Map of HCI 1

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Multimedia Systems Design

Core Concepts of HCI

“Much work has been done with them could more easilyhave been done without them…more work has been spent

on making tables than has been saved by their use”

Merrifield, 1879, on logarithms in the context of Babbage

“Any machine coding system should be judged quitelargely from the point of view of how easy it is for the

operator to obtain results”

Mauchly, 1947, on EDVAC programming

Shackel, B. Ergonomics for a computerDesign, 120, 1959, pp 36-39.

Map of HCI 2

“The future is rapidly approaching when ‘professional’programmers will be among the least numerous and least

significant system users”

Mills, 1967

but also in 1968…..

Alan Kay is proposing “Dynabook”

Dynabook“A computer simple enough to be worked by children!Small enough to be carried under your arm! Powerful

enough to drive a display in full colour!”

Dynabook“A computer simple enough to be worked by children!Small enough to be carried under your arm! Powerful

enough to drive a display in full colour!”

The cardboard model:- 8*10*2 inches with a flat screen anda keyboard drawn on the top surface

Map of HCI 3

TIMELINE - the personal computer1959 Shackel’s paper

1963 Ivan Sutherland’s Phd (Sketchpad)

1964 Doug Engelbart and William K. English invent the mouse

1969 Alan Kay’s Phd (Dynabook)

International Journal of Man-Machine Studies

1970 Xerox PARC opens

1973 Xerox Alto becomes operational

1976 Apple I

1977 Apple II

1979 Steve Jobs visits Xerox PARC

1981 Xerox Star

IBM PC

1983 Apple Lisa

1984 Apple Mac

1990 Windows 3.0

TIMELINE - the net1969 ARPANET begins

1973 Ethernet invented at Xerox PARC

1979 Usenet News begins

1991 WWW software released at CERN

1993 Mosaic browser released

1994 Netscape Communications inc. is formed

1996 Internet Explorer 3.0

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User Interface Design

Sources of Information to Support DesignInteraction Designers require sources of information to help developand integrate a design

Sources:• Scientific knowledge (cognitive psychology, organisational models etc.)• Established techniques(input/output via menus, forms, cursor control etc.)• Experience (design models, similar systems, interfaces etc)

But whilst knowledge, techniques and experience are invaluable theydo not apply themselves to a particular problem

Hence the need for:

Guidelines: a valuable term which is over-used and often mis-used…

Important to distinguish between the different forms that guidelinestake.

Map of HCI 5

1. Definitions

Differentiate between:

1. HCI/ Interaction Design• Principles and Rules for the Design of an Interactive System

2. User Centred Design• Principles and Methods for the Design and Development of a Product,

Artefact or Interactive System

2. DefinitionsWhat is Design?

“A creative activity- it involves bringing into being something new anduseful that has not existed before.”

It refers to:• 1) the process of developing a product, artefact or system..• 2) the models of the artefact developed during the process..

3. Design Product: The Lotus Bike 4. Creative Design: Process and Product• Paper “Artefacts and the Designer’s Process: Implications for Computer Support to Design”

- DateArtefacts Design Process Methods

- 1979FIRST BIKES ADOPT ADAPT IMPROVE LEARNING CONVENTIONS

- 1980FUNNY BIKES EXPLORATION BREAK RULES-- 1982UNIVERSAL BIKE ANALYSIS FORMULATE PROBLEM

- 1985MONOCOQUE 1 EMERGENCE EVOLVE NEW CONCEPT

- 1986MONOCOQUE 2 ANALOGY MODIFY CONCEPT

- 1988INTER BIKE REFINEMENT ADD FEATURES-- 1990MONOCOQUE3 SYNTHESIS COMBINE FEATURES

- 1992OLYMPIC BIKE COMPLETION APPLY MEASURES

- Bicycle History Design Process and Knowledge Development

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5. System Centered Design

What can be built easily on this platform?

What can I create from the available tools?

What do I as a programmer find interesting to work on?

How can I ensure that the product /outcome matches the specification?

Is the program efficient?

6. User Centered System Design -1

The Design is based upon the user’s

• Capabilities and needs• Context• Work domain• Specific tasks

Golden rule of Interaction Design: “Know The User”

7. User Centered System Design - 2... is based on understanding the domain of work or play in whichpeople are engaged and in which they interact with computers, andprogramming computers to facilitate human action. ...

From Denning and Dargan, p111 in Winograd, Ed., Bringing Design to Software, Addison Wesley

Denning and Dargan, 1996

Three assumptions

• The result of a good design is a satisfied customer

• The process of design is a collaboration between designers andcustomers. The design evolves and adapts to their changing concerns, andthe process produces a specification as an important byproduct

• The customer and designer are in constant communication during theentire process

8. User-Centred Design MethodsTo achieve this, designers need to:• 1) understand user requirements in the context of domains, market..• 2) determine appropriate representations for exploring and communicating

ideas with users and to one another…

Methods• vary according to size, complexity and context of the design situation

1) Trial and Error Approaches• appropriate for simple designs, early exploratory concept generation,• limitations: cannot handle complex projects involving large teams…

2. Structured Approaches• appropriate for large scale engineering design work (aircraft, vehicles,

computer systems)• limitations: involving users more difficult and often given low priority, heavy

focus on detail not concept design-lack of creativity..

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“Tools that provide programming support for implementinginteractive systems”

From Brad Myers

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

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tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools

tools