34 10-論説 beebe=南部 - 北海道大学republican and early imperial rome, in roman dress and...

21
Barton BEEBE * Jennifer Arlen, Oren Bar-Gill, Stefan Bechtold, Dan Burk, Thomas Cotter, Deven Desai, Stacey Dogan, Tim Willy Dornis, Abraham Drassinower, Rochelle Dreyfuss, Eric Goldman, Georg von Graevenitz, Justin Hughes, Howard Lee, Mark Lemley, Mark McKenna, Geof- frey Miller, David Nimmer, Tyler Ochoa, Eric Posner, Jennifer Rothman, Amrit Singh, Christopher Sprigman. McGill Leger Robic Richard Thomas Jefferson Innovation Law & Theory Andrew Lee Zhujun Zhang [email protected]

Upload: others

Post on 26-May-2020

1 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

��������� ������������ ����

�� � ��

Barton BEEBE* ��� ������

��� ��

!"#$��

%&'()*+,-./0123456�

� 7&'()*+,-893:;<=�

� >&?@�AB3CD�

� E&./0123FG�456HIJKLMN�

O&'()*�-PQ3������

� 7&./03RST;U0�

� >&VWXY*�-PQ3������

� � Z&VWX3��[\X�]^�

� � _&VWXY*�-PQ3`a��

� � b&VWXY*�-PQ3cde��

� � f&VWXY*�-PQ3SgRhij��

� E&klmi�-PQ3������

���������������������������������n�op0q0rs;0=r0tuvw.xhyz{|}~� 3��$��P�

��Jennifer Arlen, Oren Bar-Gill, Stefan Bechtold, Dan Burk, Thomas Cotter, Deven Desai, Stacey Dogan, Tim Willy Dornis, Abraham Drassinower, Rochelle Dreyfuss, Eric Goldman, Georg von Graevenitz, Justin Hughes, Howard Lee, Mark Lemley, Mark McKenna, Geof-frey Miller, David Nimmer, Tyler Ochoa, Eric Posner, Jennifer Rothman, Amrit Singh, Christopher Sprigman. L�!KI�3���3����s�$��z����3����McGill s��$��� Leger Robic Richard <��0K����s;0=r0t`a�GKop0q0rs;0=r0t��GKThomas Jefferson ;0=r0t��GKy;hys Innovation Law & Theory �GK���� 3`a��`aS0��GK.0�t;0=r0t��GK=R=�� ¡s

����3�-¢£�Gw¤¥�¦§¨©zPQ{¥� Andrew Leeª- Zhujun Zhang ª$��P��w.xhy! [email protected] «$¬­®�w�

¯� � °

��±� ��������� ������������

� � Z&²³��´3ij�

� � � �µ������� ¶·��¸�� � � �¹�����º»3¼ �� ½Rh¶·�� � _&¾¿�\X��À3ij�

Á&'()*�-PQ3�����3ÂÃ�

� 7&'()*������3ÄÅÆ�

� >&'()*��������ÇÈÉÊ������Ë�

̯�ÍÎÏÐy[:;ÑÒÎH�� ��������N�

L�!K�����ÓÀÔ�Õ'()*�-PQ3Ö×zm�Ø#Q��Ù-$

Ú�QÛÜ#��3���wL�!KÝ�ÓK'()*+,3ÞÀßàÆzá�®

FG���12�âã3Øäå$æç®�è�KAB$éê�QFG�ëìz®�

¾¿�íî���'()*+,zïð®��#3ñòzóô®��3-PQK��

���3õ·3ö÷$øùPØ#�Ù-$Ú�Qúû��3���w'()*��

����zü"QKÝ�!õ$K�~ýþ��-ÕåÚÚ��./012$���

��ÕFG�\X���z®�Ù-z��PQ��w'()*������!K

�{��¥Q�������312�$� �Õ�ç$�®�KFG�\X�Õ�

�-PQ3Ïh�Ò0�-PQ��XPQ��3���wL�!KÙ3�þ$��

���-'()*�3��Õ�Ìz���PQ��âãzõ·PK��®���Õ

�����3³¯$Ù3�þÕ�ÌÓ��®�Ù-z��®��3���wL��

!K}�$K�����ÓKAB$éê�QFG�ëìz®�¾¿�íîzïð®

�Ù-$��PÕ�Ù-z !PKÙ3�þÕÂÃzü"QKì3�夥�FG

�ëì3�#3íîK®Õ"#$ìÆzAB®�-�þ�å%&'®-�þõ(z

)PK�����Ó*+�Ú� �ÕFG�Ö×z,�®Û-&Ó��íîK$.

+Õ¸/zõ·®�w�

�����

;003'()*�H����� ����������N!K12ÕABz+íPK3

4í5�;00$���FG�Õ678t60zÞÀ®�Ù-z��-

PQ���wÙ3�þÕ;009:3;<�I=K'()*�3>?!�

�����������������������������������See generally DAVID DAUBE, ROMAN LAW: LINGUISTIC, SOCIAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL �

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ��@�

�Õ�3��~��w 3�þ$·#Q���ºº±»3AL3BCzDEQ

&QFP��GåHI3JK!12Õ�3��~Q!Õ�Õ�wLMN3

O!PQÕ�3$�RSPQ!Õ�Õ�wGåHI3è��TU3HI|

�!LMN3VW�zÚ�Q���X���!K 3�þ$YZ®�Ó[-

{\ú®���]^3opth_t`3'()*azDEQ&QFP��b

Æ��cÆ3d�ÓKe{3ÄfgÕhî$�åK�P��iFP$�Ú

³jkÕä�$lKMm�Õ=�RtË3nB$��¥Q���#$Ko

Õ�pqÓF-QPëì3Ú�Õ�FP$Õ~Q��-�þ3ÓKr^Õ

Ó���}¥�sÞ����wt�u�®ûv!K�ý�{K_��Ï3

4w3Jx39����ww3'()*azÞÀ®��#$����»$12

zyz®� ���������� ����� �� ����� 3g�z+{P|K�|��»$!KH�

�������������������������������������������������������������������

ASPECTS 117-28 (1969); Jonathan Edmondson, Public Dress and Social Control in Late Republican and Early Imperial Rome, in ROMAN DRESS AND THE FABRICS OF ROMAN CULTURE 21(Jonathan Edmondson & Alison Keith eds., 2008); Charlene Elliott, Purple Pasts: Color Codification in the Ancient World, 33 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 173, 182-86 (2008).�;003'()*�!�}�$U~��3'()*�zé�-P��3��~�wSee AILEEN RIBEIRO, DRESS AND MORALITY 21-22 (Berg Publishers 2003) (1986).���See generally ALAN HUNT, GOVERNANCE OF THE CONSUMING PASSIONS: A HISTORY OF SUMPTUARY LAW (1996); CATHERINE KOVESI KILLERBY, SUMPTUARY LAW IN ITALY 1200-1500 (2002); SUSAN MOSHER STUARD, GILDING THE MARKET: LUXURY AND FASH-

ION IN FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ITALY 84-121 (2006); Donald H. Shively, Sumptuary Regu-lation and Status in Early Tokugawa Japan, 25 HARV. J. ASIATIC STUD. 123 (1964-1965).���Donald H. Shively, Bakufu Versus Kabuki, 18 HARV. J. ASIATIC STUD. 326, 345 (1955) �AL3BC���ºº± ���¥�º@|��$!��; accord HUNT, supra note 2, at 1. Professor Alan Hunt uv$����äP{���Õ\ú3����L�S��Ù¥$�{�{Ú�3�SÓßà-Õ~Q��w�

��3 MAX VON BOEHN, MODES AND MANNERS 173 (Joan Joshua trans., 1935)���º|�»3opth_t`3'()*�z�SPQ���.�|�HUNT, supra note 2, at 36-37; see also Catherine Kovesi Killerby, Practical Problems in the Enforcement of Italian Sumptuary Law, 1200-1500, in CRIME, SOCIETY AND THE LAW IN RENAISSANCE ITALY 99, 109 (Trevor Dean & K.J.P. Lowe eds., 1994)���|��»ä� Provveditori Óg�}¥�Ù-z�·PQ���.�

¯� � °

�±�� ��������� ������������

~-�KÙ3-v$-Pä�Õ�ÓºNK�m�Õ89!®ûQ)*®��

��!K��P�5$�v��þÕm�Õ89!�}¥�Ù-!Õ�w�

-�þ�3�az�BP��w�»K��Õ�h��0��Ó��3��

zPQ��Ù�KJx! 3¡M¢3SgRh$Ú�Q£¯PQ��±w

P�PKý3�þÕ�3¤¥|�Ó¦§$�����-3¨©zª�«�

�3�!Õ�wÀÔq0;ÐÑ9:3�¬sÕ12Õ­d®@M¯°3'(

)*a3�r±Õä�$²³Õ\ú®��$���"�´KÙ¥�3�!Fµ

¶·Õ{Äz}¥K¸¹}¥Kº!»¼-½¾}¥��K�±]^3;h¿h

3ÀÁ3ÂÃHÄÓ��ä�MPÕ�w�þ)*}¥Q�Õ�w�-Å!

®�FP��~���w'()*�3>?!K�º�º»$K��ÆSÓ)"�

¥�¿�=zÆQKý3¿�=3ÆSz³Ç$ȳz9"Q-PQ��0

É�p0<ÐÊË3Ì0=Íh:yh3ÎÏ�$�EQ'ÐP� ������

���������������������������������º�See THOMAS OKEY, THE OLD VENETIAN PALACES AND OLD VENETIAN FOLK 286-87 (1907).���Id. at 281 (emphasis omitted).�±�Diane Owen Hughes, Sumptuary Law and Social Relations in Renaissance Italy, in DIS-

PUTES AND SETTLEMENTS: LAW AND HUMAN RELATIONS IN THE WEST 69, 71 (John Bossy ed., 1983).�@�HUNT, supra note 2, at xii.����LAFCADIO HEARN, JAPAN: AN ATTEMPT AT INTERPRETATION 187 (1904); see also Eliz-abeth B. Hurlock, Sumptuary Law, in DRESS, ADORNMENT, AND THE SOCIAL ORDER 295, 299 (Mary Ellen Roach & Joanne Bubolz Eicher eds., 1965)��¯°3'()*�$Úv�]D�ÑzÛÕ�FP$ÒÓÕ�3�-PQ!�PQ�����

���See, e.g., 1 JOHN HENRY GRAY, CHINA: A HISTORY OF THE LAW, MANNERS, AND CUS-

TOMS OF THE PEOPLE 362 (photo. reprint 1974) (William Gow Gregor ed., 1878)��èw3'()*�$���ÔåÕäåâãÓÖ×$Ø�~��Ù-K��ý¥Ó�Â��

$3&���3�!Õ{K�íPEÕ��3zí®�Ù-zÙ&��3���

Ù-��ÚÛ���Ù-zÜCPQ���; Killerby, supra note 5.����C. WILLETT CUNNINGTON & PHILLIS CUNNINGTON, HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH COSTUME IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 14 (1957) (quoting COLLEY CIBBER, The Double Galleon, in 3 THE DRAMATIC WORKS OF COLLEY CIBBER, ESQ. 1, 39 (London, J. Rivington & Sons 1777)).�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �±��

����� 3�þÕ§�Ý#k{}¥Q����w�

� >?§!KHÑ3FG?$���'()*�+í3ÞßÆ��ð�Æ

z°�®û{­{3?à®�°zó!PQv�ÓK��áâ�5Óã{

��ä¥�¥Q���þ���wý¥!KFG!ý3'()*+,zí·

PÞÀ®��#$'()*�z·#�K-�þ�3���wFG3'()

*+,��-!Ký3ABåæ3íî��åK!çH���!èÕ{-��é

-ä-äå3�!®�|N$Ñê3�3��~QKÙ¥$�åFG3è3ëH

������������������������������������See ALICE MORSE EARLE, 1 TWO CENTURIES OF COSTUME IN AMERICA 63 (1903) �Lyman Ó�ì´®��þÕhî�ÚÄíÕ���îzÆSPKȳ3ï3&Õ�´È³è�ý3�þ$PQ���-PQðP{Öñ}¥�-®�ÎÏ\òJ3\ú

z�SPQ���.����+,�3x�Íó0!KÙ3\!zã,ô$"�~QRS®� Thorstein Veblen ��õSP��3���wSee, e.g., THORSTEIN VEBLEN, THE THEORY OF THE LEISURE CLASS 51 (2d ed. 1912)H�íölP�AB3ñò-��$÷®�²³Õ+,��~QKtm3Kã{ø#�¥��3�$Ú�Q¯"��3�; id. at 201H�íöd�KPv�åKR��$Ú�Q3+,��~QK�Ú����Õ�H3è��89PQ���

3!K­�¥èÕ�¥)ù�¿á�-PQ3ÆÓz)®�wÙ3�#K��3��

á6$��Q���v�FP3úûÓ�¥üKe�3ýþ�-ä�!��Õ�ä�

�Ký3�36$���úûMý¦�Ó.+-Õ�X®�; see also ROLAND BARTHES, THE FASHION SYSTEM 35 (Matthew Ward & Richard Howard trans., Univ. of Cal. Press 1990) (1967)H�lK$÷®�Þ�3+,�-�lK$÷®�í·}¥�+,�$Ú�Q£¯PQ���; JEAN BAUDRILLARD, THE CONSUMER SOCIETY: MYTHS AND STRUCTURES 60 (Chris Turner trans., Sage Publ’ns 1998) (1970)��ABFG3�+,�zK��KÑ�X���ìX3íî��~QK�Ù¥$AB9�ÓàPKýÙ��A

B9�3�ÓÛ'}¥��3�-PQ\úPQ���; PIERRE BOURDIEU, DIS-

TINCTION: A SOCIAL CRITIQUE OF THE JUDGMENT OF TASTE 2 (Richard Nice trans., Harv. Univ. Press 1984) (1979)H�AB!.�po�0� h3��$���áòpK®Õ"#KϦK�¦39���~QK�MM�M3Þ��Õ�P��Õå�zïó-

®��3���X®�; MARSHALL SAHLINS, CULTURE AND PRACTICAL REASON 180 (1976)��ÏÑ�tÍóÐ� h$÷PK�Ä�3�Æ��ý3Ê��.h��0� h3

+,�$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�Ù3+,3Æ�$Ú�Q3£¯!Ksee infra section I.A, pp. 819-24.��|�DIANA CRANE, FASHION AND ITS SOCIAL AGENDAS: CLASS, GENDER, AND IDENTITY IN CLOTHING 247 (2000).�

¯� � °

�±�� ��������� ������������

Óý3ABzü"Q�§-3�o��ÑêÆz´®�3���wÙ3�þ

Õ+,z�³Pið®�Ù-z��-P��!'()*����w>?�

$KAB$éê��ëìz®�FGíî3¨�z��-P��!KAB$

�®�æ�3.hy;0t-�þIz-�Ù-Ó­�~�wý3á¶-P

QK�PQÖ���-!�EÕ�3Ó�w3��º�»3BC��åKÙ¥!

