We havent got two cats

AmE:We have two cats / Do we have two cats? / We dont have two cats

YES/NO questions:

- to be, to have:verb +subject + object

Example:He is Spanish ------------( Is he Spanish?

You have got a cat -----(Have you got a cat?

- other verbs:auxiliary + subject + verb +object

Example:I live in Sant Cugat -----(Do you live in Sant Cugat?

He plays football-------(Does he play football?

The auxiliary is DO or DOES (3rd person singular) in PRESENT.

Different examples of word order in English:

AffirmativeShe is my friend

NegativeShe isnt my friend / She isnt my friend

QuestionIs she my friend?

AffirmativeWe have got a lot of books/ We have a lot of books*

NegativeWe havent got a lot of books/ We dont have a lot of books *

QuestionHave we got a lot of books?/ Do we have a lot of books?*

AffirmativeThey live in a nice house

NegativeThey dont live in a nice house

QuestionDo they live in a nice house?

AffirmativeHe drives his car every day

NegativeHe doesnt drive his car every day

QuestionDoes he drive his car every day?

2. Ordinal numbers

0ZERO, OH (in telephone numbers)

1ONE11ELEVEN

2TWO12TWELVE

3THREE13THIRTEEN

4FOUR14FOURTEEN

5FIVE15FIFTEEN

6SIX16SIXTEEN

7SEVEN17SEVENTEEN

8EIGHT18EIGHTEEN

9NINE19NINETEEN

10TEN20TWENTY

21TWENTY-ONE30THIRTY

22TWENTY-TWO40FORTY

23TWENTY-THREE50FIFTY

24TWENTY-FOUR60SIXTY

25TWENTY-FIVE70SEVENTY

26TWENTY-SIX80EIGHTY

27TWENTY-SEVEN90NINETY

28TWENTY-EIGHT100A HUNDRED

29TWENTY-NINE1000A THOUSAND

1435A THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED (AND) THIRTY-FIVE

721.011SEVEN HUNDRED TWENTY-ONE THOUSAND (AND) ELEVEN

111.111ONE HUNDRED ELEVEN THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED (AND) ELEVEN

3. Parts of the day, days, months, yearsParts of the dayMorningBefore 12

Midday/Noon12

Afternoon12-18

Evening18 and until you go to bed

NightWhen you go to bed or is really late

Midnight00

Days of the week:

Sunday - Monday - Tuesday - Wednesday - Thursday - Friday - Saturday

(we start the week saying Sunday and not Monday in English)

Months of the year:

January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December

Seasons of the year: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter

How to read years in English:

4. Pronunciation tips

listen:

/lisen/

kiss/kis/

keys/ki:s/

often:

/offen/

live/lif/

leave/li:f/

walk:

/uoc/

shit/shit/

sheet/shi:t/

talk:

/toc/

ship/ship/

sheep/shi:p/often:

/offen/

this:/dis/

these: /di:s/

live:

/lif/

write:

/rait/l

life:

/laif/

right:

/rait/

5. There is / There are

Singular: there is + a/an/one .

Plural:

there are+some/(number) .

How many toys are there on the floor? There are three

Is there a dog in the picture?No, there isnt any

6. Some / any

Any:

in negatives and questions

Some:

in affirmatives

Do you need any help? Yes, please. I need some help

No, thank you. I dont need any.

7. Short answersHas she got a pink T-shirt? No, she hasnt got any

Do you speak English? Yes, I doAre you American? Yes, I am8. Basic verbs

To have + a meal:to have breakfast

to have lunch

to have dinner

to have a coffee/tea

to watch TV/a tennis match/a ski competition

to play

a game

cards

the piano/violin/flute/drums

to ride

a bike/a horse/ a scooter/ a motorbike

to drivea car/a bus/a train/a plane

Phrasal verb: a verb which goes with certain prepositions:

to look at

mirar

to look arounddonar un cop dull

to look aftercuidar de (una persona, una casa, un animal, una planta, un negoci)

to look down tomirar de forma despectiva

VOCABULARY: THE FAMILY

Immediate Family

MasculineFeminine

fathermother

sondaughter

brothersister

husbandwife

When you have children, you are aparent. One collective word to describe brothers and sisters issiblings.

Different Generations

MasculineFeminine

Forefathers

Great-great grandfatherGreat-great grandmother

Great grandfatherGreat grandmother

GrandfatherGrandmother

FatherMother

SonDaughter

GrandsonGranddaughter

Great grandsonGreat granddaughter

Great-great grandsonGreat-great granddaughter

Descendents

Relatives and Extended Family

grandparents:the parents of your parentsgrandfather:the father of your father/mothergrandmother:the mother of your father/mothergrandchildren:the children of your childrengrandson:the son of one of your childrengranddaughter: the daughter of one of your childrengreat grandfather:the father of your grandfather/grandmothergreat grandmother:the mother of your grandfather/grandmotheruncle:the brother (or brother-in-law) of your mother/fatheraunt:the sister (or sister-in-law)of your mother/fathercousin:the child of your aunt/unclenephew:the male child of your brother/sisterniece:the female child of your brother/sister

The In-Laws

father-in-law:the father of your spousemother-in-law:the mother of your spouseson-in-law:the husband of your daughterdaughter-in-law:the wife of your sonbrother-in-law:the husband of your sistersister-in-law:the wife of your brother

The Family Mix

"Step-" means that you are related as a result of one parent marrying again

stepfather:the (new) husband of your mother stepmother:the (new) wife of your father stepson:the son of your (new) husband / wife stepdaughter:the daughter of your (new) husband / wife stepsister:the daughter of your stepmother or stepfatherstepbrother:the son of your stepmother or stepfather

Sometimes one of your parents gets married again and they have more children. There

half-brother:the brother you have only one parent in common with .half-sister:the sister you only have one parent in common with.

