SUSTAINABLE FORESTS

Earthscan Reference Collections

Sustainable Agriculture and Food Edited and with a new introduction by Jules Pretty

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SUSTAINABLE FORESTS

Earthscan Reference Collections

Edited by Jeffrey Sayer, Neil Byron and Gillian Petrokofsky

Volume I Forests, Landscapes and Conservation

Associate Editors Jeffrey Sayer and Douglas Sheil

n Routledge I~ Taylor&'Fl1!ndsGroup

lONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OXI4 4RN

and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue. New York, NY 10017

Roulledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. an informa business

Editorial material and selection e 2014 Jeffrey Sayer, Neil 8yron, Gillian Petrokofsky, Douglas Sheil, Paul Jarvis. Margaret Shannon, Bas Arts and Victor Teplyakov; individual owners retain copyright in their own material

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-84407-852-3 (set) ISBN: 978-0-415-70532-5 (Volume I)

Typeset in Times NR MT by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

Publisher's Note References within each chapter are as they appear in the original complete work

J.:j FSC -

Milt ----F8C- C01S056 Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall

These volumes are dedicated to our friend and former colleague Paul Jarvis (d. February 2013), editor of Volume 2, in recog­nition of his invaluable contribution to our understanding of forest science.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I FORESTS, LANDSCAPES AND CONSERVATION

Sustainable Forests Preface Acknowledgements Chronological table of reprinted articles and chapters

Introduction

PART I

Overview and contexts

I Forest wildlife management and conservation D. B. LINDENMAYER

2 Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs A. BALMFORD, K. J. GASTON, S. BLYTH, A. JAMES

AND V. KAPOS

3 Forest transitions: towards a global understanding of land use change T. K. RUDEL, O. T. COOMES, E. MORAN , F. ACHARD,

A. ANGELSEN, 1. xu AND E. LAMBIN

4 Amazonian exploitation revisited: ecological asymmetry and the policy pendulum M. B. BUSH AND M. R. SILMAN

Vll

XXI

XXllI

XXIX

XXXlll

I

25

27

64

76

93

CONTENTS

PART 2

History and modern classics 113

5 Creating a science of nature reserve design: perspectives from history 115 S. E. KINGSLAND

6 Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation 132 C. MURCIA

7 The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest 144 I. M. TURNER AND R. T. CORLETT

8 Researching tropical forest fragmentation: shall we keep on doing what we're doing? 154 F. H. J. CROME

PART 3

Beyond pristine 179

9 Scattered trees: a complementary strategy for facilitating adaptive responses to climate change in modified landscapes? 181 A. D. MANNING, P. GIBBONS AND D. B. LINDENMAYER

10 The potential for species conservation in tropical secondary forests R. L. CHAZDON, C . A. PERES, D. DENT, D. SHEIL,

A. E. LUGO, D. LAMB, N. E. STORK AND S. E. MILLER

11 Logging concessions can extend the conservation estate for Central African tropical forests c. J. CLARK, J. R. POULSEN, R. MALONGA AND

P. W. ELKAN, JR.

192

214

12 Plantation forests and biodiversity: oxymoron or opportunity? 235 E. G. BROCKER HOFF, H. JACTEL, J. A. PARROTTA,

C. P. QUINE AND J. SAYER

13 A landscape approach to biodiversity conservation of sacred groves in the Western Ghats of India S. A BHAGWAT, C. G. KUSHALAPPA, P. H. WILLIAMS

AND N. D. BROWN

viii

271

CONTENTS

14 Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order R. J . HOBBS, S. ARI CO, 1. ARONSON, J. S. BARON ,

P. BRIDGEWATER, V. A. C RAM ER, P. R. EPSTEI N,

1. J . EW EL, C. A. KLINK, A. E. LUGO, D. NORTO N,

O. DJlMA, O. M. RICHARDSON, E. W. SA N DERSON,

F. VALLADARES, M. VILA, R. ZAMORA AND M. Z OBEL

15 The emerging era of novel tropical forests A. E. WGO

PART 4

Concerning methods

16 The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests T. A. GARDNE R, J. BARLOW, 1. S. ARAUJO,

T. C. AVILA·PIRES, A. B. BONALDO, J . E. C OSTA,

M. C. ESPOSITO, L. V. FERREIRA, J. HAWES,

M. I. M. HERNA NDEZ , M. S. HODGMOED,

R . N. LEITE, N . F. LO-MAN-H UNG, J. R. MALCOLM,

M. B. MARTINS, L. A. M. MESTRE, R . MIRANDA-SANTOS,

W. L. OVERAL, L. PARRY, S. L. PETERS, M. A. RIBEIRO JR. ,

M. N. F. DA SILVA, C . DA SILVA MOTTA AND C. A. PERES

17 Who owns the map legend? G. RAMBALOI

18 From plot to landscape scale: linking tropical biodiversity measurements across spatial scales R. DEFRIES, F. ROVERO , P. WRIGHT, J. AHUMADA,

S. ANDELMAN, K. BRANDON, J. DEMPEWOLF, A. HANSBN,

J. HEWSON AND J. LIU

PARTS

Governance and oversight

19 Poverty and corruption compromise tropical forest reserves S. J. WRIGHT, G. A. SANCHEZ-AZOFEIFA,

C. PORTILLO-QUINTERO AND D. DAVIES

ix

289

302

309

311

333

348

365

367

CONTENTS

20 Inbibition of Amazon deforestation and fire by parks and indigenous lands D. NBPSTAD, S. SCHWARTZMAN, B. BAMBERGER, M. SANTILLI,

D. RAY, P. SCHLESINGER, P. LEFEBVRE. A. ALENCAR,

B. PRINZ, G. FISKE AND A. ROLLA

21 The institutional drivers of sustainable landscapes: a case study of the "Mayan Zone" in Quintana Roo, Mexico D. B. BRAY, B. A. ELLIS, N. ARMIJO-CANTO AND C. T. BECK

PART 6

Taking stock

22 Have we overstated the tropical biodiversity crisis? W. F. LAURANCE

23 Evaluating tbe success of conservation actions in safeguarding

382

397

421

423

tropical forest biodiversity 437 T. M. BROOKS, S. J. WRIGHT AND D. SHEIL

24 How forests attract rain: an examination of a new bypothesis 457 D. SHEIL AND D. MURDIYARSO

PART 7

The road ahead

25

26

27

Mediating forest transitions: "grand design" or "muddling througb,,? J. SAYER, -0. BULL AND C. ELLIOTT

Conserving biodiversity in production landscapes K. A. WILSON, B. MEIJAARD, S. DRUMMOND,

H. S. GRANTHAM, L. BOITANI, G. CATULLO,

L. CHRISTIE, R. DENNIS, I. DUTTON, A. FALCUCCI,

L. MAIORANO, H. P. POSSINGHAM, C. RONDININI,

W. R. TURNER, O. VENTER AND M. WATTS

A checklist for ecological management of landscapes for conservation D. LINDENMAYBR, R. J. HOBBS, R. MONTAGUE-DRAKE,

J. ALEXANDRA, A. BENNETT, M. BURGMAN. P. CALE.

x

471

473

487

510

CONTENTS

A. C ALHOU N, V. C RAMER, P. CULLEN, O. DRISCOLL,

L. FAHRIG, J. FISCHER, J. FRANKLIN, Y. HAlLA,

M. HUNTER, P. GIBBONS, S. LAKE, G. LUCK,

C. MACGREGOR, S. MCINTYRE, R. M. NALLY,

A. MANNING, 1. MILLER , H. MOONEY, R. NOSS,

H. POSSINGHAM, D. SAUNDERS, f . SCHMIBOELOW,

M. SCOTT, D. SIMBERLOFF, T. SISK, O. TABOR, B. WALKER,

J. WIENS, 1. wOINARSKI AND E. ZAVALBTA

VOLUME II FORESTS AND THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Acknowledgements

