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Index

AADEOS, 121, 399, 401Advanced vidicon camera system (AVCS), 216, 217, 223,

225Aeros satellites, 73, 76, 77Agena rocket, 279, 381AIM, 94, 94Air density explorer (ADE), 64, 65Airglow, 88–90Ajisai, 51, 52, 53Aksenov, Vladimir, 334, 335, 338Alexandrov, Alexander, 351Almaz, 11, 15, 17, 21, 80, 325, 330, 339, 351, 361, 362,

376, 378Alos, 376Alouette 1, 131, 132, 136, 280, 380Alouette 2, 130, 132, 134AlSat 1, 357AMPTE, 179, 184, 189, 190Anders, William, 11Anik 1, 380ANNA 1-B, 35, 36ANNA program, 34Anomalous cosmic rays, 162Antarctic circumpolar current, 389APEX, 196Apollo 4, 298Apollo 6, 299Apollo 7, 11, 243, 298, 299, 302Apollo 8, xvi, 11, 299, 359Apollo 9, 298Apollo 11, 11, 12, 57, 359Apollo 14, 57Apollo 15, 57Apollo 16, 87, 359Apollo project, xix, 6, 10, 274, 298, 302, 384Apollo-Soyuz, 53, 61Apollo-Soyuz test project (ASTP), 331, 342Apollo spacecraft, 18, 302

Appleton, Edward Victor, 123Aqua, 106, 108, 222, 390Aragatz mission (Mir), 106, 108, 222, 390ARAKS, 198, 199, 200Arcade, 147, 198Argos, 249, 408, 411Ariane, 203, 204, 259, 260, 316, 317, 397Ariel 1, 127, 128, 129, 131, 280Ariel 2, 110, 111, 280, 281, 283Ariel 3, 73, 76, 76Ariel 4, 141Ariel satellites, 123, 139Armstrong, Neil, 11, 12, 281Army ballistic missile agency, 4Aryabhatta, xix, 255, 346ASI, 375Astrid-1, 149Astrophilately, xivAtlantis (shuttle), xix, 19, 291, 354, 372Atlas, 6, 8, 318Atlas-Agena, 11, 381Atlas 1-3 spacelab, 95, 96, 103, 118, 120A-Train, 106, 107, 108ATS 1, 236, 238ATS 2, 238ATS 3, 126, 237, 238, 238ATS 4, 238ATS 6, 49, 53, 56Aura, 106, 108, 120Aureole 1, 147, 199Aureole 2, 147, 199Aureole 3, 148, 169Aurora, 4, 142–146, 149, 151, 154Aurora 7, 299Auroral kilometric radiation, 177, 182Auroral oval, 170Automatic picture transmission (APT), 214., 216, 224Avdeyev, Sergei, 288AVHRR, 228, 243

The numbers refer to pages of text and to the figures. The figure numbers in boldface indicate that theentry is associated with an image of a stamp or postal document.

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017R. Dicati, Stamping the Earth from Space, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20756-8

419

Azerspace-1, 368

BBaikonur, 5Baker-Nunn, 31, 32, 45, 66Beacon explorer, 37, 38Belka, 5BelKa 1, 368Belyayev, Pavel, 10Beregovoi, Georgi, 326, 328Berezovoi, Anatoly, 339, 340Bertalan, Farkas, 409, 410Bhaskara 1,2, 343, 346Biosphere programme, 342BKA, 368, 368Black arrow, 281Blake, Barnard, 162Borman, Frank, 11Bow shock, 166Bremsat, 292Broglio, Luigi, 73BST-1M, 100Buchar, E., 30Bulgaria 1300, 353Bykovsky, Valery, 150, 335, 337, 342, 342, 350

CCalipso, 106, 108Canadarm, 370, 380Cape Canaveral, xxi, 20Carpenter, Don, 171Carpenter, Scott, 89, 296Cassini, Gian Domenico, 28CBERS, 317, 323CERES, 222Cernan, Eugene, 279, 281CESAR, 357Challenger (shuttle), 19, 116, 370, 373Chawla, Kalpana, 262, 262Chelomei, Viktor N., 351Chernushka, 5, 7Chlorophyll, 294, 353Chrétien, Jean-Loup, 288, 341Clinton, Bill, 381CloudSat, 106Cluster, 173, 196, 200, 202, 203CNES, 37, 40, 48, 54, 106, 246, 309, 400, 403, 411Coastal zone color scanner (CZCS), 388, 389, 390Collins, Michael, 12Colombo Giuseppe, xixColumbia (shuttle), 19, 374Conrad, Pete, 281, 297Cooper, Gordon, 7, 9, 89, 90, 296Coronal mass ejections, 197Corona satellites, 127, 163, 231, 381Cosmos 1, 78, 79, 80