!Ó"{¢3#}zý3$��� � Rh�ä�$íC®��3��~��ºwFG�!K¨�%ÓKý3FG3&Ó'cÕABM()�ÕI�3

AB$�~QÄ*$Õ~Q��-DE��þ$Õ~�Ãà��MKý3FG

3+��ÕABíîÓKFG3,�3-�.z¿í®�-ä�!��Õ�

ä���±K/�zëìÕ�P$ì®��#$}E�!M�Þ$!ùàPÕ

�-DE��þ$Õ~�Ãà�@K�Ú��ä~Qý3�þÕ.hy;0t

z0P�w�§345K®Õ"#AB$éê{FG�ëì3íî312!K

���$!KIï!Vè��~�`3���!Ù¥�-�43�3Ó5¼

6&$Õ~�ÃàK���!KIï!FG3Jq%3&ÓABP�`3z

����������������������������������º�R. TURNER WILCOX, THE MODE IN COSTUME 59 (2d rev. & expanded ed. 1947).�AB$�®�æ�3.hy;0t39:3¶��~QK�ý�{t�7��3���-

DE�¥��3ÓK��]^3 B.C.E. Locrian Code $Û�¥�wSee MICHAEL GAGARIN, EARLY GREEK LAW 58-62, 67, 78 (1st paperback prtg. 1989).�8h�0opÓ¾E��þ$K9�§��� Locri 3 Zaleucus !K:��è���cÆ3;ÇH!K<=PQ��Ãà�Õ�CåK� HIJ3>Rz?E�Ù-!�}¥Õ�w�-�þÙ-M�bÆ!K@A���§I·KLB3�CzÚ�Q!Õ�´K��y=3D�E�

¥�b�P{Õ�;0�zÆSPQ!Õ�Õ��-�þÙ-zí·P�w1 MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE, ESSAYS OF MONTAIGNE 360 (William Carew Hazlitt ed., Charles Cotton trans., 1877).����See, e.g., KILLERBY, supra note 2, at 41-42��è]�:��t�ÐÉh=FÔ3R�~Ï$���'()*�3G\ÓKý3�þÕ�3lHÆ-PQ�IL3nB�id. at 41 zJK$�SP�Ù-z�L®��.��±�See generally Alan Hunt, Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes of Governance, in FOUCAULT AND POLITICAL REASON 167 (Andrew Barry et al. eds., 1996).��@�See, e.g., RIBEIRO, supra note 1, at 15H��9:3ÀÔ�w'()*�3� LH3��!KlKzü"QM�$NÕ"¥Q�~�-3��3�~�pqëìzO®Ù-$

�~�X®�.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �±��

AB®�¢£�zFG3�q%Ó��Ãà$%"���wä�KDPX$�

~Q�%"�wDPX!FG�²Q3�´-ø$zRS$®�TU$��

�������wï§345K®Õ"#wV3&3nB!W��$X�3,

-Õ~Qv�ÓKý¥!YFè$t�Z[$-�E�¥Q���þ�����w�

L��!KÝ�Ót\K'()*�zm�$í·®�á�3d]$Æñ

PKý¥Ó¼w$��Q3&Õ�´]D�$9"¥Ký3³ÇÓK�^$

'()*�Õ�U_�Ë-<å9Q�¥�³Ç-Ñê®��3���Ù

-z¯"�w'()*�!Káâ�$DE�¥Q��Ù--!`�K�]

X-aÉX$�~Q�AbPQ�Õ�wcP�Ký¥!m�ÕKP�Pø

¼-PQ�Õå×dzeP�Iz-��þ$Õ~�w��������w

��$K�����3�´�Õ��-t�*+Õf,!K8S3Y*-1

2�\X�� 3g�3ää���wP�PK,�3³Ç$�åKÝ�!K

�����$m�Õ��zä®ä®hEQ�åK��zý3m�Õ��$

à®��þ$iP�#Q��wÙ3��!KÀÔ3'()*+,zKý

3��zjþ{®�FG�[12�âã3'À$æç®�è�i�Pk·

}«�Ù-��åKÙ3�þÕFG�[12�âãË3�l$!K���

��ÓmÑÕ{n}"P�3���wP�Ó~QKÝ�!ä®ä®K��

���$�åFG�678t60zo�-�þ�åK��$�åAB$é

ê{FG�ëì3íî-Ù¥zé�-®�FG-p-+,zq$ij®

�K���!K����� ������� 3!Ozõå¥üK�ýr®��P�þ-PQ

������������������������������������See Hughes, supra note 8, at 99.����See VEBLEN, supra note 14, at 87-88H�stz��ñò-PQ3AB3)SÆ3&Õ�´KíölP}3+u-PQABz�+®�Ù-�KFG3è��KHv-P

Q3ëH3��Ót�ã,$9"¥�ÚHw38�ÆÓt�x��}$��QKá

y'c���w�Id. at 87.�; see also HUNT, supra note 2, at 136��9:3ÀÔq0;ÐÑ$���DPX��ÀÔXË3úzÓØä�Ù-z´P��ø$ßàÆ3jù�$

Ú�Q¯"Q�� �internal quotation marks omitted��.����See, e.g., Hunt, supra note 18, at 170.����See PIERRE BOURDIEU & JEAN-CLAUDE PASSERON, REPRODUCTION IN EDUCATION, SOCIETY AND CULTURE (Richard Nice trans., Sage Publ’ns 1977) (1970); Pierre Bourdieu, Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction, in KNOWLEDGE, EDUCATION, AND CUL-

TURAL CHANGE 71, 97 (Richard Brown ed., 1973); see also CULTURAL REPRODUCTION �

¯� � °

�±�� ��������� ������������

��3���wÌ,-PQK�����!{Ú3|}®��ç$�å-�

}¥�Ù-$Õ�wý¥!®Õ"#K�Õ"&3K�3� �Õ�ç��

~Qà~w��3\!��Eü�2��)SÕ123� z��®��

#®��$ùà®��ç-Kk�zø#�¥Q�Õ�'()*��ç��~Q

� �-�þ�åcP�FG�[12�$���Õ�ç���wL�!K

°��¤¥-PQ!K�����-'()*�-3��Õ�Ìz���P

Q��âãzõ·®�Ù-z��PQ��w}�$L�!K !�¤¥-

PQK�����Ót��$'()*�-PQ��®�3�$Ú�QD�

PK+,�¤¥-PQK��Ó'()*�-PQ��z�}#�ûvÕ3

�zÏ·®�w�

�á��!KÀÔFGÓKmP{�Úv��ÕI�$�~Q�!��ÓK

'()*�zS�Qv�³ÇzD�®�Ù-�L�3°���ç$ä�

Ù--®�w�^3 � ]^$��QKÝ�3KAB$éê{FG�ëì3íî!K*+ÕFG�ùàz,�PQ��wë�����3ÏRShÒÎ

ÒÎ3I�z¥�$PQ��3���wP�PK{Ú3³Ç$�åKÝ�

3ÀÔ�Õ'()*+,Ó12PQvQ��wý3áÚ!É-PQFG�

Õ³Ç��åK�þáÚ!É-PQ12�Õ³Ç���w�á$KÆ�J

p%�Õ�3���þ-Õ��þ-K?@�AB3Ih!KH�Ih+�

3$ìÆzÕ{®TU$�åKMÓQ®ûQ3AB§3$ìÆz��}«

�Ù-$�Õå��Õ�w­�Õ\X���zÛ¥ü"���þ$KÙ3

�þÕßàÆÓt\ÀÞ3�3-Õ~�wÙ¥ä�$Õ{xä~Q��?

@�AB3�U�?@�$�~QK$ìÆ3j��K�3Õ��oKÌ

R�-s�Õ��3Ó�å�~ýþ%&'}¥Q��w�{$K��$÷

�®�Ù-���ÓKÝ�z-åä{Ä��âã!K'()*�Óùà®

��#$.+ÕKõ·3j�âhK���!ý3�X}¥�I-PQ3V

èÆz¨ðPÕ�3���w�H �R�8h¿�Ó��¼�R�8h¿®�|

�������������������������������������������������������������������

(Chris Jenks ed., 1993).����U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 8.������3� �RST;U0$�®��Ï�À��Fz���3-PQKsee Margaret Chon, Postmodern “Progress”: Reconsidering the Copyright and Patent Power, 43 DEPAUL L. REV. 97 (1993).��|�See Vanessa O’Connell, Gem War, WALL ST. J., Jan. 13-14, 2007, at P1.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �±|�

�å������-�"¥K?@�$AB}¥�`3ÓJñ$kê}¥�

�þÕFÔ$��QKä®ä®�s-Õ~Q��Ý�3./012$�~

QK$ìÆ3��`33VèÆÓ�"¥KÙ¥$�~Q$ìÆ�VWX}

¥�-�þá�$KÝ�!�{�}�}¥Q��3���w��=y��

FG�º�Óv`�Õ{Ù¥ä�$Õ�FP$�3�Q��á��KÝ�!

�=yVèÆFGz $­EQ��wP�Ó~QKÝ�3¡¢123��

$�~Q£ñÕ45Ó5vÚ��¥Q��wý¥!KF-QP®ûQ3Ä

$Ú�Qýr-¡pz®��#$��PKý3à�zä®ä®x#Q��

�./03\X���Ó�KP3�þ$PQ�F$$ìÆKVèÆK./0�

Õ��3z%&'®3�KýPQH�\Xzä}$õ(ê��VWX3¤

��$ìÆzo�Ù-Ó�v�3�-�þÙ-��åK�åL��$!K

��$¡¢�Õ\X$��QK��$PQ'()*+,zïð®�3�-

�þÙ-���w�

�{��°�®��þ$Ký3¥E!K̦!F�$§ÕÃÓÕ�~

�����P¥Õ�ÓK�����3è$'ÀP�wAB$éê��ëì

3íîzi-þ-®�Õ�üK�ÚQÝ�3Ä��âãÓ,�PQ��Ö

×zÔ"å$,�®�þÕá�3�¨Ó.+-Õ�w®Õ"#K12$�

~QKý¥;�Ó�ÚVèÆzÞÀ®�à�Ó�"¥�Õ�üKÔ"å$

\X$�~Qý3Ö×zÝ#Õ�¥üÕ�Õ�wP�PÕÓ�K�·�Õ

Ù-$KÝ�!K�!Mæ�K?@�ABz.hy;0t®�Ù-Ó�v

Õ�wÕ©Õ�üK;ÇPÃaÉÉÊ!Ký3�þÕAB§ªJÉÊ$�

®�í«z¨ðPÕ������w|��ÙýÝ�!�����$�zU

��3���wH¬­z)´��þÕ�z®�üN$ìzßà$®�I�

��3z¡¢M�¯%���ij®�à�Ó��°á3�ö÷|���

��w±�$úû¥üK̀ 33õ(H¶EüK�R�8h¿3ij�-pN

3­{!12�$�à��$�¡¢�v��þ$Õ~�ÓK�����$

�åij}¥�õ(H¶EüK�R�8h¿3�8h¿N!K12�$!

¡¢�vQ�Kà��$!¡¢�vÕ�w�����!K?=3��Õ'

()*�3�þ$!æ�KP3AB§%ÓP3$ìÆ��`3zAB®�

����������������������������������º�MURRAY BOOKCHIN, POST-SCARCITY ANARCHISM, at xvi (3d ed. 2004).����HILLEL SCHWARTZ, THE CULTURE OF THE COPY (1996).�

¯� � °

�±º� ��������� ������������

�z.hy;0tPÕ��33KH�`33Ä�²3./09�zY*®

�Ù-zü"QH�`33%�3av.hy;0tz¥�$®�Ù-�K

Ý�$KÀÔ3'()*+,zv��$¨�®�ñòzhE�3���w

Ù3Ù-3&z�~QKÕ©À�Ý�3'()*+,3­{ÓK$ìÆ3

������H¶Eü`aN$éê�Q��3�K��Õ©����e3

9RÓ����zÄ�²3./09���ij®�Ù-zèX-PQ�

�3�$Ú�QK°�ÓÚ{��P¥Õ�w����!K���$!`3

XÓ¥���åKã{³Sßà��åK��$ϦßàÕVèÆ3Ih�

��w}�$*+ÕÙ-$K¡¢}¥M®�Æ�z�#ÕÓ�K����

!KÝ�$r}¥�VèÆ3Ih3è�t�k·�Õ�3���wP�Ó

~QK�����!K'()*�-PQ3Ö×ziPÚ��¥��33ý

3Ö×z}FP�v��Q!��´Ký3Ì,K�����3õ·3ö÷

!KÝ�3'()*+,z¿í®�Ù-$U���ùà�ú�®�±z¢Q�

�tèÕ3���w�

�{�!K�����3'()*�Ë3_�zõ$�PQ����è3

{Ú3ö÷$´6z�QQ��wáÚ�!VWX��3ij��åKÙ3

6!����3ij3Ih3è���9�Õ��3��~QK�Q!ä�

�3Ó��-®¥ü`a{����~�ÓK�!cde�-SgRhij

�zµc�����3e÷$��Q��ÕIh$�åÞ¶}¥Q��wV

WX��3ijÓã{Þ¶}¥Q��3!Ký¥Ó¥·3Õ�¡¢\X3

)®����Õ45K®Õ"#VWXz¸{./09�345$Ôå¹c

�#3ñòzóô®������wÔºÆz���®./09�$�~Q

»d§Ó./0ßàÕd3z»d®�Rh<hÒμÓNÕ"¥�Ù-

!�{��¥Q��w�äå�{��¥Q�Õ�3!KVWXz¸{./

����������������������������������±�See KARL RENNER, THE INSTITUTIONS OF PRIVATE LAW AND THEIR SOCIAL FUNCTIONS 81 (O. Kahn-Freund ed., Agnes Schwarzschild trans., 1949)���Má�3�3ùàÓKý3I�-¤¥ÓúXPÕ�$���"�´úX®��ùà�ú��3��$Ú�Q

¯"Q���; see also HUNT, supra note 2, at 13��'()*�3>?!�+,3�½ùà�ú�¾3�0==�SÎ0�zóô®��3��~QK�ýÙ�!�"áÚ3�

�¿¹&ÓKúÀP�âã�$��QoÕ�ÁÂ3�#$)S-Õ��þf,�$

�Ã}¥Q���-ÉÄ®��.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �±��

09�Ó»d§3Rh<hÒμzNÕþ3&Õ�´K}�$Ø�Ì,z

%"}«�-�þÙ-���wÕ©Õ�üKVWXz¸{./09�!K

»dÄ3$ìÆzVWXPK[{áâ�Õ�3$®�Ù-�»dÄý3�

33)SÆK-å"�ý3+��)SÆzNÕþ�����wVWX��

ij®�-�þÙ-!K��õ·3��»dÄ3)SÆÓAÅ®��3�

�åKý3ABÓ?@����-�þÙ-z��ä¥�Ù-���wÔº

}¥�Ù-��ij®�Ù-�!PüPüÆ��vÕ�Ù-z9þÙ-

z��PQ��wý¥!K»dÄ3$ìÆziðPKý3AB§zëìP

���¥��þ�i®�Ù-���w�

÷�®�{Ú�3ö÷!�klzmi®��#3ij�-��þûv�

3�-�}¥Q��w²³�[>?�$klÕ`3K¶Eüq0;ÐÑ3

½RhMT0=y8~Ï3ÏÇ~Èo3z���À!KÀÔ3AB§$õ

ìÕIh3$ìÆzhE�w®Õ"#KäÓ��3�!Õ{kl3z�ð

PQ��-�þ6�3$ìÆ���w-!�EKÀÔ3¡¢��$�~QK

kl33Ä��õ(zýr®�Ù-Óßà���Ù-Ó��}¥KÙ3�

þÕ¡¢��!KÙ¥�3õ(3�Ú$ìÆ3&Õ�´Ký3ÉÊ��\

Xz�VWXPQPäþ3���w}�$L��$!Ký3�þÕ��$

�~QK`33KËÌ$ÄI3K��Õõ(3ÍÎÏþÆÓÐ"�¥Q�

�3���w¾¿�Õ%�§!Kâã$Ñ"Q�����3,�3IhK

¶Eü²³��´$÷®��M¾¿�\X��À3ij$�zU�K;Ò

3`3��\X3ÍÎÏþÆzx#ijPQv�w�

�{��°�®� ·���ÓKVWX��3ij��klzmi®�

�#3ijzü"Q'()*���z,�®Ù-Ó�v��þ$®�Ù

-!Kõ$�Z�wÕ©Õ�üKÙ3�þÕ��$ÓÔ®�$��~QK

ÕijIh!KÝ�Ó����3Æ��������3��$Ú�QÙ¥

ä�DEQv�F-QP®ûQ3Ù--!Ö3�U3g×$P�Ó~Q

ùà®������w�����3'()*��çÓK-�®¥ü��3

e�-PQ3ä-äå��f,$ÒP�Ì,zØ�ÚÚ�K��3� �

�ç3�o��ûÙûÕI-PQP3�þ$�¥QvQ���ÓKÕij

Ihzü"Q���$Õ�w�

�Ù��!K'()*������$�~QÀÔ3'()*+,zÚ·

X®�Ù-!�vÕ�Ù-z !®�ÓKý3�þÕÌ,!+,�$Ûä

¯� � °

�±±� ��������� ������������

P�Ù-���-ÉÄ®�w�����!K'()*��ç$��Q!K

��®�ÄI3$ìÆ3IhzÄ�²3./09�-VWX��ÜÜ�

$ij®�ÓK� ��ç�!Ký3�þÕmP�$ìÆ3IhÓ��®

�Ù-z�{ÝÞ®�wý3Ì,%´�3!K¡ã��W3ßàÕIh3

'()*���åKÝ�3'()*ßGzÙ¥ä�$Õ{jk·Õ�3-

®����þw-!�EKÙ¥!àáÕÂÃ-Õ����þwF�Õ�iK

� P��=y�]¢£$��Q!K�����!K��âhMVèÆ3

��âh$é�zÃ{FG�\X�+,Ó��PK�Úý3�þÕâhz

12�âl®�Ù-Óä®ä®ßà-Õ~Q���þÕFGíî3t�

3ã-PQ-�E�¥Qv�w�����!Ký3'()*��ç$��

Q!KFG�Õ�j��®�@ÓhE�f,��åK�F$ý3ÚÛ-Õ~�

�3���w�ä�$KVWXÓ%"kl�Õ��3Ó8ü®�-�þÀ

©!KÝ�3¡¢12ÓKAB$éê��FG��ìX3íîzK./0

r3��n¥}«�Ù-$�åFÔå¥$®�-�þKFG�$� ��

;ÇÉÊ�Õæ�à�z)®�Ù-z��®�wÝ�!K�����zK

çPè¥3K�Ü�$!ÄÅÕ���!��ÓÝ�3./0123FG�

$���Õæ�à�z®��3-PQé��3���w�Ù��!ý

þ®�Ù-ÓKê$�����3� �ÁÂ-áë«´Kä�K�å]ì

�$!\ÔX3� �ÁÂ-áëPÕ�Ù-$Ú�Q¯"�w�

�� ��������������

Í8h=�!Kq0;ÐÑ3�3õ·3w-�"{K¡¢3zq$rp

P�åíîP�å®�Ù-3F�$�ð®�Ù-�ïð9���åKPÙ

�¡¢3zñäP���4"Õ���wP�PKý¥��K����»3Ù-�

����������������������������������@�See TALCOTT PARSONS & NEIL J. SMELSER, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY: A STUDY IN THE INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL THEORY 263 (1st paperback ed. 1965).����See CODE DE LA PROPRIETE INTELLECTUELLE art. 716-10 (Fr.), available at http://www. legifrance.gouv.fr/telecharger_pdf.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006069414. R�~Ï!ä�K¡¢3zKòz�~Qóå��º!�ð®�§$�PKxôÕõLz¡P�w

See Adam L. Freeman & Sara Gay Forden, In Italy, ‘Buying a Fake Bag Isn’ t a Joke’� �

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �±@�

��ÓK-��öwH3s%!KÑ~$�����t3÷ø$ä~QK

;}3���t3ùÐ`3úé�Ó2¥�3�û³P�-+{®�Ù-

zü�-Pä�Ù-!Õ�~�w���t3÷ø!�ý�å��Äþ�û

³z9~���ws%!K;}3ùÐ`Ó¡¢3���Ù-z�}$��

PQ��ÓK���t3?].�!KùÐ`zv\�¦ûQ�Ký¥Ó¡

¢3|-�þÙ-ze{Û�¥Õ�~���w?].�!�ÓÚ�Õ�~�

ÓK;}�#!�3¾°�Õöwr3�=0Ñ0./0®��K®Õ"#��

ÕSÈ�t./0z9��$ýÀP��3Kz�3Hå$P�3���w�

�á�3��!K=0Ñ0./0z%&'PKÀÔ3]Dè3 ������ ������ $Ý�3'()*+,3&Õ�´'()*�z½¾®��zhE�������������������������������������������������������������������

It’s a Crime, INT’L HERALD TRIB., Jan. 13, 2006, available at http://www. ny-times.com/2006/01/13/business/worldbusiness/13iht-fake.html��ÍÎ�hÊ�3cÆÓ���0;���8h¿33Éh`8=z~�Ù-������0;3õLz¡}¥�

Ù-z¾EQ���.����Velisarios Kattoulas, Bags of Trouble, FAR E. ECON. REV., Mar. 21, 2002, at 52, 52.����Id.�� � ¸ë��ÎÏ�3s/��� Gucci America, Inc. v. Daffy’s, Inc., 354 F.3d 228 (3d Cir.2003) !K��3 �sÞz)®��3���wL/�!K�C!|@�ë�3�Jackie-O��3 Gucci 3ùÐ`zÍ�Æ3��É0¿Ñ0ÒÎ03íî÷��ñäPKþ# º Úz®v®ûQî�P�wùÐ`Ókl3���Ù-z��®��#$K�C!;Ò3?].$Ký3?].Ó�åÄ-PQ��Ô~�ùÐ`

Ókl3����Pþ�z��#��-�þwÞ3�� Gucci 3Ï�y�Ðy÷$9�«�w÷.!KùÐ`z��#QKý¥Ókl3���-úû�w�C!K

ì3�Q|ùÐ`z Gucci 3û³<h�0$�~�ÓK�<h�0!�3�4��®�Ù-Õ{ùÐ`zû³PK��P�wÞ�$!K|@�ë3ùÐ`3®ûQÓ¡

¢3��~�wId. at 229-30.�·ÕÙ-$K²�ÎÏ�!K�C$¡¢3���ùÐ`®ûQz¸�®�Ù-z�"Õ�~�w�¡¢333�-KDaffy’s 3�ÄAÓý3¡¢3zñ$ä¥��#$'®Ú�å3�~�LôÓm��xô��~�

Ù-ÓKGucci 3`aÓ�Ú��¥�-3ÉÄz°��3Õ��3$P�������wId. at 234.�� � ¸ë��ÎÏ�!KÚÈ3Ï�zïðP�wId. at 243.����Kattoulas, supra note 31, at 52; see also RADHA CHADHA & PAUL HUSBAND, THE CULT OF THE LUXURY BRAND: INSIDE ASIA’S LOVE AFFAIR WITH LUXURY 269-70 (2006)��èwr��öwr3�˼���Ä�33�3x�Ù-z¯"Q���; Ray Tai, Label Conscious, MANAGING INTELL. PROP., Apr. 2007, at 50, 50H�74q�3�¤¥��Ä�$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�

¯� � °

�@�� ��������� ������������

��þÕ¡¢123)®���Kè��FG���z��®�Ù-���w

�����$Ú�Q£¯®�è�KÝ�!Ký3�þÕ123¢£���K

®Õ"#K��$PQcd§M��§Ó»dP��®��#3Rh<hÒ

μzÐ(}«Ký¥$�å�� �zå�«�3�-�þ6$3&´6

z�QQPäþÙ-Ó�äå$­�w�á��!KcP�Ký3�þÕ1

2ÓKAB$éê��FG�ëì3íî$�PKP3�þÕ��zhE�

3�$´6z�Q�Ù--®�wý3�þÕ12ÓK$ìÆ3��ij�

Õ`33R�Ò0� hz !$ýrP"�}«��z)®�Ù-$�

åKij�Õ`3Ó�Þ$$ìÆzhE�à�z�2PKÝ�3FG�ë

ì3íî3É#6zK$ìÆ3������3ABË-À9}«Q��3

���wÙ3�þÕÀ9$�~QK*sÕÌ,Ó���}¥Q��wt�

*+Õ3!KÝ�ÓK893:;<=3!îz$#��3-PQK$ìÆ

3ij�IhÓ)®�Ä�Æ$øù®�Ù-!�vÕ�-�þÙ-��

�wÙ¥!K?@�AB3ÉL�456zZ#�%¥Ó��w®Õ"#K

$ìÆ3IhÓ��3$ìÆz&#AP�þ�þÕ;z@þ�U�?@�

3�+z�®�TU$��-�þÙ-���wÕ�FPK$ìÆ3Öij

�ÕIhË-À9®�Ù-!Ký3�þÕIhÓÄ�²3./09�3�

�zõ$��M®��#$KÙ345zq$Z#�IJ3Ù-z%"}«

�%¥Ó��wÝ�3AB$éê{FG�ëì3íîz�e$'(}«�

ßàÆÓ��3���w�

Ù3�þÕg¯z¨E�û{K)!ä´Ù3íî3ùà-*v$Ú�Q

+q$¯"�wõ$K893:;<=3)®�Æ�$�èPQ£¯®�w

Õ©Õ�KÙ3:;<=3RSÕ�vzü"QAB§FGÓFG�ëìz

,h®������w $)!K?@�AB$Úvä-þK�,3JÓ�

Õ�AB3·��Õ45$´6z�Q�wt�$)!KÝ�3¡¢12Ó

893:;<=3*vz-.PK�"«QÝ�3AB$éê{FG�ëì

3íîz-.®�ßàÆ$Ú�QD�®�w�

��� ��������� !�

¾¿�Õ'()*�!K�]X��aÉÉÊX3xäå$Ø�/EQ�

~���P¥Õ�ÓK'()*+,!ýþ�!Õ�~�wAB§FG3'

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �@��

À$�åK�ä~�|����ws­:3¢01�FG¡�$�åK

HÑ!K;2Xz¨E��#KýPQ}�$ÉL�$!K;�Ó34áë

PQ��-�þ��zI�Pið®��#K;�z�-ëì}¥��3-

PQø$®�.+Æz�"��3���-�þÙ-Ó¯�}¥���w$ì

Æ3��ÏRShÒÎÒÎz-5®�$��åKëH!K�§�å�pq

�$¤~Q��-��e$�Ü$��-�"�Ù-z.´P�{#�"

��!Õ{�|KäPQM¾��$�o0r���-�"�Ù-z{#�Ù

-�PÕ�w��$K��X-�ìXË3+�®�6�®�º378z9{®

�$��åKëH!K;�zõ·3��-à}«ÚÚ�3õ·3��-

!�ìX®�Ù-�á·3�tÕ$ìÆ®��z{#�3����±w*+Õ

������������������������������������See, e.g., C.R. SNYDER & HOWARD L. FROMKIN, UNIQUENESS: THE HUMAN PURSUIT OF DIFFERENCE (1980); Vivian L. Vignoles, Xenia Chryssochoou & Glynis M. Breakwell, The Distinctiveness Principle: Identity, Meaning, and the Bounds of Cultural Relativity, 4 PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. REV. 337 (2000).��|�See C.R. Snyder, Product Scarcity by Need for Uniqueness Interaction: A Consumer Catch 22 Carousel?, 13 BASIC & APPLIED SOC. PSYCHOL. 9, 20-21 (1992)H�:�Ð���3¸_;<z<å9Q���!FG�²Q�!Õ�XFG�²Q!K=Cz¸P�

��3$ÓÔPQ��*+Õ7�tU0Ê�!����P¥Õ�ÓKý¥�å�c

P�K�äå�ð®�§Ó�Õ�-�þsÞÓKL=�$õì���-�þ��z

ëH$hEKý¥Ó�·�Õ�-Õ~Q��3���X®�; see also Wilfred Amaldoss & Sanjay Jain, Pricing of Conspicuous Goods: A Competitive Analysis of Social Effects, 42 J. MARKETING RES. 30, 30 (2005)H��o0r}$Ú�Q3�Ó�´®�*+ÕsÞ-PQKH�ÓK;Ò3&MFG�²Qz´®�#�!Õ{Kq$�3AB§-!

