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BIBLIOGRAPHY 175

INDEX

AAblutioned capitalists, 157, 159Abu Baqr the Companion, 156Acar, Feride, 41Acar, Mustafa, 120Adaş, Emin Baki, 121Adil Düzen, 44, 73. See also Just OrderAGU (Asgari Geçim Ücreti- minimum

wage policy), 122, 130Akgün, Birol, 75Alaton, Ishak, 50Albaraka Türk, 23, 53Alkan, Şukru

economy and, 115, 121education policies and, 105entrepreneurship andİGİAD and, 92, 105, 124, 127JDP and, 92morality and, 124

Altunışık, Meliha Benli, 37Anadolu Finance, 53Anti-Capitalist Muslims

as dissenters, 155–160Erdoğan and, 146moderation and, 9MÜSİAD and, 155neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 16,

154protests, 146, 166

ASKON (Association of AnatolianTigers Businessmen), 4, 78

Asya Finance, 53Atasoy, Yıldız, 38Ayata, Ayşe, 44Ayata, Sencer, 75

BBanna, Hasan, 27, 68Barber, Benjamin, 115Barkey, Henry, 38Berberoğlu, Berch, 35Berkes, Niyazi, 37Bilim Sanat Vakfi, 71, 101, 106Bourdieu, Pierre, 6, 11–12, 61, 100,

135, 170Bourgeoisie. See Neo-Islamic

bourgeoisieBuğra, Ayse, 3, 5, 26–27, 33, 35, 37,

43, 47, 49, 147Bulaç, Ali, 28, 153Bulut, Faik, 37

CCağaptay, Soner, 79, 83Çaha, Ömer, 66Çakır, Ruşen, 77

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017Ö. Madi-Sisman, Muslims, Money, and Democracy in Turkey,DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60018-9

177

Çamlıca Coşkun Koleji, 102Capital

cultural, 8, 11–12, 16, 99–112economic, 39–56Islamic Financial Institutions, 51–56JDP and, 47–56NOM and, 43–45Özal and, 39–43political, 61–76post-modern coup and, 45–47social, 11, 100, 103, 140sowing of Islamic capital, 36–39sprouting of Islamic capital, 39–42Turkish economy and, 34–36

See also Cultural Capital,Neo-Islamic; Political Capital,Neo-Islamic

Capitalismconsumption and luxury, 140–144development in Muslim world,

24–27intellectuals on, 27–30Islam and, 21–24JDP, democracy, and, 144–146moralization of, 134–144redefinition of, 136–139

Çarkoğlu, Ali, 3, 76Cemaat-i Islami (Mawdudi), 68Chapra, M. U., 23Çınar Koleji, 102, 104Cizre, Ümit, 65, 67Cold War, 7, 43, 69Coşkun Koleji, 102Coups

1960, 37, 63–641980, 4, 40, 44, 61, 65–66, 100,

150n41997, 45–47, 62, 69, 75–76DP and, 63economic impact of, 37

Coups (cont.)failed 2016 attempt, 2, 4, 11, 86–90,91–92, 102–104, 127, 145, 150n5,170Gülen movement and, 101–102

Cultural Capital, Neo-Islamiccommodification of Islamic culture,

109–111formation of, 100–101institutionalization of Islamic

education, 101–106Islamic print and media, 106–109overview, 99–100

DDağı, İhsan, 3, 74, 84Davudoglu, Ahmet, 81Democracy

after failed 2016 coup, 86–90capitalism and, 25–28, 57, 116coups and, 40, 47DP and, 62–63education and, 8Gülen movement and, 103İGİAD and, 144–146Islamism and, 14, 61, 68–69, 71, 73,

76JDP and, 79–82, 84, 86, 144–146,

150n7, 170MÜSİAD and, 119neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 7–11,

16–17, 116politics and, 61–62, 73–74, 76,

92–93TÜSİAD and, 118

Democrat Party (DP), 36–37, 56,63–64, 67

Demiralp, Seda, 75Demirel, Süleyman, 65

178 INDEX

Derya Oncü Koleji, 105Development and Democratization

Program (2002), 79–80Dilipak, Abdurrahman, 153, 160Dinçel, Hüseyin, 130–131, 143,

145–146, 148, 165Directorate of Religious Affairs (Diyanet

Işleri Başkanlığı), 62Dissenters

anti-capitalist Muslims, 155–160İGİAD members as, 164–166orthodox Islamists as, 161–164radical Islamists as, 160–161 See also

Protests

EEcevit, Bülent, 65Education

1997 coup and, 75class and, 12cultural capital and, 99–100, 110democracy and, 8Erdoğan and, 88, 92, 93İGİAD and, 108–109, 121–123,

