1 problems facing developing countries in africa politics of aid 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Problems facing Developing Countries in Africa
Politics of Aid 2
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Problems
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1. Too many peopleYear Pop.
Billions
2007 6.6
2010 6.8
2020 7.6
2030 8.3
2040 8.9
2050 9.4
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World Population
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World Population
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World Population
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World Population
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2. Not Enough Food
According to some experts not enough food means eating fewer than 2,200 calories per day.
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World Calorie Count
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What causes lack of food?
• Too many people living on the land• The climate is too hot, cold, dry or wet.• Diseases and pests can kill animals and
crops• Poor soil• Poor farming methods• Dependence on cash crops• War
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Africa Calorie Count
Average daily
per capita calorie supply (kilocalories)
3,100 to 3,800
2,730 to 3,099
2,370 to 2,729
2,130 to 2,369
1,500 to 2,129
No Data
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East Africa’s Food Crisis 2007
World Vision 2007
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Some Definitions
Famine means:
when there is not enough food for a great number of people, causing illness and death, or a particular period when this happens.
Drought means:
a long period when there is little or no rain.
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Drought in the Horn of Africa
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Images of Drought
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Animal Disease
Heartwater is a disease caused by a tick.
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Animal DiseaseSleeping sickness or trypanosomiasis is a disease which kills both humans and animals, and is carried by the tsetse fly.
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Locusts – Some Facts
• An adult locust eats the equivalent of its own body weight of vegetation (leaves, flowers, seeds, etc) per day, which is approximately, 1.5-3.0 grammes.
• A swarm of Desert Locusts can contain 50 million individuals in a square kilometre of cropland, pasture, forest or agricultural irrigation scheme.
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Locusts – Some Facts
• A small swarm of 1 sq.km can eat 100 tons of food per day.
• Half a million adult locusts can consume two tons of crops and other vegetation per day, for 30-180 days.
• A medium-sized locust swarm can consume 80,000 tons of green vegetation or crops per day, enough to feed a population of 100,000 persons for a year.
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Locusts in Africa
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Poor Farming Methods
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Dependence on cash crops
Cotton
Ground Nuts
Beans Maize
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The Effects of War
• The land is devastated by fighting.
• Many farmers will have to fight in a war.
• It is difficult to move food around the country because it is too dangerous.
• Food may be stolen by enemy soldiers.
• After a war, there may be land mines on farmers’ land, making it difficult and dangerous to farm.
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Landmines
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3. Poor Health (1)• People who do not get enough food can
fall ill more easily.
• They can suffer from malnutrition.
• Malnutrition can lead to a number of diseases such as kwashiorkor and marasmus.
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Child Malnutrition in Africa
Percentage of children under 5 suffering from
malnutrition
33% to 68%
24% to 32.99% 14% to 23.99%
8% to 13%
1% to 7.99%
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Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
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Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a disease thought to be caused by lack of proteins and nutrients.
The most common symptom is a swollen abdomen.
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Kwashiorkor
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Marasmus
• Marasmus is caused by a severe lack of calories and energy.
• Its main symptoms are dry and loose skin and lack of fatty areas in the body.
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Marasmus
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Poor Health (2)• Many diseases exist in Africa which are
caused by lack of safe water and proper sanitation.
• These include Ankylostomiasis, caused by the Hookworm, and Dracunculiasis, caused by the Guinea Worm.
• These diseases are often known by the names of the parasites that cause them.
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Guinea Worm Disease
• People get infected with this disease when they drink standing water containing a tiny water flea that is infected with the even tinier larvae of the Guinea worm.
• Inside the human body, the larvae mature, growing as long as 3 feet. After a year, the worm emerges through a painful blister in the skin, causing long-term suffering and sometimes crippling after-effects.
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Guinea Worm Disease
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Guinea Worm Disease
Diseases on the Brink: Guinea Worm - Video Library - The New York Times
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Hookworm Disease
• Hookworm is an infection caused by the eggs of the worm entering the skin and travelling up the body through the blood.
• They enter the lungs and travel up until they are swallowed.
• They attach themselves to the intestine.
• They then mature into adult worms, mate and feed on the blood of the host.
• They can live for up to ten years.
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Hookworm DiseaseSymptoms include stomach pains, diarrhoea, and anaemia.
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Hookworm Disease
The larva that penetrates the skin
The mouth of an adult hookworm
Adult hookworms sucking the blood of the intestine.
The larvae are found in soil and faeces, and humans who walk barefooted in areas where there is no proper sanitation have a high chance of contracting the disease.
Survival: The Hidden Invaders | Sabin Vaccine Institute
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Access to safe water and sanitation
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Access to safe water and sanitation
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Water and Sanitation in Africa
Children washing in Mali
Collecting ‘fresh’ water in Zambia…
…and in Ghana.
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Water and Sanitation in AfricaScenes from the slums of Nairobi, Kenya
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Other Diseases – River Blindness• Caused by the larvae of a parasitic worm
• Nearly all of the world’s 18 million infected people live in Africa.
• One third develop dermatitis and 250,000 go blind
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Other Diseases - Malaria
• Caused by mosquito bites
• 90% of all cases found in sub-Saharan Africa
• Most victims are children
• Symptoms are shaking, fever, headaches, sweating.
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Malaria in Africa
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Other Diseases Found in Africa
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Poor Health (3)
• HIV stands for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
• AIDS stands for
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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HIV/AIDS – The Facts
• HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.• HIV is transmitted through contact with
blood and certain other body fluids.• HIV attacks the body’s immune system
and destroys the cells that fight off infection.
• A person is diagnosed with AIDS when the cell count is very low and serious infections set in.
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HIV/AIDS – The Facts
• HIV can remain in the body for an average of 10 years before showing the symptoms of AIDS.
• In developing countries, this figure can be reduced amongst people on a poor diet.
• On average a person diagnosed with full blown AIDS will live for up to 9 months.
• THERE IS NO KNOWN CURE FOR AIDS.
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The VirusThe blue spheres are particles of HIV which emerge from an infected white blood cell.
They then move on to infect other white blood cells.
The body’s immune system controls the spread at first but is eventually overwhelmed by the virus.
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HIV Worldwide
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HIV 1980-2003
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HIV Statistics - Africa
• An estimated 25.8 million adults and children were living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa at the end of 2005.
• During that year, an estimated 2 million people died from AIDS.
• The epidemic has left behind some 12 million orphaned African children.
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Living with AIDS
in Africa(000s.)8,500 people in sub-Saharan Africa contract HIV every day.
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Living with AIDS
in Africa
(%)
6,300 people in sub-Saharan Africa die from AIDS every day.
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Images of AIDS
AIDS patients
Mother and child with AIDS
AIDS orphans
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Treatment of AIDS
• There are pain-relieving drugs available but there is a huge shortage in Africa.
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Effects of AIDS
• Important workers such as farmers and teachers are falling victim to AIDS.
• This affects the economy of a country.
• More families are forced into poverty.
• Poverty puts people at greater risk of infection.
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Poor Health (4)
Remember that these also contribute to poor health:
• Lack of primary care and hospitals• Shortage of doctors, nurses and other
health care workers• No access to the latest medical technology
and equipment• Lack of vaccinations against diseases and
shortages of medicines
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4. Lack of Education• Not enough teachers
• Not enough primary and secondary schools
• Not enough books and equipment
• Too few children enrolled in schools
• Females are often expected to stay at home rather than go to school.
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Facts about Education
• More than 40% of children in Africa have no access to education.
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Facts about Education• Many children can't go to school because
they have to stay at home to look after their younger brothers or sisters.
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Facts about Education
• In many African countries, a girl is expected to learn skills that will attract a good husband.
• These would include looking after the house, cooking, cleaning, sewing, carrying water, gathering firewood and looking after other children in the family.
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Facts about Education• Her life would be to
look after her husband’s home, help in the fields and bring up his children.
• It was not important to learn to read and write.
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Facts about Education• Enrolment in secondary school in 22
countries is below 20 percent.
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Facts about Education
• Less than 10% of the workforce in Africa has completed secondary school.
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Primary School Enrolment
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Lack of education can lead to…
• Sticking with traditional methods of farming, industry and medicine.
• No new developments in farming, industry and medicine.
• High levels of illiteracy.
• Difficulty for people getting important jobs, like teachers, factory managers and doctors.
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5. Climate in Africa• Climate can
affect what types of food are grown
• It can also affect the availability of water
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Climate Change in Africa
• An increase in temperature can reduce crop yields
• It can also increase the number of pest attacks
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Climate Change in Africa
• Less water would be available
• Less rainfall will cause more droughts
• The quality of soil will be reduced
• There will be an increase in diseases affecting humans and animals
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Severe Weather
• In February 2000, torrential rains affected the countries of Southern Africa
• Then, a cyclone off the coast of Mozambique triggered more rain and massive floods.
