3 aspectos hortícolas en acuaponia
TRANSCRIPT
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NOTA IMPORTANTE
Todos los derechos reservados. Aparte de los usos legales relacionados con la investigacin, el estudio privado, la crticao la resea, estos documentos no pueden ser reproducidos, ni en todo ni en parte, en espaol, ingls o cualquier otro
idioma, ni registrada en, o transmitida por, un sistema de recuperacin de informacin, en ninguna forma y por ningnmedio electrnico, por fotocopia o cualquier otro, sin el expreso, previo y por escrito del autor.
Para solicitar permiso de reproduccin comunquese a Design Publications: Telfonos: +52(33) 3632 2201, 3631 4057,3632 2355. Correo electrnico: [email protected]
Por favor, respete los derechos de propiedad intelectual, cite apropiadamente:AUTOR(ES), conferencia, 4 Foro Internacional de Acuicultura. Mxico, 2008.
Ejemplo:
Carlos Rosas, Claudia Caamal, Richard Mena y Cristina Pascual. Mitos y realidades del cultivo del pulpo Octopusmaya(Voss y Solis).4 Foro Internacional de Acuicultura. Mxico, 2008.
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HORTICULTURAL
ASPECTS OF
AQUAPONICS
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Michael A Nichols
Massey UniversityNew Zealand
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Sponsored by
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THE CHALLENGE
90 % of the worlds water is inthe oceans and is totallyunsuitable for crop production.
8% of the planets remainingwater is in the polar icecaps.
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Fresh water2.5%
Salt water
97.5%
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The remaining 2 % of the
earths water resources is what is
used to sustain life.
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Industry 22%
Domestic 8%
Agriculture
70%
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When we prioritise water usethe order is:
People,
Industry,
and last (but not least)Agriculture.
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WHY
CONSIDER
AQUACULTURE?
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All land based systems have
two major problems, namelythe limited fresh water supply
and (even more critical) thedisposal of the nutrient rich
waste products from the fish.
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AQUACULTURE TENDS NOT TO
RECYLE WATER.
EG A TROUT FARM IN UK
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WHAT IS HYDROPONICS?
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WHAT IS HYDROPONICS?
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The solution is
AQUAPONICS
The combination of
aquaculture (fish farming)
with hydroponics (horticulture).
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This could have majorimplications for urban and
peri-urban agriculture indeveloping countries, by
providing a source of animalprotein (fish) but also a
supply of vegetables in awater efficient system.
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THANK YOUFOR YOUR
ATTENTION
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THANK YOUFOR YOUR
ATTENTION
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In aquaponics the waste from thefish provides the plants with
their nutrients, and the purifiedwater is then returned to the fishtanks.
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It is important to balance the fish
numbers with the plant numbers.
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PROBLEM:
PRODUCERS USING
AQUAPONICSTEND TO ENTER THE INDUSTRY
VIA AQUACULTURE
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THEY CONSIDER THAT THE
FISH COMPONENT IS THE
SKILLED PART, AND THAT THEHORTICULTURE IS RELATIVELY
STRAIGHT FORWARD.
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YETTHE BULK OF THE INCOME
COMES FROM THE
HORTICULTURE
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Tilapia/Lettuce EnterpriseBudgetValue Percent of total
(US$) (%)Receipts
Tilapia 165,375 49.5
Lettuce 168,480 50.5
Total 333,855
Costs
Tilapia 98,824 65.2
Lettuce 51,783 34.8Total 150,605
Returns 185,248
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Tilapia/Basil Enterprise BudgetValue Percent of total
(US$) (%)Receipts
Tilapia 165,375 19.7
Basil 675,000 80.3
Total 840,375
Costs
Tilapia 96,824 66.0
Basil 49,824 34.0Total 146,648
Returns 693,727
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WHAT IS HYDROPONICS?
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HYDROPONICS
A form of intensive agriculture
Plants are grown without soil
Usually used only for high valuegreenhouse crops.
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HYDROPONICS
Two main hydroponic systems:
1) open (water to waste)
2) closed (recirculating).
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HYDROPONICS
Two main types of hydroponics:
1) water culture
2) substrate culture
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WATER CULTURE SYSTEMS
1) Deep flow system
2) Nutrient Film Technique
3) Aeroponics
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DEEP FLOW SYSTEMS
Tend to be the predominantsystem used with
aquaponics.
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DEEP FLOW SYSTEMS
The only system where it is NOT
necessary to filter the solution
100% free from all particulatematter
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Suitable for leafy vegetables
(salads/basil), but not reallyuitable (logistically) for the major
greenhouse vegetable crops
tomatoes, cucumbers, sweetpeppers.
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There is a need, however, to
provide adequate aeration for the
roots, by incorporatingairstones
into the system.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.
