List the List the procedures for procedures for evacuating a building evacuating a building during during bomb threats situations.bomb threats situations.

List the List the guidelinesguidelines for for identifying parcel/letter bombs.identifying parcel/letter bombs.

Explain the types of Explain the types of chemical chemical threats.threats.

Explain the types of Explain the types of biological biological threats.threats.

IntroductionIntroduction

Bomb ThreatsBomb Threats

Chemical ThreatChemical Threat

Biological ThreatBiological Threat

ConclusionConclusion

Q & AQ & A

Terrorist Attack in Terrorist Attack in Mumbai 26Mumbai 26thth November 2008.November 2008.

Terrorist strikes Terrorist strikes Mumbai again Mumbai again with series of with series of blasts on 13blasts on 13thth July 2011.July 2011.

Terrorist Terrorist

Attack Attack

Norway Norway

(Oslo) on (Oslo) on

Friday, 22Friday, 22ndnd

July 2011.July 2011.

INTRODUCTION.INTRODUCTION.

• A bomb threat is a threat to A bomb threat is a threat to detonate an explosive or detonate an explosive or incendiary device to cause incendiary device to cause property damage, death, or property damage, death, or injuries.injuries.

• With the increase in the number With the increase in the number of bomb threats in other of bomb threats in other countries, Singapore is not countries, Singapore is not necessarily spared from such necessarily spared from such threats.threats.

• Potential bomb threats will Potential bomb threats will cause the loss of human lives as cause the loss of human lives as well as to assets and well as to assets and infrastructure. infrastructure.

• When such a threat occurs, you When such a threat occurs, you are required to evacuate the are required to evacuate the building.building.

Explosive devices come in Explosive devices come in almost any shape and almost any shape and form. They may be hidden form. They may be hidden in in letters, tape recorders, letters, tape recorders, brief cases and vehicles.brief cases and vehicles.

o The scale of devastation The scale of devastation caused by a bomb is caused by a bomb is determined by the determined by the following factors:following factors:

The type of material The type of material used in its used in its construction.construction.

Location of bomb.Location of bomb.

Presence of lethal Presence of lethal dispersal agent dispersal agent attached to the bomb.attached to the bomb.

Exit the building calmly and orderly. Do Exit the building calmly and orderly. Do not panic.not panic.

Do not use the elevators as you can get Do not use the elevators as you can get trapped.trapped.

Follow the directions of the floor Follow the directions of the floor wardens/wardens/emergency responders.emergency responders.

Proceed to the assembly areaProceed to the assembly area(at least 500m away from, the (at least 500m away from, the building) for head count.building) for head count.

Look out for emergency appliances Look out for emergency appliances that may be arriving. Keep the that may be arriving. Keep the streets and walkways clear.streets and walkways clear.

What do you do when you see a suspicious What do you do when you see a suspicious

object or unexploded bomb?object or unexploded bomb? Do not touch, move or warm itDo not touch, move or warm it Move away and warn people in the area Move away and warn people in the area about itabout it Report immediately to the policeReport immediately to the police

Use of excessive postage Use of excessive postage given the weight of the given the weight of the letter/parcel.letter/parcel.

Excessive use of securing Excessive use of securing material such as string and material such as string and adhesive tape.adhesive tape.

Letter/parcel is rigid, or of Letter/parcel is rigid, or of an odd shape and size.an odd shape and size.

Oily stains or discoloration Oily stains or discoloration on wrapping material.on wrapping material.

Letter/parcel gives off an Letter/parcel gives off an unusual odor akin to almond unusual odor akin to almond or marzipan.or marzipan.

Metallic noises when letter/parcel is Metallic noises when letter/parcel is shaken gentlyshaken gently

Wires or aluminum foil protruding from Wires or aluminum foil protruding from parcel/letterparcel/letter

Strange or foreign-looking handwritingStrange or foreign-looking handwriting

Letter/parcel is addressed to recipient Letter/parcel is addressed to recipient by name only or with restrictive by name only or with restrictive markings such as “Personal”, markings such as “Personal”, “Confidential” or “To be opened by “Confidential” or “To be opened by addressee only”addressee only”

Unmanned, stolen or over-Unmanned, stolen or over-weighted vehiclesweighted vehicles

Suspicious visible items within Suspicious visible items within the vehicle:the vehicle: Boxes/parcels with wiresBoxes/parcels with wires Objects with suspicious signs Objects with suspicious signs

of a bombof a bomb New number plate on old and New number plate on old and

dirty vehicledirty vehicle Signs of vehicle being tampered Signs of vehicle being tampered

with (locks, fuel tank cover, with (locks, fuel tank cover, bonnet and boot)bonnet and boot)

Foreign objects attached under Foreign objects attached under the vehicle or beside the wheelsthe vehicle or beside the wheels

Cult leader, Shoko Asahara, Cult leader, Shoko Asahara, was sentenced to death for was sentenced to death for masterminding the 1995 masterminding the 1995 nerve gas attack in the nerve gas attack in the Tokyo subway which killed Tokyo subway which killed 12, injured 5,000 12, injured 5,000

He also masterminded a He also masterminded a sarin gas attack in June 1994 sarin gas attack in June 1994 in the central Japan city of in the central Japan city of Matsumoto.Matsumoto.

Asahara claimed to have lost Asahara claimed to have lost control over his flock by the control over his flock by the time of the March 20, 1995, time of the March 20, 1995, subway attack with sarin subway attack with sarin gas. gas.