Mozambique floods: Guardian Unlimited
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Flood affected areas
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Mozambique Floods 2000
• Hundreds of people died and nearly 1 million people were made homeless.
• Many people contracted malaria as mosquitoes bred in the flood waters.
• A huge international effort was organised to help the victims, with food, medicine, tents, etc. being flown in and thousands of people being rescued.
• The area was again hit by heavy floods in 2001 and in February 2007.
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6. War• Africa has been plagued by wars in the
last 40 years.
• Most of these wars have been civil wars.
• Civil wars are wars between two or more groups inside a country.
• Often they are between the Government and a group trying to get rid of the Government.
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Wars in
Africa
Now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
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Recent Wars in Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1998-2004
Sudan (Darfur) 2003 -
Sierra Leone 1991-2002
Uganda 1987 -
Angola 1974-2002
Rwanda 1994
Liberia 1979-2003
Somalia 1991 -
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The Effects of War
Peoplestarve
Land minesmake placesdangerous
Crops notplanted
Massacrestake place People flee
to becomerefugees
WaterSuppliespolluted
Animals slaughtered
Aid supplies disrupted
Cropsdestroyed
Wastes resources
War
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Military Spending
• Some countries will spend a lot more money on weapons than on things that ordinary people need, like health and education.
Sudan
Military v Health & Education spending in selected poor countries 1998 - 2000
Burundi Eritrea
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7. Debt• Many African countries borrowed money
from rich countries and international banks to help meet their needs.
• Crop failures, war, drought, floods and other disasters have left those countries with huge debts – loans and interest - to repay.
• Repaying the debt can mean cutting spending on important social services.
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Some Facts about African Debt
• African countries have a debt of over $200 billion.
• Sub-Saharan Africa receives $10 billion in aid but loses $14 billion in debt payments per year.
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Africa’s Foreign Debt
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Africa’s Debt Burden
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Some Facts about Debt
• Africa gets £36 million each day in aid.
• In 2005, Comic Relief raised £37 million for Africa.
• Every day Africa pays £28 million to the rich world.
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Some Facts about Malawi
• In 2004, Malawi had to pay £6 per person on debt repayments, even though it can spend only £3 per person on health.
• Average life expectancy is 37 and 1 in 7 adults is HIV positive.
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Some Facts about Nigeria
• While more than 80 million Nigerians live on less than $1 per day, in 2005 Nigeria agreed to pay over $12 billion to a group of 19 countries called the Paris Club in exchange for cancelling part of their debt..
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8. Bad Government
• Some Governments can be corrupt.• Their leaders will divert money to keep
themselves in power.• Some leaders are dictators who will
spend money on lavish palaces, while their people starve.
• Sometimes the Government is unable to control large parts of the country, as in Somalia since 1991.
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Africa’s Governments
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Robert Mugabe and Zimbabwe
Robert Mugabe has been leader of Zimbabwe since it gained its independence from the UK in 1979. Thirty years later, in 2009, he has agreed to share power with another political party. His dictatorship has brought the country to its knees.
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Crisis in Zimbabwe
• Since 2000, things have got worse for the people of Zimbabwe.
• In that year, Mugabe ordered that white-owned farms should be taken over by landless blacks.
• This has resulted in food production falling sharply.
• The country is producing less than half the maize it needs just to survive.
• There has also been an outbreak of cholera in the country.
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Crisis in Zimbabwe
• Unemployment is around 80%.• Life expectancy is less than 37.• 18% of the adult population is HIV positive.• Annual Inflation was 89.7 sextillion % in
November 2008.• About one quarter of the 12.9 million population
are starving.• Zimbabwe introduced its first Z$100 trillion
banknote in January 2009.
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Crisis in Zimbabwe
• Mugabe’s Government has used violence and intimidation against anyone who opposes it, especially in elections.
• There is evidence of torture by security forces.
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Crisis in Zimbabwe• In 2005, Mugabe
ordered the forced removal of thousands of families from unofficial settlements around the country.
• It was called Operation Murambatsvina –roughly translated as ‘drive out the rubbish’.
"Operation Murambatsvina" - video film about house demolitions in Zimbabwe - news.amnesty - Amnesty International