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NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE(NFT)
A common system used forlettuce.
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AEROPONICS
A system used in the tropics
(where root cooling may bedesirable) and also for specific
crops (eg seed potatoes).
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The problem with these 3systems is to provide the plant
roots with an adequate oxygensupply.
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SUBSTRATE CULTURE
SYSTEMS
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SOLID MEDIA SYSTEMS
Natural Gravel/sand substrates
Manufactured substrates
Natural organic substrates
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NATURAL GRAVEL/SAND
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These have been replaced inrecent years with lighter more
easily handled substrates.
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MANUFACTURED SUBSTRATES
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ROCK WOOL.
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Manufactured by melting graniteat high temperature and spinningit into a standardised candy
floss-like slab with over 90% ofair space!!!
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Disadvantages:Cost
Disposal
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Bark
Sawdust
PeatCoir
NATURAL ORGANIC SUBSTRATES
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BARK
Need to add nitrogen
Potential for root diseases
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SAWDUST
Only certain sawdust sourcesare suitable
Nitrogen required to preventplant nutrition deficiencies
Danger from consolidation
(poor aeration)
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PEAT
Probably the standard
Environmental concern about
decreasing peat bogs
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COIR
The new boy on the street
Excellent water and aerationcharacteristics
Normally a waste productEasy disposal (mulch) after use.
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HOWEVER GOOD
HYDROPONIC CROPS
REQUIRE CONTROL OF
NUTRIENT LEVELS
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Conductivity 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Brix 4.7 5.8 6.1 6.1
Yield/pl (kg) .63 .50 .39 .30
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IN THE WINTER MONTHS IT IS
NORMAL TO USE A HIGHER
CONDUCTIVITY SOLUTION
THAN IN THE SUMMER
MONTHS
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IN ORDER TO ENSURE
GOOD FRUIT QUALITY.
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IF THE FISH TANK SOLUTION
HAS TOO LOW A
CONDUCTIVITY
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IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO
INCREASE THE
CONDUCTIVITY IN THE
SOLUTION
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THIS WILL BE VERY
DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE WITH
A LIQUID SYSTEM
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BUT COULD BE ACHIEVED BY
USING REVERSE OSMOSIS
TO CONCENTRATE THE
NUTRIENT SOLUTION
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THUS CLEAN WATER COULD
BE RETURNED TO THE FISH,
AND THE NUTRIENT RICHSOLUTION USED FOR THE
PLANTS
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BUT MIGHT ALSO BEACHIEVED BY
REDUCING THE IRRIGATION
FREQUENCY WHEN USING A
SOLID MEDIA
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THIS WOULD ENTAIL THE
MONITORING OF THEDRAINAGE SOLUTION
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IN NETHERLANDS
TOMATOES AND FISH ARE
BEING PRODUCEDSUCCESFULLY IN THE SAME
GREENHOUSE
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IS AQUAPONICS AN
ORGANIC
SOLUTION?
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There is the potential tosell the crops as certified
organic, (provided that nounacceptable pesticides
have been applied) as it isproduced entirely from
natural manure (fishwaste).
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However in some countriesorganic certification is notpermitted for hydroponic
crops.
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It is difficult to see any logicin such a philosophy as not
only are the plants onlyusing organically derived
nutrients, but theaquaponics is far more
sustainable than any soilbased organic system.
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In New Zealand it ispossible to produce
organically certified salmon
provided that the salmon
are fed with organicallycertified feed.
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We find this decision totally
nonsensical.The organic certification
authorities have not askedthe question of what is soil?
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An aquaponic system
comprises all of these apartfrom solid particles, and
these could be easily addedto the system!!!
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There is clearly a need for theorganic people to
reconsider
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I WOULD LIKE TO RAISEANOTHER CONTENTIOUS
ISSUE.
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PRECISELY THE SAME
ARGUMENTS APPLY TOSEA BASED
AQUACULTURE TO LANDBASED AQUACULTURE
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THE EXCEPTION MAY BEWITH THE FILTER
FEEDERS SUCH ASOYSTERS
SALMON CAGES CERTAINLY
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SALMON CAGES CERTAINLYPOLLUTE THE OCEAN,
AND WE MAYEVENTUALLY NEED TO
DEVELOP METHODOLGYTO RECYCLE THEIR
WASTE PRODUCTS
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PERHAPS SOME FORM OFSEA BASED AQUAPONICS
PRODUCING ALGAE ORSEA WEED?
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OR PERHAPS IN THEFUTURE ALL OF OUR FISH
WILL BE PRODUCED INTANKS ON LAND
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THERE IS A SCHOOL OF
THOUGHT THAT BELIEVESTHAT THE OCEANS
SHOULD NOT BE FISHED,BUT SIMPLY BE USED AS A
SOURCE OF BIODIVERSITY
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION.