Dr. Mushtaq Ahmed MEMON, Programme Officer, International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC), UNEP

Dr. Dickella Gamaralalage Jagath PREMAKUMARA, Senior Researcher Sustainable Cities, IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on

Environmental Technologies (CCET)

3R and Waste Challenges Facing Developing Countries

The National Waste Management Seminar, 17 July 2016, Male, Maldives

• Why waste management is a matter in developing countries?

• Need of a Holistic Approach for Waste Management

• UNEP and IGES support for 3R Promotion

Overview

Why Should Developing Countries Make Waste a Priority

Waste management: An ‘entry point’ to sustainable development

Global Waste Management Outlook, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

Challenge # 1: Waste Generation

Increasing Waste Generation Currently, world cities generate about 1.3 billion tonnes of solid wasteper year. This volume is expected to increase to 2.2 billion tonnes by2025. “Lower income cities in Asia and Africa will double their municipalsolid waste generation within next 15-20 years”

Urban waste generation by income level and year, World Bank (2012)

Challenge # 1: Waste Generation

Increasing Waste Generation MSW generation rates vary widely within and between countries. Thegeneration rates depend on income levels, socio-cultural patterns andclimatic factors. “however when we get richer, we discharged more”

Waste generation versus income level by country, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

Challenge # 1: Waste Generation

Increase in Hazardous Waste and Other Emerging Waste Streams

For example construction and demolition waste; hazardous waste; e-waste; plastic waste and marine litter; disaster waste; and a number of‘new’ waste streams of concern such as nano-waste.

Global hazardous waste generation in 2009, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

Waste Collection Rates by Income, World Bank (2012)

Challenge # 2: Waste Collection

Public health impacts of uncollected waste

Many developing countries have made some progresson collection coverage during last decades. However,half of the those population lack access to basic wasteservices yet

High Moon

Controlled disposal for selected cities by income level, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

Challenge # 3: Waste Disposal

Environmental impacts of uncollected waste disposal Most low- and lower middle-income countries dispose of their waste in open dumps. Severe land pollution and freshwater, groundwater and sea pollution as well as local air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions

High Moon

Challenge # 4: Costs for Waste Management

Increase in Waste Management Costs

Comparative cost data for different unit operations on MSWM, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

20-50% of recurring budget of low income cities is spent on solid waste management though only 50% of urban population is covered. 80-90% of waste management budget is allocated for waste collection

• Most developing cities rely on end-of-pipe solutions with focus on collection and disposal.

• Lack of extensive policy framework, especially to address emerging and re-emerging waste streams

• Limited implementation of policies at best in the cities

Challenge # 5: Infrastructure and Policies

Limited Infrastructure and Policy Framework

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• Waste management and resource recovery still a low priority area

• Lack of national initiatives and fund allocation particularly in low-income countries

• Lack of comprehensive programme at national/local level

Challenge # 6: Political

Lack of Political Priority

What needs to be done at the local and national levels

Action Imperatives, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

20th CENTURY

WASTEMANAGEMENT

“How do we get rid of our waste efficiently with minimum

damage to public health and the environment?”

21st CENTURY

RESOURCEMANAGEMENT

“How do we handle our discarded resources in ways which do not deprive future

generations of some, if not all, of their value?”

Paradigm shift from Waste Management to Resource Management

Hammerbay Sjostad, Stockholm - Sweden

Circular Economy/ 3R – Closing the Loop

Integrated and Holistic Waste Management

So waste management cannot be viewed in isolation – a holisticapproach is required for waste management, pollution control andenvironmental management. For such a holistic approach to work,policy and regulatory control, and the agencies in charge of each,need to be integrated. While there are often ‘separate’ environmentalcontrol regimes for air, water, land and (solid) waste, the interfacesbetween them need to the strong.

Waste hierarchy, UNEP/ISWA (2015)

• Holistic approach to waste• Waste to Resource (From linear to closed-loop

material cycle)• Promote Prevention Policies: Anchor

Sustainability

Knowledge, Expertise, Technology, Policies

Waste to Resource

UNEP-IETC Support for Waste Management

Partnership; National & City level •Common understanding: Frameworks & Strategy,•Work Plan Agreement,•Timeline, Budget,•Preparing project proposal

Strategy Development•Baseline Studies•Draft Strategy outline•Draft proposal of Action Plan and Pilot Project

Strategy Approval•Finalize Strategy,•Initiate Action Plan, and Pilot Demonstration,•Capacity building for legislative framework

•Together with National & City Government

• Launch Strategy, Action Plan, and Pilot Demonstration

Launch

UNEP-IETC Support for Development of National and City

Waste Management Strategies

IGES Center Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies (CCET) for supporting national/city waste management strategies

• Signed in Lima in December 2014• The Centre, named “IGES Centre Collaborating

with UNEP on Environmental Technologies” (CCET), will be established as a unit within IGES, located at IGES Headquarters in Hayama, Japan.

• The Centre will be headed by a Director and assisted by two dedicated ProgrammeCoordinators working primarily in the Sustainable Consumption and Production Area.

• Established in 1998, IGES aims to achieve a new paradigm for civilization and conduct innovative policy development and strategic research for environmental measures, reflecting the results of research into political decisions for realising sustainable development both in the Asia-Pacific region and globally.

• HQ in Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan

• 175 staff, of which 100 researchers, of which 33 non-Japanese (as of March 2013)

http://www.iges.or.jp/en/index.html

IGES Work on 3Rs in Asia Pacific IGES contributed for planning and launching

of the Regional 3R Forum in Asia and the Pacific in November 2009.

Supported the development of National 3R Strategies in 6 countries in Asia including Philippines and Viet Nam in collaboration with UNCRD and UNEP.

Supporting bilateral collaboration between Japan and Malaysia and Viet Nam in 3R policy implementation.

Developed technical review and guideline for improved organic waste management and climate benefits through the 3Rs in developing Asia(Thailand, Cambodia, and Lao PDR)

Research on Extended Producer Responsibility

Research on recycling certification aiming to contribute to ESM guideline in relation to Basel Convention-related process.

Coordinating working group on 3R policy indicators under the Regional 3R Forum in Asia and published factsheet series on 3R policy indicators

The 3rd Regional 3R Forum in Asia: Singapore, October 2011

Partnership, Partnership and PartnershipThank You…

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