VOCABULARY: DAILY OBJECTS

Furniture in the dining room

Sofa

Chair

Armchair

Shelf/shelves

Plant

Table

Bookcase

TV/television

Carpet

Door

Window

Clock

Portrait

Picture

Lamp

Cupboard

Irregular plurals

Singular

plural

Woman /wuman/

women /wimin/

Man /man/

men /men/

Child

children

Mouse /maus/

mice /mais/

Fish

fish

Sheep

sheep

Shelf

shelves

Pronunciation tips

Crisps

/crisps/

picture

/pikcher/

Sausages/sosagis/

culture

/culcher/

Architecture/arquitekcher/

SMALL TALK AND INTRODUCTIONS1. Small talk

To be kind

To be polite

Context: situation

relationship

Using only first name (Laura, Evan, Tom)

only in friendly situations (family, friends, children, co-workers or colleagues)

examples:

Hi, Tom. Do you want to go to a film tonight? (a man to his friend) Excuse me, Mary. What do you think of this presentation? (a woman to a co-worker in the office) Do you know the answer to number seven, Jack? (a student to another student)

Using title and last name (surname): Mr Smith, Mrs Johnson

at work, with supervisors or managers (talking with superiors)

with senior people

with adult people that you dont know

in meetings, public speaking

examples:

Good morning Ms Johnson. Did you have a good weekend?(a student to her teacher) Mr Johnson, I'd like to introduce you to Jack West from Chicago (an employee introducing a colleague to his supervisor)

2. Introductions and social language

Title: Mr(Mister, for men)

Ms(pronounced miss, for women in general)

Mrs(pronounced missis, for married women)

Miss(pronounced miss, for unmarried women)

Letters and writings:

Formal

informal

Dear Sir/Madam,

Dear John,

()

()

Yours faithfully,

Regards

A. introducing a person to another one

Structure:

Example:

(name), do you know (name)?

Laura, do you know Tom?I'd like you to meet (name)

Laura, Id like you to meet TomB- greeting that person

Ken: Laura, I'd like you to meet Mary.Laura: How do you do?Mary: How do you do / Pleased to meet you / Its a pleasureKen: Mary works for ...

What do you do? vs How are you?1st time you meet a person:

A - How do you do?

B - How do you do?

2nd time you meet that person:

A How do you do?

B Fine, thanks!

Formal answers:Nice to meet you

Pleased to meet you

Its a pleasure

PERSONAL INFORMATION

What sort of questions do you ask?

type

kind

Age:How old are you?

Whats your age?

Im 40 years old

Name:Whats your name?

My names Sandra

Im Sandra

Birth:Where were you born?I was born in Sabadell

When is your birthday?My birthday is on 14 May

When were you born?I was born on 14 May 1966

Nation:Whats your nationality?Im Spanish

Where are you from?

Im from Spain

Live:Where do you live?

I live in Sant Cugat

Whats your address?

1, Ignasi Barraquer, 2nd-3rd

Family:Are you married?

Yes, I am married

No, Im single

Have you got any brothers or sisters?

No, I haven t any

Yes, Ive got one brother and one sister

Does your grandfather live with you?

Yes, he does

No, he doesnt

How old is your sister?Shes 15

Job:Whats your job?

Im a teacher (but I work as a nurse)

What do you do?

Im a nurse

Where do you work?

I work in Barcelona

I work in a hotel

I work at the fitness area of a hotel in BCN

Hobbies:Whats your hobby?

I like dancing / listening to music / reading

Whats your favourite film?My favourite film is Psicosis

Have you got any hobbies?No, I havent got any

House:How many rooms are there in your house?

There are four rooms

WORD ORDER in QUESTIONS:a/ question words: to ask for a part of the sentence.

(Question word + verb or auxiliary +subject + verb 2 + object)

Mandy speaks French:WHO speaks French?

I speak German:

WHAT do you speak?

I go to the beach:

WHERE do you go?

I get up at 7:

WHEN do you get up?

This book is mine:

WHICH book is yours?

The cat is big:

HOW is the cat?

b/ YES/NO questions:

- to be, to have:verb +subject + object

Example:He is Spanish ------------( Is he Spanish?

You have got a cat -----(Have you got a cat?

- other verbs:auxiliary + subject + verb +object

Example:I live in Sant Cugat -----(Do you live in Sant Cugat?

He plays football-------(Does he play football?

The auxiliary is DO or DOES (3rd person singular) in PRESENT.

PRONOUNS

Personal subject

pronounPossessive adjectivePossessive pronounPersonal object

pronoun

IMyMineMe

YouYourYoursYou

HeHisHisHim

SheHerHersHer

ItItsItsIt

WeOurOursUs

YouYourYoursYou

TheyTheirtheirsthem

Personal subject pronoun:

We live in Sant Cugat

He has two books

I am forty years old

They speak Chinese

Possessive adjective:

My father is French

This is his book

Their car is red

Whats your name?

Possessive pronoun

This car is hers

Those books are theirs

Your car is red. Mine is green

Personal object pronoun

This is a present for them

Nice to meet you

Introductions (presentacions)Do you know each other?

Us coneixeu?

Carol, let me introduce John to you: Carol, deixa que et presenti el John

Carol, let me introduce you to John:

Carol, deixa que et presenti al John

Let me introduce myself:

Deixa que em presenti

Can you introduce yourself?