127, 130–131, 146–147institutionalization of Islamic

education, 99Islam and, 46, 70–71JDP and, 170morality and, 30MÜSİAD and, 118neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 15, 17,

57, 153opportunity spaces and, 5TÜSİAD and, 117women and, 77, 111

Eisendtadt, S. N., 7Eliaçık, Ihsan, 14, 28–30, 153,

156–158Eligür, Asli, 4Elite

children of, 101–102entrepreneurial, 56, 150n3Islamic, 155, 157–163, 166n1,

169–170new, 154, 161, 164–165old, 48, 57, 62–63, 102, 137, 154political, 9, 35, 38, 81secular, 1, 101, 106, 110, 121, 147,

155state, 82, 100

Emek ve Adalet Platformu, 159Emre, Akif, 28, 153, 162–163Erbakan, Necmettin, 44–45, 64–66,

73, 75, 77–78, 93n3, 167n7Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 5, 49, 61–62,

78, 80–89, 92–93, 145–146, 167n7Erdoğdu, Seyhan, 45Esposito, John, 79European Union, 2, 10, 44, 49, 67, 69,

72, 78, 80–81, 83–84, 102Evans, Peter, 35Eygi, Mehmet Şevket, 28, 153, 161

FFazilet Partisi (Virtue Party-VP), 77February 28 Period, 45–47, 62, 75–77,

90, 94n5, 170FETÖ (Fethullah Gülen Terrorist

Organization), 88, 92, 146

GGeertz, Clifford, 12Gezi protests, 89, 145–146, 158 See also

ProtestGhifari, Abu Dharr, 7, 155Gill, Graeme, 4Gokalp, Ziya, 56Gökarısel, Banu, 23, 110, 142Göle, Nilüfer, 3, 99, 106Gouldner, Alvin Ward, 100

INDEX 179

Great Depression, 34Gumuşcu , Şebnem, 121Gülalp, Haldun, 3, 67Gülen, Fethullah, 68Gülen Movement, 11, 68, 84–89, 92,

102–103, 106, 127, 146, 150n5,163 See also FETÖ

Gürdoğan, Ersin Nazif, 6, 13, 14, 28,133, 153

HHalal, 22, 55, 110, 124, 129–130,

140–141, 159, 161Habitus, 4, 6–7, 11–12, 100, 170Haksöz, 76, 160Hale, William, 35, 64, 73Harker, Mahar, 100HAS Party (VPP), 163Heper, Metin, 3, 38, 40–41, 65–66, 78,

81, 83, 151n9Hobsbawn, Eric, 43Homo-economicus, 119Homo-Islamicus, 25, 117–121

IİGİAD

activities, 133–135education and, 108–109, 123–125,

128, 132–133, 148–149history and membership, 124–129mission, 129–131moralization of capitalism and,

134–144MÜSİAD and, 121–123Muslim entrepreneurship and,

117–121organization, 132–133overview, 115–117radical Islam and, 123–134vision, 131–132

Ihlas Finance, 53, 70Ikhwan al-Muslimin (Qutb), 70Imam-Hatip schools, 46, 63, 70, 104Import substitution industrialization

model (ISI), 34, 37–38, 41Interest, 6, 15, 18n1, 22–23, 29,

38–40, 53–55, 57, 72, 91, 93n3,139, 161, 165 See also Usury

International Financial Institutions(IFIs), 39

Iranian Revolution, 66, 68, 70,136–137

Islamic Calvinism, 149, 163Islamic capitalism. See CapitalismIsraf, 6–7, 123, 140–141, 159

JJahiliyya, 28, 31n3, 160Jang, Ji Hyang, 53Jenkins, Garteh, 79Jihad, 28, 106, 136Jones, Martin, 99Justice and Development Party (JDP)

capital and, 47–56capitalism and, 26, 93, 158–159,

163–164coups and, 47, 61–62, 170democracy and, 2, 150n7education and, 102FP and, 167n7İGİAD and, 91–92, 120, 134,

144–146Islamic capital and, 47–51, 55, 57Islamism and, 94n5media and, 71MÜSİAD and, 48, 50, 78, 147neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 7,

9–10, 50, 62, 170NOM and, 15, 76–86opportunity space and, 84, 93privatization policies, 5

180 INDEX

protests and, 87–89secularism and, 92–93, 158

Justice Party (Adalet Partisi-JP), 64, 66

KKahraman, Salih, 124Kamrava, Mahran, 7, 73Karahan, Ayhan, 92, 105, 115, 117,

122, 125, 127–128, 130–131, 138,145, 148, 154, 165, 169

Karaman, Hayrettin, 6, 22, 28Kavakçı, Merve, 77Kemalism, 2, 5, 10, 25, 47, 57, 62–63,