Introduction

PART I

Tree and forest properties

28 Forests and the atmosphere P. G . JARVIS AND D. G. FOWLER

29 The carbon balance of tropical, temperate and boreal forests Y. MALHI , D. D. BALDOCCHI AND P. G. JARVIS

30 The allocation of ecosystem net primary productivity In tropical forests Y. MALHI , C. DOUGHTY AND D. GALBRAITH

31 Application of the pipe model theory to predict canopy leaf area R . H . WARING, P. E. SCHROEDER AND R . OREN

32 Two-dimensional needle-area density distribution witbin the crowns of Pinus radiata trees Y. P. WANG, P. G . JARVIS AND M. L. BENSON

33 Forests remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere: spruce forest tales! P. O . JARVIS AND S. LINDER

Xl

Xl

I

43

45

126

179

214

223

245

CONTENTS

PART 2

Radiation, energy and production

34 Potential and actual production in Australian forest stands S. LINDER

35 Productivity of temperate, deciduous and evergreen forests P. G. JARVIS AND J. W . LEVERENZ

36 Energy conversion and use in forests: an analysis of forest production in terms of radiation utilisation efficiency (e) J. J. LANDSBERG, S. D. PRI NC E, P. G. JARVIS,

R. E. McMURTRIE, R. LUXMOORE AND B. E. MEDLYN

PART 3

Transpiration and evaporation

37 Fifty years of potential evaporation 1. L. MONTEITH

259

261

288

344

373

375

38 Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region 392 P. G. JARVIS AND K. G. McNAUGHTON

39 The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field P. G. JARVIS

40 The physical principles of soil water movement during the irrigation cycle J. R. PHILIP

PART 4

Forest carhon, tropospheric CO, and forest management

41 Role of forest biomes in the global carbon balance 1. GRACE

42 Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of terrestrial vegetation B. E. LAW, E. FALGE~ L. GU. D. D. BALDOCCHI, P. BAKWIN,

P. BERBIGIER, K. DAVIS, A. J. DOLMAN, M. FALK,

J. D. FUENTES, A. GOLDSTEIN, A. GRANIER , A. GRELLE,

XII

441

464

493

495

525

CONTENTS

D. HOLLINGER, I. A. JANSSENS, P. JARVIS, N. O. JENSEN,

G . KATUL, Y. MAL.HI, G. MATTEUCCI, T. MEYERS, R. MONSON,

W. MUNGER, W . OECHEL, R. OLSON, K. PILEGAARO,

K. T. PAW, U. H. THORGEIRSSON, R. VALENTINI, S. VERMA,

T. VESALA, K . WILSON AND S. W OFSY

43 The likely impact of elevated ICO,I, nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review R. HYVONEN, O. I. .AGREN, S. LINDER, T. PERSSON,

M. F. COTRUFO, A. EKBLAD, M. FREEMAN, A. GRELLE,

I. A. JANSSENS, P. G. JARVIS, S. KELLOMAKI, A. LIN DROTH,

D. LOUSTAU, T. LUNDMARK , R. J. NORBY, R. OREN,

K. PIU!GAARD, M. G. RYAN. B. D. SIGURDSSON,

M. STRc5MGREN , M. VAN O IJ EN AND G . WALL

44 Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies in relation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass per unit area P. MEtR , B. KRUIJT, M. BROADMEADOW, E. BARBOSA ,

O. KULL, F. CARSWELL, A. NOBRE AND P. G. JARVIS

PARTS

Likely impacts of climate change

45 UK conifer forests may be growing faster in response to increased N deposition, atmospheric CO, and temperature M. G. R. CANNELL, J. H. M. THORNLEY, D. C. MOBBS

AND A. O. FRIEND

46 The effects of site preparation practices on carbon dioxide,

557

593

621

623

methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a peaty gley soil 651 w. MOJEREMANE, R. M. REES AND M. MEN C UCC INI

XIII

CONTENTS

VOLUME III FORESTS, PEOPLE AND LIVELIHOODS

Acknowledgements

Introduction

PART I

Access and tenure

47 Self-governance and forest resources E. OSTROM

48 Challenges to proponents of common property resource systems: despairing voices from the social forests of Zimbabwe B. CAMPBELL, A. MANDONDO, N . NEMARUNDWE,

B. SITHOLE, W. DE JONG, M. LUCKERT AND F. MATOSE

49 Common property resource iostitutions and forest management

Xl

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27

29

52

in Latin America 70 M. RICHARDS

50 Can we own the forest? Looking at the changing tenure environment for community forestry in Africa L. A. WILY

51 Indigenous peoples and forest management: comparative analysis of institutional approaches in Australia and India H. RANGAN AND M. B. LANE

PART 2

Importance of traditional and indigenous uses

52 Livelihoods, forests, and conservation in developing countries: an overview w. D. SUNDERLIN, A. ANGELSEN, B. BELCHER, P. BURGERS,

R. NASI, L. SANTOSO AND S. WUNDER

53 Indigenous exploitation and management of tropical forest

93

107

127

129

resources: an evolutionary continuum in forest-people interactions 160 K. F. WlERSUM

XIV

CONTENTS

54 Slash-and-burn agriculture: household perspectives s. A. VOSTI AND J. WITCQVER

55 The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications,

184

caveats and cautions 207 D. SHEIL AND S. WUNDER

PART 3

Emerging markets for non-timber forest products

56 Balancing development and conservation? An assessment of livelihood and environmental outcomes of nontimber forest product trade in Asia, Africa, and Latin America K. KUSTERS, R. ACHDIAWAN , B. BELCHER AND

M. RUIZ PEREZ

57 Modernisation and technological dualism in the extractive

229

231

economy in Amazonia 254 A. K. O. HOMMA

58 Domestication potential and marketing of Canarium indicum nuts in the Pacific: commercialization and market development 277 C. BUNT AND R. LEAKEY

PART 4

Participation and gender 299

59 Women, men and trees: gender, power and property in forest and agrarian landscapes 301 D, ROCHELEAU AND D. EDMUNDS

60 Voices from the forest: what participants expect of a public

participation process 335 s. TULER AND T. WEBLER

61 Community involvement in forest management: a full-scale experiment in the South Cameroon Forest G . LESCUYER, A. EMERIT, E. E. MENDOULA AND J. J. SEH

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356

CONTENTS

62 Bottom up and top down: analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management E. D. G. FRASER , A. J. DOUG ILL, W. E. MABEE, M. REED

AND P. MCALPINE

PARTS

Challenges in implementing community forestry

63 Why aren't poor people benefiting more from community forestry? Y. B. MALLA, H. R. NEUPANE AND P. J. BRANNBY

64 Out of the forest, out of poverty? P. LEVANG. E. DOUNIAS AND S. SITORIUS

PART 6

382

411

413

429

Agroforestry, small-bolder farm forestry and urban forestry 457

65 Sustainable forestry in the tropics: panacea or folly? 459 D. PEARCE, F. E. PUTZ AND J. K. VANCLAY

66 Indigenous market-oriented agroforestry: dissecting local diversity in western Amazonia O. T. COOMES AND G. J, BURT

67 Stimulating smaUholder tree planting: lessons from Africa and Asia A. A. NAWIR, H. KASSA, M. SANDEWALL, D. DORB,

B. CAMPBELL, B. OHLSSON AND M. BBKELE

490

509

68 Trees outside forests: agro-, community, and urban forestry 519 A. J. LONG AND P. K. RAMACHANDRAN NAIR

69 A decade of urban forestry in Europe c. c. KONlJNENDlJK

XVI

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CONTENTS

PART 7

Lessons for the West? 569

70 Keeping the forest for the climate's sake: avoiding deforestation in developing countries under the UNFCCC 571 C. FORNER, 1. BLASER , F. JOTZO AND C. ROBLEDO

