I

/ContentsContents Preface Introduction DedicationVIII viii

111

Chapter One

PART ONE

ix IX XIll Xlll

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,. ".

1.1 The Origin of the Alphabet 1.2 The letter A 1.3 The Four Vowels 1.4 The Letter Head 1.5 The Punctuation System . 1.6 Ending a Sentence 1.7 The Order of Strokes 1.8 The Thirty Consonants 1.9 Place of Articulation 1.10 Pronunciation 1.11 Tibetanized Sanskrit Alphabet .1.12 Combining Consonants with Vowels 1.13 Examples 1.16 Reading Exercise 1.16.a The letter Ba 1.16.b Example Exercise l.a Er;erci~e l.b Drill Er;erci~e

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 7 8 9 1010

(n in ,11.

11

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f

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Chapter Two2.17 Consonantal Denominations 2.18 The Root Consonant 2.19 The 10 Suffixes 2.29 Reading Exercise 2.31 Post-Siffixes Exercise EXlircise 2.a Exercise 2.b Drill 2.32 Prfixes 2.38 Drill 2.39 Passive Consonants 2.40 Subjoined Consonant5 Exercise 2.c 2.e Exercise 2.d Drill 2.46 Surmounted Letters Exercise.2.e Exercise 2./Drill , Exercise 2.g , 2.53 Irregular Pronunciation 2.54 Chart of Prefixed Consonantal Denominations 12 12 13 13 13 13 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 22 22 22 22 23 23 26 26 26 26 27 27 30 30 30 30 131 131 31 31 33 33

Chapter Three3.55 Articles ArticIes 3.59 Noun

34 35

i

f'. f'-

f.....~-. ....~_

IV

3.60 Examples of Simple Nouns 3.61 Examples Complex Nouns 3.65 Ending in Special Suffixes 3.66 Dimunitive Nouns 3.67 Dissyllable Nouns 3.68 Derived Noun Stems 3.69 Nominal Compounds 3.70 Synonymous Compound 3.71 Abstract Noun Compound 3.72 Number 3.72 Gender 3.77 Adjectives 3.80 Degree of Comparison 3.81 Adverbial Superlatives 3.82 Prenominal Adjectives 3.83 Numerals 3.85 Ordinal Numbers 3.86 Aggregative Numerals 3.87 Fractional Numerals 3.88 Multiplicative Numerals 3.89 Approximate Numerals 3.90 Measurements

36 37 39 39 40 40 41 42 42 43 43 45 46 47 47 47 49 49 49 50 50 50

Chapter Four4.91 Cases 4.92 Nominative 4.93 Accusative 4.94 Instrumental 4.95 Dative 4.96 Ablative 4.97 Genitive 4.98 Locative 4.99 Duration 4.99.a 12 Lunar Months 4.100. Vocative PART TWO 52 52 52 53 54 54 55 55 56 56 57

Lesson One1.1 Consonant Drill 1.2 Pronouns 1.2.a Personal Pronouns 1.2.b Possessive Pronouns 1.2.e Demonstartive Pronouns 1.3 Auxiliary Verb 1.4 The Infinitive 1.4.a Examples 1.5 Word Order 1.6 Vocabulary 1.7 Examples 1.8 Exercises ofLesson One 1.8.b Seven days of the Week 1.8.c and d Exercises 1.8.e Cardinal Numbers 1.9 Some Useful Expressions 60 63 63 63 64 65 65 65 66 66 67 68 68 68 69 70

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ili

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Lesso n Two2.1 Vowel Dr;!! Drill 2.2 Nouns 2.3 Vocabulary 2.4 Auxiliary Verb "la;' yin iiia;' 2.4.a Examples 2.5 Exerc ises a,b, c ofLesson Two of Lesson The 12 General Months The 12 Tibetan Months Exercises e and f 2.7 Some Useful Expressions 7172 72

73 74 75 76 76 77 77

Lesso n Three Less on3.1 The surmounted and Subjoined Consonants Drill 3.2 The Use of Combined Auxiliary Verbs The Examples 3.4 Tibetan Verb 3.4.a Vobaculary Verbs 3.5 Vocabulary Nouns 3.6 Expressions on the Notion of Time 3.7 Exercises ofLesson Three of Lesson 3.8 Some Useful ExpressionsI

..... -: -,,"'

/

79 80 80 81 82 82 84 87 88

~&~

Lesso n Four4.1 Substitution Drill 4.2 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "l'\'''''\' yod red 4.3 The Combined Auxiliary Verb "i"'r:>.5,"1 yod 'dug Ui,\rl.5,"1 4.4 Negation 4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentences 4.6 Participation Drills 4.7 Vocabulary 4.8 Interrogative Negatives 4.9 Exercises ofLesson Four of Lesson 4.10 Useful Expressions

;:~ ;:"

"l"''-' '

89 89 90 91 91 94 94 95 96 98

Lesso n Five Less on,L' .

,,,

5.1 Interrogatives 5.2 General Interrogative Pronouns 5.3 Participation Drills ofInterrogative Sentences 5.4 Vocabulary 5.5 Adjectives 5.6 :Adjectival Interrogatives Adjectival 5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogatives 5.8 Exercises ofLesson Five ofLesson 5,9 Useful Expressions~

99 99 99 102 103 103 104 105 107

i

.'

VI VI

Lesso Six Le sso nn Sixes 6.1 The Seven r1l'~il\' la don Particl 6.1 The Seven "l'~il\' la don Particl es datives 6.2 Examples of accusative, locativ and datives 6.2 Examples of accusative, locativee and resssion Expresion 6.3 The Use of Honorific 6.3 The Use of Honorific Exp 6.4 Honorific Nouns 6.4 Honorific No uns 6.5 Monosyllabic Honorific Verbs 6.5 Monosyllabic Honorific Verbs 6.8 Vobaculary 6.8 Vobaculary 6.9 Examples 6.9 Examples 6.10Exercisses at Les sonnSix 6.10 Exerci es at Lesso Six Tibetan quotations Tibetan quotations 6.11 UsefullEx pre ssi onss6.11 Usefu Expre ssion 108 108 108 108 110 110 110 110 112 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 116 116 117 117

~: ~: t

Lesso n Seven Le sso n Seven7.1 Tense 7.1 Tensess 7.2 The Simple Presen Tense 7.2 The Simple Presentt Tense 7.3 The Simple Past Tense 7.3 The Simple Pas t Tense 7.4 The Simple Future Tense 7.4 The Simple Future Tense 7.5 The Presen Perfec 7.5 The Presentt Perfectt 7.6 The Past Perfec Tense 7.6 The Past Perfectt Tense Future Perfec Tense 7.7 7.7 The Future Perfec t Tense Conditional Perfec Tense 7.8 7.8 The Conditional Perfect Tense 7.9 Table Tense Terminations 7.9 Table of Tense Terminations 7.11 Kinship Terms 7.11 Kinship Ter ms 7.12 Exercises Lesson Seven 7.12 Exercises at Lesson Seven 7.13 Useful Expressions 7.13 Useful Expressions118 118 118 118 119 119 119 119 120 120 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 121 122 122 123 123 125 125

Lesson Eigh t Lesso Eig ht8.1 Progressive 8.1 Progressive 8.2 Present Progressive 8.2 Presen Progressive 8.3 Pas tt Progressive 8.3 Pas Progressive 8.4 Future Progressive 8.4 Future Progressive 8.5 Future Conditionall Progressive 8.5 Future Conditiona Progressive ssive 8.6 Presentt Perfectt Progressive 8.~ Presen Perfec Progre gres~ive Perfectt Progres~ive 8.7 Pastt Perfec Pro 8.7 Pas 8.8 Future Perfectt Progressive 8.8 Future Perfec Progressive 8.9 Conditionall PerfecttProgressive 8.9 Conditiona Perfec Progressive 8.10 Vocabulary 8.10 Vocabulary 8.11 Counting Over 100 8.11 Counting Over 100 8.12 Exercises of Lesson Eight 8.12 Exercises ofLesson Eight dita 8.13 EleganttSayingss By Sakya Pandila 8.13 Elegan Saying By Sakya Pan126 126 126 126 126 126 127 127 127 127 127 127 128 128

128 128

129 129 129 129 130 130 130 130 133 133

Lesso n Nine Le sso n Nine

ormationnof Adver. ormatio of Adver. 9.1 ADverbbof Place 9.1 ADver of Place 9.2 Adverbbof Manner r 9.2 Adver of Manne 9.3 Adverbbof Timee 9.3 Adver of Tim 9.4 Vocabulary 9.4 Vocabulary 9.5 Classical Tibetan 9.5 Classical Tibetan 9.6 Verbbto be in Classical Tibetan 9.6 Ver to be in Classical Tibetan 9.7 Examples of Comppletive Terminations, 9.7 Examples of Com letive Terminations, 9,8 Classical Tibetan Readingg 9.8 Classical Tibetan Readin 9.11 Exercises of Lesson Nine e 9.11 Exercises ofLesson Nin

-- ----------

134 134 134 134 134 134 135 135 136 136 137 137 137 137 137 137 138 138 139 139

vii 9.12 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 141

Less on Ten10.1 Conjunction 10.7 Disjunctive Conjunctions 10.8 Examples of Conjunctions of Contrast & Similarity 10.9 Vocabulary 10.10 Classical Tibetan Reading 10.11 Exercises of Lesson Ten ofLesson 10.12 Elegant Sayings By Sakya Pandita 143 144 145 146 147 147 150

Less on Eleve n11.1 The Continuative Particles 11.5 Examples of Continuative Particles 11.6 Gerundial Terminations 11.8 Instrument of Reason 11.9 The Ablative of Reason 11.10 11.1 0 Vocabulary 11.11 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life Of Buddha) 11.12 Exercises ofLesson Eleven ofLesson 11.13 Elegant Sayings by Sakya Pandita 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 161

i.L

Less on Twel ve~t-

'-~ ,~,-'

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12.1 Particle ;;;'. na Emphasizing a Special Point 12.2 Express a Condition 12.3 Interrogative Reasoning 12.4 Express Contradiction 12.5 Making a Wish 12.6 Expresing a Doubt 12.7 Expression of Certainty 12.8 Emphatic Expression ~. ni 12.9 Vocabulary 12.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 12.11 Exercises of Lesson Twelve ofLesson 12.12 Conversation Between the Prince & his Charioteer

162 162 162 163 163 163 164 164 165 165 166 167

Less on ThirteenL-.': ~.-~.~.-'

','-.-"

~:1., ~~.

~,'

13.1 Abilitative Forms 13.3 Expressions of Obligatory Forms 13.4 Permissive Expressions 13.5 Causative Expressions 13.6 Idiomatic Expressions of Genitive Datives 13.7 The Use of ,\~l!f dgos and r::>.~'\. 'dod ,\~'!f r.>.~'\. 13.8 Benedictive Expressions 13.9 Vocabulary 13.10 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) 13.11 Exercises ofLesson Thirteen ofLesson 13.12 Sayings of the Buddha

170 171 172 173 174 175 175 176 176 177 179

viii

Lesso n Four teen14.1 Various Auxiliaries 14.2 Exclamatory Expressions 14.4 The Imperative 14.5 Examples 14.6 Adjectival and Adverbial Clauses 14.7 Alphabetical Notation 14.8 Vocabulary 14.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) ofLesson 14.10 Exercises ofLesson Fourteen isliSay ional Buddhist!Sayings 14.11 Tradit 180 181 182 182 183 184 184 185 186 188

Lesso n Fifte en15.1 Verbal Compounds 15.2 Examples of Verbal Compounds ofS",t r 15.3 The Use ofS,,\tj byedp a Verbal Compound 15.4 The Verbs of Becoming -5c.."I. 15.5 The Auxiliary Verb .@c..tj' myong ba "'. 15.6ln finitiv e ~. rgyu and "'I' ya 15.7 Beginning a sentence in Classical Tibetan 15.8 Completive Dual Syllables 15.9 Classical Tibetan Reading (Life of Buddha) of Lesson 15.10 Exercises ofLesson Fifteen 15.11 Elegant sayings by Sakya Pandita 189 190 191 191 192

193 194 196 196 197 199

Lesso n Sixte en16.1 Passive Voice 16.2 Relatives Clauses 16.3 Examples 16.4 Prenominal Adjectives 16.5 Examples 16.6 Derivation Word Classes 16.7 Examples 200 200 201201

