THE WORLD OF THE 1920s:THE WORLD OF THE 1920s:CHALLENGES TO EUROPEAN CHALLENGES TO EUROPEAN

DOMINANCEDOMINANCE

OVERVIEWInterwar period of the 1920sInterwar period of the 1920s– Saw revolutionary and authoritarian regimesSaw revolutionary and authoritarian regimes– False sense of security for democracies, westFalse sense of security for democracies, west– Resistance to European imperialismResistance to European imperialism– Golden Age for European, Western ElitesGolden Age for European, Western Elites

Western EuropeWestern Europe– Recovery from World War I was incompleteRecovery from World War I was incomplete– War followed by economic disruptions, new bordersWar followed by economic disruptions, new borders– Age of artistic creativity, materialism, scientific progressAge of artistic creativity, materialism, scientific progress– Age of Pessimism, worries for some sectors of societyAge of Pessimism, worries for some sectors of society

The United States and JapanThe United States and Japan– Increased their industrial strengthIncreased their industrial strength– Internal problems threatened governmentsInternal problems threatened governments

Other Parts of the WorldOther Parts of the World– New revolutionary governments appeared in China, MexicoNew revolutionary governments appeared in China, Mexico– Russian Revolution in 1917 and Civil War spread around globeRussian Revolution in 1917 and Civil War spread around globe

Balance SheetBalance Sheet– Parliamentary democracy spread even as new challenges arose against itParliamentary democracy spread even as new challenges arose against it– USA’s economic vitality as well as Japan's challenged Western EuropeUSA’s economic vitality as well as Japan's challenged Western Europe

THE ROARING 20sPeriod of apparent peace in early 1920s – Reduced internal political tensions in Europe– Extremist groups on the right and left

• Appeared in the aftermath of World War I• Seemed to lose popularity by middle years of decade

Industrialization and Consumerism– Boomed on back of growing consumer demand– Development of assembly line factories– Wages increased purchasing power– Power of middle class, middle class values rose– Facilitated rise of consumerism– Age of technological marvels: radio, airplane, auto

Cultural creativity during the 1920s– Resulted in new artistic styles

• These often conveyed some of the tensions of modern life• Art: Dadaism, Surrealism, Bauhaus, Cubism• Literature dealt with realism, often pessimism

– Important new scientific discoveries appearedGender Issues – Women across Europe, United States gained right to vote– Suffrage brought other social liberties.

LEAGUE OF NATIONSLEAGUE OF NATIONSThe League of Nations created to maintain world peace The League of Nations created to maintain world peace – Forty-two members, twenty-six of them outside EuropeForty-two members, twenty-six of them outside Europe– Dominated by UK, FranceDominated by UK, France– League used to isolate GermanyLeague used to isolate Germany– The league had no power to enforce its decisionsThe league had no power to enforce its decisions– League could make suggestions, impose sanctions League could make suggestions, impose sanctions – Collective security depended on all major powersCollective security depended on all major powers– Powers Left OutPowers Left Out

• United States never joinedUnited States never joined• USSR ignored; colonies not includedUSSR ignored; colonies not included• Germany not invited for some timeGermany not invited for some time

The mandate system The mandate system – United States opposed direct colonizationUnited States opposed direct colonization– Allies proposed system of trusteeships Allies proposed system of trusteeships – France, United Kingdom benefited mostFrance, United Kingdom benefited most– Created from German colonies, Ottoman territories in S.W. AsiaCreated from German colonies, Ottoman territories in S.W. Asia

Idealistic Attempts during the 1920sIdealistic Attempts during the 1920s– Attempts to disarm nations led to naval reduction treatiesAttempts to disarm nations led to naval reduction treaties– Attempt to outlaw war led to Kellogg-Briand treatyAttempt to outlaw war led to Kellogg-Briand treaty– Many nations reduced their militaries to minimal levelsMany nations reduced their militaries to minimal levels

LEAGUE LEAGUE OF NATIONSOF NATIONS

FASCISM IN ITALYAuthoritarianism– Use of the state’s power or authority to make changes, solve problems– Rule centralized and often arbitrary, frequently dominated by military

Fascism as Ideology– Stemmed from disenchantment with liberal democracy– Rich, middle class worried by social conflict– State threatened by labor unrest, government stagnation– Nationalist resentments stemming from World War I– Goal was to seize power forcefully

Italian Fascists arose in 1920s– During social protests, right-wing gangs battled communists– Some nationalists tried to seize control of Fiume– Feared rise of socialism, communism in industrial north

March on Rome 1922– Fascists under leadership of Benito Mussolini– Advocated nationalist corporate state– Wanted to end both socialism and capitalism– Marched on Rome demanding power– King gave in and named Mussolini prime minister– Mussolini began to reform Italian state, rearm

THE NEW NATIONS OF EASTERN EUROPE

Eastern European nations – Arose out of Versailles Treaty at end of World War I– Created out of Germany, Austria, Russia – often by force– Each state was a kaleidoscope of different ethnic groups– Different legal systems, rail gauges

State Building– Tried to emulate Western Europe without wealth, stability– Also had to build new nations almost from scratch– All were hostile to Communist regime in the Soviet Union– Bitter rivalries broke out over territorial disputes– Little industry, mostly agrarian– Few cities, small middle classes or intellectuals

Authoritarian Temptation– Parliamentary democracy damaged by competing parties– Often major parties could not form a majority, rule by coalition– Unable to solve social problems such as land reform, ethnic strife– Most reverted to authoritarian or monarchical regimes– Only Czechoslovakia remained a democracy throughout period

GOVERNMENTS IN 1937

THE ETHNIC MAP OF EUROPE

THE BRITISH COMMONWEALTHDominions– White-dominated colonies granted self-government– Foreign policy, defense policy, trade policies shared

South Africa was first dominion in 1910Ireland– Had revolted in 1916 during World War I– British, Irish soldiers increasingly attack civilians– Eventually British agree to partition of Ireland into South, North– North: largely Protestant was to remain within UK– South was to be called Irish Free State and become a self-governing dominion– Irish Republican Army resented compromise, switched to largely terrorist role

Canada, Australia, and New Zealand – Granted dominion status after the war for roles in war– Canada

• Rapid economic growth, large-scale immigration, increasingly friendly with USA– Australia

• Emphasized labor legislation, economic planning; rapid immigration until 1930s

Treaty of Westminster, 1931– Britain and its dominions formed a permanent, political alliance– Britain granted self-governing dominions equality of legislation– Other dominions included Irish Free State, Newfoundland

RISE OF THE UNITED STATESWorld War I World War I – Put the United State into a position of leadershipPut the United State into a position of leadership– Became largest industrialized nation, largest center of bankingBecame largest industrialized nation, largest center of banking– Loaned Allies trillionsLoaned Allies trillions– Left war with 2Left war with 2ndnd largest navy in world, largest army largest navy in world, largest army

Treaty of Versailles RejectedTreaty of Versailles Rejected– Wilson and Republican Senate quarreled: Senate rejected treatyWilson and Republican Senate quarreled: Senate rejected treaty– US refused to join League of Nation, retreats into IsolationUS refused to join League of Nation, retreats into Isolation– Only in Latin America did USA remained actively interventionistOnly in Latin America did USA remained actively interventionist

The Red ScareThe Red Scare– 1919 – 1920s: US Government saw communists under every rock1919 – 1920s: US Government saw communists under every rock– Ignored law and used CID (future FBI) to arrest communists (Palmer Raids)Ignored law and used CID (future FBI) to arrest communists (Palmer Raids)

The Roaring 1920sThe Roaring 1920s– U.S. leadership in world economic and cultural affairs acceleratedU.S. leadership in world economic and cultural affairs accelerated– New consumerism developed New consumerism developed

• American middle class became able to afford household luxuriesAmerican middle class became able to afford household luxuries• Mass production reduced prices of most items: people began buying on creditMass production reduced prices of most items: people began buying on credit

– U.S. corporations were innovators in technology and production techniquesU.S. corporations were innovators in technology and production techniques• Mass Production of appliances and automobilesMass Production of appliances and automobiles• Credit, Credit Cards, CatalogsCredit, Credit Cards, Catalogs

– Greatest mark came in popular cultureGreatest mark came in popular culture• Movies and Hollywood became world-wide symbolsMovies and Hollywood became world-wide symbols• Rise of competitive, team sports and radioRise of competitive, team sports and radio• The Age of Jazz and American musicals by Gershwin were models for the world The Age of Jazz and American musicals by Gershwin were models for the world

– Many areas of economy like agriculture, banking very shaky with hidden problemsMany areas of economy like agriculture, banking very shaky with hidden problems

JAPAN AND ITS EMPIREDisappointments at Paris– Japan had wanted Germany’s Asian colonies– During war decided to pick on China– Allies had blocked Japan in its Chinese adventures

Japan turned increasingly hostile– Favored authoritarian government– Began to plan for war, conquest in the interwar period

An Economic Revolution led to many changes– In early 20th century, agricultural and industrial production improved– Great industrial combines (zaibatsus) launched expansion of heavy industry– Government and industry cooperated– Japanese standards of living began to improve– By 1925, the state initiated compulsory primary-school education– Japan relied heavily on import of raw materials, trade