VOLUME IV FOREST POLICY, ECONOMICS AND GOVERNANCE

Acknowledgements

Introduction

PART I

Emerging regime of global forest governance

71 Conclusions from Embracing Complexity: Meeting the Challenges of International Forest Governance: A Global

XI

1

33

Assessment Report 35 J. RAYNER , H. HOOGEVEEN, K. McNUTT, P. VERKOOIJEN

AND C. WILDBURGER

72 Changing governance of the world's forests A. AGRAWAL , A. CHHATRE AND R. HARDIN

73 Innovations in public participation and environmental decision making: examples from the Great Lakes region D. M. KONISKY AND T. C. BEIERLE

74 Moving forward with forest governance: a synthesis G. BROEKHOVEN, S. VON SCHELlHA, M. SHANNON AND

H . SAVENIJE

75 Intergovernmental panel on forests D. HUMPHREYS

76 Civil society, NGOs and transnational corporations: setting the stage for international environmental policy negotiations L. E. EASTWOOD

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51

57

71

81

112

CONTENTS

77 Forests, discourses, institutions: a discursive-institutional analysis of global forest governance B. ARTS AND M. BUIZER

78 The power of the past V. TEPLYAKOV

PART 2

136

158

Role of science and economics in forest policy and governance 179

79 Science is endogenous to sustninable forestry: implications for scientists and policymakers 181 M. A. SHANNON, O. BUTTOUD AND R. PAIVINEN

80 Forests policy analysis and theory use: overview and trends 195 B. ARTS

81 One hundred faces of sustainable forest management 212 S. WANG

82 Extending the boundaries of forest economics 225 S. KANT

83 The early history of modern ecological economics 252 I. R0PKB

84 Protecting natural capital through ecosystem service districts 286 G. HEAL, G. C. DAILY, P. R. EHRLICH, J. SALZMAN, C. BOGGS,

J. HELLMANN, J. HUGHES, C. KREMEN AND T. RICKETTS

PART 3

Markets as models for policy and new modes of governance 313

85 Enviromnentnl certification of forests: the evolution of enviromnentnl governance in a commodity network D. KLOOSTER

86 Forest certification and democracy B. MBIDINGER

87 The role of govermnents in forest certification: a normative

315

346

analysis based upon new institntional economics theories 370 E. RAMENSTEINER

XVlll

CONTENTS

88 Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: how non~state market-driven (NSMD) governance systems gain rule-making authority B. CAS HORE

89 The prospects for reduced emissions from deforestation and

386

degradation (REDO) in Mesoamerica 414 D. KAIMOWITZ

90 Payments for environmental services: some nuts and bolts S. WUNDER

91 Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: an overview of the issues S. ENGEL, S. PAGIOLA AND S. WUNDER

92 Ecosystem services: from eye-opening metaphor to complexity blinder R. B. NORGAARD

Index

XIX

435

471

497

520

SUSTAINABLE FORESTS

Edited by Jeffrey Sayer, Neil Byron and Gillian Petrokofsky

This four-volume set is edited by leading experts on the evolving role of forests in providing raw materials and environmental services to meet soci­ety's changing needs. It brings together in one collection a series of papers that have helped to shape thinking on forests as a key sustainable resource. The collection includes some classic papers but is mainly' composed of more recent publications at the cutting edge of thinking on forests and their sustainable use. The set includes a general introduction and each volume is introduced by a new overview essay, placing the selected papers in context. The breadth of subject matter is considerable, ranging from the management and conservation of forest landscapes, soils, hydrology and tree-atmosphere relations, socio-economic aspects including the livelihoods of indigenous people, policy and economics, to contemporary issues such as ecosystem services and climate change.

Editors

Jeffrey Sayer is Professor of Conservation and Development at James Cook University, Queensland, Australia, and a member of the Independent Science and Partnership Council of the Consultative Group for International Agri­cultural Research. He was founding Director General of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) in Indonesia.

Neil Byron is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Canberra in Australia. He was Commissioner of Australia's Productivity Commission with special responsibility on Environment and Natural Resources from 1998-2009, and before that Assistant Director General of the Center for International Forestry Research in Indonesia.

Gillian Petrokofsky is the former Head of the Forestry section at CAB International and Editor of Forest Products Abstracts, and is now at the Biodiversity Institute, University of Oxford, UK.

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SUSTAINABLE FORESTS

Associate Editors

Bas Arts is a Professor in the Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands.

Paul Jarvis was Emeritus Professor of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Edinburgh, UK.

Margaret Shannon is Coordinator of the European Forest Institute Program on Forest Policy and Economics Education and Research in Southeast Europe, based in Croatia. She is also a Professor at the Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, USA, and Professor in Honor, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Science, University of Freiburg, Germany.

Douglas Sheil is currently a Professor in the School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Australia. He has been Director of the Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda, and is also a Senior Research Associate with the Center for International Forest Research (CIFOR), Indonesia.

Victor Teplyakov is a Professor in the Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea.

XX11

PREFACE

Forestry used to be a pretty straightforward, technical discipline; it was preoccupied with stability and maintaining the status quo. It concerned itself with management interventions today to ensure the supply of a limited number of goods and services, often in the relatively distant future. The profession of forester was a secure, respectable middle-class occupation that often came with a smart uniform. Now that has changed radically. In the past few decades forests have become the concern of everyone. The media are full of forest stories, mostly portraying catastrophic losses of forests and their resource& Forest issues are debated at global political summits and amongst the people of small communities. The understanding and practice of sustainable forestry is being constantly reinvented. These four volumes bring together papers published in the recent past that illustrate and reflect this evolving concern about the world's forests.

Throughout the world, the quest for "Sustainable Forests" now pre-occupies governments. communities, environmental and social non-governmental organisations, researchers and land managers (including forestry practi­tioners and protected area managers). Our concern in editing these volumes is to help make the basic empirical knowledge of forest processes more readily available to the increasing range of people who aspire to influence the "forest agenda".

Concern about the health, condition and extent of forests has been around for centuries, as have concerns about the well-being and prospects for the people who live inlnear forests and depend on them. Many people believe that concern for forests was a major driver of the way nation-states came to organise themselves - the imperative of managing the common property reSources at various spatial scales upon which all societies depend.

But, especially since the 1980s when the United Nations Development Programme and Food and Agriculture Organization initiated the Tropical Forest Action Plan, public and professional concerns about massive tropical deforestation, the continuing degradation of forests in many regions and the mUltiple demands that societies now place upon forests and trees has grown exponentially.

xxiii

PREFACE

"Our Common Future" - the 1989 report of the World Commission on Environment and Development - raised the banner of "Sustainable Development". It brought much greater attention to the quest to re-balance environmental protection and economic growth around the world. Many people who were interested in forests, forested landscapes and forest-dependent people almost immediately began to wonder how the same sustainable devel­opment principles and goals might apply in the context of forests. The WCED was soon followed by a World Commission on Forests and Sustainable Devel­opment which reported in 1995. A number of pictures began to emerge in various countries, of what sustainable (or at least "significantly more sustainable") forests might look like, and what sort of forest - and land­scape-management practioes - might achieve such goala The Rio Earth summit in 1992 invested a lot of energy into attempts to formulate legally binding agreements on forests - but its inability to negotiate a strong and meaningful agreement merely served to underline how different societies valued forests and the land upon which they grew in quite different ways.

A number of forest events came to occupy political and public opinion. Acid rain in Europe, forest fires in the Mediterranean and logging of hitherto pristine forests in the tropics became icons of the environmental movement. The plight of forest dwelling indigenous people aroused sympathy around the world. The "Spotted Owl" debate in the USA Pacific Northwest led to a new philosophy of Forest Ecosystem Management which would stress the underlying ecosystem principles for managing forests at large spatial scales for multiple industrial, recreational and aesthetic purposes. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) was bam as an NGO initiative to encourage more sustainable forests by using consumer pressure on the supply chain, through the importers and retailers of timber in western countries. The Montreal Prooess led to a set of "Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management (SFM)" that have been developed in the hope/expecta­tion of global application. Similar principles and criteria have now emerged in various parts of the world.

So there were - and still are - many different perceptions of sustainable forests, and each of them is internally complex, multi-dimensional and chal­lenging and in their context valid. Some are still a work in progress, they have internal contradictions and inconsistencies, or require a skill set that very few agencies (let alone individuals) could possess and apply.

While the public and governments have very high expectations and ambi­tions for the future of their forests, many researchers and practitioners at the forest edge find these challenges to be profoundly daunting. Many are left wondering what to do and how to meet this great ambitious aspiration, especially when the specific challenges of caring for forests long-term - on an ecologically, socially and economically sustainable basis - vary so much through spaoe and time.

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PREFACE

Forestry and environmental management specialists in many countries feel overwhelmed - sometimes confused and sometimes inadequately equipped to answer society's challenge. In many cases they also feel disempowered as the decision making abou t forests is shifting to a diversity of civil society and governmental agencies that have no formal training in conventional forestry. Just as the public is more concerned than ever about forests so students are less interested in studying forestry and opt instead for "Environ­mental Sciences". This volume is aimed to a large extent at this audience of non-foresters and aims to demonstrate to them that forest science has still a lot to offer in achieving sustainable forests.

The publishers agreed to produce this set of articles as a contribution to this rich debate on forests and their sustainability. The aim is to help equip concerned people with the knowledge needed to meet these great challenges. The set is aimed at the many well-intentioned and highly motivated people working on and in forests globally.

Many libraries have limited journal stocks and cannot afford back issues or the comprehensive electronic digitized resources sometimes offered by publishers. This is particularly true of smaller universities and colleges in the developed world and of even the larger universities in developing economies such as Eastern Europe, Africa and Asia, where they are only comparatively recently developing their academic libraries.

We hope that the introductory overview chapters in each volume will be particularly valuable in providing a review of key literature for lecturers and students, who are otherwise faced with thousands of papers to sift through in their subjects. In many cases both lecturers and students, and even researchers, are often unaware of the value of certain classic older papers or reports from the grey literature, or literature from other hemispheres. We have there­fore brought together and put into context a coherent set of inter-related papers on priority emerging issues. The aim is to present those papers which either strongly influenced the development of new approaches to forests or which deserve greater recognition for the insights that they contain. There are countless ways of attempting to organise all this material - e.g. what do people do to forests and why, what are the consequences and how are those · consequences dealt with by society? We have chosen to group the papers around what we perceive as the major current themes of the sustainable forest discourse.

As editors, we have sought out not only the most influential , but also some very important but perhaps under-recognised papers with real merit , and grouped them by topics that not only reflect current "hot issues" but perhaps some "sleepers" that we believe will become increasingly important. This is a little like judging a beauty contest, and any expert panel would probably disagree on the top 20 journal articles in any particular field. We have also tried to compile a suite of high-quality readings that would be particularly

xxv

PREFACE

useful to developing country institutions which lack access to major journals (or more boutique journals, grey literature, NGO reports, etc.). We have tried to find a major conceptual or synthesis paper and 2-3 more detailed local examples for each of those issues.

Although all the articles in these four volumes are written in English, the editors have attempted to ensure that Mrican, Latin American, Chinese and European authors are represented, not just USAlUK authors, and a wide coverage of the "case-study" papers. For example, the Brazilian forest econ­omist Alfredo Homma is well known and highly respected amongst scholars writing in Portuguese and Spanish, but the paper included in Volume III is one of the very few examples of his world-class work available in English.

This 4-volume set may be seen as a surrogate textbook, particularly for those interdisciplinary courses (e.g. including geography, biodiversity con­servation, environmental change, sustainable development, not just in forestry) which are focusing on emerging issues. Although each volume has its own strong theme, the editors have tried to ensure that all four volumes were connected (such as through cross-referencing between volumes); this emphasises the synthesis of different kinds of scientific knowledge - each of the four volumes is not an isolated silo.

The editors are confident that this wide-ranging collection of carefully-selected articles will help deepen understanding and stimulate debate about the crucial role of forests in sustainable development. The science that underpins sustainable forestry has expanded its horizons in the past few decades -forestry is no longer a technical skill centred on a narrow discipline - the people managing forests are drawing upon the skills and competencies of a wide. range of scientists and practitioners. Civil society is asserting its right to be the ultimate judge of what sort of forests we need, how much of them we want and where they should be. Societies' expectations of forests will certainly change in the future as more people move to cities and climate change creates new threats and opportunities for forests. Forest science will and should continue to evolve and adapt - and a study of the papers in these four volumes will provide an excellent grounding for anyone who wants to engage with these processes in the future.

Overview of tbe scope of tbe four volumes

Volume I

Forests, landscapes and conservation

This is a theme which has recently risen in prominence since the sixth Forest Day in Doha, Qatar, on 2 December 2012. Volume I, edited by Jeffrey Sayer and Douglas Sheil, covers this very broad topic, in seven parts. The first two

XXVI

PREFACE

parts, "Overview and contexts" and "History and modern classics", highlight historical and recurring conservation themes and discuss the conceptual development of forest conservation planning. The third part, "Beyond the pristine" considers the value of tree cover outside "natural" forest settings, an important consideration for a landscape approach to conservation. The fourth part "Concerning methods" examines some of the important methods used to research these themes, from field surveys of biodiversity to multi-scale monitoring of landscapes. The questions of how forest landscapes should be managed and by whom, are posed in Part 5, "Governance and oversight". The sixth and seventh parts, "Taking stock" and "The road ahead" review what we already know, what we need to know and what approaches might be needed to make forest conservation more effective in the future.

Volume II

Forests and the physical, chemical and biological environment

This volume, edited by the late Paul Jarvis, discusses environmental processes across the soil-tree-forest-troposphere-climate continuum in five parts. The first, "Forest and tree properties", focuses particularly on the mass and area of foliage carried by trees. The second part, "Radiation, energy and produc­tion", looks at interception of so1ar radiation and canopy structure, solar radiation reflectance and energy exchanges. The third part reviews a broad range of factors that affect "Transpiration and evaporation" in forests, and discusses in some details the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Continuum (SPAC). Part 4, "Forest carbon, tropospheric CO, and forest management" examines the processes involved in the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and the current interest in "carbon forestry", which is concerned with the conservation and enhancement of the stocks of carbon in forests through modification of practical forest management. Part 5, "Likely impacts of climate change", discusses the role of carbon dioxide, temperature, nitrogen stimulated carbon sequestration in forest and agricultural land and the role of nitrous dioxide in likely forest responses to climate change.

Volume ill

Forests, people and livelihoods

This volume, edited by Neil Byron, takes a historical approach to the literature, identifying three distinct periods: an emergence/discovery phase, a con­solidation/experimentation phase and a mainstreaming phase in each of seven main parts. The first part, "Access and tenure seeks to understand who has driven the changes in forest use and condition, and why and how changes have been brought about. Part 2, "Importance of traditional and indigenous

XXVII

PREFACE

uses" asks a related set of questions about what forest goods and services are valued by traditional forest users. Part 3, " Emerging markets for Non Timber Forest Products", discusses how people could be lifted out of poverty by the commercialisation and enhanced marketing of NTFPs on domestic and international markets. Part 4, "Participation and gender", and Part 5, "Challenges in implementing community forestry", track the development of participatory forestry and gender-balanced processes in decision making and reflect on the widely differing experiences of community-based forest management. Part 6, UAgroforestry, small-holder farm forestry and urban forestry", traces evolution of attitudes and practices dealing with trees out­side forests. The final part, "Lessons for the West?" focuses particularly on the debates about payment for ecosystem services, and on institutions for participatory. collaborative resource management.

Volume IV

Forest policy, economics and governance

This volume edited by Margaret Shannon, Bas Arts, Victor Teplyakov and Gillian Petrokofsky, provides a broad discussion of the governance, policy, law and economics of "sustainable forests", drawing on theory and practice in three main sections. Part I, "Emerging regime of global forest governance" , traces the emergence of new institutions, new policies, new legal regimes and new problem definitions for international forestry. Part 2, "Role of science and economics in forest policy and governance", illustrates how global forest governance is a complex and evolving practice aimed at the lodestar of sus­tainability and includes papers that examine how science is not separate from the practice or policy of sustainable forestry, but is fully integrated with the entire process. Part 3, "Markets as models for policy and new modes of governance", examines certification of sustainable forest management and, using a different lens from that used in Volume III, the development of markets for ecological services, particularly through payments for environ­mental services.

xxviii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reprint their material:

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint D. B. Lindenmayer, 'Forest Wildlife Management and Conservation', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162, 2009, 284-310.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences for permission to reprint A. Balmford, K. J. Gaston, S. Blyth, A. James and V. Kapos, 'Global Vari­ation in Terrestrial Conservation Costs, Conservation Benefits, and Unmet Conservation Needs', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100, 3, 2003, 1046-I 050.

Elsevier for permission to reprint T. K. Rudel, O. T. Coomes, E. Moran, F. Achard, A. Angelsen, J. Xu and E. Lambin, 'Forest Transitions: Towards a Global Understanding of Land Use Change', Global Environmental Change 15,2005,23-31.

The Ecological Society of America for permission to reprint M. B. Bush and M. R. Silman, 'Amazonian Exploitation Revisited: Ecological Asymmetry and the Policy Pendulum', Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, 9, 2007, 457-465.

Springer for permission to reprint S. E. Kingsland, 'Creating a Science of Nature Reserve Design: Perspectives from History', Environmental Modeling and Assessment 7, 2002, 61-69.

Elsevier for permission to reprint C. Murcia, 'Edge Effects in Fragmented Forests: Implications for Conservation', Trend, in Ecology and Evolution 10, 2, 1995, 58-62.

Elsevier for permission to reprint I. M. Turner and R. T. Corlett, 'The Con­servation Value of Small, Isolated Fragments of Lowland Tropical Rain Forest', Trends in Ecology and Evolution I I, 8, 1996, 330-333.

The University of Chicago Press for permission to reprint F. H. J. Crome, 'Researching Tropical Forest Fragmentation: Shall We Keep on Doing What

xxix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We're Doing?', in William F. Laurence and Richard O. Bierregaard, Jr. (eds), Tropical Forest Remnants: Ecology, Management, and Conservation of Frag­mented Communities (University of Chicago Press, 1997), pp. 485-501.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint A. D. Manning, P. Gibbons and D. B. Lindenmayer, 'Scattered Trees: A Complementary Strategy for Facilitating Adaptive Responses to Climate Change in Modified Landscapes?', Journal of Applied Ecology 46,2009,915-919.

The Society for Conservation Biology for permission to reprint R. L. Chaz­don, C. A. Peres, D. Dent, D. Sheil, A. E. Lugo, D. Lamb, N. E. Stork and S. E. Miller, 'The Potential for Species Conservation in Tropical Secondary Forests', Conservation Biology 23,6,2009, 1406-1417.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint C. J. Clark, J. R. Poulsen, R. Malonga and P. W. Elkan, Jr., 'Logging Concessions Can Extend the Conservation Estate for Central African Tropical Forests', Conservation Biology 23, 5, 2009, 1281-1293.

Springer for permission to reprint E. G. BrockerhofT, H. Jactel, J. A. Parrotta, C. P. Quine and J. Sayer, 'Plantation Forests and Biodiversity: Oxymoron or Opportunity?', Biodiversity and Conservation 17,2008, 925-951.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint S. A. Bhagwat, C. G. Kusha­lappa, P. H. Williams and N. D. Brown, 'A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Conservation of Sacred Groves in the Western Ghats of India', Conservation Biology 19, 6, 2005, 1853-1862.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint R. J. Hobbs, et aI., 'Novel Ecosystems: Theoretical and Management Aspects of the New Ecological World Order', Global Ecology and Biogeography 15,2006, 1-7.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint A. E. Lugo, 'The Emerging Era of Novel Tropical Forests', Biotropica 41, 5, 2009, 589- 591.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint T. A. Gardner, et aI., 'The Cost-efTectiveness of Biodiversity Surveys in Tropical Forests', Ecology Letters 11,2008, 139- 150.

The Ecological Society of America for permission to reprint R. DeFries, et aI., 'From Plot to Landscape Scale: Linking Tropical Biodiversity Measure­ments Across Spatial Scales', Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8, 2009,153- 160.

The Ecological Society of America for permission to reprint S. J. Wright, G. A. Sanchez-Azofeifa, C. Portillo-Quintero and D. Davies, 'Poverty and Corruption Compromise Tropical Forest Reserves', Ecological Applications 17,5,2007, 1259-1266.

xxx

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint D. Nepstad, et a!., 'Inhibition of Amazon Deforestation and Fire by Parks and Indigenous Lands', Conservation Biology 20, 1,2006,65-73.

Elsevier for permission to reprint D. B. Bray, E. A. Ellis, N. Armijo-Canto and C. T. Beck, The Institutional Drivers of Sustainable Landscapes: A Case Study of the "Mayan Zone" in Quintana Roo, Mexico', Land Use Policy 21, 2004, 333-346.

Elsevier for permission to reprint W. F. Laurance, 'Have We Overstated the Tropical Biodiversity Crisis?', Trends in &ology and Evolution 22,2,2006,65-70.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint T. M. Brooks, S. 1. Wright and D. Sheil, 'Evaluating the Success of Conservation Actions in Safeguarding Tropical Forest Biodiversity', Conservation Biology 23, 6, 2009, 1448-1457.

Bioscience for permission to reprint D. Sheil and D. Murdiyarso, ~How Forests Attract Rain: An Examination of a New Hypothesis', Bioscience 59, 4, 2009, 341-347. .

Ashoka Trust for permission to reprint 1. Sayer, G. Bull and C. Elliott, 'Mediating Forest Transitions: "Grand Design" or "Muddling Through"?', Conservation and Society 6, 4, 2008, 320-327.

The Ecological Society of America for permission to reprint K. A. Wilson, et a!. , 'Conserving Biodiversity in Production Landscapes', Ecological Applications 20, 6, 2010, 1721-1732.

John Wiley & Sons for permission to reprint D. Lindenmayer, et a!., 'A Checklist for Ecological Management of Landscapes for Conservation', Ecology Letters 10, 2007, 1-14.

Disclaimer

The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of works reprinted in Sustainable Forests: Earthscan Reference Collection. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies whom we have been unable to trace.

XXXI

Chronological table of reprinted articles and chapters Date Author Title Source Vol. Cit.

1957 1. R. Philip The physical principles of soil water Proceedings of the Third International II 40 movement during the irrigation cyc1e Congress of Irrigation and Drainage,

JCID, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, pp. 125-54.

1976 P. G. Jarvis The interpretation of the variations Philosophical Transactions of the Royal II 39 in leaf water potential and stomatal Society of London B, 273, 593- 610. conductance found in canopies in (') ~~ ~

1982 R. H. Waring, P. E. Schroeder Application of the pipe model theory Canada Journal oj Forest Research, 12, II 31 " and R. Oren to predict canopy leaf area 556-60. ~

1983 p. G. Jarvis and Productivity of temperate, deciduous O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. II 35 0 1. W. Leverenz and evergreen forests Osmond and H. Ziegler (eds), t"'"

~ Encyclopedia oj Plant PhYSiology, New g ~ : Series, Physiological Plant Ecology IV, _ -. Vol. 120, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. ~

Verlag, 1983, pp. 233-80. ... 1985 S. Linder Potential and actual production in 1. 1. Landsberg and W. Parsons (eds), II 34 >-l

Australian forest stands Research for Forest Management, > Melbourne: CSIRO, pp. 11- 35. ~

1986 P. G. Jarvis and Stomatal control of transpiration: Advances in Ecology Research , 15, II 38 m K. G. McNaughton scaling up from leaf to region 1-49.

1990 Y. P. Wang. P. G. Jarvis and Two-dimensional needle-area density Forest Ecology and Management, 32, II 32 M. L. Benson distribution within the crowns of 211- 37.

Pinus radiata trees 1994 1. L. Monteith Fifty years of potential evaporation T. Keane and E. Daly (eds), The II 37

Balance of Water - Present and Future, Proceedings of the AGMET Group (Ireland) and the Agricultural Group of the Royal Meteorological Society (UK) Conference, September 7-9, 1994, Trinity College, Dublin, pp.29-45.

Chronological lable continued

Date Author Title Source Vol. eh.

1995 C. Murcia Edge effects in fragmented forests: Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 10:2, I 6 implications for conservation 58-62.

1996 A. K. O. Homrna Modernisation and technological M. Ruiz Perez and 1. E. M. Arnold III 57 dualism in the extractive economy in (eds), Current Issues in Non-timber Amazonia Forest Products, Research Proceedings

of the workshop "Research on NTFP", Hot Spring~ Zimbabwe, 28 August-2 September 1995, Bogar, Indonesia: (')

Centre for International Forestry iII ~

Research (CIFOR), pp. 59-82. 0 1996 I. M. Turner and The conservation value of small, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11:8, I 7 Z

R. T. Corlett isolated fragments of lowland 330-33. 0 t'"

>< tropical rain forest 0 ~ 1996 S. A. Vosti and Slash-aDd-burn agriculture: Agriculture. Ecosystems and III 54 Q

~ :!' J. Witcover household perspectives Environment, 58, 23-38. (')

1997 O. T. Coomes and Indigenous market-oriented Agrolorestry Systems, 37, 27-44. III 66 > G. 1. Burt agroforestry: dissecting local t'"

diversity in western Amazonia .... >

1997 F. H. 1. Crome Researching tropical forest William F. Laurence and Richard 0. I 8 ., fragmentation: shall we keep Bierregaard. Jr (eds), Tropical Forest t'"

on doing what we're doing? Remnants: Ecology. Management. '" and Conservation of Fragmented Communities, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 485-501.

1997 1. 1. Landsberg, S. D. Prince, Energy conversion and use in forests: H. L. Gholz, K. Nakane and H. II 36 P. G. Jarvis, R. E. McMurtrie, an ana1ysis of forest production Shimada (eds), The Use 01 Remote R. Luxmoore and B. E. Medlyn in terms of radiation utilisation Sensing in the Modeling of Forest

efficiency (e) Productivity at Scales from the Stand to the Globe, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, Publishers, pp. 273-98.

1997 M. Richards Common property resource Development and Change, 28, 95-117. III 49 institutions and forest management in Latin America

1997 D. Rocheleau and D. Edmunds Women, men and trees: gender, power World Development, 25:8, 1351- 71. III 59 and property in forest and agrarian landscapes

1997 K. F. Wiersum Indigenous exploitation and Agriculture, Ecosystems and III 53 management of tropical forest Environment, 63, 1- 16. resources: an evolutionary continuum in forest-people interactions

("l 1998 M. G. R. Cannell, UK conifer forests may be growing Forestry, 71 :4, 277-96. II 45 :I:

1. H. M. Thomley, faster in response to increased N "' D. C. Mobbs and deposition, atmospheric CO2 and 0 Z A. D. Friend temperature 0

1999 A. 1. Long and Trees outside forests: agro-, New Forests, 17, 145- 74. III 68 t"'

~ P. K. Ramachandran Nair community and urban forestry 0 0

" 1999 Y. Malhi, The carbon balance of tropical, Plant, Cell and Environment, 22, II 29 -.. D. D. Baldocchi temperate and boreal forests 715-40. ("l

> and P. G. Jarvis .... 1999 E. Ostrom Self-governance and forest resources CIFOR Occasional Paper, No. 20. m 47 ..,

Bogor, Indonesia: Center for > International Forestry Research. to ....

1999 S. Tuler and Voices from the forest: what Society and Natural Resources, 12, m 60 "' T. Webler participants expect of a public 437- 53. participation process

2001 B. Campbell, A. Mandondo, Challenges to proponents of common World Development, 29:4, 589-600. m 48 N. Nemarundwe, B. Sithole, property resource systems: despairing W. De Jong, M. Luckert and voices from the social forests of F. Matose Zimbabwe

2001 G. Heal, G. C. Daily, P. R. Protecting natural capital through Stanford Environmental Law Journal, IV 84 Ehrlich, 1. Salzman, C. Boggs, ecosystem service districts 20,333-64. 1. Hellmann, 1. Hughes, C. Kremen and T. Ricketts

200l P. G. Jarvis and Forests and the atmosphere 1. Evans (ed.), The Forests Handbook, II 28 D. G. Fowler Vol. I, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 229-81.

~.

Chronological table continued

Date Author

2001 D. M. Konisky and T. C. Beierle

2001 G. Lescuyer, A. Emerit, E. E. Mendoula and 1. 1. Seh

2001 H. Rangan and M. B. Lane

2002 B. Cashore

2002 S. E. Kingsland

2002 B. E. Law, E. Falge, L. Gu, D. D. Baldocchi, P. Bakwin, P. Berbigier, K. Davis, A. 1. Dolman, M. Falk, 1. D. Fuentes, A. Goldstein, A. Granier, A. Grelle, D. Hollinger, I. A. Janssens, P. Jarvis, N. 0. Jensen, G. Katul, Y. Malhi, G. Matteucci, T. Meyers, R. Monson, W. Munger, W. Oechel, R . Olson, K. Pilegaard, K. T. Paw, U. H. Thorgeirsson, R. Valentini, S. Verma, T. Vesala, K. Wilson and S. Wofsy

Title

Innovations in public participation and environmental decision making: examples from the Great Lakes region Community involvement in forest management: a full-scale experiment in the South Cameroon Forest Indigenous peoples and forest management: comparative analysis of institutional approaches in Australia and India Legitimacy and the privatization of environmental governance: how non-state markel-driven (NSMD) governance systems gain rule-making authority Creating a science of nature reserve design: perspectives from history Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange of terrestrial vegetation

Source

Society and Natural Resources, 14, 815-26.

Rural Developmen t Forestry Network Paper, No. 24, London: Overseas Development Institute. Society and Natural Resources, 14, 145- 60.

Governance, 15:4, 503-29.

Environmental ModeUng and Assessment, 7, 61-69. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 113, 97-120.

Vol.

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m

m

IV

I

II

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73

61

51

88

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2002 P. Meir, B. Kruijt, M. Broadmeadow, E. Barbosa, O. Kull, F. Carswell, A. Nobre and P. G. Jarvis

2002 E. Rarnensteiner

2002 D. Sheil and S. Wunder

2003 A. Balmford, K. 1. Gaston, S. Blyth, A. James and V. Kapos

2003 S. Kant

2003 C. C. Konijnendijk 2003 Y. B. Malia, H. R. Neupane and

p. 1. Branney

2003 D. Pearce, F. E. Putz and 1. K. Vanclay

2004 D. B. Bray, E. A. Ellis, N. Armijo~Canto and C. T. Beck

2004 I. R0pke

2004 V. Teplyakov

Acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to irradiance in tree canopies in relation to leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mass per unit area The role of governmen ts in forest certification: a normative analysis based upon new institutional economics theories The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats and cautions Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits and unmet conservation needs Extending the boundaries of forest economics A decade of urban forestry in Europe Why aren't poor people benefiting more from community forestry?

Sustainable forestry in the tropics: panacea or folly? The institutional drivers of sustainable landscapes: a case study of the "Mayan Zone" in Quintana Roo, Mexico The early history of modern ecological economics The power of the past

Plant. Cell and Environment, 25, II 343-57.

Forest Policy and Economics, 4, 163-73. IV

Conservation Ecology, 6:2, 15pp. III

Proceedings of the National Academy I of Sciences of the United States of America, 100:3, 1046-50.

Forest Policy and Economics, 5, 39- 56. IV

Forest Policy and Economics, 5, 173-86. III Journal of Forest and Livelihood, 3: I JII (Special issue on Community Forestry in Nepal), 78-92. Forest Ecology and Management, 172, III 229-47. Land Use Policy, 21, 333-46. I

Ecological Economics, 50, 293-314. IV

Silva Carelica of Joensuu University. IV 46, 17-40.

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Chronological table continued

Date Author

2004 S. Wang

2004 L. A. Wily

2005 S. A. Bhagwat, C. G. Kushalappa, P. H. Williams and N. D. Brown

2005 L. E. Eastwood

2005 J. Grace

2005 D. Klooster

2005 P. Levang, E. Dounias and S. Sitorius

2005 G. Rambaldi

Title

One hundred faces of sustainable forest management Can we own the forest? Looking at the changing tenure environment for community forestry in Africa A landscape approach to biodiversity conservation of sacred groves in the Western Ghats of India Civil society, NGOs and transnational corporations: setting the stage for international environmental policy negotiations

Role of forest biomes in the global carbon balance

Environmental certification of forests: the evolution of environmental governance in a commodity network Out of the forest, out of poverty?

Who owns the map legend?

Source Vol. Ch.

Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 205-13. IV

Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 14, III 217-28.

Conservation Biology, 19:6, 1853- 62. I

L. E. Eastwood, The Social IV Organization of Policy: An Institutional Ethnography of the United Nations Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, New York: Routledge, pp. 1-25. H. Griffiths and P. G. Jarvis (eds), The II Carbon Balance of Forest Biomes, Abingdon & New York: Taylor & Francis, London: pp. 19-45. Journal oj Rural Studies, 21,403- 17. IV

Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, IS, III 211-35. Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on GIS for Developing Countries (GISDECO 2004), 10- 12 May 2004, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, lohor Malaysia, Journal of the Urban and Regional Information Systems Association (URISA ) , 17:1 , 5-13.

81

50

13

76

41

85

64

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2005 T. K. Rudel, O. T. Coomes, Forest transitions: towards a global Global Environmental Change, 15, I 3 E. Moran, F. Achard, understanding of land use change 23-31. A. Angelsen, J. Xu and E. Lambin

2005 W D. Sunderlin, A. Angelsen, Livelihoods, forests and conservation World Development, 33:9, 1383-1402. 1II 52 B. Belcher, P. Burgers, R. Nasi, in developing countries: an overview L. Santoso and S. Wunder

2005 S. Wunder Payments for environmental services: CIFOR Occasional Paper 42, Bogor, IV 90 some nuts and bolts Indonesia: Center for International

Forestry Research, pp. 1- 24. (")

2006 C. Forner, 1. Blaser, F. Jotzo and Keeping the forest for the dimate's Climate Policy, 6:3, 1- 20. m 70 :I: C. Robledo sake: avoiding deforestation in '" developing countries under the 0

UNFCCC Z 0

2006 E. D. G. Fraser, A. J. Dougili, Bottom up and top down: analysis Journal of Environmental Management, III 62 .... " W E. Mabee, M. Reed and of participatory processes for 78, 114-27. 0

" 0 ~. P. McAlpine sustainability indicator identification ~

x as a pathway to community (")

> empowerment and sustainable .... environmental management ...,

2006 R. J. Hobbs, S. Arico, N ove1 ecosystems: theoretical and Global Ecology and Biogeography, 15, I 14 ;>-1. Aronson, 1. S. Baron, management aspects of the new 1-7. '" .... P. Bridgewater, V. A. Cramer, ecological world order '" P. R. Epstein, J. J. Ewel, C. A. Klink, A. E. Lugo, D. Norton, D. Ojima, D. M. Richardson. E. W. Sanderson, F. Valladares, M. Viili , R. Zamora and M. Zobel

2006 D. Humphreys Intergovernmental panel on forests D. Humphreys, Logjam: Deforestation IV 75 and the Crisis of Global Governance, London: Earthscan, pp. 22-47.

Chronological table continued

Date Author Title Source Vol. eh.

2006 K. Kusters, R. Achdiawan, Balancing development and Ecology and Society, 11 :2, 9pp. III 56 B. Belcher and M. Ruiz Perez conservation? An assessment of

livelihood and environmental outcomes of non timber forest product trade in Asia, Africa and Latin America

2006 W. F. Laurance Have we overstated the tropical Trends in Ecology and Evolution, I 22 biodiversity crisis? 22:2, 65- 70.

2006 D. Nepstad, S. Schwartzman, Inhibition of Amazon deforestation Conservation Biology, 20:1, 65- 73. I 20 ()

B. Bamberger, M. Santilli, and fire by parks and indigenous II: :>0

D. Ray, P. Schlesinger, lands 0 P. Lefebvre, A. Alencar, Z

E. Prinz, G. Fiske and A. Rolla 0 ,... 2007 M. B. Bush and M. R. Silman Amazonian exploitation revisited: Frontiers in Ecology and the I 4 0

>< ecological asymmetry and the policy Environment, 5:9, 457-65. Gl - -pendulum ()

2007 R. Hyv6nen, G. I. Agren, The likely impact of elevated [CO,l, New Phytologist, 173, 463-80. II 43 :>-S. Linder, T. Persson, nitrogen deposition, increased

,...

M. F. Cotrufo, A. Ekblad, temperature and management on >-l :>-

M. Freeman, A. Grelle, carbon sequestration in temperate and ., I. A. Janssens, P. G. Jarvis, boreal forest ecosystems: a literature

,...

"' S. Kellomiiki, A. Lindroth, review D. Loustau, T. Lundmark, R. J. Norby, R. Oren, K. Pilegaard, M. G. Ryan, B. D. Sigurdsson, M. Stromgren, M. van Oijen and G. Wall

2007 P. G. Jarvis and S. Linder Forests remove carbon dioxide from P. H. Freer-Smith, M. S. J. II 33 the atmosphere: spruce forest tales! Broadmeadow and J. M. Lynch (eds),

Forestry and Climate Change, Proceedings of the OECD Wilton Park Conference 2006, Wallingford: CAB, pp. 60- 72.

2007 D. Lindenmayer, R. J. Hobbs, A checklist for ecological management Ecology Lellers, 10, 1- 14. 1 27 R. Montague-Drake, of landscapes for conservation 1. Alexandra, A. Bennett, M. Burgman, P. Cale, A. Calhoun, V, Cramer, P. Cullen, D. Driscoll, L. Fahrig, 1. Fischer, 1. Franklin, Y. Haila, M. Hunter, P. Gibbons, S. Lake, G. Luck, C. MacGregor, S. Mcintyre, R. M. Nally,

Cl A. Manning, J. Miller, :.: H. Mooney, R. Nos," "' H. Possingham, D. Saunders, 0

Z F. Schmiegelow, M. Scott, 0 D. SimberlofT, T. Sisk, G. Tabor, t"' 8. Walker, J. Wien~ 1. Woinarski 0

~ and E. Zavaleta " -2007 A. A. Nawir, H. Kassa, Stimulating smallholder tree planting: Unasylva 228, 58, 53-58. m 67 Cl > M. Sandewall, D. Dore, lessons from Africa and Asia t"'

B. Campbell, B. Ohlsson and -l M. Bekele >

2007 M. A. Shannon, G. Buttoud Science is endogenous to sustainable K. M. Reynolds, A. J. Thomson, IV 79 '" t"' and R. Piiivinen forestry: implications for scientists and M. Mohl, M. A. Shannon, and to

policymakers K. RenDolls (eds), Sustainable Forestry: From Monitoring and Modeling to Knowledge M anagemenl and Policy Science. Wallingford. Oxfordshire: CABI Publishing, pp. 1- 13.

2007 S. J. Wright, G. A. Sanchez- Poverty and corruption compromise Ecological Applications, 17:5, 1259-66. 1 19 Azofeifa. C. Portillo-Quintero tropical forest reserves and D. Davies

Chronological table continued

Date Author Tille Source Vol. Ch.

2008 A. Agrawal, A. Chhatre and Changing governance of the world's Science, 320, 1460- 62. IV 72 R. Hardin forests

2008 E. G. Brockerhoff, H. Jactel, Plantation forests and biodiversity: Biodiversity and Conservation, 17, I 12 1. A. Parrotta, C. P. Quine and oxymoron or opportunity? 925- 51. 1. Sayer

2008 C. Bunt and R. Leakey Domestication potential and Fores/s, Trees and Livelihoods, 18, III 58 marketing of Canarium Indicum nuts 271-89. in tbe Pacific: commercialization and (")

market development ~

" 2008 S. Engel, S. Pagiola and Designing payments for environmental Ecological Economics, 65:4, 663-74. IV 91 0 S. Wunder services in theory and practice: an Z

overview of the issues 0 t-<

2008 T. A. Gardner, 1. Barlow, The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity Ecology Letters, II, 139- 50. I 16 0

~ I. S. Araujo, T. C. Avila-Pires, surveys in tropical forests Cl -A. B. Bonaldo, 1. E. Costa, (")

M. C. Esposito, L. V. Ferreira, > 1. Hawes, M. I. M. Hernandez,

t-<

.... M. S. Hoogmoed, R. N. Leite, > N. F. Lo-Man-Hung, to 1. R. Malcolm, M. B. Martins, t-<

to L. A. M. Mestre, R. Miranda-Santos, W. L. Overai, L. Parry, S. L. Peters, M. A. Ribeiro, Jr, M. N. F. da Silva, C. da Silva Motta and C. A. Peres

2008 D. Kaimowitz The prospects for reduced emissions International Forestry Review, 10:3, IV 89 from deforestation and degradation 485- 95. (REDO) in Mesoamerica

2008 1. Sayer, G. Bull and C. Elliott Mediating forest transitions: "grand Conservation and Society, 6:4, 320- 7. I 25 design" or "muddling through"?

2009 B. Arts and M. Buizer Forests, discourses, institutions: a Forest Policy and Economics, II, IV 77 discursive-institutional analysis of 340-47. global forest governance

2009 T. M. Brooks, S. J. Wright and Evaluating the success of conservation Conservation Biology, 23:6, 1448-57. I 23 D. Sheil actions in safeguarding tropical forest

biodiversity 2009 R. L. Chazdon, C. A. Peres, The potential for species conservation Conservation Biology, 23:6, 1406-17. I 10

D. Dent, D. Sheil, A. E. Lugo, in tropical secondary forests D. Lamb, N. E. Stork and S. E. Miller ()

2009 C. J. Clark, J. R. Poulsen, Logging conoessions can extend Conservation Biology, 23:5, 1281-93. I II :I: R. Malonga and P. W. Elkan, Jr. the conservation estate for Central :;tI

African tropical forests ~ 2009 R. DeFries., F. Rovero, From plot to landscape scale: Jinking Frontiers in Ecology and the I 18 0

P. Wright, J. Ahumada, tropical biodiversity measurements Environment, 8, 153-60. t""' ~ S. Andelman, K, Brandon, across spatial scales g s: J. Dempewolf, A. Hansen, _

1. Hewson and 1. Liu ~ 2009 D. B. Lindenmayer Forest wildlife management and Annals of the New York Academy 0/ I t""'

conservation Sciences, 1162,284-310. .... 2009 A. E. Lugo The emerging era of novel tropical Biolropica, 41:5,589-91. I IS >

forests ~ 2009 A. D. Manning, P. Gibbons and Scattered trees: a complementary Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 915-19. I 9 '"

D, B. Lindenmayer strategy for facilitating adaptive responses to climate change in modified landscapes?

2009 D. Sheil and D. Murdiyarso How forests attract rain: Bioscience, 59:4, 341-47. I 24 an examination of a new hypothesis

2010 E. Meidinger Forest certification and democracy European Journal 0/ Forest Research, IV 86 130,407-19.

2010 R. B. Norgaard Ecosystem services: from eye-opening Ecological Economics, 69, 1219-27. IV 92 metaphor to complexity blinder

Chronological table continued

Date Author Title Source Vol. ell.

2010 1. Rayner, H. Hoogeveen. Conclusions from Embracing A. Buck and P. Katila (eds), Embracing IV 71 K. McNutt, P. Verkooijen and Complexity: Meeting the Challenges Complexity: Meeting the Challenges C. Wildburger 0/ International Forest Governance: of International Forest Governance. A

A Global Assessment Report Global Assessment Report Prepared by the Global Forest Expert Panel on the International Forest Regime. Vienna:

(") IUFRO World Serie~ 28, pp. 137-45. :I: 2010 K. A. Wilson, E. Meijaard, Conserving biodiversity in production Ecological Applications, 20:6, 1721-32. I 26 "' S. Drummond, H. S. Grantham, landscapes 0

L. Boitani, G. Catullo, Z L. Christie, R. Dennis. 0 ....

~ I. Dutton, A. Falcucci, 0 L. Maiorano, H. P. Possingham, " :;- -C. Rondinini, W R. Turner, (")

0. Venter and M. Watts ;>

2011 Y. Malhi, C. Doughty and The allocation of ecosystem net Philosophical Transactions of the Royal II 30 ....

D. Galbraith primary productivity in tropical Society B, 366, 3225-45. .... ;>

forests '" 2012 B. Arts Forests policy analysis and theory Forest Policy and Economics, 16,7- 13 . IV 80 .... '" use: overview and trends

2012 G. Broekhoven, S. Von Scheliha, Moving forward with forest European Tropical Forest Research IV 74 M. Shannon and H. Savenije governance: a synthesis Network News, 53. vii-xv.

2012 W. Mojeremane, R. M. Rees The effects of site preparation Forestry, 85:1 , 1-15. II 46 and M. Mencuccini practices on carbon dioxide, methane

and nitrous oxide fluxes from a peaty gley soil