201 203 204 205

PART THREEList of Verbs

IX

Pref ace. Subdu e your fear by learning something new every day. This Tibetan language course handb ook 'A Primer of the Tibetan langua ge' is designed for people . who want to acquire a good working knowledge of the language in a short time, and who will probably be working at home without a teacher. It will enable those with no previous knowledge of Tibetan to reach the point where they can communicate effectively and can read, write and converse on a range of topics. Originally written as a textbook for an intensive Tibeta handbook covers the essential elements of Tibetan grammar of both spoken n language course, this and written Tibetan. I have used it for the various Tibetan language classes I have conducted over the years and have proved to be effective as teaching material for both class and individual t,uition. 'A Prime r of the Tibetan Language' begins with the Tibetan alphabet and the sound system of the language, as far as this is possible in print. A cassette tape to go with this book is being prepared for the benefit of those who cannot find a suitable teacher. In order to maxim ise the enjoyment and your endeavour, it is essential to use this book stage by stage according to the lessons. In each lesson, a of gramm ar are explained and illustrated; there are exercises with vocab ulary lists and useful expressions. A separate lists of verbs is also provided in the three tenses and imperative so that so student can examine the pattern of spellin g change caused by consonantal gender harmony called ''1'''' 'I)"'. (l.~'IJ. (l.~'lJ' rtag 'jug. Learn ing Tibetan language is key to understand the Tibetan people, their way of life, religion and history. Studying Tibetan will also help to preserve the Tibetan culture which is facing great threat under the repressive policy of the communist regime in Tibet. People who are interested in Buddhism will find the importance of Tibetan language and appreciate the rich Tibetan literature on Buddhism and related subjects. Grammatically there is no great differe nce between the spoken and written language. Understanding the grammatical rules and their applic ation in will give textual scholars a greater access to the use of language as a spoke the spoken language n language. It is important to remind ourselves that the scribal.convention was created to do service to the spoken language, not a barrier to speak. Even if you know how to read Roma nized Tibetan and know few of its grammatical rules, you are not a Tibeta n language scholar if you do not know how to speak the language as spoke n among Tibetans. Numerous courses on 'Classical Tibetan' are taught at academic institutions around the world by people who do not speak or understand the spoken language. Graduates of such courses are left frustrated and confused as they cannot speak and understand a language they supposed to have studied several years at University level. Unlike Sanskrit, Tibetan language is a living and progressive language which is spoken in many countries in the Himalayan region.Students who successfully complete this course will not put through such difficulties. I have written this manual because Tibetan is my mother tongue and I am well versed on the subject. I have had a thorough traditional training in both school and monastery under the leading Tibetan linguists, poets and grammarians alive today. My teache tutelage of some of the Trichen Rinpoche was on the board of writers who designed the Tibeta r, His Eminence Chogay n school text book under the auspices of the Council of Tibetan Education in Dharamsala. I have been Tibetans some years now and this book is an outcome of my own interes teaching Tibetan to nont in teaching the language. This manual strictly follows the unique grammatical rules which makes this language so different from any other language. There is nothing in this book that the so-cal led classical Tibetan courses would not have covered. The only difference is that you will know how to speak, read, write and most important of all, you will be able to feel and think in the language. Completing this course will bring you closer to the Tibetan people whene ver they are around and you will become part of their unique culture. This will provide you with an eye into a new culture. When you are not with the Tibetan people you will find before you a mine of Buddhist knOWledge and wisdom preserved in the scriptures. While many learn Asian languages for financial reasons, learnin special reason which only a keen student will be able to feel within themse g Tibetan will have a lves.

i; !;

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i>J' .t.Ir:l.' ~"i' ~i>J~'7!Ij"i1 1E.'lf! ""l;j~i J' .t.I~. ~i>J~'1 j"il 'I,!;'~'l;j~ "i 'r:l. ~.q' .t.I"" c>J e:~'S9 ~1111 ~ 'l;j~ "i'~~.q' .t.I "" ~ ,\'9 ~11l1,,~~..~...~ ~ ~ ~

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PART ONECIBIAnJElR - r~ E.,. (1':,-) ~ E--. (f:,"J

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a; cha

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ili

na

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- ~ ~. "" &.i ~_ &.l - (5O bib oObib{' r fl... n...

(1'i=f!A_e;; (1'!=f! A\.e;;

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tsa

-T~..t

a:;

tsha

(SC/-t..rj (Sr skye gnas) is discussed in great length under four important topics: The three narrow places of articulation ~"I'::Sr::;"!Jq QS~'!J":S'i'!Jq'~'('byin par bye dpa'i "~"('byin d pa'i rgyu). 1.9.c The results of the various acti vities are eith er voiced 'is''l~fi'q" i'q' (dbugs che baY, unvoiced ba) '\S"l~j"~:Fq' (dbugs chung bay, har d ~"ll~':i;'q (sgra than che bay or ~"Il ~li~:i;q" ~rlia:;,'~Fq' (sgra than chung bay

'3'4'~'a;'

-- ~'~~'~' ~'~'

a;' .I:j' fl' ~' 'j' a;' .I:j' fl' ~' "~'",'

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f'll'a;'

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a;' c;,1" c;,1''> "

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t:.e< !,,;'"

i;L ~L

rj:;J b-:':J

tiJ

The following example show a Tibetan syllable with seven characters above consonantal denominations, When all of the seven denomination belonging to all of the s. occur in a syllable, they are spelled according to the order of in which they are written. The follow ing sample of the syllable sampl e .q~"I~f bskyugs (vomited) has thus: 1. the prefix .q~'lj~' b, 2. surmo unted s, 3. the root letter k, 4. the subjoi ned y, 5. the vowel u, 6. the suffix g and 7. the post suffix s. Excluding the prefix, suffix and post suffix all the rest of the four characters namely the surmounted, vowel are stacked from top to bottom : The vowel is spelled before the root letter, subjoined and suffix whether it is written on the top or the bottom of the stacked eonsonants. The numbering here conson only refer to the sequence of spellin g and writing but it does not correspond to the order of the explan ation of the consonantal denominations we have listed above and will discuss hereafter, inatio ns ter.

0.'lZlj'.' il\J.I'J.ll'lo.' = sky and 0."10.' = some.

2.26.a Furthermore 'a is a very special suffix as it is also used in transliterating the long form of Sanskrit vowels in Tibetan scriptures by adding a small 0. 'a or o.'Jt:. ~ '~t:. '\1a;~N C>J~'l,J(;l.' ~'rll' C>J~'l.Jrl.'~~ ~

S'i1J'.e;;z:q Sw.e;;z:q

,,,i1J'l.la, z:q'~'~~ '.ij~'~i1J1 l"iIJ'l.Ja' z:q'~'~~ '.ij~'~ilJl -.. -.. c.... _ l"iIJ' a;~''9~' ..l;..q'.e;;' a.f'~~l l"i1J' a;~''9~' ~.q'.e;;' a.r'~~1 ltIl'a.fr:l: ~'i1J'~"'" a.r'-1~9 . nab J.I",r1.;;",'.;1 modified by any prefixes. J.lE!". ma-'o.!Jza-na-ro=dz-da = i~ pronounced dzoe (treasure room). J.I~'" ma-'o~a-na-ro=dz-da

....

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No Chan ge Cban Cbang Chang e

f r

.Ikha

a. Prefix ed Ma .c"&

a:;

e:

9

t:.. Ga l:.. nga E. ja ~--------

nya

I II fha~ da~na tha" da ~ n~

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1',

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2,37 '@.il)'D.~ "I'D.' THE PREF IX 'A There are ten root consonants which take the prefix 'a which exactly has the same effect as rna prefix. The ten letters are: 1. /'l kha, 2, "I ga, 3, J, cha, 4, E. ja, S.l'l j'l 2. 5. .l'l tha, 6. '\ da, 7. '4 pha, 8. Q ba, 9, a) tsha and 10, e: dza. a> rJ.j'l"'Q' 'a-o-kha-ra=khar-ba =is pronounced khar-v a (walki rJ./'l,,'Q ng stick), stick). rJ."I"i' 'a-o-g a-na = is pronounced ghen (responsibility). ty), rJ.a;.;.r 'a-o-c ha-ma =is pronounced chaam (religious dance) . rJ.E.rJ.' -o-ja-'a =is pronounced (high pitch) jah (rainbow),r:>..l'jQ',;f-o-tha-ba r:>.l'jQ'a:r-o-tha-ba=thab-rna-na-ro=mo =is pronounced thab-m o (quarr el). r.>.~' 'a-o-d a-gi-g u = is pronounced dhi (this). r.>...Q"I 'a-o-bha-ga = is pronounced bhag (mask). = ), r.>.a)!;.'''1 r.>.a>l;.'''1 'a-o-tsha-nga=tshang-ga = is pronounced tshang -ka (crowd). r.>.i)'i!i'a;'Il r.>.ilA'a ;'Il' 'a-o-dza-gi-gu=dzi-na=:dzin-cha-sa=chay =is pronounced na",;d dzin-c hay (furniture).

~

0;- __ (,>-

1- ~,1-~'-

No Chang e Chang e

I

Prefix ed a fl fI kha ce cha 1:1 tha !4 pha J;j

c6 tsha

':;}3-!i-}Z-

~ 1 9 Ga e;. ja " da .q ba t[ dza

1',-;li-~i:'-

K, (. K/ (_ co...

2.38 Drill~"J.J;,' L,I"D.~' 9Ui9' ""l.J;.' r,m,,' ~F .J;.,,! .J;,~!vJ .~een, rI',-;AA) (}-J

...-

.

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2.46.b There are no prefixed and surmounted consonants which are subjoined by lao The inherent sound a of the surmounted is dropped as a result of the compounding with the root consonant. 2.47""~9'\5Cli SURMOUNTED RA """'19'\5lj

ra-ka-btags =is pronounced ka, >lj1:;.'Q' ra-ka-btags=ka-nga=kang pa = kang-pa, leg. >ljt:.'Q' ra-ga-btags =is pronounced gha, ~"'iIl' ra-ga-btags=gha-na-ro=gho-da=gho-ma = ghll-ma, ~"i'iIl' =

'li

a mare. /:. ra-nga-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) nga, /:",;'jl:;.' ra-nga-btags=ngl1-ma-na-ro=mo/:"jjt:.. nga=mong= nga-mong, a camel.

28ra-ja-btags = is pronouncedjha, ~'lrn.!,>"1 ,ra-ja-btags=jha-'greng-po=jhe-sa=jhe-'a -o-jhazhabs-kyu=jhu-ga=jhug= jhe-jhoog, a suffix, or a follower, follower. t ra-nya-btags = is pronounced (high pitch) nya, te. ra-nya-btags=nya-gi-gu=nyi-nga= fC::: nying, heart. l)ra-ta-btags = is pronounced ta, l)'~~"l ra-ta-btags=ta-ma-a'-o-ga-ra-btags=da-gi-gu=dil)'.;J~~ deity_ na=din = tam-din, Hayagriva, name of a horse-necked deity. " ra-da-btags = is pronounced dha, ;;-Qil'Q' ra-da-btags=dha-na-ro=dh-ba-a'-o-za-na-ro=zo;;:;r q'!iJQ>:;r wave_ lab, wave. .Jj ra-ma-btags =is pronounced (high pitch) rna, jj'(1J~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-la-ma=lam jj'()j~' ra-ma-btags=ma-gi-gu=mee-Ia-ma=lam =mi-Iarn, dream. !ra-tsa-btags = is pronounced tsa, i"i'Tjt:..'Qj'7~' ::!~' J.J'~'(1j' q~Qj~' r.J~Z'ii l>Tjt:..Qj'7~' ::!~. J.J'~'Ol' q~Qj~' r.r~Z'ii

~

~

~

1"ll:9~'~'Qj'7~'~'o.~'~~' 5l~' L.,J~'-9t!J Itll:9~'~:rQj'7~'~'Q~'~~'51~' L:J"'" "9t!]c....~

.""

c...

_

......

~

lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~'~' s:jq'-99 lq~'9ol:lj'':J~''5'Q",'~' ~'l'lq'-99 ...,'0

31

Exercise 2.g fOl/owing: Romanize the following:

lQ8'~~ El~:.2 J,JEl~' ~Q()'~.El~~~1 lQ8'~~ El~:.2 J.JEl~ ~Q()'~.El~~~1.....~

...... .......

_ "-_ ....... "e-..........

oyi_eo... .." . ....... eo...

1;'

rgyu-mtshan is pronounced gyum-tsben, reason. reason, ngo-mlshar is pronounced ngom-tsbar, wondorous, ngo-mtshar

?'J.I~"l' Hayagriva. ?'J.J~~' rta-mgrin is pronounced Tam-din, a horse necked deity called Hayagriva,

;.:

2.53.e When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if the succeeding syllable's root consonant is 2.S3.e ba subjoined witb ra, then the ra is pronounced as the preceeding syllable's suffix while the ra-bags is pronounced as the second syllable's root consonant which parts the relationship between the ba and ra-btags. IlfQ'" lha-bri-pa is pronounced Ibab ri pa, Thanka painter, an artist. ij'Q'=pho-brang is pronounced pbob-rang, palace, ij'Qr=.pho-brang 2.53.f When a syllable ends in a vowel sound and if it is followed by a prefix 'a it produces the 2.S3.f sound of suffix na for the preceding syllable while preserving its direct effect to the second syllable,

t~.I'

J.Jflt:l' t:l) J.lflr.l'r.l)

t,- .

