3.1 the southern coloniespeter7white.weebly.com/uploads/3/8/2/5/38257141/...3.1 the southern...
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3.1 The Southern Colonies
• The settlement in Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America.
• Daily life in Virginia was challenging to the colonists.
• Religious freedom and economic opportunities were motives for founding other southern colonies, including Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia.
• Farming and slavery were important to the economies of the southern colonies.
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Settlement in Jamestown
• April 26, 1607
• Jamestown– 1st permanent English
settlement in America
– Not prepared to build and farm
– Two-thirds died by their first winter
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Relations with Native Americans
• John Smith– Leader of Jamestown 1608
• Helped by the powerful Powhatan Confederacy of Indians
• John Rolfe married Pocahontas– helped form peaceful relations
with the Powhatan
• Conflict started between colonists and the Powhatan in 1622 and lasted for 20 years
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Daily Life in Virginia
Headright System
• Large farms, called plantations, were established by tobacco farmers.
• Colonists who paid their way received 50 acres of land and 50 acres for each person they brought.
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Daily Life in Virginia
Labor• Most workers were
indentured servants: people
who came to America for free
by agreeing to work without
pay for a set amount of time.
• The first Africans were
brought as slaves and
servants in 1619. Increased
work and the falling cost of
slaves led colonists to use
more slave labor.
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Daily Life in Virginia
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Colonial officials began to
tax colonists.
• Nathaniel Bacon led a
rebellion against the
governor’s policies in
1676.
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Other Southern Colonies
• English Catholics
– escape religious persecution.
• Maryland was founded as a
refuge for Catholics by Lord
Baltimore in 1634.
• Toleration Act of 1649
– support religious tolerance
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Other Southern Colonies
The Carolinas
• Carolina was founded south of Virginia in 1663.
• Divided into North and South Carolina in 1712.
• North Carolina – Farmers
• South Carolina – Large plantations with
many slaves.
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Other Southern Colonies
Georgia
• James Oglethorpe
– refuge for debtors in 1733.
– outlawed slavery and limited land grants.
• Settlers grew unhappy, and Georgia became a royal colony. Large rice plantations, worked by many slaves, were created.
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Economies of the Southern Colonies
• Depended on agriculture
– Cash crops were tobacco,
rice, and indigo.
• long growing season
– more labor was needed
• Slave codes
– laws to control slaves,
were passed
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3.2 The New England Colonies
• The Pilgrims and Puritans came to America to avoid religious persecution.
• Religion and government were closely linked in the New England colonies.
• The New England economy was based on trade and farming.
• Education was important in the New England colonies.
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Pilgrims and Puritans
• Puritans
– wanted to purify, or reform, the Anglican Church.
• Pilgrims
– wanted to separate from Anglican Church.
• Immigrants
– people who leave the country of their birth to live in another country.
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The Pilgrims
• Left Netherlands in 1620 on Mayflower.
• Mayflower Compact: legal contract agreeing to
have fair laws.
• Arrived at Plymouth Rock in present-day Massachusetts in late
1620.
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The Pilgrims
• Squanto
– taught Pilgrims to
fertilize soil.
• Pilgrims celebrate first
Thanksgiving with the
Wampanoag Indians.
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The Pilgrims
• Most were farmers.
• Family members
worked together.
• Women:
– Cooked, sewed clothing,
wove wool.
– Had more legal rights
than in England.
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The Puritans
• Dissenters
– Disagreed with official opinions
and church actions in England.
• Thousands left England in
Great Migration from 1629 to
1640.
• John Winthrop
– seeking religious freedom.
– Established Massachusetts
Bay Colony
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Religion and Government in New England
• Established a General
Court that turned into a
type of self-government.
• Government leaders
were also church
members.
• Dissenters were forced
out of the colony.
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Religious Conflict
• Thomas Hooker
– Connecticut
– Made government more
democratic.
• Roger Williams
– founded Providence
– separation of church and state.
• Anne Hutchinson
– questioned teachings of
religious leaders
– forced out of Colony
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1690s: Salem Witchcraft Trials
Nineteen people put to death
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New England Economy
• Farming
– Harsh climate and rocky
soil
– Only for Personal use
– Little need for slaves
• Trade
– locally, with other
colonies, and overseas
– Fishing
– Shipbuilding
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Education in the Colonies
Public Education
• Communities established town schools.
• Students used New England Primer, which had stories from the Bible.
• Availability of schooling varied.
• Most stopped after elementary grades.
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Education in the Colonies
Higher Education
• Important to colonists
• Harvard College founded
in 1636.
• College of William and
Mary founded in Virginia
in 1693.
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3.3 The Middle Colonies
• The English created New York and New
Jersey from former Dutch territory.
• William Penn established the colony of
Pennsylvania.
• The economy of the middle colonies was
supported by trade and staple crops.
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New York
• Dutch founded New Netherland in 1613 as fur trading post.
• New Amsterdam
– center of fur trade.
• Peter Stuyvesant led the colony from 1647-1664.