Et podries presentar?

Family name= last name= surname(Bosch, Calatayud)

First name= given name

(Rosa, Meritxell)

Peter Sebastian Walker

Peter = first name, given name

Sebastian = middle name

Walker = surname, family name, surname

To meet a person = trobar-se a alg

To have a meeting= tenir una reuni

Reflexive pronouns

I

Myself

I hurt myself when I was cutting the breadYou

Yourself

Emma, did you take the picture by yourself?He

Himself

Robert made this T-shirt himself

She

Herself

Lisa often speaks to herselfIt

Itself

The lion can defend itselfWe

Ourselves

We helped ourselves with some cola at the party

You

Yourselves

Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help yourselves

They

Themselves

Alice and Doris collected the stickers themselvesFalse friendsTo present = to make a presentation

To introduce = presenter a alg

Pronunciation tips

Know

/nou/

love/lov/No

/nou/

law/lo/Knowledge/nouleig/

laugh/laf/Dead

/ded/ (adjectiu: mort)

kite/kait/

Death

/dez/ (substantiu: mort)

bike/baik/

Died

/daed/ (participi passat: mort) bite/bait/THE ALPHABET AND SPELLING

CLASSROOM LANGUAGE:

How do you spell ________________ in English?

Can you spell it, please?

How do you pronounce _______________ in English?

Whats mesa in English?

Can you repeat it, please?

Is it correct?

Its my turn!

Can you speak slowly, please?

JOBS IN ENGLISHShes a police officer. Shes a policewoman

Hes a police officer. Hes a policeman

Shes a nurse

Shes a lawyer

ENGLISHSPANISH

accountantcontable

actor/actressactor/actriz

air hostessazafata

architectarquitecto

bakerpanadero

butchercarnicero

chemistfarmacutico

cookcocinero

dentistdentista

doctormdico

driverconductor

electricianelectricista

employeeempleado

engineeringeniero

farmergranjero

firemanbombero

fishermanpescador

gardenerjardinero

hairdresserpeluquero

instructormonitor

journalistperiodista

labourerobrero

lawyerabogado

mechanicmecnico

nannyniera

ENGLISHSPANISH

Nunmonja

nurseenfermero

office workeroficinista

painterpintor

pilotpiloto

plumberfontanero

policemanpolica

politicianpoltico

postmancartero

psychiatristpsiquiatra

psychologistpsiclogo

receptionistrecepcionista

salesmanvendedor

secretarysecretario

shoemakerzapatero

shop assistantdependiente

singercantante

studentestudiante

teacherprofesor

techniciantcnico

vetveterinario

waiter/waitresscamarero/a

writerescritor

Vocabulary

Some of my cousins live ABROAD = Some of my cousins live IN ANOTHER COUNTRYTo look up a word in the dictionary = buscar una paraula al diccionari

I have a work colleague WHO is from Portugal. Hes Portuguese.

I have a car THAT is from Japan. It is Japanese.

Pronunciation tips

Musician/musishan/

euro/iuro/

Electrician/electrishan/

Television/televishon/

Adverbs from adjectives

He is SAD.

He sings SADLY

She is HAPPY.

She dances HAPPILY

The price is EXACTThis is EXACTLY the price

Countable and uncountable nouns (I)A noun can be countable:

One pen, two pens, forty pens.

Or uncountable:

One water, two waters, three waters

We use different words to count uncountable nouns:

A bottle of water, two bottles of water, three bottles of water

A glass of water, two glasses of water

Only withuncountable nounsWith uncountableand countable nounsOnly withcountable nouns

How much?How much or How many?How many?

a littleno/nonea few

a bit (of)not anya number (of)

-some (any)several

a great deal ofa lot ofa large number of

a large amount ofplenty ofa great number of

-lots of-

Examples:

I have a little money in my pocket

I have a few coins in my pocket

We use a large amount of rice to cook a paella

We use a great number of eggs to cook a cake

Addresses in English

St

Street

Av

Avenue

BlvdBoulevard

Rd

Road

Sq

Square

Flat (BrE)=Apartment (AmE)

5, Sant Bartomeu St, 1st-2nd

(number, street, floor, door)

08172SANT CUGAT DEL VALLS

(zip code, town or city)

BARCELONA

(area)

SPAIN

(country)

Where do you live?

Whats your address?

Do you live in an apartment or in a house?

Whats your home/land phone number?

Have you got an alternate phone?

Have you got an e-mail address?

@= at

.=dot

Whats your Social Security Number?

What is your marital status?

Are you married or single?

Whats the title of the job?Whats your birth date?

When were you born?I was born on 27th June 1971

(nineteen seventy-one)

In, At, On + Time or DateWhen is your birthday? Mine is ON October 12. When do you eat lunch? I usually eat it AT noon. When does the school year begin in your country? In mine it begins IN September.

Do you know which preposition to use before times, days, months and years? Here is a reminder.

Don't forget to use...in+ month or year-In March, In 2003on+ date (with the year or without it) or day of the week-On April 2, On March 3, 1999, On Saturdayat+ clock time, midnight, noon-At 3:30 p.m., At 4:01, At noonRemember also...in + season-In the summer, In the winterin + morning, afternoon, evening-In the morning, In the eveningat + night-At nightat Celebrations:at Christmas (BUT on Christmas day)

at Easter (BUT on Holly Friday)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (revision)My car

el meu cotxe

My cars

els meus cotxes

Your car

el teu cotxe / el vostre cotxe

Your cars

els teus cotxes / els vostres cotxes

His

car

el seu cotxe (dell)

Her cars

els seus cotxes (della)

Their car

el seu cotxe (dells)

Their cars

els seus cotxes (dells)

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

WH Question Words

We use question words to ask certain types of questions. We often refer to them as WH words because they include the letters WH (for example WHy, HoW).

