30 - 1 copyright mcgraw-hill/irwin, 2005 public goods demand for a public good optimal amount of a...
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30 - 1Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
GovernmentAnd
Market Failure
30C H A P T E R
30 - 2Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Rivalry & Excludability(Chapter 5)
Private GoodsDivisibility
Demand Curve is Horizontal Summation
Public Goods
Indivisibility
PUBLIC GOODS
30 - 3Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Problems of Revealing Preferences
Quantity
Adams’Willingness
to pay (price)
Benson’sWillingness
to pay (price)
CollectiveWillingness
to pay (price)
1
DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD
Exclusion Principledoes not apply
30 - 4Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Problems of Revealing Preferences
Quantity
Adams’Willingness
to pay (price)
Benson’sWillingness
to pay (price)
CollectiveWillingness
to pay (price)
1 $4 $5 $9+ =
DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD
30 - 5Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Problems of Revealing Preferences
Quantity
Adams’Willingness
to pay (price)
Benson’sWillingness
to pay (price)
CollectiveWillingness
to pay (price)
12
$4 3
$5 4
$9 7
++
==
DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD
30 - 6Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Problems of Revealing Preferences
Quantity
Adams’Willingness
to pay (price)
Benson’sWillingness
to pay (price)
CollectiveWillingness
to pay (price)
123
$4 3 2
$5 4 3
$9 7 5
+++
===
DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD
30 - 7Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Problems of Revealing Preferences
Quantity
Adams’Willingness
to pay (price)
Benson’sWillingness
to pay (price)
CollectiveWillingness
to pay (price)
1234
$4 3 2 1
$5 4 3 2
$9 7 5 3
++++
====
DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD
30 - 8Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Problems of Revealing Preferences
Quantity
Adams’Willingness
to pay (price)
Benson’sWillingness
to pay (price)
CollectiveWillingness
to pay (price)
12345
$4 3 2 1 0
$5 4 3 2 1
$9 7 5 3 1
+++++
=====
DEMAND FOR A PUBLIC GOOD
30 - 9Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
$ 9 7
5
3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD
Adams’ willingness
to pay
D1
30 - 10Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
$ 9 7
5
3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD
Benson’swillingness
to pay
D2
D1
30 - 11Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
$ 9 7
5
3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
DC
OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD
When verticallyadded equals
collectivewillingness
to pay
D2
D1
30 - 12Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
$ 9 7
5
3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
The public good’smarginal costas shown by S
DC
S
OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD
30 - 13Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
$ 9 7
5
3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5
DC
S
OPTIMAL AMOUNT OF A PUBLIC GOOD
Yields theoptimum amount
of the public good
MB = MC
30 - 14Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Marginal Cost = Marginal Benefit Rule
Spillover CostsOverallocation
Spillover BenefitsUnderallocation
Externalities
30 - 15Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
SPILLOVER COSTS AND BENEFITS
D
0
Spillovercosts
St
S
Overallocation
Q0 Qe
30 - 16Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
SPILLOVER COSTS AND BENEFITS
0 Qe Q0
D
Dt
SpilloverBenefits
St
Underallocation
30 - 17Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Liability Rules andLawsuits
Government InterventionDirect ControlsSpecific Taxes
Individual Bargaining –Coase Theorem
SPILLOVER COSTS AND BENEFITS
Subsidies and Government Provision
30 - 18Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
CORRECTING SPILLOVER COSTS
D
0
Spillovercosts
St
S
TAX
OverallocationCorrected
Q0 Qe
30 - 19Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
CORRECTING SPILLOVER BENFITS
0 Q0Qe
D
S
Dt
SpilloverBenefits
Underallocation
30 - 20Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
CORRECTING SPILLOVER BENFITS
0 Q0Qe
D
S
Dt
Subsidy toconsumerincreasesdemand
UnderallocationCorrected
Correcting by Subsidy to Consumers
30 - 21Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
P
Q
D
0
Subsidy toproducersincreases
supply
St
S’t
UnderallocationCorrected
Qe Q0
Correcting by Subsidy to ProducersCORRECTING SPILLOVER BENFITS
30 - 22Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
A MARKET-BASED APPROACHTO SPILLOVER COSTS
The Tragedy of the CommonsA Market for Externality Rights
•Operation of the Market•Advantages
S = Supply of pollution rights
D 2012
Pric
e pe
r pol
lutio
n rig
ht
Quantity of pollution rights500 750 1000
$200
$100
D 2004
30 - 23Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
SOCIETY’S OPTIMAL AMOUNTOF EXTERNALITY REDUCTION
Application of MC = MB Rule
MC, MB Equilibrium Optimal Reduction of an
ExternalityShifts in the Curves
Graphically…
30 - 24Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
SOCIETY’S OPTIMAL AMOUNTOF EXTERNALITY REDUCTION
MC
MB
Socially optimumamount ofpollution
abatement
0
So
ciet
y’s
mar
gin
al b
enef
it a
nd
mar
gin
alco
st o
f p
oll
uti
on
ab
atem
ent
Amount of pollution abatement
Q1
30 - 25Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Market for Recyclable Inputs
Policy•Demand Incentives•Supply Incentives
Global Warming Theory
RECYCLING
30 - 26Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Information Failures
Inadequate information …about sellersabout buyers
Moral Hazard Problem Adverse Selection Problem
•Workplace Safety
Asymmetric Information
RECYCLING
cost-benefit analysismarginal-cost – marginal-benefit ruleexternalitiesCoase theoremtragedy of the commonsmarket for externality rightsoptimal reduction of an externalityasymmetric informationmoral hazard problemadverse selection problem
ENDBACKCopyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
30 - 28Copyright McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005
Public Goods
Demand for a Public Good
Optimal Amount of a Public Good
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Spillover Costs and Benefits
Market-Based Approach to Spillover Rights
Society’s Optimal Amount of Externality Reduction
Recycling
Key Terms
PreviousSlide
NextSlide
EndEndShowShow
Next:
Public Choice TheoryAnd
The Economics of TaxationChapter 31