Cosmos 2, 79, 133Cosmos 3, 79, 81Cosmos 4, 242Cosmos 5, 81Cosmos 8, 274, 276Cosmos 11, 135Cosmos 14, 243, 244Cosmos 17, 78Cosmos 23, 243Cosmos 26, 78, 155, 156Cosmos 31, 273, 276Cosmos 44, 244Cosmos 45, 81, 89, 110Cosmos 49, 156, 157Cosmos 51, 78, 273, 276Cosmos 58, 244Cosmos 65, 82, 110Cosmos 71-75, 82Cosmos 92, 82, 89Cosmos 93, 80, 81, 276Cosmos 97, 80, 81Cosmos 100, 244Cosmos 108, 78, 81, 83Cosmos 110, 10, 276Cosmos 118, 244Cosmos 122, 110, 244Cosmos 135, 273, 276Cosmos 142, 132Cosmos 144, 243, 244Cosmos 149, 78, 81, 82, 83Cosmos 156, 243Cosmos 163, 273Cosmos 166, 79, 138Cosmos 184, 135, 244Cosmos 186, 80Cosmos 188, 80Cosmos 196, 83Cosmos 206, 244Cosmos 213, 88Cosmos 215, 88Cosmos 226, 244Cosmos 230, 79Cosmos 243, 229, 385, 405Cosmos 259, 135Cosmos 261, 135, 136Cosmos 320, 82, 83Cosmos 348, 135Cosmos 378, 135Cosmos 381, 81, 135Cosmos 426, 135Cosmos 470, 273, 276Cosmos 502, 273Cosmos 541, 273Cosmos 557, 362Cosmos 721, 144Cosmos 900, 147, 173Cosmos 929, 16Cosmos 1076, 385

420 Index

Cosmos 1127, 325Cosmos 1151, 386Cosmos 1267, 16Cosmos 1443, 16, 80, 339Cosmos 1686, xxiiCosmos 1809, 136Cosmos 1870, 376Cosmos 1989, 51Cosmos 2024, 51Cosmos rocket, 346Cosmos satellites, 29, 59, 78, 81, 198, 329CRISTA-SPAS, 121CRRES, 189, 191Crutzen, Paul, 111CSA, 379Cunningham, Walter, 11Cyclones, 210, 243Cygnus (ISS), 25

DD1-A (Diapason), 40, 41, 42, 43, 280, 40, 42D1-C (Diadème 1), 40, 42D1-D (Diadème 2), 40, 42, 43D2 (Signe 3), 57D5-A (Pollux), 57D5-B (Castor), 57DAD-A, 85, 86DAD-B, 85DARA, 374, 375DEBUT, 394Delta rocket, 68, 181, 310, 403De Winne, Frank, xxiiDiamant-A, 40Discoverer, 381Discovery (shuttle), 19, 372DLR, 374DMSP satellites, 116, 149, 232, 233, 233, 236Dnepr rocket, 358Dobrovolsky Georgy, 15, 93Double Star, 202, 204, 204, 205Dragon (French rockets), 139Dragon (ISS), 25Dynamics explorer 1, 88, 145, 148, 171Dzhanibekov, Vladimir, 287, 336, 337, 367, 367

EEarth Probe Satellite, 117Echo 1, xvi, 31, 36, 37, 66Echo 2, 36, 37, 38Edwards air force base, 20EGM96, 33Egorov, Boris, 8, 297EgyptSat 1, 358Eisele, Donn Fulton, 11Eisenhower, Dwight, 3Electron 1 and 3, 174, 177, 178, 179, 276Electron 2 and 4, 172, 175, 177, 178, 179, 182

Elektro, 244, 247Elektro-L, 245, 248Ellipsoid of revolution, 28El Niño, 384, 388, 399, 402, 404ELVES, 100Endeavour (shuttle), 19, 61, 291, 372Envisat, 120, 376, 378, 379, 380, 390EO-1, 323Eole, 44, 136, 245, 246, 249, 250Equator-S, 202, 204, 205ERBS, 95, 112, 115ERBSS, 234EREP, 300, 303, 305, 392, 395Eridan rocket, 199, 200EROS, 304ERS-1, 376, 378, 379, 398ERS-2, 376, 380, 397, 398ERTS, 304, 307ERTS 1, 308ESA, 102, 179, 187ESMR, 228ESRO, 102, 179, 180ESRO 1A, 143, 146, 147ESRO 1B, 143, 147, 148ESRO 2B, 146, 148ESRO 4, 147ESSA, 213, 222, 225, 226, 231ESSA 1, 223ESSA 2, 224, 226ESSA 3, 223ESSA 4, 226ESSA 5, 223ESSA 6, 226ESSA 8, 225, 226ESSA 9, 222Estcube-1, 354Etalon, 51ETS 6, 401Eumetsat, 255, 255Euromir program, 23, 348Extra-vehicular activity (EVA), 10Exobase, 60, 86Exos A (Kyokko), 150Exos B (Jikken), 150, 150Exos D (Akebono), 151, 151Exosphere, 60, 123, 128Explorer 1, 3, 4, 31, 159, 160, 185, 266, 267Explorer 2, 4, 159Explorer 3, 4, 159, 160, 266, 267Explorer 4, 4, 159, 160Explorer 6, 162, 208, 209, 266, 267, 296Explorer 7, 96, 129, 209, 209, 266, 267Explorer 8, 127, 127, 129, 266Explorer 9, 66, 31, 65Explorer 10, 163, 164, 167Explorer 11, xxivExplorer 12, 164, 166, 168, 169Explorer 13, xxiv, 268, 270, 271Explorer 14, 163, 168, 169

Index 421

Explorer 15, 168, 169Explorer 16, xxiv, 268, 271, 280Explorer 17, 65, 67, 68, 69, 94Explorer 18, 163, 166, 171Explorer 19, xxiv, 65, 66, 94Explorer 20, 130, 131, 133, 134Explorer 21, 163, 172Explorer 22, 38, 39Explorer 23, 268, 271Explorer 24, 65, 66, 67, 69Explorer 25, 66, 67Explorer 26, 168Explorer 27, 38, 39, 40Explorer 29, 39Explorer 31, 132, 133, 134Explorer 32, 65, 67, 69, 94Explorer 33, 166, 170, 173Explorer 34, 173Explorer 35, 166Explorer 36, 39Explorer 39, 65, 67, 67Explorer 40, 67Explorer 41, 174Explorer 42. See ISIS 1Explorer 43, 182Explorer 45, 178, 182Explorer 46, 284Explorer 47, 183Explorer 50, 183Explorer 51, 65, 83, 84, 94Explorer 52, 185Explorer 54, 65, 84Explorer 55, 65, 83, 84, 112, 115Explorer 56. See ISEE 1Explorer 60 (SAGE), 112Explorer 65 (CCE/AMPTE), 189Explorer 71 (ACE), 206Explorer (satellites), 59, 65Eyesat, 54

FFaith 7, 89, 296Farman, Joe, 114Feoktistov, Konstantin, 8, 89, 90, 297FGB, 17Fort Bliss, xviFR 1 (France 1), 139, 140Freedom 7, 6Freja, 146, 149Friendship 7, 8, 89FY (Feng Yun) satellites, 262–263, 263

GGagarin, Yuri Alexeyevich, 5, 6, 6, 7, 64, 294, 295, 297Galileo (spacecraft), 87, 87Gardiner, Brian, 114GARP, 241, 254

Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gauss, 155GEM, 32Gemini 3, 83Gemini 4, 297, 301Gemini 5, 297, 301Gemini 6, 12, 297, 301Gemini 7, 12, 297, 301Gemini 8, 12, 277, 281Gemini 9, 279–280, 281Gemini 10, 277, 281, 297Gemini 11, 89, 297Gemini 12, 279–280, 297Gemini project, xix, xxi, 11, 12, 96, 279, 280, 280, 296,

297, 301, 302, 384GEM-T3, 49Geocorona, 86–87, 87, 88, 128Geodetic satellites (GEOS), 38Geographic information system (GIS), 315Geoid, 30–33Geomagnetic anomalies, 155GEOS 1, 39, 41, 48GEOS 1 (ESA satellite), 161, 173, 176, 178, 186GEOS 2, 40, 41, 48GEOS 2 (ESA satellite), 178, 179, 186–187GEOS 3, 40, 46, 48, 49, 53, 56, 384, 392, 400Geosat, 399, 400, 401Geotail, 197, 198, 206GFZ-1, 34, 51, 52, 55Giacobini-Zinner, 184, 188, 287Gilbert, William, 153Glazkov Yury, 334, 365Glenn, John, 8, 9, 89, 90, 296Glushko, Valentin, 2GMS, 254, 257–259GMS 1, 255, 256, 258GMS 2, 256, 258GMS 3, 256, 258GMS 4, 256, 258–259GMS 5, 256, 258GOCE, 54, 56Goddard, Robert, 3Goddard SFC, 31, 91GOES, 210, 241, 260, 295GOES 1, 239, 239, 240, 241GOES 2, 241GOES 3, 240–241GOES 4, 240, 240, 243, 254GOES 5, 254GOES 7, 254GOES 8, 242, 243GOES 15, 242GOMS, 244Gorbatko, Viktor, 329, 334, 344, 365, 366Gordon, Richard, 281GOSAT, 108GPS Navstar, 45, 47, 53, 126GRAB, xxivGRACE, 56Grechko, Georgi, 93, 94, 100, 101, 334, 336, 404

422 Index

Grigorov, Naum, 162Gringauz, Konstantin I, 163, 171Grissom, Virgil, 6Gubarev, Aleksei, 95, 103, 333, 343Gulf Stream, 387, 389Gürragchaa, Jügderdemidiin, 367, 367

HHalley, Edmond, 154Ham, 6HCCM, 228, 228Healthsat, 54HEOS 1, 166, 184HEOS 2, 169, 172, 280, 283, 284, 284Hermaszewkski, Miroslav, 344, 342Hermes, 380Hill, Rowland, xiiiHimawari. See GMSHimawari 8, 258HIRS, 234HRG (SPOT), 312H rocket, 256, 291, 394HRS (SPOT), 316HRV (SPOT), 310HRVIR (SPOT), 310, 312H-II Transfer Vehicle (ISS), 25Hubble space telescope, 19, 88Humboldt current, 387, 388Hurricanes, 210