Question WordFunctionExample

whatasking for information about somethingWhat is your name?

asking for repetition or confirmationWhat? I can't hear you.You did what?

what...forasking for a reason, asking whyWhat did you do that for?

whenasking about timeWhen did he leave?

whereasking in or at what place or positionWhere do they live?

whichasking about choiceWhich colour do you want?

whoasking what or which person or people (subject)Who opened the door?

whoseasking about ownershipWhose are these keys?Whose turn is it?

whyasking for reason, asking what...forWhy do you say that?

why don'tmaking a suggestionWhy don't I help you?

howasking about mannerHow does this work?

asking about condition or qualityHow was your exam?

how + adj/advasking about extent or degreesee examples below

how fardistanceHow far is Pattaya from Bangkok?

how longlength (time or space)How long will it take?

how manyquantity (countable)How many cars are there?

how muchquantity (uncountable)How much money do you have?

how oldageHow old are you?

PUBLIC HOLIDAYS IN ENGLAND

Federal holiday: public holiday in a federation

National holiday: in Catalonia, 11th September

Public holiday:

a holiday established by law. Its a non-working day

Bank holiday:

colloquialism for public holiday in England

Abans del 1834 el Banc dAnglaterra va fixar 33 dies i festivals religiosos com a festius, per en 1834 aquests es van redur a 4: 1st May (or May Day), 1st November (All Saints Day), Good Friday (divendres Sant) i Christmas Day. Actualment a Anglaterra hi ha vuit festius daquest tipus:

New Years day

Good Friday

Easter Monday

1st May

Last Monday in May

Last Monday in August

Christmas Day

Boxing Day (Saint Stephens Day)HALLOWEEN 2014

October 31 is Halloween. On Halloween, children wear costumes and go trick-or-treating. They knock on doors and say"Trick or treat."The person who opens the door gives the children sweets. The children say"Thank you."Adults like Halloween, too. They like to wear costumes to work and attend parties. Orange and black are popular Halloween colours. Orange is the colour of pumpkins and black is the colour of darkness. Halloween is a fun holiday, but it isnota federal holiday.When is Halloween? It is on October 31.

In 2014, it is on a Friday.

On October 31 we say "Happy Halloween!"

Halloween isnota federal holiday.

What is the child in this picture doing? He is selecting a pumpkin.

On Halloween, people cutfaces on pumpkinsand put candles inside of them.

They light the candles at night.

What are these children wearing? They are wearing Halloween costumes.

The witch is wearing a black dress and a tall black hat.

What are these children doing? They aretrick-or-treating. They are waiting for someone to open the door and give them candy.

Who are these people? They are pumpkinscarecrows. The woman is on the left and the man is on the right.

What kind of house is this? It is ahaunted house. Afull moonis out.

What is the skeleton doing? He is holding a lantern and waiting for the ship.

Ghostslive on the ship.

Who is this woman? She is a fortune teller.

She can tell the future by looking into the crystal ball.

Pronunciation tips

/dis/

/di:s/

(HERE)

El modisme veritat?

Desprs de la frase posem una coma I afegim el verb canviant el signe (en negatiu si la frase est en afirmatiu, I en afirmatiu si la frase est en negatiu) seguit del subjecte:

You are Spanish, arent you?

(ets espanyol, oi?)

She isnt married, is she?

(est casada, oi?)

You live in Madrid, dont you?

(vius a Madrid, oi?)

You dont speak Chinese, do you?(no parles xins, oi?)

She eats a banana, doesnt she?(ella menja un pltan, oi?)

She doesnt go to Paris, does she?(ella no va a Pars, oi?)

Simple present vs present continuous

Simple presentPresent continuous

(Verb)(To be + verb + ing)

1. for habitual actions1. for actions happening now

2. for facts that are always true2. actions happening in this period of time

3. for feelings or thoughts

Example: I runExample: I am running

What are they doing?

He is buying a newspaper

They are running

She is eating an ice-cream

I am listening to you

He is walking slowly

The time in English

What time is it? Its.

20:15

Its a quarter past eight

19:45

Its a quarter to eight

20:00

Its eight oclock

20:30

Its half past eight

20:05

Its five past eight

20:40

Its twenty to nine

Ten Expressions to say goodbyeExpression:How to use the expression:

Bye!The most common

Goodbye!A little more formal

Bye for now!Informal and friendly. They mean that you expect to see the other person again soon.

See you!

See you later!

See you soon!

Im offInformal and not very polite. You are leaving without a farewell greeting

Cheerio!Informal and old fashioned

Catch you later!Very informal. You expect to see the other person again soon

Good night!We only say it at night (when you go home at night or when you go to bed)

Other examples with See you:

See you tomorrow

See you in an hour

See you at work

Vocabulary and expressions

Lucky you!

Quina sort que tens!

Good luck!

Bona sort!

It seems so

Ho sembla

To take off

enlairar-se

To land

aterrar

To have a great time

passar-sho molt bIt depends on the moment=It depends on when= It depends on the timeTo live in the city centre vs to live in the surroundings of the city

To look alike and to look like

to look like +objectto look alike + no object(+ plural subject)

"Sophielooks likeher sister." (Sophieseparece asu hermana)"Sophie and Kellylook alike." (Sophie y Kellyse parecen)Agreeing / disagreeing

Speaker A: I like dogs

Speaker A:I dont like bananas

Speaker B:Me too

Speaker B:Neither do IADJECTIVE MODIFIERSThe house is

big

The house isvery

big

The house isincredibly

big

The house isastonishingly

big

I

amvery

nervous

I

amreally

nervous

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVES WORD ORDER: REVISION

SIMPLE PRESENT:

Affirmative

Question

Answer (affirmative or negative)

I speak English.

Do you speak English?

Yes, I do / No, I dont

She comes to the party. Does she come to the party?Yes, she does / No, she doesnt

Ive got a pen.

Have you got a pen?

Yes, I have / No, I haventI am American.

Are you American?

Yes, I am / No, Im not

SIMPLE PAST:

Affirmative

Question

Answer (affirmative or negative)

I spoke English.

Did you speak English?

Yes, I did / No, I didnt

She came to the party.

Did she come to the party?Yes, she did / No, she didnt

I had got a pen.

Had you got a pen?

Yes, I had / No, I hadnt

I was American.

Were you American?

Yes, I was/ No, I wasnt

SIMPLE PASTa/ Verb TO BE, verb TO HAVE and regular verbs

PRONOUMTO BETO HAVETO LOVE

Iwashadloved

Youwerehadloved

Hewashadloved

Shewashadloved

Itwashadloved

Wewerehadloved

Youwerehadloved

Theywerehadloved

NOTES: 1. To form the regular past of a verb we add ED to the verb:

listened, walked, watched

2. If the verb ends in CVC we double the final consonant before adding ED:

stopped, added

3. We pronounce the final ED in three different ways:

/id/wanted, started, ended

/d/studied, loved

/t/stopped, walked

4. In questions and negatives we put the verb in INFINITIVE and use the

auxiliary DID

Did you go to school yesterday? No, we didnt

5. If the verb ends in E we only add D

LoveD, liveD

b/ Final ED pronunciation

Thepast simple tenseandpast participleof all regular verbs end in-ed. For example:

base verb(v1)past simple(v2)past participle(v3)

workworkedworked

We pronounce the final EDin 3 ways - /Id/ or /t/ or /d/If the base verb ends in one of these sounds:example base verb*:examplewith -ed:pronouncethe -ed:extra syllable?

unvoiced/t/wantwanted/Id/yes

voiced/d/endended

unvoiced/p/hopehoped/t/no

/f/laughlaughed

/s/faxfaxed

/S/washwashed

/tS/watchwatched

/k/likeliked

voicedall other sounds,for example...playplayed/d/no

allowallowed

begbegged

* note that it is thesoundthat is important, not the letter or spelling. For example, "fax" ends in the letter "x" but the sound /s/; "like" ends in the letter "e" but the sound /k/.

b/ Irregular VERBSVowel and consonant changes

Base form

Past

Past participleMeaningbring

brought

buy

bought

catch

caught

fight

fought

seek

sought

teach

taught

think

thoughtVowel change [i] to [_]

Base form

Past

Past participleMeaningbleed

bled

breed

bred

creep

crept

deal

dealt

dream

dreamt

feed

fed

feel

felt

flee

fled

keep

kept

kneel

knelt

lead

led

leave

left

mean

meant

meet

met

read [ri:d]

read [red]sleep

slept

sweep

swept

weep

wept[i] to [] to []

Base form

Past

Past participleMeaningbegin

began

begun

drink

drank

drunk

swim

swam

swum

ring

rang

rung

shrink

shrank

shrunk

sing

sang

sung

sink

sank

sunk

spring

sprang

sprung

stink

stank

stunk[i] to []

Base form

Past

Past participleMeaningcling

clung

dig

dug

fling

flung

sling

slung

slink

slunk

spin

spun

stick

stuck

sting

stuck

string

strung

swing

swung

win

won

wring

wrung[ai] to [au]Base form

Past

Past participleMeaningBind

bound

find

found

grind

ground

wind

woundMiscellaneous vowel changesBase form

Past

Past participleMeaningcome

came

hang

hung

hear

heard

hold

held

light

lit or lighted

lose

lost

run

ran

say

said

sell

sold

shine

shone

shoot

shot

sit

sat

slide

slid

stand

stood

strike

struck

tell

toldPast tense ends in tBase form

Past

Past participleMeaningbend

bent

build

built

lend

lent

send

sent

spend

spentParticiple ending in n

Base form

Past

Past participleMeaningawake

awoke

awaken

be

was/were

been

beat

beat

beaten

bite

bit

bitten

blow

blew

blown

break

broke

broken

choose

chose

chosen

do

did

done

draw

drew

drawn

drive

drove

driven

eat

ate

eaten

fall

fell

fallen

fly

flew

flown

Forget

forgot

forgotten

forgive

forgave

forgiven

freeze

froze

frozen

get

got

gotten

give

gave

given

go

went

gone

grow

grew

grown

hide

hid

hidden

know

knew

known

lie

lay

lain

ride

rode

ridden

rise

rose

risen

see

saw

seen

sew

sewed

sewn

shake

shook

shaken

show

showed

shown

sow

sowed

sown

speak

spoke

spoken

steal

stole

stolen

strive

strove

striven

swear

swore

sworn

swell

swelled

swollen

take

took

taken

tear

tore

torn

wear

wore

worn

weave

wove

woven

write

wrote

writtenOther irregular past formsBase form

Past

Past participleMeaninglay

laid

pay

paid

have

had

make

made

Past simple: examples and practice

DID you GO to the cinema yesterday?Yes, I did.