• English captured colony in 1664 and renamed it New York.
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New Jersey
• English took control in
1664.
• Between the Hudson and
Delaware rivers.
• Diverse population
– Dutch, Swedes, Finns, and
Scots.
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Penn’s Colony
• Quakers
– A.K.A. Society of Friends
– one of largest religious groups in New Jersey.
– supported nonviolence and religious tolerance
• William Penn
– founded Pennsylvania
– safe home for Quakers
– Penn limited his power, established an elected assembly, and promised religious freedom to all Christians
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Economy of the Middle Colonies
• Good climate and rich soil
– staple crops:
• crops that are always needed
• wheat, barley, and oats
• indentured servants were a
larger source of labor.
• Trade to Britain and the West
Indies important to economy
of middle colonies.
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Women in the Middle Colonies
• Ran farms and businesses
– Examples: clothing stores, drugstores, and bakeries.
• Some were nurses and midwives.
• Most worked primarily in the home.
• Married women managed households and raised children.
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3.4 Life in the English Colonies
• Colonial governments were influenced by political
changes in England.
• English trade laws limited free trade in the colonies.
• The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment led to
ideas of political equality among many colonists.
• The French and Indian War gave England control of
more land in North America.
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Colonial Governments
• King James II
– wants more control of English government & colonies
• Dominion of New England 1686
– United northern colonies under one government
• Parliament replaced King James II
– English Bill of Rights in 1689
• Colonies: new assemblies and charters and could elect their own representatives.
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Governments
• Each English colony had
its own
• given power by a charter
• The English monarch
had ultimate authority
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Governors and
Legislatures• Governor– head of the government.
– assisted by an advisory council.
• Some elected representatives
• Virginia 1st colonial legislature in 1619.
• Town meeting– People talked about and decided
on issues of local interest
• Colonial courts– reflected the beliefs of their
communities
– used to control local affairs.
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English Trade Laws
• Practiced mercantilism:
– a system of creating and maintaining wealth through controlled trade.
• Parliament passed the Navigation Acts to limit colonial trade.
• Colonies complained about trade restrictions
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Colonial Trade
• Triangular Trade
– system in which goods
and slaves were traded
among the Americas,
Great Britain, and Africa.
• Middle Passage
– Terrible conditions caused
thousands of captives to
die on slave ships.
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Great Awakening
• Religious leaders wanted
to spread religious
feelings.
• The Great Awakening
– a religious movement that
swept the colonies in the
1730s and 1740s—
changed religion.
• Revivals became popular
– political and social issues
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Enlightenment
• Movement in 1700s that spread the idea that reason could improve society.
• Formed ideas on how government should work.
• People had natural rights such as equality and liberty.
• Influenced colonial leaders.
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French and Indian War
Native American Allies
• Some allied with the colonists in King Philip’s War.
• The French traded and allied with the Algonquian and Huron.
• The English allied with the Iroquois League.
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War Erupts
• France and Britain want
control of North America
in the late 1600s.
• The French and Indian
War (Seven Years War)
started in 1754.
• Turning point
– British capture Quebec in
1759.
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Treaty of Paris; 1763
• British gain most of
North America
• French influence in
are is damaged
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Western Frontier
• Most had been made along
the Atlantic coast.
• Began to move west after the
war.
• Indians led by Chief Pontiac
rebelled against new British
settlements in 1763.
• Proclamation of 1763
– Banned settlement west of the
Appalachian Mountains.
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3.5 Conflict in the Colonies
• British efforts to raise taxes on colonists sparked protest.
• The Boston Massacre caused colonial resentment toward Great Britain.
• Colonists protested the British tax on tea with the Boston Tea Party.
• Great Britain responded to colonial actions by passing the Intolerable Acts.
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Great Britain Raises Taxes
• Sugar Act in 1764– tax colonists to make
them help pay costs of war
• No Taxation Without Representation
• Samuel Adams– Committees of
Correspondence• protest
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Stamp Act of 1765
• official stamp, or seal, on purchase of paper items
• Immediate protests
• Sons of Liberty sometimes used violence
• Stamp Act Congress of 1765 declared the tax a violation of colonial rights
• Repealed in 1766
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Townshend Acts of 1767
• Duties on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea
• Boycotts
• Sons of Liberty attacked customshouses
• British troops sent in 1768.
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The Boston Massacre
• crowd forms after British
soldier struck a colonist
on March 5, 1770
• Soldiers fired into the
crowd, killing 3, including
Crispus Attucks
• Led to more resentment
against British
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The Boston Tea Party
• Colonial merchants
smuggled tea to avoid paying
the British tea tax.
• Tea Act in 1773
– allowed British East India
Company to sell cheap tea to
the colonists.
• Colonial merchants and
smugglers were opposed
• On December 16, 1773
– Boston Tea Party
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The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
1774• Boston Harbor closed
• Massachusetts's charter canceled
• Royal officials accused of crimes sent to Great Britain for trial
• Quartering Act
• Quebec Act
• General Thomas Gage made new governor of Massachusetts
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