`~���$Õ��#$KoÕ�`3zþÙ-z>?®�ÃàÓ�åþ�-�þ

Ù-Ó���¥�X®�.��º�Marilynn B. Brewer, The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time, 17 PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. BULL. 475, 478 (1991).����Id. at 475 (emphasis omitted). �±�See GEORG SIMMEL, The Philosophy of Fashion, in SIMMEL ON CULTURE 187, 189 (David Frisby & Mike Featherstone eds., 1997)H�FG��4X�-�ëH3�ìX�-�þ�{Ú3+�®�TU�$Ú�Q¯"Q���; see also C. Scott Hemphill & Jeannie Suk, The Law, Culture, and Economics of Fashion, 61 STAN. L. REV. 1147, 1164-66 (2009)��AB§-%�§Ó�@Óå�-��ìX�$AЮ�TU$��Ù-z¯�

¯� � °

�@�� ��������� ������������

Ù-$KëHÓ$ìÆz9{P�þ-®¥üKèÕ{-��}�$!�§

3ø�$øù®�Ù--Õ�w®Õ"#K$ìÆÓ��-�"��#$!K

ëH!K�§��$ìÆÓ��HÄ���-ø�}¥Q��-�"�.+

Ó���@w$ìÆÓ��-�"��-�þB{!eHÑ3ü3�ù���

�þ|ÓKtÕ$ìÆ3é�Mý¥zÆ�®��#3õ·3ñò!K\

XMFÔ$�~Q�ÕåoÕ�ßàÆÓ����w ���� �������M ��!��� ������H�� ������� ������N3�þÕFG³¯VÓK� ]^ï$ý3C°z9QKI=�}$¯�}¥Qv�Ù-���Ó��KÀÔ3DPFG$

��QKëH!K�3����;�z�ìX®��#3KÓì$�DÕ�

àPÕ�-�þB�|�z¢0®�TUÓ��ÓKý3�#$;ÒÓ�3

�������������������������������������������������������������������

"Q���.��@�See Marilynn B. Brewer, Optimal Distinctiveness, Social Identity, and the Self, in HANDBOOK OF SELF AND IDENTITY 480 (Mark R. Leary & June Price Tangney eds., 2005); see also Jonah Berger & Chip Heath, Who Drives Divergence? Identity Signaling, Out-group Dissimilarity, and the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes, 95 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCHOL. 593 (2008)��ÏRShÒÎÒÎ3�Í3FG�Æ�z�¦®��.����See Vignoles et al., supra note 34, at 342-46.����See, e.g., GEORG SIMMEL, The Metropolis and Mental Life, in THE SOCIOLOGY OF GEORG SIMMEL 409 (Kurt H. Wolff ed. & trans., 1950).����See, e.g., EDWARD SAPIR, Fashion, in 3 THE COLLECTED WORKS OF EDWARD SAPIR 265 (Regna Darnell et al. eds., 1999).����See Caroline A. Foley, Fashion, 3 ECON. J. 458 (1893). Foley 3d3Óø�}¥��þ$Õ~�3!Ú�t\���wSee Edward Fullbrook, Caroline Foley and the Theory of Intersubjective Demand, 32 J. ECON. ISSUES 709, 709-10 (1998).����See, e.g., Angela Chao & Juliet B. Schor, Empirical Tests of Status Consumption: Evi-dence from Women‘s Cosmetics, 19 J. ECON. PSYCHOL. 107, 114 (1998)H�Veblen 3°$?EüKDG�ÕEF�!K²Qz���#$�$ÛE�AB3.+ÆÓm��x��

-�þC°$Ú�Q¢01�ÕÉùÓ��-PK�Ù3�þÕ ×!KDP�$�

��FG\XÓ�å8��Õ�3��åKý3�#$²Q3�Ú�ç3þ#KAB

$÷�3Õ��}Ó�å�9�Õ��3-Õ~Q��-3Û$éê�Q���-

�LPQ���.��|�Kelly Tepper Tian & Karyn McKenzie, The Long-Term Predictive Validity of the Con-sumers’ Need for Uniqueness Scale, 10 J. CONSUMER PSYCHOL. 171, 172 (2001); see also �

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �@��

��3è3��á�-�����Ù-zÉÄ®�-�þ��z-�3�

��w�^ � ]^$"�~QKê$K����� - ���� Óý3÷X3F-QPzu�|DP�3�]X}¥�FG$��QKëH!K;};GÓ�ì

XzH¥�`3|-DE��3K���§Ó�ìXzH¥�`3|-DE

�-H�ëHÓDE�`3zAB®�Ù-�K�~ýþÙ3B$éê�

Q9�P�3����ºw�3K¾¿�$��Õ�X-�ìX3+uK�-

EüÆìKH,KIuKp%M�0=y!KJ|$DP�3�]X}¥�

FG�ùàPQ��ÓKÙ3�þÕ+u�}EKÀ�!AB3æåMFGK

KPQ�EüAB3�8RÍ=�Rt�zü"Q�À}¥K�Úý3��

z���Ù-ÓLP{Õ���w�

ÀÔ3'()*+,!KÚ·��*+Õíî-!MN�EÕ�ÓKý3

­�ÕÊM�O!K893:;<=3¯³��Pv'}¥�3���w

Ù3:;<=!KQå�PS��¥�FG�ÕR¹&��~QKÙ¥$�

~QH�NëH!K��¤·3$ìÆ3IhzPäP./0®�Ù-zü

"QtÕ$ìÆz9{PKH�NÙ¥�3Ih3þ#õ·3�3$Ú�Q

�������������������������������������������������������������������

Paul R. Nail, Toward an Integration of Some Models and Theories of Social Response, 100 PSYCHOL. BULL. 190, 197-200 (1986)��ëH3FG�âã$�®��Ñ$������¦�3]^$Ú�Q¯"Q���.��º�See, e.g., Michael Lynn & C.R. Snyder, Uniqueness Seeking, in HANDBOOK OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 395, 399-402 (C.R. Snyder & Shane J. Lopez eds., 2002)��ëH$��K;Ò3�ìX-AB-3÷S$÷®�¦§zýTU®��3�; see also MIKE FEATH-

ERSTONE, CONSUMER CULTURE AND POSTMODERNISM 84 (2d ed. 2007)H�AB§\X$GzÃ{ÀÔ3ëH!K;}ÓKJl|��!Õ{K;VKV�K¤KK;�=�

�ý3�KW&3����j��-�þX6���WK}Ñ}¥��þÕ��z�

~Q;Òz�À®�3|-�þÙ-z$}«�¥�X®�; ALISON LURIE, THE LAN-

GUAGE OF CLOTHES 3 (Owl Books 2000) (1981)H��Y»�3vKHÑ!Kä´lK-�þ!çzü"Q��$.�po�0� hz-~Q��X®�.�But see Colin Campbell, When the Meaning Is Not a Message: A Critique of the Consumption as Com-munication Thesis, in BUY THIS BOOK: STUDIES IN ADVERTISING AND CONSUMPTION 340 (Mica Nava et al. eds., 1997)��ABÓ!ç���-3C°$Ú�Q¯"Q���.����See MARGARET MAYNARD, DRESS AND GLOBALISATION (2004); see also CLOTHING

AND DIFFERENCE: EMBODIED IDENTITIES IN COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL AFRICA (Hildi Hendrickson ed., 1996) [hereinafter CLOTHING AND DIFFERENCE].�

¯� � °

�@�� ��������� ������������

!K�äå$s+¡$./0}¥��#K�!M��z�3����ëì

�P{!$ì«´Kº!ëHzK�"��3è3�3ëH��ëì�P{

!$ì«´KH�NýþÕ�-ëHº!��!K�3$ìÆ3Ihzm�$

Pä®��./0®�3����±wVWXz¸{./09�!Ký¥Ó�

²3���3���þ-Õ��þ-KÙ3:;<=z%"}«�É��Ú

Û��åK����� 3)sÕ!O$���þ$�89Óãä�-KM�$ý3�"åË-U�þX®�@3���wý3�þÕ./09�! �3893

$ìÆz�2®�--�$Km�Õ893.+Æz���®|�wxq33

}Z��Øsx�¶z��¥üK����� ����� !;Ò3`a38R<h=z[�P®\K��@±�»Ô$!±���3`3$;}3sïz]PKý3è$

!^_�ù0�µä¥Q��®|�wý3�#$/3�8h¿!`{v$VW

X}¥Ka'�î3~=r$�PQ�åb*Õ�3xq�8h¿Ó'À®

�czd�QPä~�|�wVWXz¸{./09�-893:;<=-3

÷Sz�®t�G\Õ��¶!K���$!xqÏÑ�t`33]D$Û

�¥�ÓK893:;<=$�~Q���}¥�3!q$ÏÑ�tÍóÐ

� h$���úX$-Pä�Õ�wã{ž}¥Q��Se "���� 3f�M�:8�zÆ�Øg�H��� #��� $���� �����N3hÂ38R<h=zK

893:;<=3Þò-!}�QDE�Ù-Ó.i���wÕ©Õ�üK

893:;<=!Kã�,ô3`3MFG���|�H��43}Z|�N$

����������������������������������±�See, e.g., Giacomo Corneo & Olivier Jeanne, Segmented Communication and Fashiona-ble Behavior, 39 J. ECON. BEHAV. & ORG. 371, 371 (1999)H�89!K8RÍÉRrt$Ñ"Q�#®�w�ÉRrt!KoÕ�òp$³}X}¥�wPäK¡¢Ks+¡

ÕÂáXKýPQ/(���w��emphasis omitted��; see also A.C. Pigou, The Inter-dependence of Different Sources of Demand and Supply in a Market, 23 ECON. J. 19 (1913).��@�Georg Simmel, Fashion, 10 INT’L Q. 130, 138-39 (1904).�|��See generally Peter M. Kort et al., Brand Image and Brand Dilution in the Fashion In-dustry, 42 AUTOMATICA 1363 (2006)���8h¿Rx0È3xhÒ�h=YK$Ú�Q¯"K8StXPQ�����

|��Business Sense, ECONOMIST, Mar. 6, 2004, 50 (Fashion Survey insert), at 8.�|��See id.�|��See GILLES LIPOVETSKY, THE EMPIRE OF FASHION 5 (Catherine Porter trans., Princeton �

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �@|�

ä�Ó~Qùà®������w893:;<=$Ú�Q3¾¿�Õ¢£

�X6��3°�$�¥üKëHM��!K;Ò3²QÓ�§�å�pq

�$¤¥Q��-ÉÄ®��#$m�Õ89zjåä¥KIï�å��®

�89z./0®�Ù-�;Ò3²QÓ�§-pq�$4P�Ù-zÉ

Ä®�-}¥�ÓKÙ3�þÕ�·||!jl����wÙ3�þÕ�·!K

������� %�������� M &��� ���� -�~�§Ó�]^�ï$P�-vMK}�$�Eü �������� "����� - ����� Óï]^$P�-v��¥ü§��~���P¥Õ�ÓKÀÔ3]D�Õ893:;<=$Ú�QK�

!Mk�3�{°�zhEQ{¥��3�!Õ�|ºw893:;<=$�

���ülÞß�³¯!·m}n3s�Õ�o�$Õ�ßàÆÓ��á�

�Ký3³¯!K¢0$�~Q9��v�45-PQ!K#�v�"P�

�3-}¥Qv�|�w¼w|±Kd�pJw|@K��ý3�3Ã�º�$���

�������������������������������������������������������������������

Univ. Press 1994) (1987)H�Ý�3FG3ÉÕõ(!KÒ�$�~Q893p��Õ�áâX���wÚäåK½89¾3IhÓK�ÚQý3q�3,ô·$�~��

�Ë-ãÓ�Ù-Kr���s�Õ�3K®Õ"#893¯³ý3�3$�~QJ

���ä�ý-5}¥�FGÓ'À®�Ù-���X®�; id. at 6H�89!�!M��ÕKt�!Õ{K3��%�3Kt�ÕÏr<É~�!Õ�XRSÕ¹Ee�Ë3

ñu�åÕ3���X®�.�|��See Scott Jaschik, Academic Fashions Aren’t Just Sartorial, INSIDE HIGHER ED, Dec. 28, 2006, http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/12/28/papers��¼wÀÔç\¶G3\�K2�89$÷®�Ñ�t$Ú�Q°�PQ���.�||�See, e.g., H. Leibenstein, Bandwagon, Snob, and Veblen Effects in the Theory of Con-sumers’ Demand, 64 Q.J. ECON. 183, 184 (1950); see also Philip R.P. Coelho & James E. McClure, Toward an Economic Theory of Fashion, 31 ECON. INQUIRY 595, 596 (1993); Paul Frijters, A Model of Fashions and Status, 15 ECON. MODELLING 501, 502 (1998); Wolfgang Pesendorfer, Design Innovation and Fashion Cycles, 85 AM. ECON. REV. 771, 772 (1995).�|º�See generally CRANE, supra note 15.�|��See, e.g., Diana Crane, Diffusion Models and Fashion: A Reassessment, 566 ANNALS AM. ACAD. POL. & SOC. SCI. 13 (1999); George A. Field, The Status Float Phenomenon: The Upward Diffusion of Innovation, 13 BUS. HORIZONS 45 (1970); see also Herbert Blumer, Fashion: From Class Differentiation to Collective Selection, 10 SOC. Q. 275, 277-82 (1969).�

¯� � °

�@º� ��������� ������������

893:;<=$Ú�Q3�$�¥üKm�Õ89!]D3��v�\

X��%ä¥K­�Õ²÷Ë-ãÓ~Q�{Ù-Ó"��º�wm�Õ89

zPä®�$PQ�./0®�$PQ�KëH!tÕ�_t3$ìÆz

{#Ký¥!.´P�pq�Õ²QzhE��3���.+ÓÕ�º�wÕ

�FPK¾E´úX®�$ìÆ3ÀÔ3PÃK�00�ÒÎh`PÕ�-

�þ00�ÒÎh`®º�K�RhSÎ0��8h¿®º����s~3�#3õ

u%�®º|Ó�´®��þ$K̀ 3X}¥�$ìÆ3Ih$��Q!Ký3

�Ü3��zÆ�®��#Kpq�²Q?@�jS}¥�é�z!~vå

-½¾®�ÃàÓ­�wý3�Ü3��-!K89zPäP�§���!

jSP�§$�PK�4����3Ó�n¥�]DK®Õ"#À$%"Ú

Ú��KAB§Óxq1233���Õ�ÄzKw>}¥�$ìÆ3(x

�������������������������������������������������������������������|±�See, e.g., Dorie S. Goldman, “Down for La Raza”: Barrio Art T-Shirts, Chicano Pride, and Cultural Resistance, 34 J. FOLKLORE RES. 123 (1997). |@�See MAYNARD, supra note 47; see also CLOTHING AND DIFFERENCE, supra note 47.�º��See, e.g., DICK HEBDIGE, SUBCULTURE: THE MEANING OF STYLE (Terence Hawkes ed., 1979); TED POLHEMUS, STREET STYLE: FROM SIDEWALK TO CATWALK (1994).�º��See CRANE, supra note 15, at 237H���]^�y$��Q!K]D�Õ\X3èXÓR:��®�w=�Rt!èX���z{�Ë-8¥Ký3Ö�ä�k���X®�.�º��See ROBERT G. DUNN, IDENTIFYING CONSUMPTION 123 (2008)H�=Ò0�=3ÉÄ!K�!KÖ¢£�é�3|ýÕ}~$�~QH�zëìPQ���À9�3Ih$é

ê{Ù-Ó­�wÙ¥Ó�Q!ä�,ô$��Q!K8RÍ=�Rt3I�!jý

4Æ-�þ�å`�z´®�3-ÕåK=Ò0�=3]^!�å�~ýþ��ä�

Õ�3-Õ~�X®�.�º��Rob Walker, The Marketing of No Marketing, N.Y. TIMES, June 22, 2003, § 6 (Maga-zine), at 42.�º��See, e.g., Julie Naughton & Matthew W. Evans, Color Outperforms Fragrance in 2005 Department Store Tally, WOMEN’S WEAR DAILY, Apr. 14, 2006, at 1H�RhSÎ0��-�Ï0ÒÎ=y��Tt��Òμ�X�3�8h¿3��$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�º|�See Benedict G.C. Dellaert & Stefan Stremersch, Marketing Mass-Customized Products: Striking a Balance Between Utility and Complexity, 42 J. MARKETING RES. 219, 219 (2005); see also DANA THOMAS, DELUXE: HOW LUXURY LOST ITS LUSTER 318 (2007)H�s~3�#3õì���300�ÒÎh`$Ú�Q¯"Q���internal quotation

marks omitted��.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �@��

-PQÛ«Ú��À©ºº3è�KqÕ�./0�!Õ�ì3�����-

�þ��3���o®º�3�òz�%E}«�Ù-���w������ ���' Ó°��$°�P��þ$KÙ3�þ$�-3�oz`3X®�Ù-!K

¶EüK�@º�»Ô3bÆÏÑ�tÍóÐ� h$����/0.Ðr�Ç

~p0� h�3���Õõ(��åKI=�{Ù--Õ~��89z9

þAB§ÉÊ��Ù¥! &���� F3 ����� (��� Ót�f,�$�KPQ����zo#P�3���º±w�

Ý�!KëHÓ;�z$ìÆÓ��-�"��#$!Kpq�$¤�P

Q��-�"�.+Æ!Õ�-�þÙ-zø$®�Ù-�KÀÔ3'()

*+,3ÉL�ÕDEzlP{³�®�Ù-Ó�v�wÙ3ÉL�ÕDE

!KÝ�ÓK����$�P$ìÆ3��`3-PQ3Ö×z,�®Ù-

z:�®��þ$Õ~�³Çz°�®�3$Ö9Úwý3DE-!K`3

!Ký3AB§$$ìÆzhE��#$!KÓìx�Õ�3���.+!

Õ�K-�þ�3���wÙ3�þ$�E�3!K`3ÓèÕ{-�{Ú

3oÕ� �3d�º!á�$��QKVè���-��}¥¥üKý3

Cî�$ìÆ3���3-PQ��}¥þ������º@wáy�$K"

�åv~�Ù-���þÓK`3ÓVèÕ�3-PQ��}¥�3!Ký

3Rr3ÓÜ#QèÕ����Kº!K�+�å�´~-èÕ�:3Rr

3P�Õ�H¶EüKx�ÕK;�=3C·8StN�����wP�PK

{y�$K�å"�å${���P¥Õ�ÓK`3!Ký¥-�"�þÕ

�3ÓPÃ$�äåÕ�-��}¥Q���#$KVè���-��}¥

���������������������������������ºº�See Susan Scafidi, Bag Lady, COUNTERFEIT CHIC, July 13, 2009, http://counterfeitchic. com/2009/07/bag-lady.html ���Ä®-�´}¥�Íh¿ùÐ`3¶z��PQ���; see also Frederic Glaize, Contrefaçon, LE PETIT MUSÉE DES MARQUES, Nov. 15, 2006, http://www.pmdm.fr/wp/2006/11/15/contrefacon����'�HÓÍ8h=3 ]�)e�$�contrefaçon�H¡¢3N-�þ`azJ�3z�·`3-PQÂòP�þ-P�Ù&$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�º��HEBDIGE, supra note 60, at 102H��3���oÓ��Ù-3¾ÆÓK®ûQ3�XÕÉ��t��03 �$��½��¾���w��emphasis omitted��.�º±�See THOMAS FRANK, THE CONQUEST OF COOL 184-205 (1997).�º@�See generally Dwight E. Robinson, The Economics of Fashion Demand, 75 Q.J. ECON. 376, 385-90 (1961)��893:;<=$���VèÆ3Ö×$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�

¯� � °

�@±� ��������� ������������

�Ù-���H¶EüK�����NwÙ3�þÕVèÆ3{y�3 �Ó�

�®���ÙýK�]!Kž$�å`3ÓVè���-3��z�#Ú

ÚK�F$ý3`33Rr3zPQPQsm%�®�Ù-Ó�v�3��

�wä�KVèÆ3{y�3 �Ó��®���ÙýK���8h¿Óª

��$�åKý3Rr3Ó�{}Q��®�ÓvE$Ký3�8h¿3�

�ý3�3ÓKý3VèÆÓ��}¥�ÚÛ-Õ�-�þÙ-Ó�Ùåþ

�3���w¶EüK)s���Ù-Ó�äå)s�!Õ���P¥Õ�

ÓK.�[.083�8h¿!súLP�-!�EÕ��33KmÑÕv

FP$��®�ÓvE$K$ìÆz)®�3���wÀÔ3'()*+,

$���KÙ3��ÕKáÛÖ°�ÕVèÆ3¯³H��`a�$���

�$ìÆ3���3]^��N!K�./0�-�þ!O3­ÊÆ$+«}¥

Q�åK�./0�-!H�Nõ·3`33�eÕRrKH�N�3��`3

��~Q�3`3-êQ���33Ký3�eÕRr�!Õ��3Kº!

H�Ný3�þÕ��`33�eÕRr��K3�´¥�z�Pþ�3��

�wP�Ó~QKC·�3`3!K�eÕRrÓ�{}Qd�¥�Ù-$

�~Q$ìÆzÂþßàÆÓ��á��Ksm%�3K���!Ú��$

�EüC·�3`3!Ký3�eÕRr�!Õ�Ñê3`3Ó�{}Qd

�¥�Ù-$�~Q$ìÆzÂþßàÆÓ��H¶EüK���)'����� ����� º! ���� ����w�´¥3Ãà$��Q�K$ìÆ3VWXÓN���åKý3�þÕN�$Ú�Q!K��Û��þ$K�������l®�3Ó

Ü#Q§���w�

������������������������������������See Rosemary J. Coombe, Embodied Trademarks: Mimesis and Alterity on American Commercial Frontiers, 11 CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 202, 206 (1996) �`a3�a�X-$ì-�þÖ°�Õ:��$Ú�Q¯"Q���.����Cf. WILLIAM M. LANDES & RICHARD A. POSNER, THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF IN-

TELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 48-49 (2003)H�½./0¾-�þ!O!K{Ú3e{oÕ��©z�P´®�3���w./0P�§3%�Äz�P´®ÓKý¥--�$

./0}¥�»dÄ3íd§3ij�Õ%�Ä3Ù-z��P´®3���X®�.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ �@@�

"#$%&'�()�

893:;<=$÷®�ÉL�Õ45!KFG�ëì-�þ�3Ó�F

G�$��P��3®����åK;¼3�3�!Õ�-�þÙ-���w

Ý�3123®ûQz�~QPQ�KFG�ëì3�:z�M®Ù-!�

vÕ�wÝ�!Kñ�$���:z�}®�Ù-P��vÕ�3���w

¢£ü��!KÙ345!KFG$���pq��ì3X6��KF�P

�P�ÕÓ����K#v$"�~Qø$}¥QvQ�åKpq��ì3�

#3?@!KáÚ3�æ�Õ �$�~QÕ}¥��3��åKÆ�J�

;4���-9¯}¥�wP�PK¢£ü�!KëìÓFG�$��®�

-�þ45$!�äå¦4®��3�!Õ�~�wÕ©Õ�üK¢£ü�

!KFG$���Öpq�ÕK­ç�Õ$ìÆ$Ø��zhE�����

�wý¥��KFG���345!KÙÙ����$%"KFµv`�Õ

{�åZ[���wÕ©Õ�üKÖpq�Õ$ìÆ3IhzÙ¥ä�$Õ

{­{dåJ��Ù-z��®è�KAB$éê{FG�ëì3íî!K

��CDK®Õ"#�����~Qý¥z�E�-FG�ëì;�Ó$ì

Æ3Õ��3-Õ��3$MÆ®�ßàÆÓ�������w�§36!

"�å${��3���ÓKP3�þ$PQ�����ÓÝ�3'()*

+,3á�$��zhE�3�z³�®�J�.i���wý¥!K+�

�)SÆ3¿¹&3è�Kt�³�ÓPM®��3���w�

L�$��Q!K)!+��)SÆzK��§Óý3ABz�§3AB

-P3�þ$m�®��$�~QÛ'®)SÆ-PQ·ÊPK¾��)S

ÆzK��§Óý3ABz�§3AB-P3�þ$m�®��$��"�

´Û'®)SÆ-PQ·Ê®���w��ÕKt�0�;¼âh$��Q!K

������������������������������������FRED HIRSCH, SOCIAL LIMITS TO GROWTH 3 (2d ed. 1999).����See generally ROGER MASON, THE ECONOMICS OF CONSPICUOUS CONSUMPTION: THEORY AND THOUGHT SINCE 1700 (1998)��¿Áz$P�AB$÷®�¢£ü�3>?z¦§PQ���.����See Bruno S. Frey & Alois Stutzer, Testing Theories of Happiness, in ECONOMICS & HAPPINESS 116, 123-25 (Luigino Bruni & Pier Luigi Porta eds., 2005)H�+��)SÆ�$Ú�Q¯"Q���; Michael R. Hagerty & Ruut Veenhoven, Wealth and Happiness �

¯� � °

���� ��������� ������������

AB§!K̀ 33¾��õ(K®Õ"#�`3ý3�3$%=�"�Æ��

3&zAB®��|wP�PÕÓ�KFG$��Q!KAB§!`33+�

�õ(z$PKÙ¥zABPØ#����þPK¢0J3sÞÓ��

$´®-Ù�$�¥üKAB§!ý3�þÕõ(zs�$$PQ��3

����ºwÝ�!K�§Ó�zÆSPQ��3�$��"�´KJÑ��

��}z��Ù-!�v���P¥Õ�ÓH¾��)SÆNK�§ÓÆS

PQ���3-m�®�Ù-�K$ìÆzÛ'®Ù-���H+��)S

ÆNw�

¾��)SÆ-+��)SÆ3`�!KÝ�ÓÄI��$Ú�QP3�

þ$¯"��$�PQ*+Õ��zhE�w����!ÐÅPÕ�`3�

-�}¥Q�åKý3AB!?à��!Õ���-�þDE!K����$

�������������������������������������������������������������������

Revisited�� Growing National Income Does Go with Greater Happiness, 64 SOC. INDICA-

TORS RES. 1, 1-2 (2003)H�¾��)SÆ�-�+��)SÆ�3³¯$Ú�Q¯"Q���; Matthew D. Rablen, Relativity, Rank and the Utility of Income, 118 ECON. J. 801, 801 (2008)H�+��)SÆ�zK;�z�§���^3;};G-m�®�Ù-zØþ�3-PQ·Ê®��; see also Robert H. Frank, The Demand for Unobservable and Other Nonpositional Goods, 75 AM. ECON. REV. 101, 101 (1985)H�²Q�`3�z�ý3Ä3�OÓK�§$�~Q�)}¥Q��Ä-m�PQPþ�-�þ6$m��

�{ø�®��3�-PQ·ÊPK�Ö²Q�`3�z�ý3�þÕm�$P#�

�-�þ-�äåøùPÕ��3�-PQ·ÊPQ���. See generally Nestor M. Davidson, Property and Relative Status, 107 MICH. L. REV. 757, 764 (2009)����3�ÚK²Qz´®ùà-�Ù3�þÕÀ©$����3Ö×�z��PQ���; Richard H. McAdams, Relative Preferences, 102 YALE L.J. 1, 2-26 (1992) �+��>W3¢£�³¯zýTUPQ���.��|�Leibenstein, supra note 55, at 188-89.��º�See, e.g., Fredrik Carlsson, Olof Johansson-Stenman & Peter Martinsson, Do You Enjoy Having More than Others? Survey Evidence of Positional Goods, 74 ECONOMICA 586, 596 (2007); Olof Johansson-Stenman & Peter Martinsson, Honestly, Why Are You Driving a BMW?, 60 J. ECON. BEHAV. & ORG. 129, 134, 143 (2006); Erzo F.P. Luttmer, Neighbors as Negatives: Relative Earnings and Well-Being, 120 Q.J. ECON. 963, 965 (2005).����See, e.g., Alex Kozinski & Christopher Newman, What’s So Fair About Fair Use?, 46 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 513, 521 (1999)H�á�3 ²z�Õ�3¡v-PQR�ÚÚy8h:�½03N²-®�Ù-!�vÕ�ÓKáÚ3����!ý3�þÕí

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ����

÷®�¾¿�Õ�$���w)Ó��ÏRSÏH¶EüK½Rhpå3�

�K�r�RzÌ���NzRþÙ-!K�Õ�Óe{�"ÏRSÏzR

þÙ-z¢���3�!Õ�PK)Óý3ÏRSÏzR~���-�~QK

�Õ�$-~Qý3ÏRSÏ3)SÆÓ��®��3��Õ�-áâ$

DE�¥Q��wP�PKÝ�!KÙÙ��þ-Ù�3)SÆ-!K¾�

�)SÆz�®3|-�þÙ-zø$PÕ�¥üÕ�Õ�w����3I

h3è�KÞ�$!£3¤S·�Æ3��z��M®�-�þ��ý3

ABÓ?à®��3!­{��w)-�Õ�3P#��º!Õ�ÓK�þ

¥�Ó����z³S®�Ù-$�åH9!³Åz����P¥Õ�wõ

$Ý�Ó`�z{#�Ãà!ýþ���þwP�PK��F6$��QK

)º!)I·3§Ó��H¶EüK½Rhpå3��K�r�RzÌ��

�Nz³S®�Ù-�Ký3��ÓFG�$�Õ�z�ìX®��z¦�

®�Ù-$�åK�Õ�$-~Q3��3)SÆzÐ"�ßàÆÓ��w

ýPQ��$K�Õ�Ó³S®�Ù-$�åKý3��Ó)zFG�$�

ìX®�à�zÐ"�ßàÆÓ��3���wý3��KÙ3�þÕI

h3)SÆ!K?à®��3��~QKÐÅ®��3Õ3���w³S§

Ó�äå$�{}Q�¥üKý3��z§¨&3K$ìÆ3Õ��3$P

QPäþßàÆÓ��wÙÙ�þ)SÆ!K¾��)SÆ�!Õ{K+�

�)SÆÕ3���w�

+��)SÆ3]^!K?@�AB3:;<=ÓP3�þ$ùà®�3

�KýPQý3t���Ó�����$Ú�QK*+Õ45ó�z®�w

�PÝ�ÓK¾¿�Õ¢£�X6$��°�3-�åKAB§Ó?@�A

B$AЮ�Ù-zü"QK�§�å�J3K���!�§-�434q

�������������������������������������������������������������������

Cz0}¥�Ù-!Õ�w=»3�©!Kcde3�©-Õ~Q��:�8r�0

��� Harry Potter Ó0r¿�t¿3ž$R"¥K ªA3«3¬Â$R"¥KÉ�S0[�Ry[8R�3­®H�#�Qý¥!v`�Õ{hÂX}¥����

þNKýPQg�¯3°0±$R"¥Q��Ù-$²�Q�-"Õ�wÙ¥�3�

RS!�3�´¥3RS-�³�PÕ�X®�. But see STEPHEN BROWN, WIZARD!: HARRY POTTER’S BRAND MAGIC (2005)H�Harry Potter��8h¿z�¯a'��ij®�*+Æ$Ú�Q¯"Q���; Parija Bhatnagar, Is Harry Potter Dead?, CNNMONEY. COM, July 11, 2005, http://money.cnn.com/2005/07/11/news/fortune500/brand_harrypotterH�Harry Potter��8h¿Ó�¯$a'}¥Q���Pþ�$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�

¯� � °

���� ��������� ������������

z��þ-PQ��-C·®�Õ�üK��AB§ÓJ34qz´�PK

º!4qÓ4P�Ù-Ó�ø�v�ÃàK.´�3AB§34q3Ó��

Ó�Ù��üÕ�Õ�-�þÙ-$Õ�wÙ3³µ$�¥üK²Q3?@

!Æ�J�;4���-DE�¥KFGe�$��Q!ý3�þ$�EÕ

�$PQ�KèÕ{-�ý3FG3è3õ·3��3è�!�;4���

-DE�¥�3����±w}�$Ø�Ù-$K��¤º!FG¤$��Q

�ä~�mP�Õ�$ìÆz´�«QÓ�#K�3Sp$BMP�FþÓ

��IÊz�HÓPQPQBM®Ù-�Ke.ÓÂþ��P¥Õ��@w¶

·®�Ù-z>?P�§$-~Q!K²Qz{#Q3�ú¸v3U�?@®±�

!Ù¥ä�$Õ{·!�Õ�ú¸v3y�п�t®±�z����3-Õ�

��P¥Õ�w¹GÓ�¥�²Q?@3�Ú�;4�Æ�ÓKHÑ3àº

$�PQ)®���!K*s�o¯3­��3��åKÝ�!Ký¥$Ú

�QDEØ#�ü�å���±�w��§!KAB$éê��²Q?@!¢

����������������������������������±�See Will Wilkinson, Out of Position: Against the Politics of Relative Standing, POLICY, Spring 2006, at 3, 7H���²Q3áÚ3 �$���ú¸v3:!Ú·X}¥Q����P¥Õ�á��K²Q3 �zÄC$�M®Ù-Ó�vÕ�³Ç!Õ��É

0Íó0Z»!=�0y�ÐrT�r-ý3²Qz@þÙ-!Õ�X®�.��@�See FRANK, supra note 68; JOHN RAE, THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY OF CAPITAL 283-84 (Charles Whitney Mixter ed., 1905); Ben Cooper, Cecilia Garcia-Penalosa & Peter Funk, Status Effects and Negative Utility Growth, 111 ECON. J. 642, 643 (2001); Robert H. Frank, Positional Externalities Cause Large and Preventable Welfare Losses, AM. ECON. REV., May 2005, at 137, 137. But see GARY S. BECKER & KEVIN M. MURPHY, SOCIAL ECO-

NOMICS 125 (2000)��²Qz{#�9�!K�]V�Õ��z��PKFGº¼3Ë�·3Ì,z%c-3ÛzúûQ���.�±��Robert H. Frank, Taking Libertarian Concerns Seriously: Reply to Kashdan and Klein, 3 ECON J. WATCH 435, 436 (2006), http://www.aier.org/ejw/archive/doc_view/3597-ejw- 200609?tmpl=component&format=raw.�±��ROBERT H. FRANK, CHOOSING THE RIGHT POND: HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE QUEST FOR STATUS 153 (1985).�±��ý�Õ'�Ä-PQKsee RICHARD LAYARD, HAPPINESS SCIENCE (2005). See also Richard A. Easterlin, Will Raising the Incomes of All Increase the Happiness of All?, 27 J. ECON. BEHAV. & ORG. 35, 36 (1995)��ëH3�ä�·$�åxä~�àº�!Ký7�ä3�·$�åàº�ÓÐèP�Ù-�&#A}¥�ßàÆÓ��-C·®��; �

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ����

£�� K12�� KýPQ\�3� }E�iP®�-ÉÄPQv�±�w

�3§!Ký¥ÓKõ$��P�AB§FG$��QHÑ3jà3ÉÕÚ

Û-Õ~�-ÉÄ®�3���±�w�

²Q?@!�;4�Æ�z)®�-�þéL�Õ¢£�X6��3°

�!K³¯J!®ü�P{�~Q��ÓKÀÔ3xî$­�Õ]D�AB

§FG$���RSÕAB3ÀÞ$Ú�Q!­{zç�Õ�wÕ�FPK

J\�úû�-�åK893:;<=$÷®����®¥üKÝ�-P

Q!Kõ·3��MFG3e-�.Ó¹&-ä¥��þÕK�æ����

9���Õ²Q3678t60K¶Eü�s�Õ�²Q3�½®±|Ka��

Õ�ÐÍÎ0�:±ºK*+�+ ,�!� - $���� ������ 3ëH�²Q3m�á¾�-�~��3Ó��®�-3C·!jSPñ�wcP�KAB§!K?@

�AB$AЮ�è�Öpq�Õ����ìX®±�z9{®�3Ó�åáâ

�������������������������������������������������������������������

Richard A. Epstein, Happiness and Revealed Preferences in Evolutionary Perspective, 33 VT. L. REV. 559, 564 (2009)��àº!+��ÕK¿$øù®�-3ÉÄ$Ú�QD�PQ���.�±��See, e.g., BERNARD MANDEVILLE, THE FABLE OF THE BEES (London, J. Tonson 4th ed. 1725) (1714); WERNER SOMBART, LUXURY AND CAPITALISM 113-14 (W.R. Dittmar trans., 1967) (1913); see also BECKER & MURPHY, supra note 79, at 124-25.�±��See, e.g., ROBERT H. FRANK, LUXURY FEVER: WHY MONEY FAILS TO SATISFY IN AN ERA OF EXCESS (1999); Cooper et al., supra note 79, at 653; cf. JULIET B. SCHOR, THE OVERSPENT AMERICAN: WHY WE WANT WHAT WE DON’T NEED (1999).�±|�Will Wilkinson, The Great Chain of Status?, THE FLY BOTTLE, Oct. 31, 2006, http://www.willwilkinson.net/flybottle/2006/10/31/the-great-chain-of-status.�±º�See CORY DOCTOROW, DOWN AND OUT IN THE MAGIC KINGDOM (2003), available at http://craphound.com/down/Cory_Doctorow_-_Down_and_Out_in_the_Magic_Kingdom. pdfH��ÐÍÎ0�z�ëH3·mX�v���-C·PKý¥Ó�§��H�ëH$�PQU��¥�2À3�îz�®�3-PQ���; see also Dylan Tweney, Q&A: Cory Doctorow, SFGATE, Jan. 23., 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi? file=/gate/archive/2003/01/23/cdoctorow.DTLH�����K�ÐÍÎ0!K;}zFG+,$?þ��$®���3áÚ���wý¥!.´P���Ù-�!Õ�w�

HCory Doctorow 3�!z�S��.�±��SIMMEL, supra note 41, at 421; see also Douglas B. Holt, Postmodern Markets, BOSTON REV., Summer 1999, at 17, 17H��ABz��PQ��3!KJ8pq3¡¢�!Õ�

¯� � °

���� ��������� ������������

����wABzü"QKAB§!K;�zKqË$ÏRShÒÎÒÎz

hEQ{¥�Ü#Q­�Õ�X-�ìX378Ë-Áå}��3���±±w

P�PKÙ3�þ$C·¤¥z�åC·®�Ù--P�-PQ�KAB3

£3·�Æ345Ó�A}¥�"��!Õ�w��$KÖpq�$ìÆz

9{®�Ù-�Kpq�$ìÆz9{®�Ù-$�峯�$æç®�-

}¥��FG�¤S®±@345$K�"�þ$æç®�3�-�þ45zÂ

��Ù®3���w� HIJ3AB§º! � ÚIJ3AB§��ÓK$ìÆ3���"`3zABP�ÃàKý3`3Ó/�z|ý�X6��$ì

®�à�!NÕ"¥K�æ�X6��$ì®�à�$Ú�Q!Õ�}�N

Õ"¥�Ù-!������wP�PKÙ¥!}�$Ã�Z��4zr®

�3���w+��)SÆ$Ú�Q3¢£�X6��3°��!KAB§

Ó�"`3zABPQ���Pþ�$÷SÕ{FGe�zü"pq�²

QÓ��PQ��Ù-z�¦®�w45Õ3!KFGe�3�_t$��

QK��$Öpq�$ìÆ���PQ��3�Pþ�-�þÙ-���w

AB§!KC·�$ôÄ}¥���$ìÆz´�®��#$FG�?@®

�3���þ�wFGÓ´��vK���!èÕ{-�FG3-�.Ó�

�PKý¥$�å�§$v��Ù-3�v���$ìÆ3m$FG�ÕJ

C!��3|�þ�w�

Ù¥$�®�v¥�Õ¸¥!Õ{KÙ345$÷®�L��3£¯3­

{z�Ù�ä�-~Q�{Ù--®�wÕ©Õ�üK�����3'()

*�-PQ3Ö×Óý3£¯$P3�þÕ��zhE��$Ú�Q³�

�v��þ$Õ�ä�$K�å­{3ïó$Ú�Q³�®�.+Ó���

����wP�PKÙÙ�3��3�#$!KÀÔ3FG³¯VÓýþP

��þ$@�K�å�~ýþs~XPRSXP�KDP$����M]D�

�������������������������������������������������������������������

{K+®�$K�ìX���X®�.�±±�See LIPOVETSKY, supra note 53, at 46H�ëH�Õ�;Æz�À®�B{�Ó893:;<=z��®�3-PQ*+���Ù-z�¦PQ���.�±@�HIRSCH, supra note 72, at 3.�@��See, e.g., ZYGMUNT BAUMAN, INTIMATIONS OF POSTMODERNITY, at xx (1992)H�¾EvÕ{�q$�þâã3è�K»~!ý3Å��z�~QPQ�K?à®�ÆÇ3P

¥$�FQ3È3vP�PÓ&Ú{Ù-Ó�vÕ�wu�z�#��#$!KSÎ

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ��|�

ÕAB§FG$��Q!KëHÓH�]ÓNK;�zKPÃ$��QÉ&

-c�%��s~®@���ëìPK�o$éê{j¶4Êz�"�3!�~

ýþ£ñ-Õ�K-�þÙ-z´Ë®�|���å���P¥Õ�wý3

�þÕFG3-�.!KëÆX3�3è��t��ðÕÑ3�3K®Õ"

# ����� ÓDGH3õ(-PQ�LP��Ä��Õhî@��HÙ¥$Ú�Q!�ú®�NKAB§3�ãC¸¹@��YKzâl®��#3�� Ðr

ãC@��KÀÔ38h��RÍóÐ� h3F-QP��ÀÔ�23á�K

I·3®ûQ3�3$æ¥QPäþ3���wëH-��Ó}�$­{3K

ýPQ�å��Õ��$ìÆ3Ihz9{®¥üKëHÓÙ3�þÕIh

z³�®�à�!CDK®Õ"#����­@|�K�FG��¯ôÄ@º�º!

�W3��,3� ���� �����.��@��-��þûv�3$\ê{wÙ3CD

$��Q!K$ìÆý3�3Ó$ìÆ3Õ��3-PQ��}¥�FP$

�������������������������������������������������������������������

=:�R!�ÚQÕ�FP$�úåÕ�3�Õ�¥üÕ�´K¤¥3Ì��3�Õ

�¥üÕ�´KýPQHýþÍNþ�}��3�Õ�¥üÕ�Õ�w�ý�{Ù¥

ä�$Õ{¥·Õ{K%�P�KáÎ�Õ�3�Õ�¥üÕ�Õ�X®�.�@��WALT WHITMAN, Crossing Brooklyn Ferry, in LEAVES OF GRASS 144, 155 (Doubleday 1997) (1855).�@��See SIMMEL, supra note 41, at 413.�@��See MARK TUNGATE, ADLAND: A GLOBAL HISTORY OF ADVERTISING 146-49 (2007) �� ÐrãC3ÞÏ$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�@��Paul Surgi Speck & Michael T. Elliott, Predictors of Advertising Avoidance in Print and Broadcast Media, J. ADVERTISING, Fall 1997, at 61, 61.�@|�DAVID HARVEY, THE CONDITION OF POSTMODERNITY: AN ENQUIRY INTO THE ORIGINS OF CULTURAL CHANGE 286 (1990).�@º�KENNETH J. GERGEN, THE SATURATED SELF: DILEMMAS OF IDENTITY IN CONTEMPO-

RARY LIFE 49 (1991); see also TODD GITLIN, MEDIA UNLIMITED: HOW THE TORRENT OF IMAGES AND SOUNDS OVERWHELMS OUR LIVES 38-44 (2001)H��Ð4�-Ä÷X$Ú�Q¯"Q���; Coombe, supra note 70, at 203H�w¤3s~PÃ3z��\X�!KFG��o3(xÓ�¯ôÄ}¥Q��Ù-Ó­�X®�.�@��See Margaret Crawford, The World in a Shopping Mall, in VARIATIONS ON A THEME PARK: THE NEW AMERICAN CITY AND THE END OF PUBLIC SPACE 3, 14 (Michael Sorkin ed., 1992)H�HAB§ÓN·ä~� 9���äÑ¥�ÒÓå{�~��ÔåË-úXP�Ù-�� Gruen Transfer 3À©zæ#$ÛQ-¥�X®�.�

¯� � °

��º� ��������� ������������

6&$Õ�wý¥!ÌR�$Õ�3���@±wý3Ì,!K�e$�"�

3�!Õ�$PQ�K+��ÓUz�Ú¢£³¯V$-~QKèÕ{-�

Ôv�E3���3���þwý¥!K�H3áÕJzv{Ù-z��®K

�«Qâ3°0±��åK¤SP��=y8h�sv{Õ~Q�{SÊ�

��!�R±�=r7Ï33��Ó�¡P��3-�,3�3���wý

3Ì,!K!Oz�E¥üK�;4°0±K���!èÕ{-�.8h�

3Y®K®Õ"#K`3X}¥�$ìÆ!Ký¥;�Ó�ån¥��3�

��ÓvE$K$ì3Ö$9�Õ�-�þâã$Ü#QÑê®��þ$ü

"¥�w����� 3ÉÄz]쮥üK893:;<=ÓãÓ¥üKý3:;<=;�ÓM�$�"å$K®Õ"# (��� ���������� Ó��"���-�þ²Ö@@�-Ö×$YX�$×P��Æ6$\ê�Q�{3���w�

Ý�ÓK³¯�$�åuZ�Ï:;0�zjSPK$ìÆzÆ�Jq

$pq�Õ � �3�3-PQDE��K}�$5v�Q�KÆ�J�4Õ­ �3�3����-PQ³�®��$��"�´K'()*+,3

��3K`3X}¥�$ìÆ3íîÓCDK®Õ"#��������~QK

���������������������������������@±�See RICHARD SENNETT, THE CONSCIENCE OF THE EYE: THE DESIGN AND SOCIAL LIFE OF CITIES 129 (1990)H�)!6&���Ù-K®Õ"#ØÙá��«È}¥�ÚÛ$�~QçP#�¥Q��w)3��!KRx0È��n¥Q��ÓK��Rx0È

-�3Rx0È-3�O3�!K);G39�3�þ$!�Õ��3-Õ�w`�

-�þ�3ÓqÕ�,Ñ3Ñ�0¿$Õ�3��� X ® �; Douglas Kellner, Baudrillard: A New McLuhan?, ILLUMINATIONS, http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/ essays/baudrillardanewmcluhan.pdf (last visited Jan. 9, 2010) H�xSÎÏ$��xÐ<0ÈÓ�¯ôÄ}¥Q��-áâ$DE�¥Q��FG�!KòÜ-�!½¤�

$�ܾPK12PQ�z��Õ�½ÌR�¾K®Õ"#¤¥M�z)PÕ�

ËÌÕf,-Õ�w��JEAN BAUDRILLARD, The Implosion of Meaning in the Media, in SIMULACRA AND SIMULATION 79 (Sheila Faria Glaser trans., Univ. of Mich. Press 1994) (1981)�zÑ8Í�0�P��3��.�@@�JEAN BAUDRILLARD, THE TRANSPARENCY OF EVIL 122 (James Benedict trans., Verso Books 1993) (1990).�����Cf. Jonathan M. Barnett, Essay, Shopping for Gucci on Canal Street: Reflections on Status Consumption, Intellectual Property, and the Incentive Thesis, 91 VA. L. REV. 1381, 1389 (2005)H��¯ôÄ��$ÆP��K893�+Ó��PØ#�Ù-$Ú�Q¯"Q�� �internal quotation marks omitted��.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ����

+��)SÆe�$-Pä�´K�ý�{¾��)SÆ}E���PØ#

�²6$æç®�-�þ45ÓÝ�$!J|$r}¥Q��3���w)

ÓÙ3̯zóÝ®�-K¦§!Kd�3Ï:;0�Óý3íî3³¯z

ܱÕ-Ù�ä�K®Õ"#Ý�3Þ�3ABíîÓ�ä�$MÆPQ�

�´KÞ�$MÆPÕ�ßàÆÓ���Æ6ä�5vß#Q��-o£z

àE���P¥Õ�wÕ�FPKÙ¥!ÀÔ32�\X³¯3F-QP

$�PQ!lHÕ�Ï���wP�PKÝ�!K+��AB3íî$��

Qt\%"�ÉL�Õ_�3*+Æz�áâ�PQ!Õ�Õ�wý¥!K

Ý�Ó$ìÆzhE��3-PQøùPQ��`33Æ�zúEKý3�

þÕ`33%�-8üzs�$·!}«�3���w�=y�]X¢£$

���ý3�3�O���33�þ$KÝ�3²Qz�®`3!Kä®ä

®����3Ihz-��þ$Õ~Q��wÙ¥!K�����ÓKÝ�

ÓÙ¥ä�´~-;¼$g«Q��Kë�3$ìÆ3IhÓ��®�âã

zÞÀ®�é-ä-äå3�¨|�����wÙ3�þÕ_�Ë-<å9

Q�12�âã$Ú�QÙ¥��¯"�Ù--®�w�

*������+,%����

3�þÕ­�Õ./09�3��¶$Ú�QDEQ&QFP�wý3

�{Ú�!xî$wãÕ�3��åKý3�!���$ý¥FP��Õ�w

�á$K�@|�»$��8t7�ry~Ðr312§ÓKÉ$äå$³S

}¥�Ö×$á}ÕHp�R�8h¿zrp®���zd�P����wý3

-v��K��ÕGFÓKæç-PQ3�z�E��H �R�8h¿�

��~Q­{3HÓ�¼�R�8h¿-ëì�vÕ�����3zrp®�

�������������������������������������See H.P. Bovenkerk et al., Preparation of Diamond, 184 NATURE 1094 (1959); F.P. Bundy et al., Man-Made Diamonds, 176 NATURE 51 (1955).�����See Ziv Hellman, A Multi-Faceted Industry, JERUSALEM REP., Mar. 18, 2008, at 32, 33H�À�3Hp�R�záÚK|�»3¢0z�Ú�R�8h¿è·é3�3ï$ÃvK

'êëzhEQÛQ���Õ}�wý¥��è·é!�¼�R�8h¿-3ëìÓ

Ú��¥Õ��PÏþw�HE.G.L. Ltd. æç��3 C.E.O. ��� Guy Benhamou 3!Oz�S��.�

¯� � °

��±� ��������� ������������

��zd�P�w����»$!KS�Ï=3�tÒtÓK\ìüåt9$K

�R�8h¿$�0g0�`az[&Ú��Ù-zØ#����w�{$K

%��) ������ !Kª3����»3;í¾ ���)��� ��� %� $��QK 3�þ$\òPQ��w��~3Éh�Ïî$��J3Õ "��)��� ²÷3è3ï�3T4�$�¥üKá_è$ðñò�zRSPQ��Ù-�`�§�z

§�¥�á_§ÓKx�×à���#ó3ðñò�zRSPQ�åKè$

!;r3�:~�zRSPQ��§���-�þÙ-Ó"�~�wè8p

q3á_ñ�Kr080Ó��Ù-zKþ�#$KôzP#�ääAõ�

®�§�������w�Ù$K(�)/��� �0�� ��� ��� %� $�� �!K)sÕ�³H��� (�)/��� �0�� Ó�0Ð�pt0±-y~pÍäå=r8h�t7Ð`�3��/$��Q���y~pÍÓ&Ú��Õ�¥üK��y

~pÍTRt�ÔSPQ{|}���|�-óÝ®�w�0�� !Þ�3y~pÍÓKý¥Ó�-E����y~pÍ��~Q�KýÙ��öÕP-¥Õ

�Ù-KcP��y~pÍTRt�Óà�Ä���åKxq�=y8hHý

Ù�R"¥�t�*+Õå�Ós³K�D$@ð�Õ)ùXàÄ���

�÷�øÈ�Ïùh�h�����ºN�ã{KP�PÙ~ýå-R"¥Q���

3���Ù-zu\PÕ�wt�$Kúy�-PQK�@º@»���@��»ä

�3v$KR�~Ï3;�=rpGFÍ�80~Ó#ÏþP���Á3123

�������������������������������������See Changing Facets, ECONOMIST, Feb. 24, 2007, at 75.�����MARC COOPER, PINOCHET AND ME: A CHILEAN ANTI-MEMOIR 85-86 (2001), quoted in Luuk van Kempen, Fooling the Eye of the Beholder: Deceptive Status Signalling Among the Poor in Developing Countries, 15 J. INT’L DEV. 157, 157 (2003); see also David Bar-boza, Where False Rings True, N.Y. TIMES, Apr. 28, 2009, at B1; cf. Simulated Car Phone, U.S. Patent No. 4,973,285 (filed Oct. 5, 1989).���|�JACQUES PÉPIN, JACQUES PÉPIN FAST FOOD MY WAY 58 (2004).���º�See Daniel Patterson, Hocus-Pocus, and a Beaker of Truffles, N.Y. TIMES, May 16, 2007, at F1; cf. Peter Kiefer, Diner Beware: Turisti Pay More in Roman Restaurants, N.Y. TIMES, Aug. 9, 2006, at A4 ��3"��Õ�XûAU�$k�Õå���³zd�ÞòzúûQ���; Editorial, Truffle in Paradise, GLOBE & MAIL, Jan. 20, 2003, at A14��Í8h=�üÓù~î0ty~pÍzèw�y~pÍ-ëì®��#$ #,& T§zd�P�þ-k�PQ��Ù-$Ú�Q.xhyPQ���.�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ��@�

��45 #������ ������ T0:h�0zrpP����w�@±|»$!Kè7PÃ� #������ ������� Ótx� � Á���ý¿t�Ô�}¥Q��ÓKÒ��0Ë:h`=�0y3 ���� ������� Ó�%�� �������Úp:ÐyzíîPØ#�wý3:Ðy!KÉÕ-�3ÓÍóRù0`8=r3ÄåµQ�K

�Ç�0F3.t_Ðy3=�$Çty�Ú·®�Ù-�klÕ #������ ������ 3�þ$ÛE�-�þ�3|~���±w������� !KÍ�80~Ó`aeþ���cdeþ�$éêv�Ezó�®�ï$��@Ký3:Ðyz�

�ý±�ëKk{Q � Ú±|��¿t�íîP�wÙ3-vK $Í�80~!K�"{�Í�80~ �.��6������H�§u���6 !�$«3�-�þ�Ó��N:Ðy3rpzPQ���3GF$�PQ��Ezó�PQ�

����w�

Ù¥�3./09�3��¶$!Ký¥�¥���3./012Ó÷"

~Q�åKý¥�¥ÓK�;3���K'()*�+¨zá�®�3��

�w)Ó./012-!~�Ãà!Kñ��3�3Kù��3�3KSÈ

�tÕ�3K�¾��Õ�3K���!ý3�312$���3z®û

Qµ&KÝ�ÓKÄI3SgRhº!IhH����Sç��EüKÄI

3�»dÄ�N��K'=3��)I3./0zd�3$Rþ�33Ù-

z�PKý3SgRhÓH3ñ$���3�;¼D$��®��3�$

��"�Õ�wý3�þÕ./0!KÄI3SgRhz��$�ÀX®�

.+!Õ{K­{3Ãà�ÀXPQ�Õ�ÓKqË$K�ÀXP�SgR

h3³S��zÆ�®�3$�}Õh��ý3SgRh$\ê®�-�

þ�þ$Kû��Õ�$��Q�~-��P�3���wsm%�3;

�=3SgRh3H���!sm$rL}¥�¸�3SgRh�}E�N

� y�3./0-����y�3./0!e{�"�3�!Õ�ÓKÝ�!K

�������������������������������������Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabriche Automobili E Corse v. Roberts, 944 F.2d 1235, 1237-38 (6th Cir. 1991).���±�Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabriche Automibili E Corse v. Roberts, 739 F. Supp. 1138, 1140 (E.D. Tenn. 1990), aff’d, 944 F.2d 1235.���@�Id.�����See Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabbriche Automobili E Corse v. McBurnie Coachcraft Inc., No. 86-1812-B (IEG), 1988 WL 391519 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 1988).�

¯� � °

���� ��������� ������������

�./0ÓK�"SgRhz./0P��3��¥üùà®����þh

��ùà®�Cå!Ký¥�¥Ó�"SgRh3�~-��P�./0�

��-ü×DE�3���wÝ�!KÄI3SgRhÓ�ÀXP��33

þ#K�¼3�3K�²$éê{�3K���!ý¥I·3³Ç��¥�

v��þÕ�33F-QPÓKH�SgRh$�}\êPK�=0Ñ0.

/0�-PQ¥�$üS®�Ù-z:�®��þ$Õ~�3���w�~

-��P��Pþ�-�þ45!F-QP÷�ÆÓÕ��þ$ü"¥�w

P�PKSgRhz�ÀXP��33þ#KHp3�3KÄ�²3�3K

���!ÔS3zrp®�Ù-$Ú�QDE�ÃàKý3SgRhÓ��

����ij}¥Q�����$��"�´K�~-��P}Ó45-Õ

�3���wP�Ó~QK�~-��P}ÙýÓK½Rhâ¯VÓop0

½0t¿�d�¥�KÍ8h=3��hÑ0op²�3=Ñ0r~h`½

Rh3��{�v�./0����$Ú�Q�®-v$DEQ��Ù-��åK

���!2â¯VÓ;�h3[3%ï3d3-��3d3zëì®

�3$ç�PQ��-v$DEQ��Ù-Õ3������wR�~Ï3xq

3x0�0ÓK;Ò3`33PÃ$�"v��klÕ�Ä����K®Õ"#

kl33rp$R"¥�3-�"å��kl33rpz� PQ��]

§ÓrpPQ��Ä�²3�¯%�3���Ó�n¥Q��Ãà$÷Xz�

Ú3�K�~-��P}���wý3�þÕÃà$�å*+Õ45!K`

3ÓP3�þÕ�3����-�þÙ-�!Õ{K̀ 3ÓP3�þ$��

}¥Q���Õ3�����|w�

�������������������������������������Jancis Robinson, Make Sure Your Fizz Is the Biz, FIN. TIMES, Dec. 28-29, 2002, at x.�����See Deborah M. Hussey, The Sine Qua Non of Copyright, 51 J. COPYRIGHT SOC’Y U.S.A. 763, 789-90 (2004).�����See Richard Boudreaux, In Italy, It’s Survival of the Fakest, L.A. TIMES, Oct. 6, 2000, at E1.�����See TIM PHILLIPS, KNOCKOFF: THE DEADLY TRADE IN COUNTERFEIT GOODS 69-70 (2005); Boudreaux, supra note 113.���|�See THOMAS, supra note 65, at 280H��zPQ"�~�Ù-!KHÓLÄ-�Ä-3v$`�Ó��-!�!MDEQ�Õ�-�þÙ-���wBernard Arnault 300�ÒÎh`ÁÂ!þä{�~�wAB§!Kxq�8h¿3zKý¥;�ÓP3

�þÕ�3Õ3�zÛQþ3�!Õ{Ký¥ÓP3�þÕÙ-z�PQ��3�

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ����

t�$úû��þÕ��K./012!K¾��)SÆ�å�+��

)SÆzvh®�Ù-zÉÕùà-®�K�~-��P�./0zd�3

$³S}¥�Ãà$Kõ$����~QK'()*�+¨zá�®�3�

��Ù-ÓÏ�P�wõ$�����³Ç!Ký3�þÕ./0!Kü×K

�~-��P{���#$T~È�t-�"¾��)SÆz���®�

3���.+ÓÕ��������ºw������� 3Úp:Ðy3ñä§!K;r3ðñò�ÓLÄ3ðñò�-�"¾��)SÆzhEQ{¥��3

�Õ�3-��$K:Ðyz�~QPQ�Ké�-Õ��¿�0=�$ #������ ������ 3¾��)SÆK¶Eüý3Íh¿~h`M·!�Ó�"�!´!Õ�Ù-!�}��PQ��w*+Õ3!K¿�0=Óá·�î

3¾��)SÆzhE��3�Õ�¥üÕ�´Kýþ�Õ�¥ü�{�&

!ÂÃ$�"~QPäþ-�þÙ-���wP�PK��$*+Õ3!K

¼w�3!îíCM�üâã3Þh3��!K������� 3�A!K.t_ÐyK}�$!Ì,�$! �����) �������}E�K¿�0=-PQ3Ö×z�}$,�®�3-DE��þ|-�þÙ-���wÖ×$��ÕÙ

-���ÓKÙ3,3./012!K�Kz��®�Hv3��à�3C

DK���!�Kz��ä¥�S3��Hv3��à�3CD$øù®

�3���w¾��)SÆ3�+Ó�4}¥�ÃàMK¾��)SÆ3�

_tÓà³�ÕHv3��à�zJ¸åKè·VM¡¢3�§��}E�

`�Ó"��Õ��þÕÃà!K­{3ÃàKÔS3Hy~pÍTRtN

3FþÓRrP�ÄHÞ�3y~pÍN-mûQ��}Õ3���w�

� $ìÆ3��`33�~-��P�R�Ò0� h!Ký3�þÕR�

Ò0� hÓ8ü®�Ù-��3`3Ó+��)SÆzhE�à�z¦

�������������������������������������������������������������������

zÛQþ3���w�{�v��ÄK®Õ"#LÄ-PQüS®��þÕÑ3�

3!K�!FG�$!LÄ-�"�3z�®3���X®�.���º�Cf. Gene M. Grossman & Carl Shapiro, Foreign Counterfeiting of Status Goods, 103 Q.J. ECON. 79, 82 (1988)H�¡¢§!Kr33=Ò0�=3�ç-���çz§å�®Ù-�Kd�zá�$ñä®��#$x�Lôz¨�þÙ-zÛäÕ�AB§ÓK

ï§zñä®�Ù-Ó�v��þ$®�3���X®�.�����See Ferrari S.P.A. Esercizio Fabriche Automibili E Corse v. Roberts, 739 F. Supp. 1138, 1141 (E.D. Tenn. 1990), aff’d, 944 F.2d 1235 (6th Cir. 1991).

¯� � °

���� ��������� ������������

�PK�Úý3�þÕ)SÆ!K­{3ÃàK�3`3Óóô®�Ù-Ó

{#�¥��|áÚ3)SÆ3Ih���ÓvE$��±K'()*�+¨z

õ$á�®�3���K-�þÙ-ÓÏ�P�3���w�¼�R�8h

¿]D!K� ]^ï$�¼k�]DÓ�^zª�Q���þ$Kxî$�~-��P�R�Ò0� hÓ'ÀP�Ù-z�^PQ��ÓKý3ÉÕ

³Ç!KÔº}¥�Ù-$��"��!Õ�w�«�C-PQ�¼�R�

8h¿z~����þAB§ÓKÔ"å$H �R�8h¿zþ��

�þ-�þÙ-�!Õ���@wH�]D3�^!cP�KVWX���wý

¥!KS�Ï=3�tÒtÓ���$K#v$"�~QÖ×$f¢z-Ó

�«Q��À©������wS�Ï=3�tÒtÓ�^PQ��3!K�~

-��P�R�Ò0� hÓ6&$��Ù-�K8üPQ��-ü"¥Q

���¼�R�8h¿3�:-�þ �-K8üPQ��-ü"¥Q��K

�¼�R�8h¿$Ü#Q\�`33:3 �3d�$���K�R�8

h¿ÓVè���-�þø$zKF3¢�--�$þ�®�3�!Õ��

-�þÙ-���wÕ�FPK�R�8h¿ÓVè���-3ø$!K 

$VWXÓØä~Q���þ$ü"¥����wÙ¥!�ý�{K+��`3

3]D$��Q�¡¢$÷®�áy3�^s���åKÍRÒr`3H¶

Eü=0Ñ0�0���Mðñò����N3¡¢$Ú�Q������w�

�����������������������������������±�But see Barnett, supra note 100, at 1382-83��õ·3âã3��!Kj�eÕ¡¢33����Kà��Õrp§3�äÓ�·®�ßàÆÓ��-ÉÄ®��.���@�Sophia Chabbott, Industry Splits on Natural vs. Man-Made Diamonds, WOMEN’S WEAR DAILY, July 9, 2007, at 14H�xqÓU3AB§!KHp�R�8h¿�!Õ{K�¼�R�8h¿zBPÓ�|�þw���¼�R�8h¿íî]§ Diamond in the Rough 3Ô�§ Anjanette Clisura 3�!z�SPQ����.�����See generally JANINE ROBERTS, GLITTER & GREED: THE SECRET WORLD OF THE DI-

AMOND CARTEL 83-98 (2d ed. 2007).�����See Edward Simpkins, The Changing Face of Diamonds, SUNDAY TELEGRAPH, Dec. 14, 2003, at 6.�����See Christian Fraser, Italy Arrests “Fake Ferrari” Gang, BBC NEWS, Feb. 28, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7269774.stm��t\3R�~Ï$���KFerrari 328 GTB 3¡¢3rpz9~Q��ëH3��3��$Ú�Q\úPQ���.�����See Shunsuke Tabeta, Apple’s Sophisticated Marketing Expertise Faces Tough Test in �

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ����

��$K�å-��v�./09�!KHÑ$��¡¢Ó�~�Ù��

���PK'()*�3>?$�å��}¥��þ$K#�{3vK$ì

Æ3��`3$Ú�QÕ}¥�Ãà$Kõ$f,�|~�wÒT¿��=

{]!K�|]^$KÄ�²��0tz��5z�®Z��B�$ #�§

���!�trz�!"B$ #��Kì3B#� #�§!K�$-®

���3%az�P����w��]^3Í8h=3'()*�a�!K !I

·!Ký¥ÓLÄ���þ-R�Ò0� h���þ-��|KLKNK.0

Sp;Rº!�0=�@P&þ}¥�%²zG$Ú�Q!Õ�Õ��Kä

^$+·P�w*+����3sv��±�@»3 �����7%��' ����� -�þs/��º!K'ä��hÑh3¡¢ÓÚÛ-Õ~Q�%P�Ó���K���� Ïs!Ky]^�3`a$÷®�Û3è�K�jÞÕ(�÷¢)§�!�*Óû

��$Ú¥Qêû$��w�3��hÑh�ÔS®����P¥´Ký¥

Ó¥����Ù-!ÎÏ�$'c���-P���±w�

P�PKÝ�!K�ý�{Ký3�þÕ9�3m�Õòp$MÆP�3

���w�SÈ�tFÔ�$��QK�~-��P�KÞ$��ÕSÈ�

t./03rp.=yÓ+,PKSÈ�t.hÒhÊ�]3NÂÓ¬s�

��-�þ3!?=����¥Q��Ù-���w�äå�{ø$}¥Q

�������������������������������������������������������������������

China, NIKKEI WKLY., July 28, 2008, at 11��èw$��� iPhone �Pv3"�$Ú�Q¯"Q���; Jason Tan, Banking on the Look Factor, NEW STRAITS TIMES (Malaysia), Dec. 6, 2007, at 9���ï�.�����Code Just. 11.8.3 (Theodosius, Arcadius & Honorius 393/395) (S.P. Scott trans.).���|�CARL KÖHLER, A HISTORY OF COSTUME 289 (Emma von Sichart ed., Alexander K. Dal-las trans., 1933); cf. Cissie Fairchilds, The Production and Marketing of Populuxe Goods in Eighteenth-Century Paris, in CONSUMPTION AND THE WORLD OF GOODS 228 (John Brew-er & Roy Porter eds., 1993)���±]^�y3Ñ~$���K'()*�3)*�3�8pq$��� !�Õxq33k�Õ./0�3AB$Ú�Q¯"Q���.���º�100 U.S. 82 (1879).�����See Zvi S. Rosen, In Search of the Trade-Mark Cases, 83 ST. JOHN’S L. REV. (forth-coming) (manuscript at 32), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1268558.���±�G.H. Mumm Champagne v. E. Wine Corp., 142 F.2d 499, 501 (2d Cir. 1944) (Hand, J.); see also David Hancock, Commerce and Conversation in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic: The Invention of Madeira Wine, 29 J. INTERDISC. HIST. 197, 216-18 (1998)���±]^30S8-rp]§3KR�Ò0� hzíP�þ-®�Ù&$Ú�Q\úPQ���.�

¯� � °

���� ��������� ������������

�Õ�3!KÝ�3��R�8h¿FÔ®��@39:$��QK)IÄzJ

ñ$¡¢®�.=y�ä�+ð$��PK¡¢3�-=/0¿Ó®�$J

.P�-�þÙ-������wDEQ&QFP�3!Kt\3u�3s/�

�� �..��� 8,(9 ��)+ �+ ����: ��)+���$��QK��Õ ���� 3íî]§�� �..��� ÓñäP��±ºë�3 �..��� �8h¿3N3Èp7~03þ#K�..��� Óý3��ý � }3 � $Ú�Q¡¢3�kl3�ÓÏ��vÕ�-ø#�-�þÙ-������w���!KÍóÐ� hSgR�0�ÓK

Iï��PQ��Ù-���ÓK;GÓ;Ò3SgRh3klÕ./0z

8ü}«�Ù-Ó�v��þ$Õ�ï$K¡¢§�ÓÍóÐ� hSgR

�0�3tmSgRh3��eÕ./0����zmí÷$8ü}«�Ù-Ó

�v�-�þÙ-$Ú�QK�MJK$K£G$çòz/P9QQ��H�

��!ý3Ù-zø#Q��N-�þÙ-zDEQ&QFP����wÄ��

VèÆ3F-QP®ûQK®Õ"#+��)SÆzÄ��$�ÀXP��

33®ûQ!K12�$¡¢®�Ù-Ó�v��|K�Ú¡¢}¥Q��3�

�����������������������������������@�See generally NEAL STEPHENSON, THE DIAMOND AGE (1995); Ralph C. Merkle, It’s a Small, Small, Small, Small World, TECH. REV., Feb./Mar. 1997, at 25, extended version available at http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/MITtecRvwSmlWrld/article.html��}�3�ÌÒrÌ;È0$��rpà�$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�����See, e.g., Imitating Property Is Theft, ECONOMIST, May 17, 2003, at 52, 54 �¡¢123ÚÛ$Ú�Q¯"Q���.�����576 F. Supp. 2d 463 (S.D.N.Y. 2008).�����Id. at 485.�Ù3sÞ$�ê�«Q{|}~� Ann Bartow ª$��P��w�����Protection for Fashion Design: Hearing on H.R. 5055 Before the Subcomm. on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property of the H. Comm. on the Judiciary, 109th Cong. 12 (2006) [hereinafter Hearing on H.R. 5055]��ÍóÐ� hSgR�0 Jeffrey Banks 3¼ÍóÐ� h[SgR�0¶£G zÔ�PQ3�!�.�����See id. at 81-82��Fordham Law School 3�A.uv��� Susan Scafidi 3�!�; see also THOMAS, supra note 65, at 283H�½¡¢§!K�3`33 � �=:�hz-�wý3���Ñ�0h3��Õ./0z%&'®3���w¾��¡¢Y*3

01V3�!z�SPQ����; Hemphill & Suk, supra note 38, at 1170-74H�Íó=yÍóÐ� h3¡¢§�$Ú�Q¯"Q���.���|�See, e.g., Org. for Econ. Co-operation & Dev., THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF COUNTER-

FEITING AND PIRACY 262 (2008)H�F-QP®ûQ3�3z¡¢®�Ù-Óßà���

�����-'()*+,��������

��������� ������������ ��|�

�åKý3Ì,K­{3+��`3ÓK23-�"{Kø�KÃ3¾Æ-

�´3ñò$®\Õ��3-ÕåKý¥;�Ó$ìÆ3��`3-PQi

ð}¥�´}¥Q��HýPQ¡¢}¥Q��Nw�

ý3�þÕÞòÓKt��$ C®���P¥Õ�Ù-!KL��!Ä

szܱÕ-Ù�ä�zDE�3��EQúû�ÓKF�Õ�iKá,3

'()*+,3�R�8h¿FÔ3M=���w�R�8h¿FÔ3x�

Íó0!K� á°$Ç=®�3��å��ºKýPQý¥|��!K­{3

¦§Ó��ä¥Õ���P¥Õ�ÓK¡§M12§!�ý�{½�PÕ

����þ���w�´¥$PQ�KèP3vDEQ&�|�3�O!��w

ý3©(ÓRx0È®��3!Kë�3Ú�-ý3-p�÷SzGd®�

Ù-$�~QHÑ312�k�$��Õ�Ä��ÕIhz�Rr®�Ù

-Ó�v�HÑ3��3FÔ��åKý3�þÕ12Óã{³SßàÕF

Ô���wý3FÔ�Æ�®��33þ#3Ô��Õ�3!K�R�8h

¿z��ÕIh�¥�$rp®�Ù-3�v�HÑ3à����þwÝ�

Ó+��`3zH.´P�ý3¾��)SÆz¡¢®�Ù-Õ{N�~-

��P{¡¢®�à�!�sPQ��ÓKÙ3à�!Ký3�þÕEF$

��Q�����Ó,�®FG�Ö×ÓPQÕ�3����z :®�w

Õ©Õ�üKJ\�¯"�¡¢12Ót��$ ×®�3!K��,3�

=yVèÆ]D��åKýÙ�!õ·3¾��)SÆ3Ä��IhÓ��

P�ää����33K+��)SÆ3Ä��Ih3�~-��P�./

0!�¯-Õ������wÙ¥z5vß#�-KÙ¥�312!K�ý

à:~h�0�-���þûv�3ÓKq$��J3�3�!Õ{Kä®

ä®ÀÞXPQ�{ßàÆ3���3|-�þÙ-z´Ë®���±w�|]^

�������������������������������������������������������������������

�X®�. But see Barnett, supra note 100, at 1385H�ñ9�Ó=Ò0�=ÓU$�å�{<å9Q�¥Q��PÃ$��Q!KÄ�²3R�Ò0� h!áâ�$j�}

Õ�3���X®�.���º�See generally, e.g., STEPHENSON, supra note 129.�����See generally, e.g., Paul W. May, The New Diamond Age?, 319 SCIENCE 1490 (2008).���±�See Duncan Graham-Rowe, 3-D Printing for the Masses, TECH. REV., July 31, 2008, http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/21152/?a=f; Saul Hansell, Beam It Down from the Web, Scotty, N.Y. TIMES, May 7, 2007, at C1 � � �:~h�03d�$Ú�Q¯�

¯� � °

��º� ��������� ������������

3 � �:~h�0-KSÈ�t\òX}¥�SgRh$?~Q)IÄz�¨4�®�Ù-Ó�v���]^3 � �:~h�03`�!K,Ñ3`�-�þ�å�î3`�-PQDE�¥�|�þ-´ËPQ�Ks�}�

!Õ����þw]^�$!K�]�Õrp3®ûQÓK­�¥èÕ�¥K

Ù3ýà:~h�0$\��3��~�w`�!KÝ�3rp123K�

ì$èPÑêP���@KÜ#Qx�56Æ$�����wý3�þÕK�ÀMÄ

3�y~Ðrz¨4®�ýà:~h�03¢£$��Q!K®ûQ3`3

ÓL��$!��`3H®Õ"#KÄI3SgRhÓ�ÀXP��3N-

ÕåK7v-;Ýz®{®ûQ3��ÓKL��$!����-Õ�3�

��Hù0��tÕ]D�! $ý3�þ$Õ~Q��ÓKýÙ�!ù0

��tÕ7v-K�ý�{ù0��tÕ;Ý�µ#Qý3�þ$Õ~Q�

�NwýPQKÙÙ�3�~ýþC·�Õ����PQ*+Õ3!K+�

�`3-'()*�+¨3+í!K�e$�����$8��¥�-�þ

Ù-��åKÙÙ�K�����3ÀÔ3'()*�-PQ3Ö×$�5

zÀ®Ù--®�w�

�������������������������������������������������������������������

"Q���; Ian Mount, Rise of the Instapreneur: Manufacture and Sell Anything. In Minutes., WIRED, Apr. 2008, at 129.���@�Cf. MARSHALL MCLUHAN, ESSENTIAL MCLUHAN 307 (Eric McLuhan & Frank Zingrone eds., 1995)H��ì!K $KÀÔ3¹&9Q8Rh39���~�3���X®�.�����56Õ01X$Ú�Q!Ksee generally MICHAEL J. PIORE & CHARLES F. SABEL, THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL DIVIDE: POSSIBILITIES FOR PROSPERITY (1984). Cf. BOOKCHIN, supra note 26, at 61-62H�xî$:üÆ3��K­��ù����~Q�áÚ3 Ã�K­{3,Ñ3r3zrp®�Ù-zßà-®��3�$Ú�Q¯"Q���; J. Storrs Hall, Utility Fog: The Stuff that Dreams Are Made Of, in NANOTECHNOLOGY: MO-

LECULAR SPECULATIONS ON GLOBAL ABUNDANCE 161 (B.C. Crandall ed., 1996)����ÕIz-~Q��Õùàz,�®ù��Õ�Í�`�Ðy�3@¥z �PQ���.