IIACG, 197ICE (spacecraft), 184IGY. See International Geophysical YearImage, 173IMP 1. See Explorer 18IMP 2, 172IMP 5, 169IMP 6, 177, 182IMP 8, 162, 177, 183Indian remote sensing (IRS), 256, 346, 347Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS), 217, 219Injun 1, xxivINSAT, 256INSAT 1A, 256, 260INSAT 1B, 260, 261INSAT 1C, 260INSAT 1D, 260INSAT 2A, 259, 261INSAT 2C, 256INSAT 2D, 256INSAT 2E, 256INSAT 3A, 259INSAT 3B, 260, 259INSAT 3E, 260, 261INSAT 4A, 260, 261, 262INSAT 4C, 262

INTASAT, 139, 141Interbol, 196, 197, 198Intercosmos 1, xviii, 5, 138, 192, 208Intercosmos 2, 138Intercosmos 3, 137, 137, 138, 191, 192, 193Intercosmos 4, 137, 138Intercosmos 5, 137, 137, 138, 192, 192, 193Intercosmos 6, 137, 274Intercosmos 7, 137, 138Intercosmos 8, 138Intercosmos 9, 137, 138, 138Intercosmos 10, 137, 137, 138, 192, 199Intercosmos 11, 137, 138Intercosmos 12, 138, 274Intercosmos 14, 137, 138, 276, 274Intercosmos 18, 192Intercosmos 19, 136Intercosmos 20, 353, 386Intercosmos 21, 353Intercosmos 23. See Prognoz 10Intercosmos 24, 173, 195, 196Intercosmos 25, 173, 196Intercosmos program, xx, 23, 59, 136, 136, 138, 169, 179,

180, 189, 193, 196, 208, 229, 274, 337, 336, 341,343, 342, 343, 348, 353

Intercosmos rocket, 276International Cometary Explorer (ICE). See ISEE 3International Geophysical Year, xv, 3, 59, 154, 155, 177,

208International Heliophysical Year (IHY), 203International Magnetospheric Study, 150, 186International Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 197International space sation (ISS), xix, xxii, 7, 11, 17, 19,

21, 25, 105, 329, 339, 358International Union of Geodesy, 29International Year of the Quiet Sun, 125, 177, 272Intershock, 193, 193Ionosphere, 60, 123–151Iosifian, Andranik, 247ISAGEX, 42, 43ISEE 1, 172, 181, 184, 187ISEE 2, 181, 187ISEE 3, 181, 187, 188, 184ISIS 1, 130, 132, 134, 135, 169, 172, 380ISIS 2, 130, 132, 135, 145, 146, 149ISRO, 255, 347, 408Iss-a, 139Iss-b, 139Itamsat, 54ITOS, 213, 227, 228, 229ITOS 1, 227, 228ITS-K, 97Ivanchenkov, Aleksandr, 337, 338, 405IZMIRAN, 165

JJähn, Sigmund, 149, 150, 337, 341, 342, 343, 350, 369JAS 1b, 394

Index 423

Jason 1, 2, 400, 403JERS 1, 2, 317, 323, 376Jet Propulsion laboratory, 4JGM, 49Juno I,II, 4, 129, 267Jupiter C, 3

KKalpana-1, 262, 262Kanopus-V1, 368KATE-140, 326, 331, 337, 338, 341, 344, 348, 350, 351,

364, 367, 406KATE-500, 331Kaula, W, 31Kennedy, John F, xx, xxiv, 6, 11KFA-1000, 324, 368KFA-200, 322KH (Key Hole), 381Khrunov, Yevgeni, 14King-Hele, Desmond, 30Kitsat, 54Kizim, Leonid, 287, 338, 340, 353, 406Klimuk, Klimuk, 101, 333, 408Komarov, Vladimir, 8, 13, 13, 297Kompsat-2, 321Korabl Sputnik 1, 5, 64Korabl Sputnik 2, 5Korabl Sputnik 3, 5Korabl Sputnik 5, 5, 7Korolev, Sergey, 78Kovalenok, Vladimir, 93, 94, 100, 287, 338, 337, 367,

405, 408Krikalev, Sergei, 288, 289, 354Kristall (Mir), 21, 22, 122, 350, 354KRT-10, 406, 407KSS-2, 98Kubasov, Valeri, 409, 410Kuroshio, 387, 389Kvant-1 (Mir), xxi, 21, 21, 22, 350Kvant-2 (Mir), 21, 21, 290, 288

LLageos, 48, 49Lageos 1, 51, 52Lageos 2, 51Lagrangian points, 187, 200, 206Laika, 3, 3Landsat 1, xiii, 308, 310, 361Landsat 2, 309Landsat 3, 310Landsat 4, 189, 307, 310, 311, 313, 315Landsat 5, 189, 307, 311, 313, 315Landsat 6, 307, 315Landsat 7, 307, 308, 314, 315, 323, 363, 365Landsat 8, 308, 313, 315

Landsat satellites, xiii, 293, 295, 304, 307, 308, 309, 312,361, 364, 369, 392

LAPAN Tubsat, 357LARES, 51, 55Large Format Camera (LFC), 369, 370Laser Ranging Retro-Reflector (LRRR), 57Lazarev, Vasili, 330LDEF, 289, 290, 291Lebedev, Valentin, 338, 340, 341Leonov, Alexei, 10, 10, 61, 298Liberty Bell 7, 6Linenger, Jerry, 288Little Joe, 6Lonchakpov, Yuri, xviiiLong March rocket, 149Lovell, Jim, 11Luna 1, 163, 164, 171, 272, 275Luna 2, 163, 164, 171, 275, 272Luna 3, xiii, 164, 163, 275Luna 17, 57Luna 21, 57Lunokhod, 57Lyakov, Vladimir, 100, 338, 339, 351, 405, 407

MMAGION 1, 192, 193, 196MAGION 2, 173, 195, 195MAGION 3, 196MAGION 4, 197MAGION 5, 198Magnetopause, 164Magnetosheath, 167Magnetosphere, 165–166, 166, 171Magnetospheric tail, 163, 166, 201Magsat, 157, 159, 158Makarov, Oleg, 330, 336, 337, 338Malerba, Franco, xixMalyshev, Yury, 338, 367Marconi, Guglielmo, 123Mariner 2, 164, 165, 229Mariner 5, 87, 87Marov, Mikhail, 81Mars 1, 272, 275MaSat-1, 357Megha-Tropiques, 106, 109Merbold, Ulf, 369Mercury, project, xvi, xix, 6, 8, 9, 12, 299Mercury, spacecraft, 299MERIS, 397Merson, R.H., 30Mesopause, 60, 83Mesosphere, 60, 62, 123Meteor 1-1, 244Meteor 2, 244Meteor 25, 324Meteor 28, 324Meteor 29, 324

424 Index

Meteor M, 247Meteor 3-3M, 112, 116, 117, 119, 120, 244, 247Meteor-Priroda, 320, 324Meteor satellites, 97, 229, 241, 242, 244, 246, 320, 329Meteosat 1, 249Meteosat 3, 249Meteosat 4, 249Meteosat 5, 254Meteosat 8, 252, 254Meteosat 9, 252, 254, 261Meteosat 10, 252Meteosat 11, 253MetOp, 120, 254MetSat-1, 262, 262Meteosat P2, 249Meteosat program, 251, 252, 253, 260Metric Camera, 368–370Micrometeorites, 265, 267Midas 4, 31Mir space station, xix, xxi, 21, 21, 23, 24, 52, 89, 104,

121, 122, 162, 288, 289, 326, 332, 348, 351, 353,355, 410

MISR (Terra satellite), 318, 322MKF-6, 333, 334, 335, 336MKF-6M, 337, 338, 341, 342, 348, 345, 347, 352, 367MKS-M, 102MODIS (Terra satellite), 318Mohamand,Abdul Ahad, 351Molina, Mario, 110, 111, 113Molnyia satellites, 248, 330MOMS, 352, 352, 369–370, 371Monitor-E, 325, 327Montreal Protocol, 109, 115MOS-1 (Momo-1), 392, 393MOS-1b, 392, 394Moscow university, 305Multispectral scanner (MSS), 307MSU, 234MTG, 253MTSAT-1R (Himawari 6), 258MTSAT-2 (Himawari 7), 258

NNanosatellites, 358NASA, 6, 161, 219Neutral points, 169Newton, Isaac, 28Nikolayev, Andrian, 7, 300, 329, 330Nimbus 1, 35, 214, 216, 217Nimbus 2, 96, 216, 217Nimbus 3, 96, 110, 113, 216, 219Nimbus 4, 45, 46, 112, 114, 217, 220Nimbus 5, 96, 221, 221, 228, 228, 385, 388Nimbus 6, 53, 96, 385Nimbus 7, 95, 99, 112, 114-116, 117, 119, 218, 222, 230,

388, 390, 394Nimbus satellites, 217, 218, 220, 394

NOAA, 213, 219, 228, 255, 315, 386, 389, 390, 392NOAA 2, 227NOAA 3, 229NOAA 4, 142NOAA 5, 227NOAA 6, 230, 233, 234, 235NOAA 7, 230, 233, 234, 234NOAA 8, 234NOAA 9, 96, 96, 120, 234NOAA 10, 96, 234NOAA 11, 230, 234NOAA 12, 234NOAA 15, 234Noctilucent clouds, 60, 91, 93Nozomi, 87, 87NPOESS, 236NRL, 31N rocket, 255N-ROSS, 399

OOAO (astronomical satellites), 272Oberth, Hermann, 2Object D, 5Oceansat 1, 390, 391OCO 2, 106Odin, 119OFO 1, 284OGO 1, 73, 172, 178, 280OGO 2, 90, 155, 156, 157, 172, 174OGO 3, 72, 90, 172, 178, 202OGO 4, 73, 90, 110, 111, 143, 145, 147, 155, 156, 172,