A chemical agent is a A chemical agent is a toxic or hazardous gas, toxic or hazardous gas, liquid or solid.liquid or solid.

Poisonous to people and Poisonous to people and / or the environment./ or the environment.

Can be dispersed by an Can be dispersed by an improvised explosive improvised explosive device (dirty bomb), device (dirty bomb), spray devices, military spray devices, military weapons or any other weapons or any other means as devised by means as devised by terrorists. terrorists.

WHAT ARE CHEMICAL AGENTS (CA)?WHAT ARE CHEMICAL AGENTS (CA)?

1.1. Nerve Agents Nerve Agents

2.2. Blood / Cyanide Blood / Cyanide AgentsAgents

3.3. Blister / Mustard Blister / Mustard Agents Agents

4.4. Pulmonary / Choking Pulmonary / Choking AgentsAgents

TYPES OF CHEMICAL TYPES OF CHEMICAL AGENTSAGENTS

Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve Initial symptoms following exposure to nerve agents:agents:

Runny noseRunny nose Tightness in the chestTightness in the chest Constriction of the pupilsConstriction of the pupils

Involuntarily bodily functions :Involuntarily bodily functions : SalivateSalivate UrinateUrinate Lacrimate (Tearing)Lacrimate (Tearing) DefecateDefecate Experience gastronomical painExperience gastronomical pain VomitingVomiting

chemical compound, chemical compound, carried by the blood for carried by the blood for distribution through the bodydistribution through the body. .

May contain cyanide compounds which can May contain cyanide compounds which can deactivate the energy-producing cells.deactivate the energy-producing cells.

Interrupt the production of blood Interrupt the production of blood componentscomponents

Prevents the normal transfer of oxygenPrevents the normal transfer of oxygen from from the blood to the body tissues.the blood to the body tissues.

Blocking the blood’s ability to deliver oxygen to Blocking the blood’s ability to deliver oxygen to body tissues.body tissues.

Absorbed by inhalation or through the skinAbsorbed by inhalation or through the skin

Death can occur within minutes if exposed to a Death can occur within minutes if exposed to a high concentration of a blood agent.high concentration of a blood agent.

A blister agent is a chemical compound A blister agent is a chemical compound that are that are primarily absorbed by the skin which is used to primarily absorbed by the skin which is used to produce serious injuries e.g.(produce serious injuries e.g.(severe skin, eye and severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation) rather than to kill.mucosal pain and irritation) rather than to kill.

Most blister agents fall into one of three groups:Most blister agents fall into one of three groups: Sulphur MustardsSulphur Mustards Nitrogen MustardsNitrogen Mustards LewisiteLewisite

A choking agent impede a victim's A choking agent impede a victim's ability to breathe which then leads to ability to breathe which then leads to suffocation. suffocation.

Exposure to the eyes and skin tend to Exposure to the eyes and skin tend to be corrosive, causing blurred vision be corrosive, causing blurred vision and severe deep burns. and severe deep burns.

Cause burning the throat, coughing, Cause burning the throat, coughing, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, vomiting, headache, pain in chest, tightness in chest, and may lead to tightness in chest, and may lead to respiratory and circulatory failure. respiratory and circulatory failure.

Biological agents include any organism or Biological agents include any organism or toxin found in nature. toxin found in nature.

Can be used to incapacitate, kill, or Can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede your enemies.otherwise impede your enemies.

Spreading of BA may occur by aerosol Spreading of BA may occur by aerosol sprays, explosives (artillery, missiles, sprays, explosives (artillery, missiles, detonated bombs), or food or water detonated bombs), or food or water contamination.contamination.

Bacteria are small single-Bacteria are small single-celled organismscelled organisms

Causative agent of anthrax Causative agent of anthrax and can transform into and can transform into spores that are resistant to spores that are resistant to extreme conditionsextreme conditions

Bacteria that case diseases Bacteria that case diseases in humans can act in either in humans can act in either invading human tissue or invading human tissue or producing poisons and toxinsproducing poisons and toxins

Anthrax

Viruses are simple micro-organisms that Viruses are simple micro-organisms that consist of a protein coat containing consist of a protein coat containing genetic material (E.g. SARS, smallpox).genetic material (E.g. SARS, smallpox).

Because viruses lack a system for their Because viruses lack a system for their own metabolism, they require living own metabolism, they require living hosts (e.g. cells of an infected human) hosts (e.g. cells of an infected human) for replicationfor replication

Viruses are resistant to antibioticsViruses are resistant to antibioticssmallpox

E.g. RicinE.g. Ricin

Biological toxins are poisons produced by living Biological toxins are poisons produced by living organisms (e.g. ricin extracted from castor beans).organisms (e.g. ricin extracted from castor beans).

Castor beans

There are biological agents that do There are biological agents that do not fall under the general classes of not fall under the general classes of bacterial agents, viral agents or bacterial agents, viral agents or biological toxins.biological toxins.

For example, the agent responsible For example, the agent responsible for Q fever has properties common for Q fever has properties common to both bacteria and viruses, and to both bacteria and viruses, and cannot be uniquely classified as cannot be uniquely classified as either.either.

Knowing the various threats can help to prevent loss of lives and damage.

By following the proper procedures and understanding the ways to identify threats, lives and properties can be saved.

Knowing the various threats can help to prevent loss of lives and damage.

By following the proper procedures and understanding the ways to identify threats, lives and properties can be saved.