3.-taxonomia magister 2012.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Dra. Maria angelica mondacaDepartamento de microbiologiaFacultad de ciencias biologicas
Universidad de concepcion2012
CARACTERIZACION FENOTIPICA
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TAXONOMIA
Identificación Caracterización de un organismos
Clasificación organismos en grupos
Nomenclatura nombre
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Características fenotípicas morfología Propiedades metabólicas Serología análisis ácidos grasos
Caracteristicas genéticas
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1. Ferdinand Cohn (1872) : morfologíacocos, bacilos, espirales
2. Orla-Jensen (1909) : fisiologíaactividad metabólica
3. Orla-Jensen (1909); Kluyver y van Niel (1936): relación evolutiva de las bacterias
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CARACTERÍSTICASCLÁSICAS
MORFOLÓGICAS Forma celularTamaño de las célulasMorfología de las coloniasCaracterísticas ultraestructuralesTinción flagelosMecanismo de movilidadForma y localización de endoesporasInclusiones celularescolor
FISIOLOGICAS Y METABÓLICAS
Fuentes de C y NComponentes de la pared celularFuentes de energíaProductos de fermentaciónTipo nutricionalTemperatura de crecimientoLuminiscenciaMecanismo de conversión de energíaMovilidadTolerancia osmóticaRelaciones con el oxígenopH óptimo de crecimientoPigmentos fotosintéticosNecesidad y tolerancia a la salMetabolitos secundariosSensibilidad a antibióticos
ECOLÓGICAS
Ciclo vitalRelaciones simbióticasPatogenicidadPreferencia de hábitatNecesidad de temperatura; pH;Necesidad de oxígenoNecesidad de concentración osmótica
GENÉTICAS
Posibilidad de recombinación porConjugación oTransformación
Plásmidos
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Caracteres microscópicos
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Bacterial classification
Cell morphology Shapes
Rod Cocci Spiral
Associations Individual Diplo- Staphylo- Strepto-
G+ G- AF WL IC
Bacteria
Rod CocciRod Cocci Spiral
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Classification & Diagnosis
Type of colonies Appearance
Color, shape, size and smoothness
On differential media Blood, MacConkey,
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Características de las colonias
PigmentaciónSuperficieTamañoFormaProducción de polisacáridooloropacidadconsistenciacambio de color del medio
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Características de colonias
Tamaño:Grande diámetro mayor a 1 mmMediana diámetro aproximadamente igual a 1 mmPequeña diámetro menor a 1 mm
ColorBlanco, Crema, Amarillo limón, Negro, etc
SuperficieBrillante, Lisa, Granular, Rugosa
ConsistenciaViscosa, Mantecosa, Friable (se disgrega al tocarla)
Densidad (con luz a través de la colonia)Opaca, Transparente, Traslúcida
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AFINIDAD TINTORIAL
Tinción de Gram
Tinción de Ziehl- Neelsen ( Mycobacterium, Nocardia)
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Coloracion de Gram
Cristal violetaLugolAlcohol acetonaSafranina
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Coloración Zielh - NeelsenColoración Zielh - Neelsen
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Growth characteristics Oxygen requirement
Aerobic Anaerobic
Microaerophilic, aerotolerant Facultative
Spore formation Intracellular/extracellular Fastidious/non-fastidious
G+ G- AF WL IC
Bacteria
Rod CocciRod Cocci Spiral
+ spore -+ +/- -O2
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Metabolism Utilization of specific substrates
Lactose (Sal/Shi/Yer/)-
Citrate (E. coli-/Klebsiella+)
Production of certain end products Fermentation end products
Acid (acetate, propionic acid, butyric acid etc.)
Acetoin Alcohol Amine H2S
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Specialized tests Immunological
O-, H- & K-Ag (serotype) Precipitation, agglutination
Specialized enzymes Catalase--- Staph+. vs. Strep-. Coagulase---S. aureus+ vs. S.
epidermidis-
Oxidase---Neisseria gonorrhoea+
Urease---Proteus+, Helicobacter+
Antibiogram pattern Phage typing Fatty acid profile
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Wall structure Gram +
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Clostridium, Bacillus
Gram - Enteric
Acid-fast Mycobacterium
Wall-less Mycoplasma
Unusual Obligate intracellular
Rickettsia, Chlamydia
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Metabolic differencesCulture characteristics
Selective and differential media can aid in the identification of microbes
Selective media favors the growth of certain types of microbes by inhibiting the growth of others
Differential media contains a substance that certain bacteria change in a recognizable way
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Metabolic differencesCulture characteristics
MacConkey agar is both selective and differential Bile salts and dyes inhibit
all but certain gram-negative rods “Selective”
Acid produced by bacteria able to ferment lactose will turn a pH indicator red and form red colonies “Differential”
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Metabolic differencesBiochemical tests
Generally necessary for more conclusive identification Most rely on pH indicator or color change when a
compound is degraded
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Metabolic differences
Biochemical tests Sugar fermentation
e.g., Lactose, sucrose, glucose, etc.
Fermentation results in acid production pH indicator changes color Pink yellow
Inverted tube (Durham tube) collects any gas produced
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Metabolic differencesBiochemical tests
Urease detection Enzyme degrading urea
Urea CO2 & NH3
pH indicator turns bright pink in alkaline conditions
Helicobacter pylori
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Metabolic differencesBiochemical tests
Commercial modifications of traditional biochemical tests e.g., APITM system
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Fatty Acid AnalysisCells are treated with NaOH and methanol
Fatty acids are released and converted into methyl esters
Methyl esters analyzed via gas chromatography Profile compared
to those of known species
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