Problems for Japan Lead to Dictatorship– Japan remained vulnerable to external economic conditions– Population growth restricted advances in standards of living– Social problems increased in crowded cities– Military leaders took on a greater role in the 1920s

• They resented what they saw as the selfishness and pandering of the political parties• Disliked democracy, liberalism as much as socialism, communism• Hated reduction in military spending

– 1928: Tanaka Memorial – Japanese military draw up plans for Pacific War

REVOLUTIONS!New revolutions New revolutions – Challenged Western dominance Challenged Western dominance

– Offered alternatives to the Western modelOffered alternatives to the Western model

Revolutions through 1939Revolutions through 1939– Iran 1905Iran 1905

– Young Turks 1908Young Turks 1908

– Mexico 1910Mexico 1910

– China 1912China 1912

– Russia 1917 (two)Russia 1917 (two)

– Wafd Revolution, Egypt 1919Wafd Revolution, Egypt 1919

– Turkey 1920sTurkey 1920s

– India 1920sIndia 1920s

– China 1928 – 1949 China 1928 – 1949

MEXICO’S UPHEAVELSThe Porfirato as a Cause

Response to authoritarian modernization of Porfirio Diaz

Economic prosperity for Mexico but at the cost of turning much of Mexico's economy over to foreigners

Díaz government ruthlessly suppressed opposition: peasants, Indians, workers did not share prosperity

Opposition began, in 1910 Francisco Madero decided to run against Daiz

Díaz arrested his opponents, rigged election

Mexico Rises in Revolt – the Revolution BeginsIn the north, Pancho Villa organized resistance

In Morelos, Zapata rallied Indians, peasants behind the banner of land reform

The rebels drove Díaz from power and replaced him with Madero

The Course of the RevolutionMadero's moderate program of reform proved inadequate

Too much concern for elite interests, foreign concerns, Mexico City at expense of other parts of Mexico

In 1913 a military coup removed Madero, who was assassinated.

General Victoriano Huerta attempted to restore the dictatorship, but Villa and Zapata again rebelled

Huerta fell from power in 1914

Remaining revolutionaries continued to fight among themselves over the nature of the new government

Obregón was elected president in 1920 and attempted to resuscitate Mexico's economy

Under Cárdenas (1934-1940) promised land reform took place as did beginning of public education

The Mexican Constitution of 1917Promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership of Mexican industry and resources

Guaranteed rights of workers

Limited the Church's ownership of land

THE MEXICAN REVOLUTIONBy Diego Rivera

Mexico

1810Fr. Hidalgo

Morelos

1910: Zapata and Modern Revolutionary Leaders1910: Zapata and Modern Revolutionary Leaders

AztecCalendar

PeasantSoldiersof the

Revolution

PeasantAnd Indian

Obregon,Calles

Yucatan, IndianCommunist Leaders

La ReformaJuarez

Porfirato’sModernity

1910: Zapata and Modern Revolutionary Leaders

Rivera’sMarxist Ideology

POST-REVOLUTIONARY MEXICORediscovering Their Indian Heritage

Primary emphasis in post-revolutionary culture was Indian heritage

Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco decorated public buildings with murals

Mexican Muralism heavily influenced by Cubism, European art movements

Glorified the Indian past of Mexico

Popular literature and music celebrated the heroes of the revolution

Some revolutionary changes met with oppositionThe Church opposed increasing secularism within Mexican society

Cristero movement of 1920s combined conservative peasants, politicians, Church

Goal was to halt secularization

Education became they most volatile issue and led to revolts, guerrilla movements

The US and MexicoDuring Revolution, US supported stability and protection of American property

US bombarded Veracruz for failure of Mexico to salute US Flag

After Pancho Villa attacked banks in US, US sent army into Northern Mexico

More important to U.S. interests was President Cárdenas's nationalization of oil companies in 1934

Despite tensions, agreements were worked out between the two nations

The PRIPolitically, the revolution resulted in a monopoly of power

Eventually the Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) was formed

Although technically a democracy, PRI dominated Mexican politics from the 1920s to the presen

In the 1990s, many came to question the integrity and usefulness of the PRI.

Cuauhtemoc

Against the Myth

1st RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

Causes World War I

Produced military disasters, social disruptions, economic hardships

Riots began in March 1917 in St. Petersburg protesting poor conditions

All groups demanded a new political regime

The Rise of Soviets February 1917Councils of workers or soviets took over the city

Troops mutinied and also formed soldier and sailor soviets

Unable to suppress the disorder, the tsar abdicated.