~-'-

,,~'ro.'55 "~'''''55~'r.lQ~' ~'t:lQ~'~

t:l),t:l~'" r.l)'r.l~'"

mkha'-'gro is pronounced kban-dro, goddess, space dweller. dge-'dun is pronounced gen-dun, a monk, one who is intent on virtue, rgyu-'bras is pronounced gyun-W!cause and effect. 'gro-'dod is pronounced dron-do, desire to go. go,

~~-

~t~:

:J:'f ;J:t

,,'--!

:-'-.

I I

b.ln.tJl. a', .>; ~ ~"I ~

ra,

C1l ell la and vowel ending syllables thus: .qq' ~t::.'~"1 .qQ' ~~'~"I

thab tshang zhig slOd thUl zhig thUi mga mang zhiggdanzhig gtlan zhig thunzhig !hun zhig spunzhig spun zhig sgam zhzg sgamzhzg

a kitchen a shirt a camel a mattress a session a relative .or a brother (sister) or a box a glass bottle a road

~",'~c.'~"1 ~"i'~c.'~"1i!.'Jic..~"I ~'J:ic.'~"1 'IJ"iiJi~"I "I"'iJi'~"1 ~iJi'~"1 ~iJi'~"I ~iJi'~"I ~iJi'~"1 ~ri'i\'IJ ~r~"1 4ell'''i ..r~''I 4C1l'''ii>l'~''1 elli."Ir.>.'~"I a:;c.'LJ'r.>."Ir:>.'~"1 ~'i.'~"1

~3-

gangzhig gang zhig whoever (whatever) tshang pa 'ga' zhig some merchants tshong nyi ma 'ga' zhig some days

3:>.jj..>J"P"~"1

~ .... ~"1

.>Jfl ...~"1".>J"I'~""I'\"1~

me mda'zhig gur zhig mkharzhig dmag sgar zhig mdel zhig khal zhig dkar gyol zhig mizhig rizhig su zhig khe zhig lee zhig so zhig

a gun (fire arm) a tent a castle a garrison a bullet akhal a porcelin a man a hill whoever a profit a tongue a tooth(."

.>J"Cll~"1 FCll'~"1

"\"] ...'''IUlCll'~ "I .>J'I'\"1 ....1'\"1~ ~ ~ ~

'!l.~"1

jii'~"1~~

~'I'\"1 ~'I'\"1

--

bu mozhig a girl ~ ..>J'I'\"1 lhamozhig a goddess 3.58 The form.l:i"l shig is used after a syllable ending in a"l sa and thus: ~~'4"1 sras shig apnnce spas shig ii~'4"1 an incense 5~.l:i"l dus shig at a time

SJj~"1

--

~~.p.~"1 ~~'r:>.~"1

i

"'I "I~ "I

[;;. ~ .>J r:>. ... [1J (and all Vowels) ~ .>J P. ... nJ-

"

"\

q

~"1

1'\"1

4"1 .l:i"l3.59

tlj JJt::: tlJ

NOUN

Tibetan substantives appear very frequently inmonosyllabic words which are formed of two or more letters and consist of one morpheme and this will be called a simple noun stem. This . includes nouns in single consonant, nouns in one or more consonants followed by a vowel and nouns in one or more consonants ending in either of the ten finals or ending in a vowel. Jl~. Jl~'

ming denotes the meaning of a word which nominates either a label (q')"1~'.;j~ btags-ming) an (q')"1~'~~ object or an actual name (,,\(~.~[;;. dngos-ming) of an object; common or proper name of an ("("I'.l

zala

...'>l

wa ra sa

~~"

OJ

'1

B. MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS COMBINED WITH VOWELSf,r/

~

khu juice co brother pho male me fire zo eat 10 year

F~

khe profit chriwater bu mo son she

[ii fii[

kho he jo mi rni brother person

(

ngo face

~l.j '4

51 tho list~

S

jj JJ~

mu together zho curd

,;j

Ji

tshe life ro corpse su whol1e: ~'3 se u pomegranatel

'';'~~.~ .""~~-

phru gu child

i9"~"1 khyi phrug puppy

S'3, '14"1" ;:J"I 4"1';:J"I -~ I.j'' ' zhim phrug stag phrug phu nu brothers cub kitten

:0:';'> ~"'>~

,c_~:"_ ;:~~" -

i "\' / ~"I'ilI

v

grog rna ant~"'ilI ~"'.>/

5J ~.J ~'.>J 5'.>J rgya rna rnga rna tail scale SJ S'.>J dri rna smell~.,;J ~'J

... .>/ "'ilI

snye rna fern

gter rna treasure~~ ill ~'!l' .>/

thur rna spoonSJ S'.>J bye rna sand

sderrna . platemJ 1ll'.>J bla rna bJa teacher

nu rna breast

,;J~r.>. .>/ Jil\r.>.'.ill rnna' mna' rna bride

snas rna yarn

.... J Il'l.'>/ ll'l'ilI ,,'.>J a rna rama ama ra rna goat (she) mother

is is' .iJkhyi mo rno dog (she)

3.67 DISYLLABLE NOUN STEMSThere are several notable differences between complex noun stems and disyllabic noun stems in the following ways: In the disyllable noun stem, the bare root of the simple noun need not to be the first constituent but can be either the first or the last without definite reasons provided. The dropping of non-noun root will not maintain the meaning of the disyllable stems of the noun but will often modify it into an unrelated simple noun. Disyllable noun stems are generally bound and are not free:

L/

""J-,"-'Ilj"in< ""J-'"-'~"ir>ldkar gyol porcelain

&q'~Ilj &"'~ll!

"~'IlJ~ "~'IiJ~dge rgan tutor-,"-OJ'~

~t:..~-,"~t:.'~-'"-

.[,

skub steg chairv

~nIj'l~' mkhan or belonging to '" pa. There are number of categories of derived noun stems which are added to the distinctive simple noun stems as we shall discuss here, There is also derived noun stems from verb stems by adding an agentive suffix either to simple or compound verb or noun stems:

[:It:~.,.~' a:Jl'lili .>Jf'l~

~'.>II'la:, ~'.>If'la:,

S.>II'l~ S.>If'l~

q~nJf'l~

bshu mkhan copier

a:J1'l"'!'" .>Jf'l"'l'" r150m mkhan mkhas pa rtsom composer scholar

8'.>1' a:Jl'lili .>Jf'l~

~-'"-'" sger pa private'l},\,gj'q 'l},\'.li'q

rnga pa drummer

f{;.

Ilj~"'" gcod pa Chad student Chod

~~"'"

'?''' 'f"nya pa fisherman

1'l'r1J'" f'l'r1J' "

kha 10 pa driver~nl'r:>.S-'"-' " rnal 'byor pa Yogi

i i

ltad mOjba mOiba spectatorQ"I~'" Q"I"'l'"

et"'!'" ct"'l' " chos pa religious person j'la:J'Ij'" j'l.>J'Il' " khams pa Khampa

.l'l'a:Jn.~"IS'i"I~I is compounded as Cl'\"I~t;,'r.>.~"I'''I~J,J bde-gsang- JigCl'\"I~t;,r.>.~"I"I~J,J "''\'J,J.:''I'''I~t;,'r.>.5.~'r.>.~''I'S'i'''I~J,J gsum Cakrasamvara, Guhyasamaja and Yamantaka.

'lI"I'~I::.'9't;,"I~J,J 'lI"I~1:;.91;!t;,"I~J,J is compounded as 'lI"I'~t;,'I::.'''I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsllm tiger, lion & 'lI"I.~t;,'I;!I:;.'''I~J,J stag-seng-khyung-gsum

eagle.?'J,J~"'eI"I,,,,,~ti;!I::."I~J,J ?eI'ljI::.''lj~J,J ?J,J~"'eI"I",~tl;!l:;."I~J,J is compounded as ?eI'ljI;!I:;.'lj~J,J rta-phyag-khyung-gsum

Hayagriva, Vajrapani and Garuda.~~r"i912i"l'!l.'~t;,Clf.\ sa-dge-bka'-rnyingbzhi Sakya, Geluk, Kagyud and Nyingma, the four Tibetan Buddhist traditions.

ubordinate nominal compounds are formed by disyllabic nouns where the genitive case suffix of the former and last particle of the latter are dropped in its process of compounding. The first constituent of the compound stands as an attribute of the last and, it depends on the last to determine its meaning.~['lJ'i:ir..:.~~ ~flli:ir..:~~

d'I'Aiij""'~'=d'I'rl1'I1"r~'Ulilil

-

~

-

e:.' J;'Sj";>J,f il'I~il'I-:i'fl~-q-~"I-IlI-~-Uiilil e:.'J:sr;>J.f d'I~d'I':i'fl~'C,J'1'i"l'IlI'''rUlilil~-J:l"if,.>;q-il'Iq.q-;>il'IW~il'I,>;P.-~e:.wA5"1 ~'J:l' '\' J,"'" C,J'd'I'qq' ;>d'I'fll'~d'I'""p., ~e:.'fll'r:>,5"1

I will meet those students approximately before sun rise_ rise, About nine of us will be renting a house together, together.The cat was in the garden just before it rained_ rained,

'4rl1',j;"","),C,J'q$';>d'I'1'i"r"i,\'''l'=,E!:

01'1

I had a headache just before the class finished.

,~.~-

3.90 D.E.().j'"~~F~ D.E.(lr"~~F~

MEASUREMENTS

Measurement of length, height, width and distance were carried out with small and large units of the body. The following terms were used by traditional artists for the study of Tibetan Buddhist iconometry and architecture as well as by common people to measure things. The things_ preferred term for one measurement is "Ie:. although the cardinal "I~"1 is also used.

~.>;-JJ ~",,'JJ

~.>; ~""

finger-width leg one-fourth of a ~.>;-JJ is called a leg ~",,'JJ grain A half of a leg,J,'-lie:. a smaller unit (Generally a finger width is one smaller unit) leg_if,-rWiliq

j,'a:r'1!ili'q' ~'q'i>'JJ''1!ili'q simply' nominates the subject of a sentence. The nominative is used more frequently in spoken Tibetan than in classical Tibetan. A nominative case can be a noun, pronoun or adjective of a sentence. Nominative takes no case suffix e.g.? = horse, .il = man, fi = he, ~q book etc. When no ~'1 e.g,? subject is given it is implied, so one has to comprehend the meaning of the sentence in the correct context. For instance, in the sentence 1"i\i~ta;"I"l~r~iJ.s"l "l~r:>.s"l

O1~'~;r '1' O1~r~;rs'q'

S'

"i ili"J "l r:>. r.>.

"l JJ

...

"i"1 01~ "l

'i'5.

(and all vowel endings)

...:3

~

...4.93.a EXAMPLES::i;

fi~'ei'''i''l'1'~''r"ili'~'''1'~''i'.~,\:lt;.lIl iI""i '~'~"",' "15cr~' ~O\' tl'ti:lO\I This is the price of Yangchen's ring. ring. . q:l"llll~"-J.liJ. 8' Jl'~'i'i'r.>.,\"1 q';j"l'll'~'''''J.liJ.' ';;'~'i'i'r.>.'\"1 ~'''I"",'S' &1:;.',\ 1'

r::. '''I~Z\l' QZ\lJ.rU/Z\l' ~'r.>. ~,,'q' ~"'!.I' qZ\lJ,fU/Z\l' "i "IZ\l' "I~ Q' ~' r.>." Q' l' r::.r>1' Q~Z\l'!.I' Ul"iI ." r::. (ll' Q~Z\l'q' Ul3j ii' ~"I'')'(lr ~r.t',,\iij"i 'q' iI-Ir::.'q,r.>.,,\"1 '!.I'i/.jr::.'q,r.>.,,\"1 ~"I'?'(fl' ['Ir::. 'qr.t, "i r::. w~' ql'i"'(:).'S"I fir::.'!.Ir.t,"ir::. '(ll'l~f ql'i"'ro. 5"1 f!jJ.r.~~ ~

(:).2"1'~r>1''S' il)r::. 'qr.t, "9i1)'q'iii", '-I" ~,\I ro.2"1'~(ll'5' iljr::.'!.Ii'>.'"9ilj'!.I'iii", Q' :1llj'!.Ir.t'o: "Iw 4"1's'r.>.'.1"1 is,,' "r::. '~'(ll"l'qr.t'o:"IW -9"1' ~rr.>. 5"1

Locative also expresses 'with'; e,g, .~'r::.r'\'i/.j~i/.j'5.'I!fZ\l'ilj"l'iiir::.'Q'''"''1 This Amdowa (man) (fl'Jl~'~'r.>.~'r::.r'\iI-I~iI-I5.'I!f'wil)Z\l'iiir::.'q''''''1 came with me from Lhasa, ,

4.99 ~'itlq~

..D UA;A Trot>( u.\l'~J,J>\l'~"i' Ia' .' 'a

I ".

da ~ sa

~. ~' kyi~. gyi

;:;",i-'

(and vowel endings) 1.2.d Plural 'di tsho'i ljid khog de tsho'i lhag rna pha gi tsho'i ca lag ya gi tsho'i skud pa

a Ii 0: 'i

iij. iij'

yl

r.>.~. ~~iM."\fi'lJ r.>.~'~~iM."\fl"l

(the weight of these) (remainder of those) (luggage of those) (thread of those up there) (parent of those down there) (our restaurant) (their vegetables) (their horse han.) (your motor car) (your relatives han.)

it~i~:~"Iw ~~~~'lJwr.fOj ~~. '5'Oj"l' i5Cll"l/

'Jr"r~~~,," ....

0.)

1.2. Relative Pronouns Words which relate to, and substitute for, previously mentioned.>;c,' nouns, This is formed by adding .>;c: rang meaning "self" to other forms of pronouns, In the

plurals, rang is added between the pronoun and plural.suffix: Singular nga rhng (myself)

c,' .>;c,' e.'.>;e.'

e.'.>;e.,g, c,' .>;c,''I

.>;e.' .>;c,' [ii' .>;e.'~, .>;c,' ~'~'

::I~' .>;c,'

is,, is,,'

[iic,',>;c, , [iie.'.>;e.'

gus rang (myself) kho rang (himslef) rno rang (herself) khang khong rang (he, she polite) khyod rang (yourself) khyad khyed{you, polite) khyed (you,

,a;[ii'.>;e. g;[ii',>;c,',a;[ii,~,g;' [ii'.>;c,'l'

::I~' .>;e. .>;c,'g.

i,,'~' El'" -';c,'

.>;e.' .>;c,'

fc.' .>;e.,g;, fc.'.>;c,'l' i"'.>:.r:,,g;, is,,' ,.:.r:: l' is,,' .>;c,' , 6",,>;!:.'l'

Plural nga rang tsho (ourselves) tsha gus rang tsho (ourselves) kho rang tsho (themsleves) kho rang tsho (themselves) khong rang tsho (themselves) khyod rang tsho (you) khyed rang tsho (you, pI) pi).;>

1.3 Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb assists the main verb of the sentence. Verbs and auxiliary verbs come at the end of the sentence, Simple sentences with the auxiliary verb to be :I"

!b-,", lb.'

.>J.

allfour today yesterday weight remainder luggage thread horse (hon.) (han.) motorcar restaurant vegetable

/

13. 14.15. 16.

l" I?!"fl" "fll"l ".l1l "l" :il,\.E.J. lil" E.J. q'll. E.J. "I'll. E.J"~

\:2h

17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 21. 22. 23.

Ji~r"./'l~ "fl~

"

~.a;l1l. ~a;fll

V4i

.

\

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

~'J,j~,\' ~rJ.l~,\'4' J,j' J.I'

sku mched phama tsha loma STUlg- tsharta

kum-che pha-ma tsha-Io-ma nak-tsha tah sha-wa zhing-pa

(han,) relative (han.) parent orange ink horse

i6'~"J,j" i6'~w ~"I'i6'

.~r.:i:\~"fi6:""1 dhi ngay naak tsha re This is my ink,

2. ~"Ia;'r.>.~r.:i:\:""1 ~"I'a;'r:>.~'c;,i:\':.~'t::.i:\:""1

3. r.>.~r.:i:\'~5l:""1 r:>.~c;,i:\'~5l':""1dhi ngay zhi mi re

'di nga'i zhi mi red This is my cat. is. 'di nga'i rta red This is my horse, 'di nga'i a rna red ma This is my mother, mother.

:.~'t::.f.\z;r~"I'\f:""1 dhi ngay ba cb,ook re This is my cow.8.r:>.~c;,f.l,;pr 8.r.>.~t::.f.\>ljt::.'q':""1

7.r:>.~'c;,i:\'(l'.l'l' :""1 r.>.~'r.:i:\'(l'.l'l'dhi ngay ama re

::5l"l'''J,j''::.~'ll. r:>.~'ll"

2.2 Nouns A noun refers to a name of a person, place, thing, idea, concept, or activity. We have noticed from the words in the drills we have practised that Tibetan nouns are generally monosyllabic words which may be formed of one or more letters. Nouns also occur in disyllables and polysyllables as it is shown in a separate section containing list of simple, complex as well as derived noun stems (See Part One). Nouns with two or more syllables can be of either bound or free morphemes. Asingle syllable word may be composed of one Or more morphemes: orone morpheme two morphemes

''Ii"'. W'r6j. 6j"

tiger mind

'Ii"'.o;",. 'Ii"r 0;Jq'r ....Q"I~'J'~Oj'i:i' ~Oj'ii'

35. 36. 37. 38.

.i'~F .i~F~q'.>J' ~r

lam gyalpo che-chung drib-rna bubu-moI

shadow son, boy daughter, girl colour mountairt dog namehouse

q'Jj. q'Jj'~

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

J)'.>J~'l/ ili.>J~'l/"I~~r:.~'fii~~UjJ)' representing him so to speak. For instance r.>.~jii~~Ujili' 'di khong gi yin meaning "this is from /chong himlher" is considered much nicer than sayingr.>.~'fiir;,'.~~r::.~9~"i' 6. r:>.~t:.aUj", r:>.~,t:.aUlili'

dhi-shing-to dhi -shing-to redhi -ngay-yin -ngay -yin

Plural1. !'it::li5,,q:i.,, !'it.'l'Q"i'(J':J''Ulilil nga bo pay em chi yin

nga bod pa'i em chi yin I am(a) Tibetan doctor. am(a) nga shing bzo ba yin I am (a) carpenter. khyed rang dbyin ji yin pas Are you English? khong nga'i dge rgan red He is my teacher. phrug gu 'di tsho su'i red Whose children are these? lags phru gu 'di tsho nga'i red Yes, these are my children.'di khyod kyi smyu gu red pas Is this your pen?

2. c:~t:.Q~QUl"'1 c.~t:.'Q~Q'Ulilil nga shing zo va yin3. 6" -.~l~a~"1 phi took gu I:!hi tsho sui re6. !ll"l"l~9'jr:>." g'c.a:flJ [lJ) flJP

">[lJ flJ )"> P"> )[lJ PflJ

cJ,.{ c)..{

'I"

1'1 '1'1 '11 '1'1P(> p,,~

c:.

I;c:. c:.1; 1;0

J,.{ )..{

">(> (>1 (>'11;(> J-lJ,.{ J-l)..{

~"'.~>;

I; '4

J,.{c:.

)..{c:.

-'I

(>pc:.P(z p

po )0pJ,.{ p)..{

";".~ ";".~

pp PPpI; )'4

)-'1 P"c:.

)'1 P'I)-'1 P"

/

">">

-'1

p) PP

'10 10

2.7 Some Useful Expre ssion s:

""

%.

1. "I:ill'~"I';:i"j~"I'~"-'"-~J 1lJ:iiJ~"I ;:h~"I~"'"' ~I zim yag po khoog song nyayfll"l~"I~'\'~''I'iJ'~''I":FI 2. OJ''l~'''I~,\~"I;:j~''r:FI~

gzim yag po khug song ngasDid you sleep well ?

f"C.>' f"'""

lak nyee yag po khoog chung'!t-'," i'i-'>c

lags gnyid yag po khug byungYes, I slept well.

3. r.>.f!3i'~~~"I"'~~"'1 r.>.f!ili '~"I' "'3i'~"-'1 dzin dra tshook ren songfiQ:'i.;r..-

'dzin grwa tshug ran songThe class is about to start.

~"I;:j '''I~''i'~''I~'''I3i"-'1 4. ~"I'iJ'S~S~"I~"i~"I~"Iili"'1&IT' E'IT'

yag po jay sen rok nang

yag po byas gsan rogs gnangPlease listen carefully.

1)."" 1)."'

5. "-W~~'~~"IaF ~"1~'''I''i"-'1 ",W~~'~~"IaF ~"I~"I"i"'1 nga la jay dhoe nang rok nang 6. ~"-'~"""I%"I'''I~""I~F ~"I~'''I''i",'1 ~"'~"'"I%"I-'~''1~'''I''i"-'1yang kyar chik soong rok nang

nga la rjes zlos gnang rogs gnangPlease repeat after me.

yang skyar gcig gsung rogs gnangPlease repeat it once again (for me).

-,:-, .c'-'

>1/

7. '5'~""i"-'"- "l"1 ha go song ngay

i,l! PUelS1QPUn nOh P!G sv:iiu :iiuos o:ii /J1f

8. Ol"l'll','ilj""r"i"-'! lag ha go rna songb~oti'o~o~olllb!tJ 081.&'J0'J~0~0f, L

pUelSlQPUn 1.Up!P I 'oN :iiuos /JUI o:ii vlJ s:ii1J[

llUOS llW 08 eq gill

ha go song ngas Did you understand it?11)

lags ha go rna song No, I didn't understand.

hellU llUOS 08 elj

LES SON THREEq a:;c3i'l:lj~,;j' m' a:;e3i'I:!j~,;j' ~r

-

3.1 The Surm ounte d and Subjo ined Conso nants DrillTibeta n"i~~'l.l "i~~'l.l~

Trans lit.

Pronu nciatio n ProDu

1J.'lf'l.l Il."'l.l' "i~llrl.l "i~llrl.l'j.,~l.j" j'lf~l,f

.~t:Q~ilid'dir:;1 t:e~t: :..ij"r:>.~t:. Q~ili i"il ng a ch u th oo ng zh in yo e .... ........ .... 4. t:,,o."i(,,:~ "A')(

nt habitual)

":~t:t:flJo.~urU/ilil fllr:>.~rurU/iliJ

_

nga ch u gr an g mo 'thung ma bzhin yo d hin ya I am dr in ki ng co ld water. (present Progressive)

~.-: ~--.:

.V'." . .'---

ng a ri dh ee gh an g la dr o ya yin

/'I),." "'" ....:~.~., . :~"~; ..

.S"l Q~ilio.S"l khas sh in g thu bzhin 'du os lh u hin kh oe ch u th oo ng zh in g do ok He is fet ching wo od . (Pr esent Progressive) 9. ,jJ.~.'S"I ",r>.~~'!;P'l~~r>.'S"Ira dhee tsa za zhin dook

ra 'dis rtsa za 'bzhin 'dug rlsa This goat is eating grass. fa kho bod la 'gro ya red He will be going to Tibet. chu 'Iii khol grabs 'dug This water isabaut to boil.

14. jili5"i"Clfr>.~"I~"i1 jii'i5"i"Ofr>.~'''l~''i1kho poe la dro ya re

15. .~~~~''ill~1 16.e:.l~e:.;~~r>.~~~~ilj~1 'plzrin nga tsho sang nyin rlung 'phrin nyan gyi yin nga tsho sang nyin loong trin nyen gyi yin We will listen to the radio tomorrow, tomorrow.

17. e:.' ct i5"i~"i~e:.~u:j"i1 d';i5"i'~"i~r:..'~Ui"i1nga Isho poe ke jang gi yoe ISho18.e:."I~e:. q'r>.1[ q~~ 'u:j"il 18. r:.."I~r:... 'S"I jiir:..'''I!lJ.l" ."i"l 24. jiir:..'g'F'''l''l' !l'q~~'r>."i"l~

khog tsho kha lag za zhin dook

'-,'-:, '-,'"

25. r:..' ct~"iiije:. a;"I';'ffi"l'~'ill~1 25, e:.' g'~'''iiijr:..' a;"Iq"'ru'lJ~ilj~1nga Isho do ghong !shag par log gi yin ISho tshag

_.,:

26. ~6~.;J",.;J,kilj~"i1 ~6'~'OJ'>;'OJ,kii(""i1tre'u de mar chong gi re

27. "'~Ft:.qi:i. ii"fF"Ofr>.'S"I '>;~Fr:..'.'S"Ira de khang pai thog kha la dook

28. ~''Ijile:. '~'>lJe:.' qr'l.'i5:"I"Clfr>."i"l ~''Ijiir:..'~'>lF;C~t:.J[~,,\1 30. .lj' .>;t;,.~.5'lJJ 4"1'",' .>;t;,. ",'.>;C' ;;;Oi '(),~JF'\r~(r 'j"i"""Ir:>." "Jfl'\r~(r"I,?r:>.'~"q;5""i,q. "I,?r.>..~"q;5""i"q.~c..q;5""i'~o>J.q. ~c.' q;5""i'llI"J'q' Q"'''J'r:>.~c. '''I''iZ\j' Q""o>J'r.>.~C.'''I''i~'

kung dga' mkhas grub (m,) (m.) gnya' khri btshan po (m.) srong btsan sgam po (m.) blsan pad ma 'byung gnas (m.) iha mo sgroi dkar (f) (f.) Iha lingos grub dbang mo (f) (f.) mig dmar sgrolma (f) (f.) dbyangs can bu 'khrid (f) (f.)

"e:

~'~'~n.r""I",' ~'~'~n.r""1"" ~'~.Q' Z\j'~-Q' "qc.',;f

~"j"" .~,, "9C.Z\j',;"i'S'f).~"

3.8 Useful Expressions1. c.'a;. a:;c."J'''J,?''J,q'ili''l'~1 c..a;. a:;c.o>Jo>J,?o>Jqili"l"~' nga tsho tshang rna nyam po 10k tho6,,-J'~c.'c.~, sen nang rna song ngey8. c.Z\j'Ulc.~",ilj"l'i"l c. ~UlC. '~","ilj"l'i"l ngey yang kyar 10k chok

~y

"

LESSON FOUR m .:6 ~ .L;j!C\ 'I;,JI 1:::)" mQ' .:6~' Q!C\'.t.I!~i.'.~w:Jr~~r.:;r>.5"1 .Ji'r>. ~'or:ll' ~'~r.:;'r>.5"1

l5.'i:

mi dhi la laa tsi yoe doog~. "ic;.OJ' ~r.:;'r>. 5"1'"I"ll ~'''ie. 'or~r.:;'r>. 'i"l'''I~'

~(;:;,

kho nang la yoe doog gayg 'r>.~. a;' ij' ~r.:;r>.5"1'''I''l1 EO 'r>.~' ~r.:;'r>.5"r"l~'

kho nang la yod 'dug gas Is he at home? ja 'til tsha po red 'dug gas 'di Is this tea hot?

.

,..:~ :,,:~

~

..-..-,.J-'" "",-,.J-'

ja dhi tsha po re doog gay

i:l~'.

4.4 Negation Known as r.:;"I"I'~ dgag sgra in Tibetan, there are mainly four negative particles used in Tibetan as oppossed to the four affirmative auxiliary verbs we have already discussed. There are two negatives ,;j ma and ~ mi that are prefixed to the auxiliary verbs or placed between the main verb and the .JJ auxiliary verb and the other two, j'j"i' min and .j)r.:;' med are postpositined to verbs. There are other ,j)r.:;' verbs, negatives but these four will suffice for the time being. being,Affirmative Auxilaries

fl~

:is "'-'\'

-

Negative Auxiliaries J,f~r.:;' J.f~r.:;'

ii,';;

~,r

i

Ul"i' 1'1.5"1 A5"1~r.:;'

.Ji"i' ~"i' Mr>.5"1 .j)r.:;' ,j)r.:;'

4.5 Examples of Affirmative and Negative Sentencesc;'~"1' ~"I'cij"i' e. 'ru"1' ~"I'Uj"i' nga lob took yinc;'r.:;~''li"i' j'j"i' e.'r.:;~''li''i'.Ji''i'

nga slob phrug yin I am (a) student. nga dge rgan min I am not (a) teacher. nga la dus tshod yod La I have (some) time,

nga ge ghen mincW5"llr.:;~r.:;I e.'I'll'5~'lr.:;'~r.:;,E0

nga la due tshoe yoe

&;J,

r

7L7"-

"\

t:.'or'.Sllj f"-W"-' a;;~ 'lJ~' Jjr:>.SIljkhong la nga tshoi par mi doog

f"-W i5'(ljIlj'~"- .q'''lllj';:j'Ui''ir:>.Sllj f"-'[1J' i5'[1Jllj'~"-'lJ"lIlj;:jUi"ir:>.SIlj

khong la ca lag rnying pa yag po yod 'dug khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe doog It seems he has good quality antiques.

wifi~~~~

f"-'(lfi5'[1Jllj'~'.q'''l''l';:j'Ui,\jj-r:>.'S''I f"-'(lji5(ljIlj~lJUl"l;:jUi,\jj-r:>.'S"I khong ta ca lag rnyingpa yag po yod mi 'dug la rnying pa yagpo khong la cha lag nying pa yag po yoe mi doog It seems he doesn't have good quality antique, antique.f"-'[1J'Il'ri~'Ui'\1 f"-r>.jIl'ri~Ui"1

khong la achor yoe

khong la a char yod La I have (a) towel for him. khong la bzhugs sa med I have no place for him (her) to stay, khong nga'i tsha bo red He is my nephew.

f"-'[1J' Q!3llj~'~' .ii"il f"-W "!3Ilj~'~' Ji"ilkhong la zhook sa mef"-'"-~'ih'.S"I f"- W "I'" 4"1'''I''l~'''l'Ui,\' Jj'r:>.S"I

"I'"

khong la pe shak yaar ya yoe mi doog

~j

94

4,6 Participation Drills

-- ~z:;;., -.. t:l.z:;;.'a;' ~f'll' ~z:;;.l r:l. z:;;.' a;' -..1 -..1 z:;;.'I:lj Ooll:lj 'I:lj'e:: ar ~z:; .1 z:;;. 'lIjOolllj 'lIj' ~z:;;.,Affirmative - . C'.. _-."_

c... _ Negative "'- ~r:l.~' a;'~f'll'a,j' ~~, t:l.~' a;'~f'll'a.l' ~~1~_

-

.......

c...

Co..

~'I:ljUlI:lj'I:lje:.' a.lW ~z:;;.1 ~ 'lIjOolllj'lIj'e;.' a,j' a,j' ~z:;;.,

-... ~

c... ~

-... ~

C'.. c...

" ~ t::..'a.ll:lj' Jilc.'''f ~"r:>, S"I ~e:. 'ClJ' .>J*'''l" ~'r:>,byi'u de tshang nang la mthong ya mi 'dug jiu de tshang nang la thong ya mi doog I cannot see the bird in the nest.ClJ"IIll'.>I'~,\1 C'];'fl'fll"l' ~'~'.>I' ~,\I fll"l'll.>I"~'\1 e.'J;fl'ClJ"I' ~'\I

byi'u de tshang nang la nyal 'dug gas jiu de tshang nang la nyal doog gay Is the bird sleeping in the nest?

11. c:: l'fl'ClJ"I' ~.~ ~,\'q~1 . t:: Ji'fl'fll"l' ~'~ ~,\'q'l{l nga tsho kha lag za gi redpas red pas nga tsho kha la za gire pay Will we be eating the meal? 12....~fie:.Ji~~~q.>IJ~'\q~1 12...t.~fie:. 'l'l{'~'I{'q'.>I' ~'\' q'l{l ra de khong tshosnyos pa ma redpas red pasra de khong tshoi nyoe pa rna re pay Didn't they buy that goat?13.fic"I~fllIIi,\~~r:>,'\"I"I~1 13.fie. '''I~ClJ'1< ..>Ii,\'~' ~r:>, '\ "1'' 1'1{1 /chong gsol ja mchod kyi mi 'dug gas khong so ja cho kyi mi doog gay Isn't he/she drinking the tea?~

lags rna red nga tsho kha lag za gi rna red laa rna re nga tsho kha la za gi rna re No, we will not eat food.

fll"l'll' ~'\I fll"llll'

..t.'~'fie. g'l{'~'I{.q' ~,\I ....~fic g~'~~'q'~'\1

lags red ra de /chong tshos nyos pa red laa re ra de khong tshoi nyoe pa re Yes, they bought the goat.

fll"l'll' ~'r:"1~'''I:lit::../

;--

,--

15S"'nril,,r.>.~r.>.:i.ii,\ J~ill 'I"t::..J,t::.'t1J' Q:t". ~"r.>.'\"I'''I~I,",:/l~

mgron po de mgron khang nang la bsdad mi 'dug gas dron po de dron khang nang la de mi doog gay Isn't the guest staying in the guest house?

lags mi 'dug khong bzhugs mi 'dug laa mi doog khong shook mi doog No, he is not there.

ii,;".;iii,';-

17~o>Jw ~r"l"Il,\r.>. '\"1 ~.>Jw ~r"l"Il,\fl. khrom la~spru gu g~ tshod 'dug tom la too gu ga tshoe doog IaHow many children were there at the market?;c{:Jj?;,:Jj-

~.>J"1lJ"~'Ilj' .>Jt::.. ;:j.~. ~'fl.')"1 ~o>J"t1J"~'''I' .>J[;.' ;:j'~' :i"l' ~'r.>.,,"1

khrom kz spru gu mangpo zhe drag 'dug tom la too gu mang pozhe drak mi doog There are not many children at the market.~'\. ~[;. wi'\'~"I'"j"Oi'''I~~' ".>J'r.>. ~". J,t::. wi1\'~"I"'Oi'''I~~' ".>J'fl. ~"1 snod nang la zho gog lei 10 gnyis tsam 'dug Lanoe nang la zho gok ki 10 nyee tsam doog There are approximately 2 kilos of potatoes in this pot. pOL"I.llfl.'~' a:Ji:\ .~~. ~"I' ~ ~.ctji!)' "I.1lr.>.'~'a:Ji:l'~:li'~"I' ~~etjilll gza' nyi ma'i nyin dreg rtsis yin zaah nyi mai nyin drek tsee yin I am planning to mow it on Sunday.

~-

18.~,\r.>.~1>::lit::.-nri'\~"I"Il,,r.>.~"1 18.~,\fl.~1>: ~[;. -nri1\~IljIljl')fl.~"1 snod 'di'i nang La zho gog ga tshod 'dug noe dhee nang la zho gok ga tshoe doog How many potatoes are there in this pot? jXltatoes

19iFI"i:\.!Ilj~~r~Ilj~tili!)' 19iFI"i:l.!"I~~r~"I~'tililll

spang kha'i rtsa ga dus dreg kyi yin rlsa pang khai tsa ga due drek kyi yin When will you mow the lawn?t{;; tJ"r.>.~l~i:l~'\1 20.J;0i".>J"fl.~l~i:\ ~,\I

!:;;..1'

tsha 10 ma 'di tsho su'i red tsha 10 rna dhi tsho sui re Whose oranges are these?2Lil'\"Ig,)~,\1 21.il'\"Ig"~"1

1.r;0i.>ir.>.~l"t1J" Q'\"I';:j' ~'.r.>.,,"1 I .r;0i ..Jfl.~l-nrQ,\"I;:j~.fl.,\"1 , tsha 10 ma 'di tsho la bdag po mi 'dug La La tsha 10 rna dhi tsho la dak po mi dook . These oranges have no owner.~

g,\,\'l!')[;.~')"r ~"I a;' g".,,'lJ'''t::..~,\,''I' :i.,)' ~ ~~

~.'J

.

chu tshod ga tshod red chu tshoe ga tshoe re What is the time?

ehu tshod dgu dang phyed 1m red lea chu chu tshoe ghoo dang che ka re The time is 9.30. 9.30.

-

22.5'\:q;, 2.~"I~~tii[;. ~til~1 22.5'\' .:z:>:.2.~"I~~tilt::.~til:liJ

[;..2:~'i' ,t,\, Q~'" J"l ."t1J"tilt::. .~.ctj~nga snga dro chu tshod rgyad pa yoL nas skar rna Lnga la yang gi yin nga dro chu IShoe gye pa yow nay kar rna tshoe nga la yon gi yin I will come 8.05 in the morning, morning.~t::.'i' g'), "~J 'I' ilill"lllj~'[ij,,' .>l'lf~'[ij,,'

skad snyan lodhow melodious?

JJ'lj~',Q' JJ1lj~' ii'

5.7 Examples of Adjectival Interrogative Sentences

1."q' a;r:>.~,g,'lf~ "'nl'" ~'" 1."iq' a;r:>.~'l''lj~ "'n:i", ~"Idpe cha 'di tsho gsar lad red lod How new are these books?

"iq'a;'o.~'l'.Q"i' "q'a; 'o.~' g',Q"i' "i~'[ij''lf~JJ' ~"I~

dpe cha 'di tsho than nas 10 gsum red cfza thon It is 3 years since these books were published,

2jiil:;.'~'?'r:>.~' JJ'lf~'nl,,'. "illj .>l"0l'lf ~:~'rl"I~''lf''lfi5''1'JJ' ~"I .>l"I~''lf''lf~''I' {iiI:;. khong gi rta 'di mgyog ga gcig rna red 'eli This horse of his is not a fast one. one,~'l"Ol"l~'~'J'l'Ol"l'~JJ' ii'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf .JfOl"l~'~'fl'Ol"l'~JJ' ,Q'~'~"I'r:>.S'lf

a ma lags kyo kha lag zhim po zhe drag 'dug Mother's cooking is very delicious,

5'5"'~'''I'Q'r:>.~'l''lf'j~'[ij''i'o.Sllj 5,5"'~'''I' Q'r:>.~' g''lf'j~'[ij,,'o.S''lgur gyi ka ba 'di tsho gtan lod'dug How stable are these poles of the tent?

~"i'.il'r:>.S'lfskyon mi 'dug Not too bad,

,V J 'V

60 ,\0.:I;,C. o~olfle:. 0 "1''\~'''i;Y''lr,p'ii,,\'r.>.'S''I ~ ,\~oQjil)"l"liii,\r.>.'S"l 6. '\' ~'~'lflC;'~ "1 0 khyod rang gi ang rtsis dge rgan yag lad 'dug lod How good is your math teacher?7.~~~r.>.~r.>.E.~iii"i'r.>.'S"I 70~~r~r.>.~r.>.E.Jioiii'i"r.>.'S"l grum rtse 'di 'jam lad 'dug lod

c:.i'i:~e:.0 ~ 'Ir,\~oQjil)0 ~"1"10 ,\.>l0 q0r.>. 'S"l d'i:~c::~ "1',,\~'''iil\'~"I~r"\JJ'q,r.>.)"l

nga'i ang rtsis dge rgan sgrigs dam po 'dug My math teacher is strict. ql1"1"1 0 r.>. ~o r.>.E..>l0 qOIfl~0 r.>. 'S"1 .>l0 ~o .~'r.>.E.~.q'\ll~'~'r.>.'S"I bzhugs grum 'di 'jam po a'u rtsi 'dug This carpet is quite soft, softo ij"1 0 .>lij,\.>lil)0 q~O$0.>l0 ~FI .ii"l'JJij,,\JJil\' . 'Sfle:. .~..ii"l' Jiijoiii,\or< 'S"I 8.,,\iljil\' ~B. r.>.'S'flC; o~o ij"l0 ~.ii'iii,\!.,,\"1 9.~ g"'l' o~,\o~il)iii,\r.>.,\"1~

-

.. '0 "",.,,.>.C.;

ne tso ya tsho skad snyan lod 'dug lad How melodious are those parrots up there?

e:. "1 0 gr:>,'llI"\'''l'l\' qO~il)0 ,;J'\I ~o e;, "1'~' gB.lll'\"l'l! q'~il\' ,;J"\I ngas ne tso'i skad yag po nyan med I did not listen to their sound properly, properlyo

~0.

1Ooe:.B.Jio Ji~~~o lie:.'Ifc;':4:'iii,,\'!J~f "l~' JJa;o>J~f

steng 'og phyogs bcu phyogs bzhi mtshambzhi

teng hog chogchu chogzhi tsham ISham zhi

upward downward ten directions four directions four intennediate directions

(c) Complete the following sentences with the appropriate auxiliary verbs and translate: 1.g~t:.I'lC'Jr:>.jilj""1 1;.' g~e:.i'lClJr:>.jilj"""",~

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

t:.. jiie:.'gE./UFilj o>J.........., jiit::g'E,'/Ult:.'ilj'.>J.........., '11"1" ~"I.~. a::t:..~t:. 'ClJ''.fr.......... . 1"1' a::e:.'~e:. 'J .fr

nga tsho zhing kha la 'gro gi ...... ... . khong tsho ja 'thung gi ma ...... .. stag phrug de tshang nang la mi .... .. spu gu 'di 10 bcu gsum ........ . khyed rang ga nas yong ba ........ . smyu gu de su 1 ...... . t srnyu nga rkang pa na gi ....... ... pha gi bod kyi gyag .... .. . de nga'i gos thung ma ...... . 'dJ.lg drung yig lags da Ita bzhugs 'thlg .......,.

~':Ir:>.~ni"l~"I~Jf .. 1 ~'j'r:>.~ni"l~"I~Jf......,

6,\.J.........( , :'~e:. '.,\"13. jiie:.w~r:>.S"lS' fiit:.C'J~r:>.S"lSI 4. jiie:.gUie:.ilj"l';'J~'\16.t:.'C'J'~"Iwr:>.S"I e:.w~"I'Jfr:>.S"I

--

~~

,

7. ~c.Uj~r.>.Q~r.>.5"1"I~1 ~c:Uj'~r.>.Q~'r.>.5"1"I~1

khong yi ge 'dri gi 'dug gas mo chu thung gi min

8. Jf~r.>.~C.~~"'1 Jf~r.>.~C.~~"'1/

(1) Transform the following statements into interrogative sentences:.~Q~.ij~~~J.!~"I~"1 r.>.~Q~.ij~~~J.l~"I~"14. "-J.!~"i~r.>.5"1 l:.J.l~"i~r.>.5"1

nga mgo na gi 'dug khong deb !dog gi mi 'dug

5. ~"-~Qffi"l'~~r.>.5"1 ~l:.~Qffi"l~~r.>.5"1'0;. '0:

5.9 Useful Expressions~>

~.S"l"iJ.l"I.ij~"IC.r.>.:ir.>.5"1 ~. S"l"iJ.!"I.ij~'''I"-r.>.!'i'r.>.5''1

de ru naam shi gang dra doog;;;:r 1:i:t

de ru gnam gshis gang 'dra 'dug How is the weather up there?

,w2c

~C':~. JrA5"1'''I~1 ~C:~JrA5"1'''I~1 drang gi mi doog gay

grang gi mi 'dug gas Don't you feel cold? khyed yig gzugs yag po 'dug You have a good hand writing. tog tsam bzhugs long yod pas Do you have some time to stay? nga mgyogs po 'gro dgos yod I have to go soon.

/l;Hi ~Hi

,,'Uj"l'''I~ "I~'''l''l' q. r.>.5"1 "'Uj"l'''I~"I~'''l''l' . 5"1 khye yik zook yag po doog

tl;,~

ii'J.l' Q~"I~aiC. ~~I ~"I' ilJ.!' Q~"I~.a;c:. Gi,, 'l~1tog tsam zhook long yoe pay

\i\',~; li\',~,

C.'J.l"I~1'iA~ ,,~~'Gi"1 "-'J.!"I~'1'iA~ "~~'Gi"1~;fi

nga gyok po dro goe yoeA~~"I~;j.I;"i1'i~!'i"l' A~~"I~';j.I;"i i:i'~' :i"l' ~"I dhi nyok dra chern po zhe drak re~. ~ .,.J.l'''l''l'1'i' q~", .~. ~"I ',. J.!'''l''l'i:i' ~"il

t,:;i t,:i

'di snyogs sgra chen po zhe drag red This is a big problem.de ring nyi rna yag po bstan sa red It is going to be nice day today.

"'..t;,'@,;} @,iY

de ring nyi yag po rna ten sa re"it,,,.;:, t..?'

~~s-

~:.~' g."l' ~'ljZ\rS,,\'i>lflil\'.~,g'''l'~'ljZ\rS''\'Iflil\,a;''\'I'~,,\1 khyi phrug 'di tsho la rogs byed mkhan yod ma red puppies, khyi took dhi tsho la rok je khen yoe rna re There is no one to look after these puppies.

9. WI:IJ'~r.i:~t:.W~"'J.I''lj~I'.i:i'r.>.~'lj''lj~1 WI:lJ~r.l:~e:.W~"'J.I'lj~i>l.i:ir.>.~'lj'lj~1 lcog rtse'i sgang la thur ma gsum mi 'dug gas chok tsei gang la thoor rna soorn rni doog gay Aren't Aren'! there three spoons on the table? 10. ~'lj'~i:\'~t:.."l'~"'J.I''lj~'lI'~t:.'.i:i'r.>.~'lj ~'lj~i:\~e:.w~ ...J.I'lj~'lI~e:..;rr.>.~'lj lcog rtse'i sgang la thur rna gcig kyang mi 'dug chok ISei gang la thoor rna chik kyang rni doog tsei There isn't even one spoon on the table. e:. 11. c:.i:\$.~,g'~','r.>.~,g'nr~,,\1 'l5r.>.~g'~',r.>.~gnJ~"\1 ku shu dhi tsho pu gu dhi ISho la re tsho17. iiic:.' gSiii$'lj...'ir.>.~~ J.I' ~"\1 g,,\iii'$'lj"'ir.>.~'~ ~,,\I khong tsho da 10 gya gar du dro lei rna re

tsho spu gu 'di tsho la red These apples are for these children. children,

~di

khong tsho da 10 rgya gar du 'gro gi rna red They will not go to India this year.

18.1:IJ-'lr.>.'~J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~'''''l''lI,,\'a:i''lj'~P.~'lj 18. 1:lJ-'lr.>.'~'J.I'''l',,\J.I'lj'~''''''l''lI''\'a:i''lj'~'r:>.~'lj gza' nyi rna la dmag sgar la ltad mo ga re 'dug zah nyi rna la rnaag ghar la tey rna ga re doog What show was there at the garrison on Sunday? mo

19. e:.i:\~l:i"lI:lJ~~flil\e:.I'1l~.i:ir.>.~'lj . 19, t:.i:\~l:i"lI:lJ~~'flil\t:.W~.i:ir.>.~'lj ngai rna wo lag kyi kha nang la so mi doog rno20. flil\' it...~iafJ~'LJ' >fJ~'LJ'8. ~'IS"l

~'" t'\Q~' f'\Q~'"F~i1i' ~iIi'al'''l~''~' ar"'~"Il~'

~"l

phyag zhobs zhabs shang spyan sku gzugschab

:t:~ :t:.

9. Jl"I Ji"I

10. "I~"l~'i:j'11..'): ..~ }),

~.

a;'l" a;'rt'\nJ.;j~ I~'

12. 1~' I~' 13. 1f[Q'.if IEl"17. >fJ~' ~'i' 18. j!j'19. "l'iili' 20. ~~'19 ~~'I9

~'f"l)Q' ~"I""I)Q't'\Q~'~Jl' f'\Q~'~Jf

~i1i'"1nJ'' ~iIi'"1rll~Q~'~'i' ~Q~'~'i'

w,;~

zhal mchu zhalm chu phyag mdzub phyag gdub zhabs !ham spyan shel zhabs sud

i'f;}'

/:

QI.1"l~'i!i' QI.1"l~'i!i'QI.1"l~"l'iili QI.1"1~"l'iili"i't~~. "i't~~'

bzhugs khri throne gzhugs gdan mattress dbu mgas dbum gas pillow

~6

6.6 Some honorifics have more than one level:Ordina ry r.>.~'Q' 'gra ba 'gro

,k'{;

'i4Q~'LJ'phebs pa "i4Q~'L J'phebs

Lower

~"i''&,i:}'

khyad khyod

6'1'~

a;Q'll'Q~"'"lilil:. chibs sgyur gnang a;Q'!rQ~"'"lili!;.

Highe r

Englis h, h.

1iYi'

shi ba ~.;j~' sems ~I~' "I~l:.LJ gdong pa "I~~'LJ' chung rna ,!.;jLJ rstarn pa ,!I'LJ'~l:.'.;j' ~~'I'

4''' 4""

khyed ~l:.LJ grongs pa ~~'LJ' grong spa thugs zhal ras lcam

al'~'i' ~ &'~'i'

sku nyid

to go you

'i9l:.~'LJlf"l'll 'i9!;'~LJlf"l'!j

.Ij"l~' .Ij"'~'

t'\nJ...~ f'\rll ... \li.;j' \lil'

.J,1'.;j6i1i .J,II6i1i "liil...t'\nJ "Iiil ...f'\rll"l'!j!;.'~Jf "l~l:.'~Jl'

~..;; 1:. ;

.

"l~nJ'~Q' gsal zhib "l~rll'~Q' gsol

dgangs pa rdzags pa ~ie dgongs rdzogs .~f1l' tj' r.>.~fll'~

'lj~IloI'~'''l' 'Ij~~'~~ ",,'q'

'ljW "IW'lj~...:.:.'"l' ~"il 1. fi""I")~"r.>..:t.-"l"~"i1

Fe:.'ZlJ''S''l'i4"l'll' q' ~"il fi~ '''l's''ri4q"r '" ~"il/chong ga dus phebs pa red khongkhong ga due pheb pa re When did he arrive?

w/l /:

/cho ga dus 'byor ba red kho kho ga due jor va re

ti~ ti!4

2. F-"I'''l'A~'~'~"if F-"I""l"r.>.~"~' ~"il /cho ga ba 'gro gi red kho kho ga pa dro ki re

Fe. '''I""l'i4"l"l'"IiI)e:. '~' ~"if fi~ '.,. "l' i4Q"r "IiIi~ ~"il/chong ga ba phebs gnang gi red khong khong ga va pheb nang gi re Where is he going?~'~ili'''Je.rll'Uiq ~'~i!i',;je.nrUiq

-~ .~

3. "le.'~iI)'~"IUie. 'I 3, ~~ '~iIi' ~"I'Ui~h',;;;";

sang nyin thug yong sang nyin thoo yong4. "l..:.:.'fiie.'f 4, "I.:t.'fii~'1 yarlong yar long

mja/ sang nyin mjal yang sang nyin jay yong See you tomorrow. tomorrow,

t:t

"l":':" "l~e. "l':.~",Clli'i"lEJ"i~C::1 r:>.~"-wi'i"lEJ"i~C::1 'di nga la khos sprad byung dhi nga la khoi trey joong

His hand is long.

t ~'''I''lwi'i",'~''l'''Ii1iC:: 'S"-'I r::>. ~'''I''lwi'i"-'~''l'''IiliC:: 'S",'I 'di gus la khong gis gnang byungdhi gue la khong gi nang joong~'i'ic::.~.j;';j~'~'~"il ~'i'ic::.~. j;';j~'~' ~"il

-

.-

He gave me this to me.

10. ~'i'ii!i'\7"~r~"i1 ~'i'ii!i'\7'~'~"i1 de kho'i rta sga red de khoi ta gha re

de khong gi chib sga red de khong gi chib gha re

?-o,

That is his horse saddle.

6.10 Exercises for Lesson six(a) Translate into TibetanI

1. I have two long legs. 2.. He 2. 'He has no cows. 3. They have twenty seven pigs. 4. Who has a better camera? 5. I have the film for you. 6. This is the biggest dog in the shrine. 7. We will go to America in March. 8. She will show this photograph to my mother. 9. I will not go to China in December. 10. Where are the bigger oranges? (b) Fill the blanks of the sentences and transliterate into Tibetan:l. 1.

2.3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

............... khrom la 'gro gi min ........... .... khong kha lag za gi ma ........... .. nga la deb bzhi yod pa .............. . La khyod spyi zla dang por yang gi yin ....... . .. zLa Lags .. ........... nga'i a ma lags ma ............ khong tsho bal yuL la ......................... ... yul bod ......... gyag mang po .............. . ........... sang nyin mchong gi ............ . shog gu de khong gi yin ................ chu tshod 'di khyod rang ....... yin

110

II. 1112. 13. 14. 15.

zhva mo de da Ita ............. 'dug ......... ......... .yong gi 'dug gas .yong nyi ma'i mdun ........ su bsdad 'dug nga'i lag ......... sor gdub ...... . 'di ......... la ston gyi ............ . Ia

(c) Express and memorize the following Tibetan quotations:r~~~.r 'S'Ule;'aJ' ~Tf1I::.1 r~Z.j'q'~"i' r:tQ"I';' ruq'~'rlfr:t j' Q' ~"il kho zho k kay tag par lob dra la dro kho zhok kay tag par lob dra la drova re va re

L ..C'~9""Il1/' ;"1'Ji'.l'5c:.'orS'rii"l'or~'-'l'~'Jrll'A~~' 't.",mo tom la dro ki re

mo khrom la 'gro gi red La She will go to the market. khyod tsho khrom fa 'gro gi redYou will go to the market.

3. ~"i' g'~.>J'rll'A~'~' 't."il ~z::;"g"~J"Ol"Il.~"~"::Jf.i'~Oi'Q~a;..,willOiI y, n this letter on Sunda y. In:ai ngay yi ge dhi zah nyi lll;ai nyin dree tshar ya yin I will have writte i rna'i nyin bzos tshar ya red 2. F~j'le:..''l'~~'''I''~'~'.>Jf.i'~Oi'Q~~'a;'>;''I:i.''1 2, pi~'J'le: 'l~~"I"P.~.>Jf.i~"iQ~~a::",-"l:i."1 khos khang pa 'di gza'ny built this house on Sunda y. khoi khang pa dhi zah nyi mai nyin zoe tshar ya re He will have khyod kyi bu 'dis sang nyin las ka tshar rgyu red ~~~e:.~Oi(lj~"Ia;"'~:i."1 3. ~"~S~~~~e:.~"i(lj~"Ia::",~:i."1 3, work. Your son will have finished the work tomorr ow. khyo kyee bu dhee sang nyin lay ka tshar gyu re-Perfe 7.8 Cond itiona l Perfe ct Tensein the past if the condit ion was As the name implies, this tense is used to show an action occurr ing Oi' ional phrase consis ting of "i' na ons, not affecte d by some other situations. This is formed by the condit verb, Q'~'" (if) ... and then adding "l'~'" ba yod (would have) after the main verb. '"

fa nga la snag tsha yod no ngas yi ge 'bri ba yod "Ia::~""ie:.~iililj~QQUi"1 e:.(lj~"Ia;~"Oie:.~illiij~QQUi"1 I would have writte n the letter if I had the ink. nga la naak tsha yoe na ngay yi ge dri va yoeF(lj;J5'~,,')e:.W"l"l",-Q~"1 pi'(lj' ;J5~"'0ie:. w"I"I"" Q'~"I kho la iiyoo gu yoe na nga la yaar wa yoe

la kho fa smyu gu yod na nga la gyar ba yod He would have lent me if he had the pen.

nyo ba la khyod fa pad shag yod na khang pa 'di nyoba yod ~"(lj'l""9"1u:i""i'j'le:.'lp.~f"lUi"1 ~"'(lj''l''-9''1u:i''Oi"J'le:.'lp.~fQUi''1 1:>ought this house if you had the khyo la pe shak yoe na khang pa dhi nyo va yoe' You would have bough , money .7.9 Table of Tense Term inatio ns differe nce is in the past and tenses, The follow ing table gives the terminations of all the tenses. The main particl eQ'ba and the media l particle "l'ba for a;""tsh future perfect, which is characterized by a::",-'tshar meaning "finish" s in the conditional perfect Ui,, condit ional perfect. The termination Ui", yod is used for all three person of present tense. While the but it canno t be used for the 2nd the 3rd as it is used in the 1st person media l particle are chiefly follow ing terminations can be used on the whole for all verbs, their nol ba (pronounced wa) as not all base, govern ed by the final of the verb base. The choice is betwee n po and n, classic al grammatical rules are observed in spoken Tibetan.

""-'" "" -"/

t{

Te ns es Ten ses

Pr sen t Pre es en t Past Past Fu tu re Fut ure Pr sen t Pe rfe t Prees en tPer fecct Pa t Pe fec t PasstPer rfe ct

1st pe rso 1st per son n ''j"Oj'i' "j"''l'i', .

.

2ndd&& 3rdd per son 2n 3r Derson .j'~'til"il

r:>.j"rt'il,,\! r:>.j"'rtil"il r:>.j'.gr::.'1 flr::.'Jr:>.~'Q'Ui"1 r:>.~'Q'Ui"1r:>.j'~'~"\1 r:>.j'~'~"il2. is'''l>l'mQ'~'']' is'''I>l'ruQ'~'']'

ilJc:.q'Ui", q~1I il~'~'D.'S"I

"iljz;r tl~1 "iilj~' Ll~13, ""I'~r~ilJ'r..~,g, ""I'~i"~i.'S,"I i!.,\' q' jj' r:>.rs,"I"Ic:..q,r:>.'i'll "Ir::.,q'r:>.'i"lv

r:>.~' '5' tl"l'll'~'.'\"I'''I''i1-CJ~ "i' q- ~'\. .'i9 5. -tj'Q'~'~'~-'l'q~.l\'1J.'i9 sha wa de tsho ts3 za zh tsa in daog iu do~

.'''} .".~

6.Qllf~~ Q'~' i'''lc.'~1J.5' 'q'~' i"lc.~t:\5"1 '1 ta ko r wa de !sho ya ng Ish

gi daog do

e: ,'.'",;

,.

8.3 Pa st Pr og re ss iv e Th e pa st progressive. ten se is used to show what was happening 'at a sp Th is is formed by addi ecific time' in the past. ng iIi'!l'qll!'i' na s bs da d ilil!l'q~'i' between the past ten se auxiliary verb, verb and 'the appropria te1. t;.' ~''i'\l'~'9~tIj Ql!l'iii''\I' c:.' '9'~'lr Q'! *1' q~'i'''l'\1 Q~'i'''l,\! v nga de du e yi ge zhig dr ee nay day yoe ya~

'.',

2, 6'\Silic:.'Q~l!ll'''i'!lq~,\t 6'\Silic:.'q~'! '''il!l'q~,\'IJ. :\'i''l 'i''l~

ng a de dus yi ge zh ig br is na s bs da d yo d At that time I was writing a letter. kh yo d da na ng bl ta s na s bs dn d 'dug

1 L I

khyoe da nang tay nay de doog

You were looking this morning.khong tsho nyin dgung ja btung s nas bsdad

Q~,\r.>.5"1 r5c."l' flC" 3. flC:' .t~il\'\jc.E.J::r5c.>.5"1 'dug tsho khong !Sho nyin dgung ja tooog nay de doog

They were drinking tea in the afternoon.

8.4 Futur e Progr essivebe going on up to or at a The future progre ssive tense is used to express future actions that will betwe en the main verb and certain time in the future. This is formed by adding the word ~~. rtsis the appropriate auxiliary verb.c.'~'~'r:>.~i'~~'~il\1 1. c.'~'~'r.>.~i" ~~'~il\1 tsee nga yi ge dri !See yin

nga yi ge 'bri rtsis yin I will be writing the letter. bIla khyod bila rtsis red You will be looking. kho ja 'thung rtsis red He will be drinking tea.

[9,\' Q'll" >.Q"r~il\1

tshar nga nang jong !Shar na yi ge dri ya yin

tsha,. nga nang sbyong tshar na yi ge 'bri ya yin If I finish my homework I would be writing the letter.'0 rna

[9'\il\r::.~r::..>J;t;"'~A r~c." ..r:l ;t;...~A ..I'~c."lr ..I':l'Q ''''l' S"l'~"l'' Q~,\' L.I/ljil\1 Ia nga dgon pa la 10 nyi su tham pa ehas sbyas nas bsdad pa yin nga gom pa la 10 nyi shu tham pa choe jay nay de pa yin I have been studying Dharma in the monastery for twenty years.

j

J..L.U ..lL.U

I'" /

2. 6'i' 'i;'l'i'''I~i'I'.....t::.. ~"riJl"l'aa:i"r q~,\" q' :tu.&bl'7.le.'' - ;

-

-eJD- .'F.Ie.let;.tu.'::lie..du.l'> b~'tJ.ib.'r1; .~'r .b.!qt; .l'>~ .~~.tu. '::lle,~ '::lle.~ '_...... ""

1~'tJ.l'z.~,.........,........., 1~'tJ.1'z .~m.ib.'rb'tJ.b:b.bf;.Ie~b. Ie.tiI'tJ.& Ie .b~.l'z .&!''b.~.'r b.''::l Ie.~.';2 .''::l .L. m.ib.'r b'tJ.b:b.bPi.1e ~b. Ie.til'tJ.& le.b~.I'z .&l'>b.~.'rb. :lie .~.'iP. L ,......

"-

l~'r,ib.'rb'tJ.~tu.'::l'r.lefO.1e.tb'tJ.&Ie .l:7~.l'z .&I''b I~'r .ib.'rb'tJ.~tu. '::l'r. lefO.1e .lil'tJ.&Ie .l:7~.1'z --.....,... .... .....,...... ..... ,.....

-

"-

"...

-~ -~

l~m.m.lil'tJ.&Ie .b~.1'z .&I''b.l~ ~ .&l' ';P!' .&-.tum.tub.';I? l~m.m,Iii'tJ.&Ie.b~.l'zJ>:Zl''b.l~~ .&!'>;Pl''>.& .tum.tub.:zb-b.!''~b.&~.~ l~'r .~m.l'z.bm.I'z.I''~.'::l!b.3? .fub-b.l'>~b.& ~.~ -.- ..-,.... ."'.

--

".. "...

I~'r .~m.~tJ.b.&b-b.l''leb.tu.~b . ' .&~.~ I~'r.~m.~'tJ.b.&b-b,l''leb.tu.~b &~.~ Z ,'....., ,--

Ilem.m.!b'tJ.tu.~b.tu. ' tJl'z.le~b.~ .~.2 gV.1lJd wnq, (vd WDl(l !J1[Jf 21l(: mq 2v.1lJdgu01s UlDlJl !.11pf 21lp) 2v.1lJd gu01s 2n.1p v2u mq v2Ul vtfiJ.1q S!AU guols g!lJ:> fJn.1p vtffJ.1q SJAU guo1s g!lJ:J fJuols 2l1p guOls 21l(:> ', gp2 gV.1lJd guols

.~b'.b~.rt't:tJ .~b'.b~.rt'tltJ~ ~

b~b.tn.& b~b.tn.&'

.rt't:tJ.b'f b-b.b~.t>t;tJ .rt'tltJ.b'i' b-b.b~.rt'StJ.h.rt'ts.~.b,!, .b'.bf;;.~~ .h.rt't!.~.b,!, .b'.b~.~~

b~.~.b' ./(,.~b' .&~.~If. .b'i' b~.~.b'./(,.~b'.&~.~If..b'f~ ~ ~

.~~ ,b,!, b~b.bf.7. ~~

--

0000001 000001 00001 9~ZI 9~Z1 0001

TrT

IjL

(b) Repeat the following sentences by filling in the Tibetan equiva lents of the English phrases: 1. He would have been cI imbing the mountain yesterday morni ng if it had not rained. nOI he yester day morning rain not fall if mountain climb to . go would have f"" f'~"" ~,~. if,-';''-I' Pl"l;"" """lI'l""1 flJ'!I'f!"" 'l!..a' :l;",' ~",'Uj"l'~'flJ'!I'''I' :,/'lI'Jj'll''''I!!!,\'q'!lj''i1 ~",'Uj"l'~ 'I1J.'~'1"'"'i!:~ ..... 'I!:~"".

"I-'lr>.'~'"'I'''l' "I;jr>.'~' I'r>!'

on Sunday in the morning at five late at regularly immediately prior to at that time immediately just befOre going before at one (first) at sunrise quickly slowly

'e','r.r re>:r.r~'q'

1':,..]~iil.3)1At this very time I am going outside.

1 now very outside to go will do 111011'

~ '---

9.4 Vobaculary"I~'''i' "I~'''i'

"I~'5.' "1"-'5,'"i~'''i'

~~"l':i' ~~Qr:r"i~'n:)"l'') "i,,-'n:)"1'')~

where inside outside in front right sideabove below

"i~'5.' "i~'5,'

~'''i'

~.~.

~'n:)"I':i' ~'n:)"I''l'...""

ISc:.' q' ~"i ':;)' ib Q]~' ql'l"\' r:l.fl->;! ISC::' q'~"i':;J' ibQ]~' qi nl l\\,"r(Jf.l.~')"'I::')ql::i5"i' ). 5.0;- .l\"'~' ,,"io;'l'''I'''I 1JJ! '3'''' l Bud dha and Dh arm a and San gha are rare excellence three are . Bud dha , Dh arm a and San gha are the, three precious jewels.

4. ~I:: ~'~'')C:'I 4_ ~c: ~'~~ ~'WI

10. 2 'il::' used for cat ago rizi ng or ,\C:' distinguishing~

one from oth er com pon ent s:

L;.;; L;\

,,h\ ,t:.\

1. f.l.~q:.~ q~"I'lr::i"l~r 21'').~Fq ~o; (J',\I::'! ~"l'q~"l' "l~"i' (J'')1::'1 f.l.9" (J'"C:', ~""J', and ')iij' ,\.>J'. ~.>J'J' .>JiiJ" [lj.>J' "l.>J' ')"l' expresses 'or', 'or else', 'either..... or' and 'neither ..... nor'. They are used to enlist particulars oj 'either. .... a specific catagory, express a doubt and form interrogatives:1, ,\q",'J1 ,?!"l'q;;"l'~1

organ five there are lry!e, nose, ear, tongue and body together are lryie, There are five organs. ,They consist of eyeS, nose, ears, tongue and body.~'''I~M~I C?l"'l'''l.>JI t:: "I"I.>JI "1,\' q'W~1 2. ~'''I~iil'~1 ,?!"""'.>JI "-"I,,/.>JI "1'\' q"""~1 door three there are body, speech and mind together are The three doors consist of body, speech and mind.3. ~q'iij.ljA'~'q' Q~' 'iiI S' Q"/'~' qP,.>J1 iij~'~' J1 ~.>J"" ~iij' J/ '\3'iij' '-1' q"""~1 ~q' .>J.ljA'~ ~I S Q"I'~' qA.>JI .>J~'~' J1 ~.>J"l' ~"l' JI '\3' "l' Q' qi'i"'l'~1 doctrine exponent four there are particular exponder, Sutra group, mind only group and middlt together are The four (Buddhist) schools are: The Particularist, Sutra, Mind-Only and Middle way.Q,\'fll' "l' Q,\'~'\'''l''l' J"I' q'q",Ji' kind -hearted ~"l"l' q'q"e:.' J' qt') ilil Ic>J' qt')Ilj~' q~'~

1 Z;;;'",!'f!' Z;;;Ilj' iE>ili ''''!ili 1 "''''l'r' ;J~' "Ilj'iE>ili''''liliI .~ ~

......

c.....

"'' 'l' '~

~

......

"'-

The crafty who displays a good conduct and speak gently Should not be trusted until he has been examined. Although the peacock has a beautiful form and melodious voice, It lives on great poisonous foods. foods,Iq~ili'5!~'l"r ~f11' qlij~'~'I1~1 q!lj~'~'I1~1 Iq~ili'5!~'l"r~~

"'-

...,., .......

~ lf11ili'Ilj~Ilj' ili'5:~r lf11 ili'Ilj'5Ilj' q~ili' 5,'~' L,rz;;; ~I

'"~

.r"~

q!i1~' 1~c>J' ili' ~t:. ',?Z;;;. q!il.~' 1:.r"'!ilil

ili'

.'?".

~

~

Iqz;;; ili'l:.J~'~~~t:. 5Ilj~'l:.J~1 Iq"ili' J;.j~'~~'~t:. '5Ilj~' J;.j~1-,-;.:: -."::

~

-

'" J;.j"'lilil~

~

If one thinks, 'I have tricked the others with a lie,' Then one has indeed, cheated oneself A man who has once told a lie, I Will cast doubts (in other's mind) even (when) he tells the truth. (itz~ -~ ~ 1 '" q"Ilj'l;,j'I1' ~t:.' "'!t:. 'I I~f11'5!' qz;;;Ilj' t;,j'I1' '''It:.'1 ~[1j'5!'

-

1 "IljP-' q~' q~ili .~ .q~z;;;1 ~'f11' '~' .q~"1 I~W Z;;;IljD.'1~',?Z;;;'f11' ili'qiJili'J;.j' ql1ilil I~',?"W ili' qiJili'l:.J't;,!>"1 ?~'fl.!>"1.l)'~,;;,

conjunctive particles as 'and then', 'thereafter' or 'having done...' in English they are called done .. .' illa;ill~~';;,.

1541O .>JF~r'1~'i;j'~"J'~~'4~' 41:;, 'iij' q-j'r:>.~"1 ~"l'r:>.~"1"I

nj~'~f; rz:r f1l~'~f;rz:r

i

')

~

q.>J'> qJ"lj

')'~"1 ')'~"1

'1~'

i

I:;. r:>. -.~~' '1~'''Ii w ,K.>JW.i'j-j'''l'a;-j''lI''I' ~"I'''I~J.I'')I:;.'!:l''l f1l'~r"l' a;-j'.'q~fq~"i'.' '\'\' LJ' "". .;!,'cJ.&.l':r. 'fiU. ':J~ .I'f>.~ .'fs .'fIn.G:.~1'f> .~G.N? .&~ .lb.'fs:.tr.' .bttl.G:6- .s.ttJ~.trlt;.'~.G.ttJ~.&l':r .'flt;'cJ. 'fkJtr .I'f'r .I'f'.~ .'fIn.G:.~1'f'.~G.N?.&~ .lb.'fS:.tr.' .bttJ.G:6- .S.ttJ~.trlt;.'~.G.ttJ~.&1':1 .'flt;"cJ.'fkJtr .I'f>':r ..... '-,.... ..... -...:....... ,.... .ttJ.l':1.&b';' .~.ttJ'.~.l':r .&bl'.ttJ.~ ' ."cJ~1'f' .ttl.1' r .&b5' .~.ttl'.~.I':1.&b&.ttJ.~' .'cJ~1'f> I.':Jh.ttl( b~. ':J'.l?l'.e.;s.bs:.'FD.':Jh .I'f'~ .~tr ~ :ro.I':1.&b&.ttJ.''G .!'it '. 'fklb. 'tJG:6- ]'.1':1.~ ~1'f'."cJI':1. '~tr.rl':1r .ttJr.&fh.rtzl"cJ."cJl'f.>. '~tr .l':r :ro :ro.l':r .I'bl' .ttJ. G.FD.'.'klb."cJG:6- I,.l':r.~ ~I'f>. 'tJl':r. 'f~tr. ':rl': .ttJ':r .&fh.':r ...... cJ. 't-..",,....e. '~tr.l':1:ro tzl' J1' ....., ..... ....., ..... ....., ..... ...... ...... ...... ,...., .....,....., ...... .I;;.&tl,b.~tr.l':r.~~N?I Is.':r ~.rl':1 .&tzll'f'.ttl.'/:.&'. '~:d,I'f>.l':r.1' ':Jg.rS.':Jfr. '~.I'~ .I;;.&tl,b.~tr.l':1.h~N?1 jS.~ ~:rl':r .&tzll'f>.ttJ. '1:.&'. '~.~kl'f'.I':1.& '::lg.':r S. '::lfr. '~.I'~ ,...., ...., ...... .........., ...., ..... "'-.;>~ ~ ~ ~

.l':r.&In.'cJI:rN?I''fb:~l':r.b~ b~.tr.~b bh.~tr b~.b.~.'fsb bs..~.':JIn.'kJb .1':1.&In."cJkl'f'.I''b:~I':1.b~ l.':Jh.tr.~b b~.~tr bs..b.~.'fsb 1.':J~.~.'::lIn.'kJb bb.&' I. '::l~ .&b':r .bln.& 'f. ':J~:CJI'f>,b. 'l':rb.bIg.'cJl':r tJl' ,...., bh.&' I.':Js..&br.bln.&'f. ':J~:CJI'f'.h.'l':1h.bJg."cJ1':1 .&tzll'f>.ttJ."iD.1' 'b. '......, ::1 .b':r.1' ~ '.ttJ."iD.1' 'b."cJ1' r .b~.1' v......, ......, .... ;> ....;> ...... ...... . . . . . " . . ...... . . . , .. ...... ....., .....,

" "" "" .':Jto.':r b.':r" .........., ~ "cJttl.~ tzl'tJ. ~ .I'bkJb.S..ti?hl.':Js..1':1 fh' ..........." Rib. "XI,.............., kJb.~ ':JI'. '. ':JG ,S.b':r .I'r;; .':Jto.r b.~ " cJ.17 .ttJ~."cJb.r ~ 'cJttJ.':r tzlu. . . . " . . . . , ':J~.l':r .&~.& ':JI'.'.':JG .S.br .I'r;; fh"cJ.17 .ttJ~. 'cJb.':r &b. ...... , . . . . .I'b" " .ti?hl. ....., .

.~ j'.l':t.b;:Jl'f>. 'cJl':r. ~~b.l':r tzll'f .ttJ,& ~b."cJ t::b.l':r .klb .r;;.&tl,b.~b.l':r.~ ~I'f>I cJ t::b.1' .....,...",....., .s. j'.h.h;:JI'f'."cJI':1. ~ff,b.1':1 .I'tzll'f>'.ttl.& ~b. '.....,...... :1.klb .r;;.&tl,b.~b.I':1.S. ;:J1'f'1 ............'- . . . : > . . " -."" " .....,..... .....,.....,.....,

Is. ~~b.....~ ~

-

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1) (5

Shuddhodana's - queen - molher - Mahadevi's- righl side - from - womb - entered. Deeds entered, mother right twelve of - third - birth - deeds of - as to the: mother - Mayadevi - city Kapilvastu - from Lumbini garden - to - having sel forth - tree- a branch - by hand -held - sky to - as soon as she set looked - wondorous omens -many - together - was born - four direction to - stpes seven - each touched - wherever to - flowers lotus - eight petalled - seven - seven - blossomed - by father prince Siddhartha - thus - was named, Brahmins - omens (signs) - who were expert - if ordained named. - will become enlightened - if stayed at home- universal monarch - king - will becomepredicted. he royal kingdom. Deeds - twelve of - fourth - sportsmanship - skilled - become deeds - as to the: thereupon - knowledge - five fields - learned - tutors - many - from - many written scripts - astrology - furthermore -lingustics - philosophy - arts - medicine - knowledge fileds numerous - time- in short - study - completed - in all - became learned. Deeds - twelve of - fifth - queen - attendants- enjoyment - as to the: Shakya -youth - Devadatta etc. - five hundred together - jumping - and - swimming and - archery - etc. - sportsmanship - many kinds respectively - through competing - prince Siddhartha - having won - Shakya Dandapani's princess- woman's qualities - many - who possessed - Gopi - and also Yashodahara - etc. received as his queens. 11.12 Exercises of Lesson Eleven (a) Fill the blanks with the correct continuative particles and participle terminations:L -l,?.>l,\r.>.j'r.>.~,\?C1l~~"l~"l~S"~'r.>.,\"1 ~"~t1r::.~.>l,?.>l5r.>.jr.>.~,\""?clr~~.'~r::. ',\,\.l.l~. r.>.~,\"lr.>.SC1la:i1 we father son two mind happy and faithful this you to offer While being happy and faithful (to you), we father and son will offer you this. wiJl

living in Lhasa and rich being tall and kind taU being young and strong being Losar and your birthday2. ,\-.,,\' 6i'llll"l~iir:>.5."l"l'Slt:

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