70, 86, 88–89, 100, 119, 144Kepenek, Yakup, 37Keyder, Çağlar, 8, 34, 67, 147Keyman, Fuat, 9, 33Kırbaşoğlu, Hayri, 163Koehler, Benedikt, 25Kuran, Timur, 3, 26Kurds, 74, 82, 85, 89Kuveyt Türk Katılım Bankası, 23, 54

LLapidus, Ira, 63Larrabee, Stephen, 46Levitsky, Steven, 144Liberalism, 27, 66–67, 79, 163 See also

Neo-LiberalismLipset, Seymour Martin, 7

MMadelung, Wilferd, 155Mandaville, J. E., 58n2Mawdudi, Mavlana, 27–28, 68,

136–137Media, 106–108Medina Market, 23, 30n2, 72Meeker, Michael, 66

Menderes, Adnan, 63, 91Milli Gazete, 14, 161–162Milli Görüş, 6, 15, 44, 71, 150n7

See also National Order PartyModeration theory, 1, 7, 9–10, 14–17,

116Modernization theory, 7–8, 14, 26, 135Moghadam, Valentine, 8Moore, Barrington, 7, 27Motherland Party (MP), 15, 41, 57,

65–66, 77, 79mudaraba system, 52, 58n1MÜSİAD, 71, 78, 116

anti-capitalist Muslims and, 155capitalism and, 6, 116, 137İGİAD and, 121–125, 130, 170JDP and, 48, 50–51, 78, 147media and, 71, 78Medina Market and, 30n2Muslim entrepreneurship and,

117–121neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 3–4,

25, 141research on members of, 12–13,

150n8state and, 45–47WP and, 45, 47

NNaqshibandis, 44Narlı, Nilüfer, 77Nasr, Vali, 3, 26National Order Party (NOP), 64National Outlook Movement (NOM),

15, 43–45, 48, 61–62, 68, 70–82,90, 169

National Salvation Party (Milli SelametPartisi -MSP), 64

Nationalist Work Party (NWP), 64, 66Nebiler, Halil, 53Neo-Islamic bourgeoisie

INDEX 181

Neo-Islamic bourgeoisie (cont.)anti-capitalist Muslims and, 16, 154capitalism and, 21, 23, 25–30, 110,

138, 141, 148, 151n9, 169criticism of, 153–154, 159–161cultural capital and, 110–111education and, 11, 16, 57, 154emergence of, 14–17, 21, 23, 57future of, 16İGİAD and, 115–116impact on democratization in

Turkey, 7–11Islamism and, 61, 67JDP and, 7, 9–10, 50, 62, 170Medina Market and, 23MÜSİAD, and, 3–4, 25, 141neo-liberalism and, 57opportunity space and, 1, 8reforms and, 9religion and, 12rise of, 3secularism and, 8–9, 16, 56–57, 142,

146–147, 149, 154–155, 162tradition and, 99, 101–102 See also

CapitalismNeo-Liberalism, 39, 43, 66 See also

LiberalismNGOs (Non-Governmental

Organizations), 11, 104Norris, Pippa, 8Nurcu movement, 43, 63, 70

OÖkten, Ayşenur, 43Öniş, Ziya, 3, 8, 38, 41–42, 66, 72–74,

79Opportunity space

capitalism and, 4, 15–16, 25, 57,140

cultural capital and, 100–101defined, 5

Opportunity space (cont.)entrepreneurship and, 116–117İGİAD, 11, 116Islamism and, 64, 69, 71JDP and, 84, 93MÜSİAD and, 119–110neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 1, 8politics and, 64, 66–67, 69, 84, 93secularism and, 5

Orientalism, 21, 24, 27Özal, Turgut, 15, 39–44, 53, 57,

65–66, 69–70, 72, 84, 101, 107Özbudun, Ergun, 3, 5, 36, 63–64, 73,

82Özdemir, Halim, 124Özdemir, Şennu, 118, 121, 150n8Özel, Mustafa, 6, 14, 28–29, 133Özgur-Der, 76Özsoy, Ismail, 53

PPamuk, Şevket, 48People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 82,

89Polatkan, Hasan, 63Political Capital, Neo-Islamic

1980 Military Intervention and, 69domestic and international impacts

on, 67; NOM tradition and WP,71–75; post-modern coup of1997, 75; proliferation of Islamicgroups and activities, 70–71;Turkish-Islamic Synthesis, 72