280OGO 5, 87, 88, 169, 172, 178, 180OGO 6, 73, 92, 143, 145, 155, 156, 157Okean satellites, 404, 405, 406O’Keefe, J. A., 27Omega project, 199Onufriyenko, Yuri, 290, 291Orbiting geophysical observatory (OGO), 72, 89, 143,

176, 272, 282OrbView-2, 390, 391Ørsted, 158, 159Ørsted 2, 159Ørsted, Christian, 158Oscar 6, 227Oscar 7, 142OSO 4, 91OSO 6, 175OST-1, 97, 331OSTA, 373, 374, 390, 391OV 1-10, 110, 112OV 1-15 (SPADES), 69, 70OV 1-16 (Cannonball 1), 69, 70OV 1-20 (Cannonball 2), 70, 71OV 1-21, 70, 71OV 3-5 (ATCOS), 69, 72

Index 425

OV 3-6 (ATCOS), 72Ozone, 60, 109, 122, 217

PPadalka, Gennady, 291PAGEOS, 38, 44Parasol, 106, 108Parker, Eugene, 163Patsayev, Viktor, 15, 93PCN, 100Pegasus 1, 274Pegasus 2, 274, 279Pegasus 3, 274Pegasus program, 278, 280Penny Black, xiiiPeole, 40, 43, 246, 248Philately, xiiiPickering, William, 4Picosatellites, 358PIE (Mir), 288, 290Pioneer 1, xxiv, 269, 272Pioneer 3, 161, 161Pioneer 4, 161Pioneer 5, xxiv, 35, 269Pioneer 7, 165, 170Pioneer 8, 165, 280, 282Pioneer 9, 280, 282Pioneer 10, 162Pioneer 11, 162PIRAMIG, 100Planeta-C, 244Plasma mantle, 169Plasmapause, 171, 172Plasmasphere, 170, 172, 176Pléiades satellites, 316, 321POES, 243, 255Polar, 197, 198, 206Polar cusps, 169Polar mesospheric clouds, 92Polyakov, Valery, 351Popov, Leonid, 101 , 163, 341, 344, 406Popovich, Pavel, 7, 99, 300Posat, 54Postal stationery, xiv, xvii, xxPotočnik, Herman, 238Priroda (Mir), 21, 104, 122, 288, 352, 354, 371, 407Prognoz 6, 87, 88Prognoz 9, 196Prognoz 10, 193, 193, 194, 195Prognoz M2, 194, 197Prognoz satellites, 179, 189Progress, 16, 25, 336, 350, 406Progress-M 27, 52Project orbiter, 3Prospero, 280, 281, 283Proton rocket, 15, 21, 24, 180, 332, 351, 352

Proton satellites, 123, 162, 180Prunariu, Dumitru, 163, 344PSLV rocket, 316Pythagoras, 28

RR 7, 7Radar, 370Radarsat 1, 2, 376, 379, 380RASAT, 357Redstone, 6, 8Regan, Ronald, 24Relay 1, 35Remek, Vladimir, 94, 342, 344Resurs-DK, 325, 326Resurs-F, 322, 324, 325, 368Resurs-O, 325Ride, Sally, 370Rigidsphere, 70Ring current, 178, 202RKA, 348RM 1, 284, 285Rohini, 346Romanenko, Yuri, 93, 94, 100, 336, 344, 366, 367, 404Rowland, Frank Sherwood, 110, 113RSS, 89, 99, 99RTDS, 70Ryumin, Valery, 100, 101, 338, 405, 406, 407

SSAC-C, 159, 317, 323SAC-D, 323Sagan, Carl, 203SAGE. See Explorer 60Salyut 1, 13, 14, 15, 93, 94, 97, 286, 332, 362Salyut 2, 15, 362Salyut 3, 15, 99, 331, 332, 362, 404Salyut 4, 15, 97–99, 101, 286, 330, 331, 333, 408Salyut 5, 15, 99, 100, 332, 334, 363, 365Salyut 6, 16, 17, 93, 94, 99, 100, 139, 149, 163, 285, 286,

326, 334, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 342, 345, 347,349, 364, 366, 367, 404, 407, 408, 410

Salyut 7, xxii, 9, 16, 17, 80, 100, 139, 287, 290, 291, 326,331, 335, 336, 339, 341, 343, 345, 349, 353, 364,367, 406

Salyut space stations, xix, 11, 21, 332, 351, 361Sambo project, 199SAMPEX, 162San Marco 1, 74, 74, 75, 129San Marco 2, 74, 74San Marco 3, 74, 75San Marco 4, 84, 85San Marco D, 91San Marco satellites, 59, 73, 136SAO-SE, 32, 33

426 Index

SARAL, 408, 411Satellite altimetry, 46Satellite Infra-Red Spectrometer (SIRS), 216Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), 39Saturn 1, 11, 18, 93, 274, 277, 331Saturn IV, 274Saturn V, 11, 17, 18, 274Savinykh, Viktor, 93, 94, 100, 287, 367Savitskaya, Svetlana, 341SBUV, 234SCD-1, 357Schirra, Walter, 11, 89Schönbein, Christian Friedrich”, 113SCMR, 228Scott, David, 281Scout, 73, 85, 246, 268Seasat, 46, 373, 374, 384, 385, 392, 394, 395, 396, 399,