DID you DO your homework yesterday? Yes, I did

Did you drink milk yesterday? No, I didnt. I drank coffee

Had you got a pet when you were a child? No, I hadnt.

ONLINE ENGLISH PRACTICEGreetings:

http://eslgamesworld.com/members/games/grammar/sentences/greetings/greetings.htmlFilm-elementary level:

http://film-english.com/category/elementary-a1-pre-intermediate-a2/Introductions and small talk:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qa44S_B4xWQGrammar Simple present:

http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/carters-breakfast/Greetings and meetings (listen and repeat):

http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/meeting-and-greeting/Address (AmE) or AddrEss (BrE) (la majuscule indica on recau laccent tonic)

http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/jennifer(

Make or do

http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/make-or-doMake or do (fixed expressions)

http://www.simpleenglishvideos.com/make-and-do-fixed-expressions/COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVESComparative.

To compare two things we have two options:

a/ usingas .. as(the adjective doesnt change)b/ using than (the adjective can change depending on the number of syllables) She's twiceasoldasher sister.

He's notasstupidashe looks!

I'm almostasgood in mathsasin science.

This book is notasexcitingasthe last one.

The cafeteria is notascrowdedasusual.

Russian is not quiteasdifficultasChinese.

This computer is betterthanthat one.

She's stronger at chessthanI am.

It's much colder todaythanit was yesterday.

Our car is biggerthanyour car.

This grammar topic is easierthanmost others.

I find science more difficultthanmathematics.

Today's ESL lesson was more interestingthanusual.

When comparing withthan some changes are necessary, depending on the number of syllables the adjective has:

a/ 1-syllable adjectives:add-erto the adjective

My sister is muchtallerthan me. It'scoldertoday than it was yesterday.

Note: If the word ends:consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually doubled in the comparative. Examples:big-bigger, fat-fatter, hot-hotter.

b/ 2-syllable adjectives ending in-y: change the-yto-ier She's lookinghappiertoday.

This grammar topic iseasierthan the last one.

Why is everyone elseluckierthan me?

Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in-ymust be compared with the wordmore. Example:I drive more quickly (quicklier) than my brother.c/ Other 2-syllable adjectives: usemorewith the unchanged adjective

The shops are alwaysmore crowdedjust before Christmas.

Is there anythingmore boringthan reading about grammar?

My sister ismore carefulwith her writing than I am with mine.

Note: The comparative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with-er. Examples:simple-simpler, clever-cleverer, narrow-narrower. To be sure which comparative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.

Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: usemorewith the unchanged adjective

Russian grammar ismore difficultthan English grammar.

My sister is muchmore intelligentthan me.

I find maths lessonsmore enjoyablethan science lessons.

The older you get, themore irritatingyou become.

Superlative

In thesuperlativeyou talk aboutonething only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not comparetwothings. The following guidelines apply to the superlative:

a/ 1-syllable adjectives:add-estto the adjective (plusthe)

My sister isthe tallestin our family.

Yesterday wasthe coldestday of the year so far.

Note: If the word ends:consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually doubled in the superlative. Examples:big-biggest, fat-fattest, hot-hottest.

b/ 2-syllable adjectives ending in-y: change the-yto-iest(plusthe)

The richest people are not alwaysthe happiest.

Which do you think isthe easiestlanguage to learn?

She'sthe luckiestperson I know.

Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in-yform their superlative with the wordsthe most. Example:Of all the people I know my father drives the most quickly (quickliest).c/ Other 2-syllable adjectives: usethe mostwith the unchanged adjective

The most boringthing about ESL class is doing grammar exercises.

My sister isthe most carefulperson I know.

Note: The superlative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with-er. Examples:simple-simplest, clever-cleverest, narrow-narrowest. To be sure which superlative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.

d/Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: usethe mostwith the unchanged adjective

Some people think that Russian isthe most difficultlanguage.

Albert Einstein wasthe most intelligentperson in history.

Mymost enjoyableclass is English.

You arethe most irritatingperson I have ever met!

Following are two common irregular comaparative/superlative forms:

good-better-the best

bad-worse-the worst

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

1-syllable adjectives

ending in a consonant with a single vowel preceding itbigbiggerbiggest

fatfatterfattest

redredderreddest

sadsaddersaddest

thinthinnerthinnest

1-syllable adjectives

ending in "y"drydrierdriest

sprysprier/spryerspriest/spryest

wrywrier/wryerwriest/wryest

1-syllable adjectives,

other casesfastfasterfastest

greatgreatergreatest

quickquickerquickest

shortshortershortest

talltallertallest

2-syllable adjectives

ending in "e"fickleficklerficklest

handsomehandsomerhandsomest

politepoliterpolitest

2-syllable adjectives

ending in "y"bumpybumpierbumpiest

heavyheavierheaviest

icyiciericiest

shinyshiniershiniest

tinytiniertiniest

2-syllable adjectives

ending in "le", or "ow"ableablerablest

gentlegentlergentlest

hollowhollowerhollowest

narrownarrowernarrowest

shallowshallowershallowest

simplesimplersimplest

2 or more syllable adjectives,

other casesbeautifulmore beautifulmost beautiful

colorfulmore colorfulmost colorful

completemore completemost complete

deliciousmore deliciousmost delicious

generousmore generousmost generous

importantmore importantmost important

Irregular and confusing adjectivesbadworseworst

far (place)fartherfarthest

far (place or time)furtherfurthest

goodbetterbest

late (time)laterlatest

late (order)latterlast

little (size)littlerlittlest

little (amount)lessleast

many/much/somemoremost

old (people or things)olderoldest

old (people)eldereldest

TALKING ABOUT THE PAST & COMPARATIVESWhen I was young I was more wrinkled than nowI amb less ingenuous now than when I was young