İGİAD and, 90–92overview, 62right-wing politics, 65–66traditionalists vs. reformists, 76–80Turkish democracy post-2016 coup

attempt, 86“Post-modern” coup of 1997. See

Coups, 1997

182 INDEX

Protestant Ethic and the Spirit ofCapitalism, The (Weber), 24

Protestantism, 21, 24, 135Protests, 46, 154, 159, 166 See also

Dissenters; Gezi protests

QQutb, Sayyid, 27–28, 31n3, 68, 136

RRadical Islam

capitalism and, 16, 29, 134, 153dissent and, 160–161İGİAD and, 11, 90–91, 115–116,

121–122, 134neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 138,

148NOM and, 71Özal and, 41–42politics and, 15, 66–67, 71, 73–74,

76, 79, 94n5TÜSİAD and, 117

Rahman, Afzal, 160Rauf, Azhar, 21Reaganomics, 39Reforms

EU, 2, 10Islamism and, 67, 76, 80JDP and, 50, 62, 76–86, 93, 145MP and, 66neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 8NOM and, 76–83, 167–168Özal and, 72single-party period and, 62traditionalists and, 77–78

Republican People’s Party’s (RPP), 37,62, 64, 74, 78, 86–87, 89

riba, 22, 51, 161 See also Interest

Robbins, Richard, 142Rodinson, Maxime, 3, 24–25Roy, Oliver, 93n2

SSaktenber, Ayşe, 101Salt, Jeremy, 63, 64Sandıkçı, Özlem, 110–111Şaşkın, Muharrem, 158Sayari, Sabri, 72Secularism

capitalism and, 42, 47, 106, 115,116–117, 122, 134, 163

coups and, 37, 75, 170cultural capital and, 99, 108education and, 99, 103–104elites, 1İGİAD and, 90Islamism and, 5, 67, 76JDP and, 92–93, 158media and, 106modernization and, 7–8, 10neo-Islamic bourgeoisie and, 7–8,

17, 56–57, 141, 144–145, 148,153–155, 160

politics and, 65–67, 70radical, 9TÜSİAD and, 50wealth distribution and, 36

Selim, Afşin, 143Sharia law, 46, 54, 75Shariati, Ali, 27, 137, 155Sklair, Leslie, 45Smith, Adam, 23Social Democratic Populist Party

(SDP), 74Springborg, Robert, 8Statism, 34, 36, 50, 56Swedburg, Richard, 40

INDEX 183

TTaxes, 23, 35–36, 41–42, 49Tekin, Üzeyir, 80Tepe, Sultan, 72–73Terrorism, 82, 85, 88Thatcherism, 39Tiby Amr, Mohammed, 52Tok, Evren, 48Toprak, Binnaz, 3Transnational companies (TNC), 43Tripp, Charles, 3, 25True Path Party (TPP), 45, 66–67, 73,

75, 79Tugal, Cihan, 3, 74, 150n7Tünay, Muharrem, 40Turkish-Islam, 3, 5, 9, 22, 30, 34,

44–48, 50, 52–57, 61–63, 65–70,72, 84, 100, 104, 106, 116–121

Turkes, Alparslan, 64–66Turkish Economy

1950s—1970s, 36–39overview, 35–35

Turner, Brian, 3TUSCON, 4, 6, 71, 150n2TÜSIAD, 25, 39–42, 50, 75, 117–119,

145, 147, 154–155, 162TÜYAP, 108

UÜlgener, Sabri, 28–29Ummah, 13, 21, 94n5, 111, 142, 153,

160Utman the Caliph, 156–157

VVeblen, Thorstein, 6, 18n2Virtue Party (VP), 77–78

WWallerstein, Immanuel, 43Waqfs, 25, 51, 58n2, 101,

165War of Independence (1919–1922),

62, 88–89Washington consensus, 39Weber, Max, 1, 3, 12, 14, 24, 28, 33,

40, 135, 139, 163, 170Weiker, Walter, 70Welfare Party (WP), 45, 67, 66–67, 71,

73West-Wing Working Group, 46White, Jenny, 3, 26, 80White Turks, 118Williamson, John, 39World War I, 34World War II, 35–36, 56

YYabanigül, Emrullah, 141Yalman, Galip, 40Yankaya, Dilek, 3, 118, 150Yarar, Erol, 77, 117Yavuz, Hakan, 3, 5, 9, 25, 45, 63, 71,

77, 81, 101, 106, 107Yeni Şafak, 14, 78, 83, 162Yıldız, Ahmet, 72

ZZaim, Halil, 133Zaim, Sabahattin, 6, 14, 28–29,

140Zorlu, Fatih Rüştü, 63

184 INDEX