400SeaStar. See OrbView-2Sea surface temperature (SST), 384, 386, 386–387SeaWiFS, 243, 389, 391SECOR, 35, 44–45SECOR 5, 45Sentinel, 376, 380Serebrov, Alexei, 341Sevastyanov, Vitaly, 101, 330, 333SEVIRI, 249Shanklin, Jonathan, 114Sharma, Rakesh, 343, 345, 367Shatalov, Vladimir, 14Shenzhou, 22Shepard, Alan, 6, 295, 299Shirshov research ship, 329Shuttle-Mir program, 23, 25, 104, 288, 348, 353, 355,

403Sich 1, 405SIR-A, 373, 374SIR-B, 373SIR-C/X-SAR, 373–375, 375, 377Sirio satellite, 126Skylab, 18, 46, 48, 89, 97, 285, 286, 286, 300, 302, 303,

303, 305, 306, 384, 392, 395, 400Skylab 2, 17, 48, 306Skylab 3, 17, 48, 162Skylab 4, 17, 48, 98, 305Smart, 261SMM, 189, 191SMMR, 221, 222, 390, 396SMS, 95SMS-A, 238, 239, 240SMS-B, 239, 238SMS-C. See GOES 1Snellius, Willebrordus, 28SOHO, 197, 198, 201Sokolov, Andrei, 16Solar constant, 95Solar wind, 163, 165, 166Solovyov, Vladimir, 287, 340, 353, 406

Solrad/Grab, xx, 45Solwind, 175South Atlantic anomaly, 154, 157Soyuz 1, 13Soyuz 2, 13Soyuz 3, 326, 328Soyuz 4, 13, 13, 89, 90, 327, 328, 329Soyuz 5, 13, 13, 89, 90, 328, 329Soyuz 6, 328, 329Soyuz 7, 89, 328, 329Soyuz 8, 328, 329Soyuz 9, 99, 329, 330Soyuz 10, 13, 14Soyuz 11, 14, 15, 97, 329, 330Soyuz 12, 97, 99, 329Soyuz 13, 97, 98, 99, 408Soyuz 14, 99, 331Soyuz 15, 99, 331Soyuz 16Soyuz 17, 331, 334Soyuz 18, 101, 333, 408Soyuz 19, 61Soyuz 21, 332, 334, 363Soyuz 22, 99, 333–335, 335, 345, 347, 348Soyuz 23, 332, 334Soyuz 24, 332, 334, 363Soyuz 25, 408Soyuz 26, 16, 94, 336, 337Soyuz 27, 16, 336, 337Soyuz 28, xvi, 14, 94, 337, 343, 344Soyuz 29, 337, 350Soyuz 30, 343, 344, 408Soyuz 31, 150, 337, 342, 350Soyuz 32, 405Soyuz 33, 343Soyuz 34, 405Soyuz 35, 406Soyuz 36, 343, 409, 410Soyuz 37, 343, 344, 366, 366, 406Soyuz 38, 343, 366Soyuz 39, 162, 163, 343, 367Soyuz 40, 162, 163, 343, 344Soyuz rocket, 14, 202, 247, 340Soyuz spacecraft, 13, 14, 89, 338, 384Soyuz T-2, 338Soyuz T-3, 338Soyuz T-4, 94, 287, 408Soyuz T-5, 341Soyuz T-6, 341Soyuz T-7, 80, 341Soyuz T-9, 16, 339Soyuz T-10, 340Soyuz T-11, 287, 343, 345Soyuz T-15, 287, 353Soyuz TM-6, 351Soyuz TM-7, 289Soyuz TM-8, 288Soyuz TM-21, 122

Index 427

Soyuz TM-23, 290Soyuz TM-34, xviiiSoyuz TM-A, xviiiSpace Age, xix, 1Space Flier Unit (SFU), 291, 292Spacelab, 102, 103, 369Space Shuttle, 11, 19, 19, 91, 368, 370Space Technology Program (STP), 71SPAS, 370, 370Spektr-15, 100, 102, 104, 353, 367Spektr (Module Mir), 21, 21, 352SPOT 1, 316–317SPOT 2, 310, 317SPOT 3, 54, 317SPOT 4, 310, 312, 316, 318, 320SPOT 5, 312, 318, 320SPOT 6, 316, 317SPOT 7, 310, 316SPOT satellites, 316, 319, 320, 321, 361Sputnik 1, v, xiv, xv, 1, 27, 31, 64, 126, 159Sputnik 2, 3, 3, 30, 31, 63, 64, 159Sputnik 3, 4, 5, 31, 63, 64, 65, 65, 126, 126, 155, 155,