When I was young I was shyer than now

QUANTIFIERS

AffirmativeNegativeInterrogative

NeutralSome, several, a number of, enoughAny, enoughAny, enough

Big quantityNumerous, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, many, too manyMuch, many,too many, too muchMuch, many, too many, too much

Small quantityFew, a few, little, a little

NOTES:

Very + adjective

(He is very intelligent, We are very happy)

A lot of, lots of noun(I have a lot of friends)

A lot, very much

(sempre a final de frase: I love you a lot, I love you very much)

Examples:

I have some books

Have you got any books?I havent got any books

I have several books

I have enough books

I have a (large) number of books

We have numerous problems

Have you got many problems?

We have a lot of problems

We have lots of problems

We have many problems

We have much money

We have too much money

Very:

molt (adverbi)

Several, some, any:

alguns, algunes, una mica de

Enough:

suficient, suficients

Plenty of, a lot of, lots of, many, much:molt, molts, molta, moltes

Too much, too many:

massa

Few, little:

poc, poca, pocs, poques

A few, a little:

massa poc, massa pocs, massa poca, massa poques

INFORMATION QUESTIONS (WH- QUESTIONS)

Use this question wordto ask about

Who*1people (names and other identifying information) used assubjects*

Whom*2people (names and other identifying information) used asobjects*

Whatthings (subject or object)

Whose*3 ( + noun)ownership

Wherelocations (places)

Whentime (general)

What timetime (specific)

What . . . doactions (verbs)

Whyreasons

What ( + noun)one part of a group (when all of the parts are not known)

Which ( + noun)one part of a group (when the parts are known)

What kind of ( + noun)descriptive names for categories

What colorcolors

Howmanner; methods

How many ( + noun)number (used with countable nouns)

How much ( + noun)quantity (used with uncountable nouns)

How long*4duration (periods of time); length

How far*4distance

How old*4age

How *4( + adjective or adverb)degree or extent

NOTES (1-4):

1. WHO for subjects: without auxiliary verb

Who speaks German?He does (He speaks German)

2. WHOM for objects (formal English): with auxiliary verb

WHOM do you love?I love him(formal English and old-fashioned)

WHO do you love?I love him(informal English)

Clue: If the answer is HE = subject (Who + verb)

If the answer is HIM =object (Who + auxiliary)3. WHOSE for ownership, to ask who owns something

Be careful: Whose Whos (the pronunciation is the same but the grammar is different)

4. HOW + adjective in questions:

HOW LONG does it take to . go from here to the station?

do this exercise?

HOW FAR is it from here to the station?

HOW TALL is your brother?

HOW HEAVY is this bag?

HOW WIDE is this river?

There are six basic forms used in making information questions:

a/ 2 with verb TO BE:

1-Wh + BE + other words (the question asks about the subject or part of the subject)

Who is in the kitchen?

What is on the table?

How many books are there on the table?

2-Wh + BE + subject + other words (the question asks about the object)

Whose book is this?

Where is Bill?

b/ 2 with an auxiliary verb +main verb

1-Wh + complete verb + other words (the question asks about the subject or part of the subject)

Who is sitting next to you?

What has happened?

2-Wh + auxiliary + subject + rest of the verb + other words (the question asks about the object)

What have you found?

What is she doing now?

c/ 2 if there is only a verb (not BE and not AUXILIARY)

1-Wh + verb + other words (the question asks about the subject or part of the subject)

Who has a new car?

What happened?

2-Wh + do/does/did + subject + main verb + other words (the question asks about the object or the verb)

What does she have?

Who did you find there

CONNECTORS

AND:

My father works in a factory and comes late home

BUT:

Im tired but I cant stop working now

THEN:

Cut one apple. Then, put in on a plate

SUDDENLY:He opened the door. Suddenly, a man appeared in front of him and he shouted

FIRST/

SECOND:First, put on your shoes. Second, put on your coat

BEFORE/

AFTER:

You put on your shoes after your coat/ Put on your coat after your shoes

HOWEVER:He is very intelligent. However, he is very rudeNEVERTHELESS:He is very rich. Nevertheless, he doesnt want to change his old car

MOREOVER:She is studying French. Moreover, she speaks English, Spanish and German

SO:

He is ill, so he will not go to work todayBECAUSE:He will not go to work today because he is ill

AS:

As he is ill, he will not go to work today

ALTHOUGH:He is very intelligent, although he is very rude

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (II)Countable

Uncountable

You can count them

You cannot count them (or you need another word

to make them countable)

Singular: use the, a, an, one

You only use the singular form, with SOMEPlural: use SOME or a number

Many

much

Few

little

A few

a little

A lot of

a lot of

Lots of

lots of

Some

some

(affirmative, offers or demands)

Any

any

(negative and questions)

(A)littleand (a)feware quantifiers meaning some.

We usea littlewith singular uncountable nouns. We usea fewwith plural countable nouns:

Mary said nothing, but she drank some tea and atea littlebread.We stayeda fewdays in Florence and visited the museums.Littleandfewhave negative meanings. We use them to mean not as much as may be expected or wished for.

