2nd semester grammar book
TRANSCRIPT
GRAMMAR BOOK
Nikki
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Imperfect………………………………………………………………………………………………...Slide 3
Preterite……………………………………………………………………………………………. …..Slide 4 car, gar, zar………………………………………………………………. ……………….Slide 5
Spock……………………………………………………………………………………… Slide 6
Cucaracha………………………………………………………………………………… Slide 7
Snake y snakey……………………………………………………………………………Slide 8
Modal…………………………………………………………………………………. …………….…..Slide 9
Adverbs………………………………………………………………………………………... ………..Slide 10
Progressive Present Tense…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Slide 11
Progressive Past Tense……………………………………………………………………….. ………Slide 12
Future ……………………………………………………………………………………………………Slide 13 Irregulars………………………………………………………………………………....Slide 14
Conditional………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 15
Superlatives…………………………………………………………………………………………..….Slide 16
Formal Commands…………………………………………………………………………………..….Slide 17
Prepositions………………………………………………………………………………………………Slide 18
Demonstratives Adjective…………………………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 19
Demonstratives Pronoun………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..Slide 20
Yo hablaba comía escribía
Tú hablabas comías escribías
Él/ella/Ud. hablaba comía escribía
Nosotros hablábamos comíamos escribíamos
Vosotros hablabais comíais escribíais
Ellos/ellas/uds. hablaban comían escribían
REGULAR HABLAR COMER ESCRIBIR
*USES*-ongoing action(was/were)
-repeated action(used to)
-no definite beginning or end
-time/date/age/feelings/description
-interrupted activity(cuando)
Preteriteused for past actions that have been already completed
AR ER
0 e
0 aste
0 o
0 amos
0 aron
0 i
0 iste
0 io
0 imos
0 ieron
CAR, GAR, ZARS – IRREGULAR PRETERITES
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Yo Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tú Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Ud Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Nos Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Uds Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron
SPOCK VERBS
irir-to go ser-to be
hice
fuimos
fuiste fuisteís
fue fueron
dar-to give ver-to see
d/v-i
d/v-iste
d/v-io
d/v-imos
d/v- isteís
d/v- ieron
hacer-to make or do
fui
hiciste
hizo
hicimos
hicisteís
hicieron
CUCARACHA VERBS
Andar / anduv-
Estar / estuv –
Poder / pud-
Poner / pus-
Querer / quis-
Saber / sup-
Tener / tuv-
Vener / vin-
Conducir / conduj-
Producir / produj-
Traducir / traduj-
Decir / dij-
Traer / traj-
• e
•iste
•o
•imos
•isteis
•ieron
SNAKE Ye i
venir, servir, pedir
o udormir, morir
Irregular preterite that changes in the
third person
SNAKEY
o yoir
e yleer, creer
Irregular preterite that changes in the third
person buy adding a ‘y’
Ir + a + infinitive going to do something
Deber + infinitve should do something
Tener que + infinitve to have to do something
MODAL VERBS
Poder + infinitive are able to do something
Querer + infinitive want to do something
ADVERBS
Adjective
• Claro
• Constante
• Dificil
Feminine Form
• Clara
• Constante
• Dificil
Adverb
• Claramente
• Constantemente
• Dificilmente
When two adverbs modify the
same verb, only the 2nd
adjective uses the –mente.
EX:
Javier lee rapida y claramente
Irregulars
• Mucho
• Bien
• Ya
• Muy
• Mal
• Tan
• Bastante
• Siempre
PROGRESSIVE PRESENT TENSE
-IR
Verbs
Present
Participle
vivir viviendo
pedir pidiendo
abrir abriendo
salir saliendo
The General Rule
1. Conjugate Estar
2. Change the –ar verbs to –ando
OR
Change the –ir/-er verbs to -iendo
-ER
Verbs
Present
Participle
correr corriendo
tener teniendo
beber bebiendo
comer comiendo
-AR
Verbs
Present
Participle
comprar comprando
esperar esperando
enseñar enseñando
estudiar estudiando
PROGRESSIVE PAST TENSE
Take the verb in the infinitive form… trabajar comer partir
2Drop the infinitive ending… trabaj- com- part-
3Add the verb ESTAR (to be) and past progressive ending…
Yo estaba I was trabajando comiendo partiendo
Tú estabas You were (informal) trabajando comiendo partiendo
Usted
Él – Ellaestaba
You were (formal)
s-he wastrabajando comiendo partiendo
Nosotros estábamos We were trabajando comiendo partiendo
Ellos estaban They were trabajando comiendo partiendo
EL FUTURO Pronoun + infinitive form of verb + ending
Yo + infinitivo + é
-ar, -er, and –ir verbs all have the same ending
Yo estudiaré
Tú estudiarás
Ella estudiará
Nos estudiaremos
Vos estudiaréis
Ellos estudiarán
-é -emos
-ás -éis
-á -án
EL FUTURO IRREGULARS
decir- dir
hacer- har
poner- pondre
salir- saldr
tener- tend
valer- valdr
venir- vendr
poder- podr
querer- quer
saber- sabr
caber- cabr
haber- habr
Yo diréTú sabrásEl tendrá
Nos valdremosEllos podrán
CONDITIONAL
The conditional tense is used to express probability in the
future tense.
To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the
conditional, simply add one of the following to the
infinitive:
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían
SUPERLATIVES
The Most
el más…
los “ “
la “ “
las “”
The Least
el menos…
los “ “
la “ “
las “ “
When you want to say that something has the most or the
least of a certain quality.
To use a noun with the superlative form, put it after the
article
example: Luis es el chico más alto.
Luis is the tallest boy
When you use an idea or concept, use the neuter article lo
… or …
**Be sure
the
adjectives
matches the
noun in both
gender and
number
**
Irregulars: el/la mejor(best) el/la poer(worst)el/la
meyor(oldest) el/la menor(youngest)
COMMANDS
Los Mandatos Formales (Ud)
-arverbs
put in yoform
change ending to -e
-erverbs
put in yoform
change ending to -a
-irverbs
put in yoform
change ending to -a
Tener- tenga
Venir- vengo
Dar-de
Ir- vaya
Ser- seya
Hacer- haga
Estar- este
Saber- sepa
Irregulars
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
Adjectives whose function is to point at something.
English- this, that, these, those
Spanish- three sets
They are typically placed before the noun they modify.
Singular Masculine
• este (this)• ese (that)• aquel (that)
Plural Masculine
• estos (these)• esos (those)• aquellos (those)
Singular Feminine
• esta (these)• esa (that)• aquella (that)
Plural Feminine
• estas (those)• esas (that)• aquellas (those)
Me gusto este perro. (I like this dog)Voy a comprar ese coche. (I’m going to buy that car)
Me gustan aquellas casas. (I like those houses)Prefiero estas computadoras. (I prefer those computers)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Acts as the equivalent of ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, and ‘those’
They stand for nouns rather than modifying them
Singular Masculine•éste (this)•ése (that)
•aquél (that)
Plural Masculine•éstos (these)•ésos (those)
•aquéllos (those)
Singular Feminine•ésta (this)•ésa (that)
•aquélla (that)
Plural Feminine•éstas (these)•ésas (those)
•aquéllas (those)