159, 272, 271Sputnik 4, 5SRET 1, 185SRTM, 363, 374, 375, 376, 377Stafford, Tom, 281Starad, 168Starfish, 168Starlette, 48–49, 50Stella, 50, 54Sterkh 2, 247Stratopause, 60Stratosphere, 60, 62Strekalov, Gennadi, 338, 367Strelka, 5STS-2, 374, 391STS-7, 369, 370–371STS-8, 256STS-9, 369STS-11, 369, 371STS-32, 290STS-34, 119STS-39, 150STS-41, 100, 119STS-41C, 191, 290STS-41D (STS 12), 369STS-41G (STS 13), 95, 369, 373STS-43, 119STS-45, 102, 118, 121STS-46, xixSTS-48, 116, 118STS-51, 210STS-55, 370, 371STS-56, 118, 119STS-59, 374STS-60, 292, 354, 355STS-62, 119

STS-63, 356, 372, 410STS-64, 105STS-66, 120–121STS-68, 374, 375STS-71, 122, 372STS-72, 291, 292STS-74, 21, 372STS-76, 372STS-77, 119STS-79, 354, 372STS-84, 288, 372STS-90, 103STS-91, 372STS-99, 361, 374, 376, 377STS-107, 119, 262SumbandilaSat, 355, 357SUNSAT, 357Suomi Radiometer, 209, 209SwissCube-1, 92Syncom 2, 32, 280Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), 373, 376, 396

TTamayo, Méndez Arnaldo, 342, 344, 366, 367Telstar, 5, 280Tereshkova, Valentina, 8, 9, 296, 341Terra, 106, 222, 317, 322, 323, 390Thematic mapper (TM), 307THEOS, 357Thermopause, 60Thermosphere, 54, 62, 83Third radiation belt, 162Thor-Agena, 132, 381Tiangong-1, 21, 22Tiangong-3, 21Timation, 45TIROS 1, 209, 210, 211, 212TIROS 2, 211, 212TIROS 3, 35, 212TIROS 4, 212TIROS 5, 211, 213TIROS 6, 211TIROS 7, 211, 213, 214, 215TIROS 8, 211, 212, 214, 217TIROS 9, 212, 213, 215, 223, 235TIROS 10, 212TIROS M, 226TIROS N, 233, 234, 235, 389, 404TIROS satellites, 272, 280Titan II, 11, 280, 279Titov, Gherman, 294TKS, xviii, 16, 17, 80, 339, 339Tombaugh, Clyde, 203TOMS, 112, 114, 117, 400TOPEX/Poseidon, 33, 376, 378, 401, 402, 403TOPO 1, 45, 46TOS, 213, 222

428 Index

Transit 1B, 5Transit-O 19 (Oscar 19), 46Transit satellites, xxiv, 45Triangulation, 27, 29Troposphere, 60, 62Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich, xv–xvi, 2, 2TSS-1, xixTsyklon rocket, 195, 405Tuân, Phạm, 342, 344, 366

UUARS, 91, 93, 116, 118, 119, 120Ugolyok, 10Ulysses, 183Unam Sat B, 292Unitec-1, 358Universal postal union, xUsachev, Yuri, 289, 291USGS, 304, 315

VV2, 294Van Allen belts, 3, 10, 154, 161, 165, 174, 175Van Allen, James, 4, 160, 185Van Allen Probes, 162Vandenberg AFB, 20Vanguard 1, 3, 31, 32, 33, 63Vanguard 2, 31, 208, 209, 271Vanguard 3, 31, 155, 156, 266, 270Vanguard Project, 3Venera 1, 164, 272, 275Venera 2, 272Venera 3, 272Vertical rockets, 139Veterok, 10VHHR, 227, 228, 229Viking (Swedish satellite), 149, 170, 316Viktorenko, Alexandr, 351VISSR, 255Volkov, Aleksandr, 208, 288, 291Volkov, Vladislav, 15, 93, 329

Volynov, Boris, 13, 334Von Braun, Werner, 3, 4, 11, 93, 274Voskhod 1, 8, 9, 10, 89, 90, 96, 297, 300Voskhod 2, 10, 61Vostok 1, 5, 294, 297Vostok 2, 298Vostok 3, 7, 300Vostok 4, 7, 300Vostok 5, 9Vostok 6, 7, 9Vostok program, 8, 9, 10, 96, 325Vostok rocket, 7, 175, 244Voyager, 183, 238

WWagner, C. A., 32Whipple, Fred Lawrence, 265White, Edward, 12, 280, 301Wind, 197, 198World Meteorological Organization, 214, 216, 229World Weather Watch, 216, 263

YYangel, Mikhail, 78Yeliseyev, Alexei, 14YOTO (International Year of the Ocean), 385Young, John, 87, 87

ZZaletin, Sergei Viktorovich, xxiiZarya (ISS), 24, 339Zarya (non-magnetic ship), 155, 155Zenith satellites, 82, 325, 386Zholobov Vitaly, 333Zodiacal light, 265, 283Zond 1, 86Zond 2, 3, 272Zond 5, 6, 7, 8, 359Zvezda (ISS), 24Zvezdochka, 5, 7

Index 429