We uselittlewith uncountable nouns. We usefewwith plural countable nouns. They are used in formal contexts:

Im not very happy about it but I suppose I havelittlechoice.Fewcities anywhere in Europe can match the cultural richness of Berlin.CompareAll she wanted wasa fewmoments on her own.some, a small number

She hadfewmoments on her own.not many/almost none

She savesa littlemoney every month.some, a small amount

They hadlittlemoney to spend.not much/almost nothing

A:

Have you got anymoney?B:

Yes,a little.some, a small amount

A:

Have you got anymoney?B:

No, verylittle.not much/almost nothing

HOW TO FORM THE PLURAL IN ENGLISHA/ Regular plural

******* -> -S

SINGULARPLURAL

TableTables

BookBooks

CarCars

BottleBottles

B/ Regular plural with spelling changes

SINGULARPLURAL

FoxFoxes

BoxBoxes

BabyBabies

TeddyTedies

Lorrylorries

C/ Irregular plurals

*** -> EN

SINGULARPLURAL

childchildren

manmen

oxoxen

womanwomen

NO CHANGE

SINGULARPLURAL

deerdeer

fishfish

seriesseries

sheepsheep

speciesspecies

OO -> EE

SINGULARPLURAL

footfeet

goosegeese

toothteeth

OUSE -> ICE

SINGULARPLURAL

mouseMice

F -> VESSINGULARPLURAL

elfElves

wolfWolfes

shelfShelves

leafLeaves

thiefthieves

FUTURE: WILL OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS

WILL: A/ No plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.(I think Ill go to the gym tomorrow)

B/ Prediction about the future (but without a firm plan). We say what we think will happen, but it is not sure, it is only a prediction.

(It will rain tomorrow)

C/ With verb TO BE, with planned or not planned future actions

(Ill be in London tomorrow)

(Will you be at work tomorrow?)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS OR GOING TO

For plans or intentions to do something.

Going to: personal plans, things you plan yourself

(Im going to study Arabic in September)

Present continuous: plans you do with other people. Arrangements or appointments.

(Im seeing an old friend on Wednesday)

(We are playing tennis next Sunday)

BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH

BRITISH

AMERICAN

Have you got a pen?

Do you have a pen?

Aeroplane

airplane

Aubergine

eggplant

Bank holiday

legal holiday

Holiday

vacation

Biscuit

cookie

Blind

shade

Block of flats

apartment building

Car park

parking lot

Chemist

drugstore

Chips

French fries

Crisps

chips, potato chips

Bill

check

Cinema

the movies

Film

movie

Lift

elevator

Taxi

cab

Underground

tubeDATES IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISHBritish English

In British English the day is usually put before the month. If you wish, you can add the ending of the ordinal number. The prepositionofbefore the month is usually dropped. You can put a comma before the year, but this is not common anymore in British English.

Example: 5(th) (of) October(,) 2004DayMonthYear

You write:1stJanuary,2010

You say:thefirstofJanuarytwenty ten

Note: The two letters at the end of the number and the comma are often left out.

American English

In American English the month is usually put before the day. If you wish, you can put the definite article before the day. It is common to write a comma before the year.

Example: October (the) 5(th), 2004MonthDayYear

You write:January1st,2010

You say:January(the)*firsttwenty ten

* The definite article the can be left out.

Using digits

You can also write the date by using numbers only. The most common forms are:

Example: 5/10/04 or 5-10-04

Note, however, that 5/10/04 usually means 5 October 2004 in British English and May 10, 2004 in American English. To avoid any possible confusion, you should spell out the month or use the abbreviation.

1. We use 'many' with countable nouns and 'much' with uncountable ones in negative sentences and questions. 'Many' agrees with a plural verb, 'much' agrees with a singular verb.We haven't got much time.

How many books did you buy?

2. We use 'a lot of' and 'plenty of' with countable and uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences. Both can agree with a plural or singular verb depending on the noun after 'of' - plural for countable nouns and singular for uncountable ones.There are a lot of chairs in the room.

There are plenty of chairs in the room.

There is a lot of milk in the fridge.

There is plenty of milk in the fridge.

3. We use 'lots of' with countable and uncountable nouns. It is clear for me that I should use a plural verb with countable nous:There are lots of chairs in the room.

But which verb should I use with uncountable nouns? I can't use a plural verb because the noun in uncountable, but it seems rather awkward to use a singular verb here:Thereis lotsof milk in the fridge.

Where am I wrong?

Only with uncountable nounsWith all nounsOnly with countable nouns

a littleno, none, not anya few

a bit ofsomea number of

anyseveral

a great deal ofa lot of, lots ofa great number of

a large amount ofplenty ofa large number of

EXAMPLES

Would you likesome teaanda few cookies?

I always puta little milkandsome carrotsin my soup.

He hasseveral apples. I don't haveany fruitat all.

She hasplenty of clothesfor the winter.

I recieveda large amount of feedbackfrom my survey.

USING MUCH & MANY

Muchandmanyare often used in negative and question

Countable nounUncountable noun

How much sugardo you have?How many peoplecame to the concert?

There'snot much sugarat the store.Not many peoplecame to the concert.

I havetoo much sugarat home.There weretoo many peopleat the concert.

I don't know what to do withso much sugar.It's a problem when there areso many people.

I wish there wasnot so much sugarhere.There werenot so many peoplelast year.

There isa lot of sugarin candy.There aremany peoplewho want to come. = There area lot of peoplewho want to come.

forms. They are also used withtoo & soin both affirmative and negative statements. Note that whilemanycan be used by itself in affirmative statements,muchcannot be.Muchis replaced bya lot oforlots ofin affirmative statements (manycan be replaced as well.)

She talksso much.

She talkstoo much.

She talksa lot.

She talksvery much.

/dat/

(THERE)

/dous/

Survival English, course 2014-2015

Grammar and vocabulary, page 38