The Liberal Revolution The first stage of the Russian Revolution was led by “liberals”

Alexander Kerensky wanted to establish parliamentary governmentGovernment was a socialist, moderate coaltion

Lack of a substantial middle class hindered democracy

Unwillingness to enact land reform

End World War I caused the liberal regime to lose supportAllies convinced Russians to remain in the war

War very unpopular with soldiers, sailors and peasants

Rise of “White” Opposition: Monarchists, conservatives worked against revolution

Socialists, communists organized paramilitary groups to counter white opposition

2nd RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONBolshevik or Communist Revolution: November 1917

A 2nd revolution unseated the liberal government Brought Bolsheviks to power under Lenin’s leadershipLenin centralized his power in the soviets

Marxism or Leninism?Marxism

Society went through stages; could not skip a stageCapitalism and industrialization had to proceed socialismRural economies and large peasant classes were not right for revolutionFelt Russia was not likely to have a socialist revolution

Lenin adapted Marxism to fit Russian situationSmall worker, large peasants were radical to a degreeNeeded a small cadre of revolutionaries to formant revolution, lead masses

The Communists, The Civil War, and International PoliticsThe Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from World War I

Surrendered most of Western Russia, Baltic, Finland to the GermansThe Allies regarded the Bolshevik government as dangerous,Excluded them from the Versailles peace conferenceCarved new nations from formerly Russian lands

The Civil War FollowsMany Allies (UK, France, US, Japan, Poland) invaded Russia to overthrown Soviets Internally Whites (Conservatives), Greens (nationalists) fought Soviets for controlSoviets won due to Red Army, Cheka (Secret Police), Red Terror, War Communism

THE SOVIET STATE

Red InstitutionsThe Bolshevik Party

The formal name for the Communist PartyLed by V. I. Lenin, organized into cells, bureausOnly members of party trusted

From Red Guard to Red Army Organized under Leon Trotsky Created to further spread of revolutionLater protected revolution from “white” opponents

ChekaSoviet secret police Used terror, executions to reduce internal opposition

War CommunismSoviets forcibly requisition food, supplies to support Red ArmyDemanded all people support revolution under threat of death

The Soviet StateFirst elections held returned a parliament

The Social Revolutionary party not the Bolsheviks held a majorityLenin shut down the parliament and replaced it with a Congress of Soviets

Established a Bolshevik monopoly on political actionThe Communist party controlled Soviet politics until 1989The Communist party dominated all political, intellectual, social organsMembership in party was criterion for advancement

STABILIZATION OF THE REGIMEThe Russian Civil War

Officially lasted from 1918 to 1923

Russia’s neighbors invaded at one time or another

Enemies largely defeated by weather, bad morale

Soviets were better organization of Reds, used terror

New Economic Policy (NEP)War Communism unpopular, cost production and support for Soviets

1921 Lenin abandoned war communism and moved to NEP

NEP restored some capitalism for small farmer, small businesses

Reduced resistance to Communist rule and increased food supplies

the New Economic Policy reduced resistance to Communist rule.

The New ConstitutionIn 1923, a new constitution established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ethnic republics had local self-rule but this was largely a sham

National state dominated by ethnic Russians; national state strongly centralized

Communist Party of USSR (CPSU) dominated by ethnic Russians

CPSU dominates republics and USSR

Universal suffrage elected the Supreme Soviet

But only Communist party members were allowed to stand for office

The parliament simply ratified decisions reached in the party's executive committees

SOVIET EXPERIMENTATIONNew Institutions– CPSU encouraged associations to create a “Soviet” society– Many Soviet citizens gained a voice in new organizations – The rapid spread of literacy fostered creativity – Artist, Literary Societies flourished– Gave government tools for reshaping culture

A Power Struggle– Lenin died in 1924: power struggle ensued for control

• Lenin preferred Trotsky – But as a “Jew” most Russians distrusted him– Many Russians distrusted influence of Red Army and a Red Napoleon

• Joseph Stalin emerged as Lenin's successor– Stalin dominated Ministry of Nationalities, local communist parties– Became General Secretary of the Communist Party– Used divide and conquer tactics to discredit opposition

– Socialism in One Country• Stalin devoted to national development as way for USSR to survive• International Communism was secondary to Soviet or Russian needs• In some ways Stalin was a Slavophile who rejected Westernization (Marxism)

– Industrialization• Russia needed heavy industry to resist western encroachment• Problem: Russia was largely a peasant country• Stalin forcibly industrialized by destroying peasantry• Collectivized agriculture to free up labor, capital for industry

TOWARD REVOLUTION

IN CHINA1911 Revolution

Revolutionaries were Western educated eliteRevolutionaries were anti-Qing, modernizers, who idealized JapanFirst revolts were by military units which spreadThe abdication of the Qing emperor in 1912 began long struggle Each group had a different idea of what was the ideal government

WarlordsInitially, regional warlords dominated Chinese politics.Alliances of warlords called cliquesYuan Shikai wished to establish a new imperial dynastyPower of the warlords partially offset by merchants, bankers in Westernized cities

University Students and Secret SocietiesChinese universities provided the theoretical foundation for political reconstructionSecret societies plotted to restore the empire under a Chinese ruler

The Foreign SituationThe situation was complicated by foreign intervention in ChinaJapan and European nations had divided China into imperial zones of influenceFrom the 1890s to 1945, the most dangerous of the foreign interlopers was JapanJapan physically tried to annex parts of China during World War I

WARLORDS DIVIDE CHINA

MAY 4TH MOVEMENT

AS AFTERWARDSSun Yat-sen Educated in Hawaii as a DoctorJapanese example appealed to himHeaded Revolutionary Alliance that overthrew QingClaimed the right to establish a government, but lacked power to form one Elected president in 1911 but the warlords continued to dominate ChinaIn 1912 resigned presidency in favor of leading warlord, Yuan Shikai. Yuan tried to establish new dynasty: Sun Yat-sen called for second revolutionYuan Shikai's plans were interrupted by Japanese intervention in China

21 DemandsJapan presented China with Twenty-One Demands: Yuan Shikai overthrownThe Japanese seized much of northern China and warlords did little

May 4 1919 MovementMassive demonstrations by students, nationalist politicians Public outrage was channeled into the May Fourth movementPurpose of which was to create a liberal democracy in China. Called for abandonment of Confucianism in favor of Western ideals.

Links to CommunismFailure of May 4, 1919 Movement Led to rise of the Communists Russian Revolution seemed to serve as a model for possible reform in ChinaMarxist discussion groups founded in the universities and the coastal cities. CP China formed in 1921 in Shanghai

KMT OR NATIONALISTS SEIZE POWER

GuomindangSun Yat-sen attempted to revitalize reform movementCreated the Nationalist Party of China (Guomindang)Nationalists militarized in order to drive out warlordsSun Yat-sen enunciated a broad program of reformNationalists strongest among commercial groups in coastal cities. Also formed an alliance with the Communist party in 1924Nationalists received advisors and material assistance from the USSR

Rise of Chiang Kai-shekThe Wampoa Military Academy turned out military, civilian eliteCommandant was Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek became a close associate of Sun Yat-senTook Sun’s place in 1925 when Sun died

China DeterioratesWarlords divide China into spheres of influenceIn South: Nationalists were engaged in political, military organizationChaotic economic situation in the countryside worsenedFailure to address peasant issues was severe setback for Nationalists

MAO AND THE PEASANT PROBLEMChina and Marxism

Marxism said A communist revolution had to occur after industrializationMarxism felt peasants were too anti-revolutionary to be useful

China had no industry, too few modern cities, and too many peasantsRussia had made revolution with weak industry led by elite party

Enter Mao ZedongCame from a peasant background But soon joined the revolutionary and nationalist movement in ChinaHeavily influenced by the Marxist thinkers in BeijingBegan to see the peasants as the key to a successful revolution

The Nationalist CampaignChiang Kai-shek began to expand the territory controlled by the NationalistsHe seized Shanghai in 1927; by 1928 captured BeijingChiang Kai-shek was simply the most influential warlordChiang ruthlessly eliminated his political rivalsChiang initiated brutal crackdown on Communists in 1928 with ok of USSR

Long MarchMao to lead 90,000 of his followers in a retreat known as the Long MarchMoved entire base of revolution to Yennan ProvinceCreated a state within a state

THE LONG MARCHC.C.P. MYTH BUILDING

VOCABULARYConsumerismCubismDominionsFascismAuthoritarianismSyndicalismMexican RevolutionMexican Constitution of 1917Mexican MuralismCristerosP.R.IRussian RevolutionsRed ArmyNew Economic Policy (NEP)

U.S.S.R.Supreme SovietPolitburoSocialism in One CountryCOMINTERNCollectivizationWarlordsMay 4th MovementGuomindangWhampoa Military AcademyLong MarchYennan Way

IDENTIFICATIONSPablo PicassoBenito MussoliniPorfirio DiazFrancisco MaderoPancho VillaVictoriano HuertaAlvaro ObregonDiego RiveraJose Clemente OrozcoAlexander KerenskyV. I. LeninJoseph Stalin

Mao Tse DungLi DazhaoYuan Shi kaiSun Yat senChiang Kai-shek